Strategic Missile Forces: PGRK "Topol", "Topol-M" and "Yars" entered combat patrol routes. Topol-M - maintains nuclear parity Drawings of the Topol 4 missile launcher locator

July 23, 2010 marks 25 years since the Topol ground-based mobile intercontinental missiles were put on combat duty.

RT-2PM "Topol" (index of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GRAU) - 15Zh58, START code RS-12M, according to NATO classification - "Sickle", SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM, the first Soviet mobile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).

The development of a project for a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After Nadiradze's death, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.

The mobile complex was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a missile that was achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.

The conditions for modernization were strictly limited by the provisions of the SALT-2 Treaty, which determined a modest improvement in the basic combat characteristics of the missile. The first test launch of the missile, designated RT-2PM, took place at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983. The launch was carried out from a converted RT-2P stationary missile silo.

By the end of autumn 1983, an experimental series of new missiles was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. The combat units of the entire combat missile system (BMK) were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed and a decision was made to begin mass production of the complexes. However, the full testing of the mobile complex, called “Topol”, ended only in December 1988.

Without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program, in order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, on July 23, 1985, near the city of Yoshkar-Ola, the first regiment of mobile Topols was deployed at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles.

The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ".

The first stage of the rocket consists of a solid propellant rocket motor (solid propellant rocket motor) and a tail section. The mass of the fully equipped stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and its diameter is 1.8 m. The first stage propulsion solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.

The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.

The second stage consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.

The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.

The head of the rocket consists of one warhead (nuclear) and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system.

The Topol control system is of an inertial type, built using an on-board computer, microcircuits with a high degree of integration, a new set of command instruments with float sensitive elements. The computer complex of the control system allows for the implementation of autonomous combat use of a self-propelled launcher.

The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile, as well as solving other problems.

During operation, the RT-2PM missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The container is 22.3 m long and 2.0 m in diameter.

The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.

A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter with a retractable roof, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container ("mortar launch").

After shooting off the protective cap of the container, the rocket is ejected from it by powder starting engines several meters upward, where the first-stage propulsion engine is turned on.

The maximum firing range is 10,500 km. Rocket length - 21.5 m. Launch weight 45.1 tons. Weight of the warhead - 1 ton. Nuclear warhead power - 0.55 Mt. Firing accuracy (maximum deviation) - 0.9 km. The combat patrol area of ​​the complex is 125 thousand square meters. km.

The mass of the launcher with the missile is about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex has good mobility and maneuverability.

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

The missile system also includes a mobile combat control command post on a four-axle MAZ-543M chassis. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Granit" and "Barrier" were used, armed with a missile that had a radio transmitter instead of a combat load. After the rocket was launched, he duplicated the launch commands for launchers located at remote positions.

Serial production of the RT-2PM missile began in 1985 at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and its mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd Barrikady plant.

On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type had been deployed.

The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. Some of the Topols that remained on the territory of Belarus after the collapse of the USSR were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.

Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.

On the basis of the Topol ICBM, a conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

At the end of 1993, Russia announced the development of the first domestic missile, designed to become the basis of a promising group of ICBMs. The development of the Topol-M rocket is carried out by a Russian cooperation of enterprises and design bureaus. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of General Designer B.N. Lagutin and Yuri Solomonov.

The Topol-M missile is being created as a modernization of the RS-12M ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile that differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways will be considered new:
number of steps;
type of fuel of any stage;
starting weight by more than 10%;
the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
the diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
throw weight of more than 21% combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.

Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design options of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.

The stage of state flight tests of the Topol-M missile system took place at 1-GIK MO. In December 1994, the first launch took place from a silo launcher.

During combat duty, the Topol-M missile will be located in a transport and launch container. It is assumed that it will be operated as part of both stationary (in silo launchers) and mobile complexes. In this case, in a stationary version, it is advisable to use silo launchers of missiles that are removed from service or destroyed in accordance with the START-2 Treaty, for example, appropriately equipped silo launchers of RS-20 missiles (modernized by designer D.K. Dragun). This modification should ensure that it is impossible to install a “heavy” ICBM in the launcher of the Topol-M missile and includes pouring concrete at the bottom of the shaft and installing a restrictive ring at the top of the launcher. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way will significantly reduce the costs of developing and deploying the complex.

The missiles are equipped with monobloc warheads, but, unlike all other strategic missiles, they can be quickly re-equipped with multiple warheads capable of carrying up to three charges. This makes them unattainable for all existing missile defense systems. “Moreover, Solomonov promised that, if necessary, several warheads with individually targetable multiple warheads (MIRVs) could be installed on this monoblock missile. “If the restrictions under the treaty (START-2) are lifted, and appropriate financial resources are allocated and the appropriate time, "Topol-M" can certainly be turned into a missile with MIRVs"

On April 28, 2000, the State Commission approved an act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into service by the Strategic Missile Forces.

a brief description of

Design Bureau Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering
General designer Lagutin Boris Nikolaevich
Missile type intercontinental
The launch method is active-reactive (“mortar”)
Location method: stationary, mine launcher, and mobile
Start of development 1994
Start of flight tests December 1994

Basic performance characteristics

Maximum firing range, km 10000
Number of stages 3
Launch weight, tons 47.1
Throwing weight, tons 1.2
Rocket length without warhead, m 17.5 (17.9)
Maximum diameter, m 1.86
The warhead type is monoblock, nuclear, and has an inertial autonomous guidance system.
Number of MS 1
Solid fuel, mixed
Type of control system: autonomous, inertial based on on-line control system.
The warhead equivalent is 0.55 megatons of trinitrotoluene.
Deviation from the target - 0.9 km.

Tatishchevo, April 1999

The manufacturer of Topol-M missiles is the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant State Enterprise. The nuclear warhead was created under the leadership of Georgy Dmitriev at Arzamas-16.

The deployment of units is a regiment in Tatishchevo (Saratov region) (since November 12, 1998), military unit in Altai (near the village of Sibirsky, Pervomaisky district, Atai Territory). The first two Topol-M /RS-12M2/ missiles were put on experimental combat duty in Tatishchevo in December 1997 after four test launches, and on December 30, 1998, the first regiment of 10 missiles of this type began combat duty.

Tatishchevo, April 1999

​ When designing the Topol missile launcher, fundamentally new technical solutions were used. Designers and engineers from many Russian industrial associations worked on this task. Their research and development brought this type of weapon into the ranks of ultra-modern technology, practically unparalleled and ahead of its time. It is precisely such devices that can protect the state from external aggression and, if necessary, become a weapon of retaliation.

History of creation

It is known that the first developments of the new special complex began in the mid-80s. last century. However, the official decree on the start of work on this project was dated September 1989. An order was received from the state commission to create two types of weapons at once: stationary and mobile. As well as an intercontinental ballistic missile, consisting of three stages, running on solid and liquid fuel.

The project received the special name “Universal”, and in the documents the complex weapon was listed under the code name RT-2PM2.

First developments

The solution to this problem was entrusted to two engineering and production organizations - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnepropetrovsk and the Institute of Thermal Engineering in Moscow (MIT). It was assumed that, despite the required high degree of unification, the missile mechanisms for mobile and silo-type weapons would still have some differences:

• Weapons marked 15Zh65, stationary, were to be powered by a liquid-fuel jet engine running on the innovative Pronit fuel.
• The mobile special complex was equipped with a rocket (15Zh55) with a solid fuel installation.

The transport and launch container for both types also had to be different. For the first type - a metal structure with special devices for securing various elements of ground systems. For a mobile device - made of fiberglass.

Topol M

In April 1992, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau interrupted its participation in joint developments, which is why MIT became the main design bureau of the project. Based on the results already obtained, it was decided to continue the creation of a special missile complex, which received the new name Topol-M. It was planned to equip the completely unified weapon with a device operating on solid fuel.

Testing of the new model began in the winter of 1994. For this purpose, an installation located in a shaft at the Plesetsk cosmodrome was used.

After which, the development of a mobile type of weapon (mobile ground-based missile system - PGRK) was continued, the first tests of which took place in the fall of 2000.

Interesting. It is believed that the operating life of Topol-M is 15 years. However, in the fall of 2005, it was decided to carry out a combat training launch of weapons that had been in use for more than 20 years. It was necessary to check the reliability and security of all systems and devices.

The launch took place at the space airfield in Plesetsk, in the direction of the test site in Kamchatka (Kura). The intercontinental ballistic missile was able to hit a conditional target located at the test site with the required accuracy. This was the first time that this type of weapon had been used for such a long time.

Production

After successful tests (four launches of ballistic weapons were carried out), in 1997 the missile system for silo use was put into production. And in 2000, after approval by the State Commission, an order was signed to accept Topol-M for service.

• The production of the head part, as well as combat mechanisms, was carried out by the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in the city of Sarov. Topol-M control systems were created by the St. Petersburg Optical-Mechanical Association "Lomo" and the Research and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N. A. Pilyugin in Moscow.
• The development of drives was entrusted to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Signal" in Kovrov, as well as the Lyubertsy plant named after. A.V. Ukhtomsky.
• The design of the launch rocket launcher and basic structures was carried out by the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz".
• The development of starting mechanisms and support vehicles was carried out by the Federal Research and Production Center "Titan-Barricades", and their production was carried out by the production association "Barricades".
• The creation and re-equipment of ready-made launchers in the mines was entrusted to the Vympel Design Bureau in Moscow together with the Obukhov Plant in St. Petersburg.

The Moscow Central Research Institute of Special Machine Building was involved in the production of composite containers.

Accommodation

In the winter of 1997, two 15Zh65 warheads for a stationary type complex (15P065-35) were delivered to the 140th regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces of the 60th missile division, located in the town of Tatishchevo. And twelve months later, this regiment, with ten launchers (silos), armed with surface-to-surface ballistic weapons (ICBMs), became a combat guard. From 1999 to 2005, four more regiments with silos entered the base.

The deployment of mobile radio stations began in the fall of 2005. Such devices were delivered to the 321st missile regiment. And in 2006, the President of the Russian Federation signed a new program, including the rearmament of some units, for the period until 2015. This plan provided for the acquisition of 69 mobile Topol-M units.

Loading the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into the silo

Interesting. The RT-2PM2 intercontinental ballistic complex served as a prototype for the creation of a space launch vehicle of the Start conversion type. Its launch takes place at the Svobodny and Plesetsk space airfields.

Refurbishment

The silo modification of the Topol-M special missile complex includes ten missiles (15Zh65) with launchers, as well as a command post, which is equipped with increased protection. It is located inside a special shaft and is located using shock absorbers, which significantly reduces vulnerability.

The mobile version of the weapon consists of nine ICBMs (15Zh55), which are installed on autonomous launchers.

To construct a stationary complex, ready-made silo mechanisms for heavy intercontinental ballistic weapons were used. To do this, it was additionally necessary to pour a concrete mixture five meters high. Such re-equipment significantly speeded up work, reduced re-equipment costs, and also saved time.

Since the Topol-M is a modification of the previous Topol model, its re-equipment had to be carried out taking into account the START-1 Treaty. At the same time, the document determined which characteristics could be considered modernized and what should be changed.

The new version of the ballistic weapon had to differ in at least one of the following points:

• thrown weight;
• mass at the start;
• overall length or size and diameter of the first stage;
• number of separated parts;
• type of fuel.

Fact. As of the end of 2017, 78 missile systems are in service. Of these, 60 are stationary and 18 are mobile.

Description of the complex

The Topol-M installation is a unique special missile complex built exclusively by Russian enterprises. Its combat and technical characteristics are almost one and a half times superior to all weapons of the previous generation.

• The energy features of the warhead made it possible to reduce the height of the active trajectory space, increase the throwable mass, and significantly increase the efficiency of overcoming air defense defenses.
• Thanks to the research work of many Russian enterprises, it has become possible to create a unified ballistic weapon that can be launched from both highly protected silo launchers and mobile launchers. Complete unification made it possible to significantly reduce the costs of development, testing and production of weapons, without reducing its combat qualities and reliability.

"Topol-M" is a strategic complex with a solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, which is located in a special transport and launch container. Converting launchers from the previous type of weapon (Topol) will not require significant costs. During the conversion process, it is only necessary to change the fastening elements of the container. This is due to the design features of the modernized weapon.

Interesting. Especially for a ballistic intercontinental missile, the designers created a warhead that has the ability to maneuver. This allows you to avoid interception and destruction by all currently existing air defense systems.

Peculiarities

• High precision guidance and control system.
• Immunity to the effects of an electromagnetic pulse, as well as the presence of a program maneuver during the passage of a cloud from a nuclear explosion.
• System for creating and launching decoys.
• Ability to maneuver during flight.
• Possibility of deployment on soft ground.
• Increased cross-country ability and maneuverability of the special complex.
• Special composition of the body coating.
• Sealed compartment for control systems.
• Increased target firing range with minimal deviation.
• Availability of a system for overcoming missile defense.
• Thanks to the use of solid fuel, the firing range of all stages is significantly increased.
• The inertial control device is equipped with an on-board digital computer (OND), which significantly increases the accuracy of the shot.

Interesting. In 2013, the first twelve MIOM vehicles were included in the missile systems. These vehicles provide engineering support and camouflage for PGRKs on combat duty. They also create, clearly visible from satellites, false trails to the combat position.

Complex structure

The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is the basis for the Topol-M mobile and silo complex.

It consists of three stages, as well as a stage that distributes the warheads. Each of these units is located inside a single-piece housing (“cocoon” type). The body, as well as the nozzles of the rocket power plants, are made using carbon composite materials.

The launch of the mobile and mine complex is carried out using a mortar launch.

The warheads are coated with a special composition, which can significantly reduce their visibility on air defense radar screens.

The ICBM consists of:

• warhead (high power class, thermonuclear);
• transition compartment;
• sustainer propulsion unit (3rd stage);
• connecting compartment (2);
• main engine (2);
• connecting compartment (1);
• propulsion type engine (1);
• tail section (1st stage).

Layout and composition of stages:

• The design of the first stage includes a propulsion type power plant, operating on solid fuel, and a tail compartment. Its body houses stabilizing devices and an aerodynamic control system. The solid propellant rocket engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle.
• The second stage consists of a similar engine and a connecting compartment.
• The third stage circuit includes the head part, the engine and the connecting compartment. In the front part of the bottom of the third stage there is a thrust cut-off unit equipped with 8 reversible extensions and windows, which are cut through by detonating extended charges (EDC).

Pre-launch preparation, launch and further flight are fully automated, they are controlled by a special tracking system.

The complex is brought to full combat readiness within two minutes. The ICBM can be launched both while moving and in parking mode. In this case, the launcher must be hung using jacks.

"Topol-M" is equipped with special equipment that allows it to overcome the enemy's air defense system. For this purpose, false warheads are generated that are completely identical to the missile. The created targets are practically no different from it, neither in the radar, nor in the optical, infrared and laser ranges. These pseudo-missiles can withstand the damaging effects of a nuclear charge and laser radiation, and also move in a similar manner to the warhead itself, which makes them very difficult to identify.

On a note! The ICBM has gained the ability to maneuver, which significantly reduces the possibility of its hull being hit by anti-missile weapons.

The warheads are coated with a special compound that makes them invisible to radar. In addition to this, it is possible to spray special aerosols that are visible in the infrared and make it difficult to find the warhead itself.

Performance characteristics (TTX)

Overall dimensions, m:

• the total length of the rocket is 21.5;
• diameter of the transport and launch container - 2;
• head size - 2.1;
• first stage - 8.1, body diameter - 1.8;
• second stage - 4.6, body diameter -1.55;
• third stage - 3.9, body diameter - 1.34.

During combat patrols, the special missile complex covers an area of ​​125,000 square kilometers. The maximum firing range of the Topol-M is about twelve thousand kilometers. At launch, the rocket has a total mass of 45 tons, while the weight of the warhead is one ton, and the loaded first stage of the ballistic missile weighs 27.8 tons.

The power of a single charge is 0.55 megatons, the range of the gun is from 150 to 200 meters. The eight-axis MZKT-79221 base is used as a mobile type launcher.

Classification

Topol-M is an intercontinental ballistic missile. It has the index 15Zh65 (code name START RS-12M2). Based on NATO classification, it belongs to the SS-27 Sickle B1 weapon class.

Despite their massive appearance, ICBMs are classified as light weapons.

Tests

Between December 1994 and January 2017, 16 successful launches were carried out. At the same time, the ICBMs took off both from silo launchers and from mobile launchers located on the territory of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. In most cases, the training target was located at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka Peninsula). A test launch in April 2004 was carried out to determine the maximum flight range and was successful.

Of all the test shots, only one failed. This happened in October 2009 with the Topol-M prototype. The ICBM deviated from the main course and was destroyed.

Launch of the Topol-M rocket

Conclusion

The terms of the START I treaty significantly limited the possibility of converting the Topol ballistic missile. That is why the tactical and technical characteristics of the new version of the weapon do not differ significantly from the previous model. The main differences between ballistic devices are the ability to overcome enemy missile defenses.

The improvement of solid propellant rocket devices has made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the segment of the trajectory of an aircraft weapon on which the sustainer rocket engine operates. This made it possible to reduce the likelihood of ICBMs being intercepted and destroyed by enemy missile defense systems. The ability to maneuver the head compartment also reduces the possibility of being hit by a missile defense system.

The guidance control system has become less dependent on possible electromagnetic pulses and other factors caused by a nuclear explosion.

Summing up, we can safely say that the first intercontinental ballistic missile produced by Russian designers is in many ways superior to its world counterparts. "Topol-M" has absorbed most of the innovative technologies being developed and is the main and unique component of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The relative security of humanity in recent decades has been ensured by nuclear parity between the countries that own the majority of nuclear weapons on the planet and the means of delivering them to their target. Currently these are two states - the United States of America and the Russian Federation. The fragile balance is based on two main “pillars”. The American heavy carrier Trident-2 is opposed by the latest Russian Topol-M missile. Behind this simplified diagram lies a much more complex picture.

The average person is rarely interested in military equipment. It is difficult to judge by its appearance how reliably the state’s borders are protected. Many people remember the magnificent Stalinist military parades, during which citizens were shown the inviolability of Soviet defense. Huge five-turret tanks, giant TB bombers and other impressive models turned out to be not very useful on the fronts of the war that soon began. Maybe the Topol-M complex, the photo of which makes such a strong impression, is also outdated?

Judging by the reaction of military experts from countries that consider Russia a potential adversary, this is not so. But in practice it would be better not to be convinced of this. There is little objective data about the newest rocket. All that remains is to consider what is available. Seems like a lot of information. It is known what the Topol-M mobile launcher looks like, a photo of which was published at one time by all the world’s leading media. The main technical characteristics also do not constitute state secrets; on the contrary, they can serve as a warning to those who may be plotting an attack on our country.

A little history. The beginning of the atomic race

The Americans built the atomic bomb before anyone else in the world and did not hesitate to use it immediately, in August 1945, twice. At that time, the US Air Force not only had an aircraft capable of carrying it. It was a flying “superfortress” - the B-29 strategic bomber, the mass of which reached nine tons of combat load. At an altitude of 12 thousand meters, inaccessible to air defense systems of any country, at a speed of 600 km/h, this air giant could deliver its terrible cargo to a target almost three and a half thousand kilometers away. On the way, the B-29 crew did not have to worry about their safety. The plane was perfectly protected and equipped with all the latest achievements of science and technology: radar, powerful rapid-fire barrage cannons with telemetric control (in case someone did get close) and even some kind of on-board computer that made the necessary calculations. This way, in peace and comfort, it was possible to punish any disobedient country. But it ended quickly.

Quantity and quality

In the fifties, the leadership of the USSR placed its main bet not on long-range bombers, but on strategic intercontinental missiles, and, as time has shown, this decision was correct. The remoteness of the American continent has ceased to be a guarantee of security. At the time, the United States surpassed the Soviet Union in the number of nuclear warheads, but President Kennedy could not guarantee the lives of its citizens in the event of a war with the USSR. According to experts, it turned out that in the event of a global conflict, America would formally win, but the number of victims could exceed half the population. Based on these data, President J.F. Kennedy curbed his warlike ardor, left Cuba alone and made other concessions. Everything that happened in the subsequent decades in the field of strategic confrontation came down to a competition not just for the ability to deliver an all-crushing blow, but also to avoid retaliation or minimize it. The question was raised not only about the number of bombs and missiles, but also about the ability to intercept them.

After the Cold War

The RT-2PM Topol missile was developed in the USSR back in the eighties. Its general concept was the ability to overcome the impact of potential enemy missile defense systems mainly due to the surprise factor. It could be launched from various points along which this mobile system carried out combat patrols. Unlike stationary launchers, the location of which was often no secret to the Americans, Topol was constantly in motion, and it was not possible to quickly calculate its possible trajectory, even taking into account the high performance of Pentagon computers. Stationary mine installations, by the way, also posed a threat to a potential aggressor, because not all of them were known, and besides, they were well protected and a lot of them were built.

The collapse of the Union, however, led to the destruction of the long-built security system based on the inevitability of a retaliatory strike. The response to new challenges was the Topol-M missile adopted by the Russian Army in 1997, the characteristics of which were significantly improved.

How to complicate the missile defense task

The main change, which became revolutionary in the entire world ballistic missile industry, concerned the uncertainty and ambiguity of the missile trajectory on its combat course. The operation of all missile defense systems, already created and only promising ones (at the stage of design development and fine-tuning), is based on the principle of anticipation calculation. This means that when an ICBM launch is detected by several indirect parameters, in particular by an electromagnetic pulse, thermal trace or other objective data, a complex interception mechanism is launched. With a classical trajectory, it is not difficult to calculate the position of the projectile, determining its speed and launch location, and measures can be taken in advance to destroy it at any part of the flight. It is possible to detect the launch of a Topol-M; there is not much difference between it and any other missile. But then things get more complicated.

Variable trajectory

The idea was to make it impossible, even if detected, to miscalculate the coordinates of the warhead taking into account the lead. To do this, it was necessary to change and complicate the trajectory along which the flight takes place. “Topol-M” is equipped with gas-jet rudders and additional shunting engines (their number is still unknown to the general public, but we are talking about dozens), allowing you to change direction in the active part of the trajectory, that is, during direct guidance. In this case, information about the final goal is constantly retained in the memory of the control system, and ultimately the charge will get exactly where it is required. In other words, anti-missiles fired to shoot down a ballistic projectile will miss. It is not possible to defeat the Topol-M by existing and created missile defense systems of a potential enemy.

New engines and body materials

It is not only the unpredictability of the trajectory in the active area that makes the strike of the new weapon irresistible, but also the very high speed. "Topol-M" at different stages of the flight is driven by three main engines and very quickly gains altitude. Solid fuel is a mixture based on ordinary aluminum. Of course, the composition of the oxidizer and other details are not disclosed for obvious reasons. The step bodies are made as light as possible; they are made of composite materials (organoplastic) using the technology of continuous winding of hardening fibers of a heavy-duty polymer (“cocoon”). This decision has a double practical meaning. Firstly, the weight of the Topol-M rocket is reduced, and its acceleration characteristics are significantly improved. Secondly, the plastic shell is more difficult to detect by radar; high-frequency radiation is reflected from it worse than from a metal surface.

To reduce the likelihood of destruction of charges at the final stage of the combat course, numerous false targets are used, which are very difficult to distinguish from real ones.

Control system

Any missile defense system fights enemy missiles using a whole range of influences. The most common method of disorientation is the installation of powerful electromagnetic barriers, also called interference. Electronic circuits cannot withstand strong fields and fail completely or cease to function properly for some time. The Topol-M missile has a noise-resistant guidance system, but this is not the main thing. In the expected conditions of a global conflict, a potential enemy is ready to use the most effective means to destroy threatening strategic forces, including even barrage nuclear explosions in the stratosphere. Having discovered an insurmountable barrier in its path, the Topol, thanks to its ability to maneuver, will with a high degree of probability be able to bypass it and continue its deadly trajectory.

Stationary

The Topol-M missile system, regardless of whether it is mobile or stationary, is launched using a mortar method. This means that the launch is carried out vertically from a special container, which serves to protect this complex technical system from accidental or combat damage. There are two deployment options: stationary and mobile. The task of placing new complexes in mines is simplified as much as possible due to the possibility of modifying existing underground structures intended for heavy ICBMs that were withdrawn from service under the terms of the SALT-2 treaty. All that remains is to fill the too-deep bottom of the shaft with an additional layer of concrete and install a restrictive ring that reduces the working diameter. It is also important that the Topol-M missile system is maximally unified with the already proven infrastructure of the strategic deterrence forces, including communications and control.

Mobile complex and its chariot

The novelty of the mobile installation, designed for firing from any point on the combat patrol route (position area), lies in the so-called incomplete hanging of the container. This technical feature allows for deployment on any ground, including soft ground. Camouflage has also been significantly improved, which makes it difficult to detect the complex by all existing reconnaissance means, including space-optical and radio-electronic.

We should dwell in detail on the vehicle designed to transport and launch the Topol-M rocket. The characteristics of this powerful machine are admired by experts. It is huge - it weighs 120 tons, but at the same time it is very maneuverable, has high maneuverability, reliability and speed. There are eight axles, respectively, sixteen wheels 1 cm high, all of them are driving. The eighteen-meter turning radius is ensured by the fact that all six (three front and three rear) axles can turn. The width of the pneumatic tires is 60 cm. The high clearance between the bottom and the road (it is almost half a meter) ensures unhindered passage not only over rough terrain, but also ford (with a bottom depth of more than a meter). The specific ground pressure is half that of any truck.

The Topol-M mobile unit is driven by an 800-horsepower diesel turbo unit YaMZ-847. The speed on the march is up to 45 km/h, the range is at least half a thousand kilometers.

Other tricks and promising opportunities

According to the terms of the SALT-2 treaty, the number of separable individually targeted warheads is subject to a limitation. This means that it is impossible to create new missiles equipped with multiple nuclear warheads. The situation with this international treaty is generally strange - back in 1979, in connection with the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, it was withdrawn from the US Senate and has not yet been ratified. However, there was no refusal from the American government to comply with its conditions. In general, it is observed by both sides, although it has not received official status even today.

Some violations, however, took place, and mutual ones. The United States insisted on reducing the total number of carriers to 2,400, which corresponded to their geopolitical interests, since they had more multi-charge missiles. In addition, it is also important that American nuclear forces are closer to Russian borders, and their flight time is much shorter. All this prompted the country's leadership to look for ways to improve its safety indicators without violating the conditions of SALT 2. The Topol-M missile, the characteristics of which formally and without taking into account its features correspond to the parameters of the RT-2P, was called a modification of the latter. The Americans, taking advantage of the gaps in the treaty, placed cruise missiles on strategic bombers and practically do not comply with quantitative restrictions on carriers with multiple independently targetable warheads.

These circumstances were taken into account when creating the Topol-M rocket. The radius of destruction is ten thousand kilometers, that is, a quarter of the equator. This is quite enough to consider it intercontinental. Currently, it is equipped with a monoblock charge, but the weight of the fighting compartment of one ton makes it possible to change the warhead to a multiple warhead in a fairly short time.

Are there any disadvantages?

The Topol-M strategic missile system, like any other military equipment, is not an ideal weapon. The reason for the recognition of some shortcomings was, paradoxically, the discussion that unfolded during the discussion of the future prospects of the SALT-2 treaty. In some conditions, you can vaguely hint at your own omnipotence, but in other circumstances, it is more advantageous, on the contrary, to point out that we are not as terrible as we seem. This happened with the Topol-M complex. The speed of the rocket (up to 7 km/sec), it turns out, is not high enough to be completely confident in its invulnerability. Security in the conditions of a barrage stratospheric nuclear explosion also leaves much to be desired, especially from such a terrible damaging factor as However, very little can withstand it.

The Topol-M, whose destruction radius allows it to destroy targets on other continents, is currently the only Russian strategic missile in mass production. That is why it is the mainstay of the forces of containment.

Apparently, this lack of alternative is a temporary phenomenon; other models will appear that will absorb the advantages of “Topol” and leave its shortcomings in the past. Although it’s unlikely to work out completely without any shortcomings. In the meantime, this type of ballistic missile carries the main burden in defense. Be that as it may, recent history shows that those who cannot defend themselves pay dearly for their own weakness.

It's actually not all that bad. Readiness to repel aggression can only be judged based on relative values. Nothing is absolute in matters of defense; each type of weapon can be improved endlessly. The main thing is that his fighting qualities allow him to effectively resist enemy forces.

One of the most successful modern Russian complexes is considered to be the Topol mobile ground missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. "Topol-M" is the result of further modification of the "Topol" complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 missile

One of the most successful modern Russian complexes is considered to be the Topol mobile ground missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile.

The development of the intercontinental three-stage ballistic missile RT-2PM on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead (weight 1 ton) was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of chief designer Nadiradze (after his death the development was continued by Lagutin) and is a further modernization of the RT-2P missile.

The first flight test of the missile was carried out at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983, and in 1985 the RT-2PM missile entered service with the Strategic Missile Forces. The RT-2PM missile is produced in Votkinsk, its launcher is a seven-axle vehicle of the MAZ-7310 type (later modifications to the MAZ-7917) - at the Barrikady plant in Volgograd. The RT-2PM missile spends its entire service life in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter. The launcher weighs about 100 tons. and a very respectable size, it has good mobility and cross-country ability.

Unlike the RSD-10 and Temp-2S, the Topol missile can be launched from any point along the combat patrol route. If necessary, the RS-12M can be launched directly from the hangar during parking for maintenance, through the sliding roof. To launch from an unequipped position, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. Preparation time for the start is about 2 minutes. The type of launch is mortar: after installing the “pencil case” in a vertical position and shooting off its upper cap, the powder pressure accumulators push the rocket out of it to a height of several meters, after which the first-stage propulsion engine is started.

The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer stages. The rocket used a new, more advanced mixed fuel developed at the Lyubertsy LNPO Soyuz. All three stages are equipped with solid propellant rocket engines with one fixed nozzle. On the body of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The bodies of the upper stages were manufactured using the method of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. The firing range was controlled by cutting off the third-stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through by detonating charges in the organoplastic power structure of the body.

The guidance system is autonomous, inertial with an on-board computer. The warhead is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The missile was equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The integrated control system made it possible to fully automate the control of the rocket in flight, preparation for launch and carrying out control and regulatory work.

After modernization, the missile could be used in a silo.

Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle.

To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.

In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began in the positional areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 ICBMs being removed from duty and located in the OS silos. Later, the positioning areas of medium-range complexes removed from service under the INF Treaty were arranged.

The Topol complex began entering service in 1985. The first missile regiment entered combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola on July 23, 1985. The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya, Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained on the territory of Belarus and were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.

According to the START-2 treaty, 360 units of the Topol missile system will be reduced by 2007.

In 1986, on the basis of the second and third stages of the RT-2PM rocket, a medium-range mobile soil complex "Speed" was developed.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the RS-12 "Topol" complex

"Topol M"

Currently, the basis of the ground component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces is the Topol-M complex, produced by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. This complex is the only currently mass-produced missile system in Russia.

"Topol-M" is the result of a further modification of the "Topol" complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 missile.

Due to the restrictions imposed on modernization by the main provisions of the START-2 treaty, the tactical and technical characteristics of the missile could not undergo significant changes and the main differences from the RS-2PM lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating through possible enemy missile defense systems. Moreover, the warhead was initially created taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in case a potential enemy developed existing missile defense systems. The creators also do not deny the technical possibility of installing a warhead with multiple individually targeted warheads. According to experts, there can be from three to seven.

Thanks to three improved solid-propellant sustainer engines, the RS-12M2 missile began to pick up speed much faster, and several dozen auxiliary engines, instruments and a control mechanism also make its flight difficult to predict for the enemy. The RS-12M2, unlike its predecessor, does not have lattice aerodynamic stabilizers, uses an improved guidance system (insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses), and uses a more efficient mixed charge.

According to the plans of the Russian leadership and the Russian Defense Ministry, Topol-M will have to replace 270 silo-based complexes with missiles equipped with multiple warheads. These are, first of all, ballistic liquid missiles of the RS-20 (SS-18 according to the Western classification), RS-18 (SS-19), RS-16 (SS-17) systems and solid fuel RS-22 (SS-24), created in the early eighties. Over time, these missiles will be supplemented by 350 mobile Topol complexes, to replace which a mobile version of the Topol-M based on an eight-axle tractor has been developed. According to the latest government plans, in 2004 it is planned to begin testing a mobile version of the Topol-M complex.

During combat duty, the Topol-M missile will be located in a transport and launch container. It is assumed that it will be operated as part of both stationary (in silo launchers) and mobile complexes. In this case, in a stationary version, it is advisable to use silo launchers (silos) of missiles removed from service or destroyed in accordance with the START-2 Treaty. The modification of these silos should ensure that it is impossible to install a “heavy” ICBM and includes pouring a layer of concrete at the bottom of the shaft, as well as installing a special restrictive ring at the top. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way will significantly reduce the costs of developing and deploying the complex. The launch method is active-reactive (“mortar”).

The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using existing infrastructure. Mobile and stationary versions are fully compatible with the existing combat command and control system.

Fundamentally new technical solutions were used when creating systems and units of the mobile launcher, the Topol-M complex. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area (and not from a limited number of predetermined positions), and also has improved camouflage means against both optical and other reconnaissance means.

Technical characteristics of the chassis: wheel formula - 16x16, steerable first three and last three axles, turning radius - 18 m, ground clearance - 475 mm, fording ability - 1.1 m, tires - 1.600x 600-685, curb weight - 40,000 kg, load capacity - 80,000 kg, engine - V12 diesel YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. c., speed - 45 km/h, range - 500 km.

The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system can significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, ensure maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliability of control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories of materials).

The missiles are equipped with monobloc warheads, but, unlike all other strategic missiles, they can be quickly re-equipped with multiple warheads capable of carrying up to three charges. If necessary, if restrictions under the START-2 treaty are lifted, several warheads with individually targetable multiple warheads (MIRVs) can be installed on this monoblock missile.

The main advantages of the Topol-M missile system lie in its flight characteristics and combat stability when penetrating through possible enemy missile defense systems. Three solid fuel propulsion engines allow the rocket to gain speed much faster than all previous types of rockets. The higher energy of the missile makes it possible to reduce the effectiveness of missile defense in the active part of the trajectory. Several dozen auxiliary engines, instruments and control mechanisms make this rapid flight also difficult to predict for the enemy. In addition, the RS-12M2 missile carries a whole range of missile defense breakthrough capabilities, more than the American MX with 10 warheads. Finally, according to Western sources, a maneuvering warhead has been created for the Topol-M (Russian sources do not contain such information); If this is true, then Topol-M represents a major breakthrough in the ability to penetrate missile defenses.

However, Topol-M is apparently not an ideal complex; reliance on it appears to be largely due to a lack of alternatives. During the discussion around the START II treaty, numerous publications revealed its shortcomings. According to this information, Topol has a relatively low speed and low protection, which limits its ability to escape from an attack with a short warning time and makes it vulnerable to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, such as a shock wave. Although Topol-M, apparently, has been improved, its weight and dimensions are close to those of Topol, and this puts objective limits on the way to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings.

Tactical and technical characteristics of RS-12M2 "Topol-M" (Russia)

Year of adoption	1997
Maximum firing range, km	10000
Number of steps	3
Launch weight, t	47,1
Throwing weight, t	1,2
Rocket length without head part, m	17,5
Rocket length with warhead, m	22,7
Maximum rocket diameter, m	1,86
Number of warheads, pcs	1
Head type	monoblock, nuclear, detachable
Power of combat charge, Mt	0,55
Firing accuracy (CAO), m	350
Type of fuel	solid mixed
Control system type	autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK
Start method	mortar
Based method	mine and mobile

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