The role of participles in speech. Why do you need gerunds. Separation of participles and participles: what is the difference

THESIS.

Gvozdev A.N .: "The participles ... eliminate the monotony in the list of individual actions of the same person."

MATERIAL FOR COMPOSITION.

1. What is DEPARTMENT?

Deeds- an unchangeable form of a verb - an independent part of speech, combining the features of a verb (type and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, the syntactic role of a circumstance), denotes an additional action in the main. Answers the questions what are you doing? what having done?

ROLE of the gerunds in speech

· The verbal participles make speech more accurate, dynamic, they convey a lot of actions taking place at the same time.

· The verbal participles have rich expressive possibilities. Capacity, compactness, expressiveness - these properties of gerunds are widely used by poets and writers in their works.

· Simple sentences complicated by adverbial expressions are more economical and capacious in comparison with synonymous complex sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a fairly small space of text, accurately "finishing" the actions of the characters.

SAMPLES of reasoning about the role of participles in a specific text

Sample 1

I investigated the role of adverbs and adverbs in an excerpt from the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" - "Winter! .. A peasant, triumphant ..." and discovered that in 11 lines the poet used five participles and participles.

The verbal participle "triumphant" accurately conveys the state of the peasant, who has been waiting for winter for a long time and now rejoices that his labor will be facilitated and illuminated by the beauty of the renewed nature.
The adverbial phrase "smelling snow" helps to understand the action of the horse. She "weaves" because it is difficult for her to move with a load in the snow.
The amazingly accurate drawing of the action performed by the wagon helps to create the adverbial turnover “fuzzy reins exploding”. When we read this line, we not only see fluffy snow flying rapidly from under our hooves, but we smell the winter freshness.
Thanks to the adverbial phrases (“putting a bug in a sled”, “transforming myself into a horse”), the author managed to create a visible image of a courtyard boy, rejoicing in the coming of winter, and convey his attitude towards him - kind, playful.
In this way It was no coincidence that Pushkin used the participle and participle phrases so widely in this fragment. With their help, such a "painting" is achieved that at least take a brush and paint this picture of the beginning of the Russian winter.

Sample 2

I investigated the role of participles and participles in excerpts from the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Mtsyri", and that's what I was able to establish.

In the adverbial phrase “showing off between the trees with transparent green leaves”, the adverbial participle “flaunting” plays an evaluative role: with its help the poet evaluates the effect of the vines.
The adverbial turnover “smooth glittering scales” not only “completes” the action of the snake (“glided”), but also helps to represent its appearance, focusing on the quality of the action.
The verbal participle "charter" not only denotes an additional action of Lermontov's hero, but explains its reason: "... the charter, lay down between the high mountains."
All this allows you to doconclusion that gerunds and adverbs perform various functions in Lermontov's text, being an expressive means of language.

Sample 3

I examined a fragment from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". This text is narration. That is why verbs and participles predominate in this passage.
Verbs help the writer to tell about sequential actions, and gerunds - to "finish" them, to convey their exact drawing.
So, adverbial phrases "sitting without hats in old sheepskin coats", "swinging their arms and legs" help to imagine not only the pose of peasant boys, but also their appearance, the nature of their movement.
The visual images of a horse and a red-haired cosmach also help create the gerunds. With the help of the adverbial phrase "pricked up the ears" the state of the horse is conveyed during the run, and the adverbial expressions "lifting the tail and constantly changing the leg" help to represent the appearance of the rushing herd, to convey the nature of the movement made by it.

so It is no coincidence that Turgenev uses adverbs so often. Simple sentences complicated by adverbial expressions are more economical and capacious in comparison with synonymous complex sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a fairly small space of text, accurately "finishing" the actions of the characters.

The opinions of linguists about what a participle is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others assume that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The verbal participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, has an additional effect. If an adverb in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you about how and when the adverbial participles are isolated in a sentence.

What is pegging?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way to clarify and highlight a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal, which are secondary, can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely standing participles can be isolated, but also

Examples of single participles

If an isolated circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single adverbial participle. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always separated by commas on both sides.

The location of the verbal participle in a sentence can be anything. Here are examples of how to correctly separate single participles with commas:

1. Looking, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without exercising, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following participles were highlighted with a comma:

• after watching;
• returning;
• without exercising.

In the letter, you can find several repetitive participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but rubbed.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For instance: Playing and laughing, she, elated, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single participles with commas

Isolation of single participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the adverbial participle plays the role of the second predicate in the sentence. Retains the meaning of the verb. Indicates a condition, reason or time of action, but not its image. After running away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check a sentence by replacing the verb with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. After the holiday, the guests did not calm down, but left.

Separation of single participles does not occur if:

1. The single adverb has lost the meaning of the verb or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree in silence and without haste.
2. If the adverbial participles are circumstances of the course of action and they cannot be replaced with verbs. Zhenya wept silently and did not hurry.
3. If a single adverb can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
2. On the way, without haste, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, separating the gerunds with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the course of action. It can be replaced by the word - "leisurely".

In the second sentence, the verbal participle represents the circumstance of the cause ("because I was not in a hurry").

How is the adverbial turnover formed?

If the sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions "having done what?", "Doing what?" and is called a participle, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called an adverbial turnover.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to a verb, since it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon, or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial turns

The isolation of adverbs and adverbs occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For instance:

1. All day, dark clouds walked across the sky, sometimes revealing the sun, then again covering it.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I watched the sun rise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What you need to remember when using the gerunds and adverbs in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial expressions when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action expressed by the adverbial phrase must refer to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of the circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbs is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in an imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
4. Isolation of the adverbial participle and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the adverbial participle expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and adverbs not separated by commas?

Separation of the circumstances expressed by gerunds and gerunds is not made if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and took his attention. Dasha played noisily and shouted with joy.
2. Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added meaning and acquire the meaning of an action attribute. This:

• gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually stands after the predicate. The "adverbialness" of these participles is evident in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - participles and adverbs. For instance: He answered me without hesitation and frankly. Not embarrassed is a verbal participle, and frankly- adverb.

The adverbial participles in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all their variations are not distinguished by commas. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from gerunds

Separating the gerunds, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• singing along;
• stealthily;
• jokingly;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying and others.

The participles identical with these words retain an additional action. This occurs during formation and communication with other participles. Anya rode all the way standing. He'll do the job jokingly (easy)... These sentences use adverbs.

Standing on the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions are distinguished: starting with, starting from. The commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. Snow has been falling since night (since night).

Separation of participles and participles: what's the difference?

The participle and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participle or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The gerunds or adverbs are closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes in numbers, gender, cases, has a full and short forms, and the gerunds are not a variable word form.
2. The participle and participle function as a definition in the sentence, and the participle and participle turns out to be different circumstances.
3. The participles and geruparticles are different among themselves with suffixes. The participles have such suffixes as -usch - (- yusch-), -asch - (- yasch) - -vsh-, -sh- in real participles and - ohm - (- em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -я-, -uch-, -yuchi-, -v-, -vshi-, -shi-.

1. If in a sentence there is a union next to the adverbial turnover, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in the turnover. For instance: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. An exception is the conjunction "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For instance: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial turns or single participles, then commas between them are placed as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For instance: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, while holding the other on her belt.
3. If in the composition of one sentence there are several adverbial phrases related to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For instance: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The adverbial turnover is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of the gerunds will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child to consolidate the learned material?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, you should invite him to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should orally work with sentences and learn to find adverbs and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and place them in. In addition, the child should explain his choice in the placement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with unions and union words. At the same time, before finding the adverbial or single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial expressions.

By origin, the gerunds in Russian go back to the innumerable (short) form of the nominative participle and arose in the Old Russian language as a result of the loss of the declension forms of the innumerable participles. However, it also has signs of a verb - for example, tense.

imperfect- denotes the present and future tenses. It is formed from imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes a (s) and answers the question "what is doing?" If the participle is in the past tense, then in the sentence it is before the predicate, if in the future - after. perfect- denotes the past tense and answers the question "having done what?" Example: extract - take out, sit down - crouch, crouch down. The gerunds from the base of the past tense with the suffix -lice (formerly, knowing, riding, having, plowing, licking, sticking) are considered obsolete and are usually of little use, previously they denoted an action that had just been done to the present moment: “having said this, he sat down,” “seeing this , he grabbed the pitchfork. " Currently, they are used in the form -was formed from reflexive verbs: to wash - after washing, to speak out - after speaking, to decompose - to decompose, to get hungry - when hungry, etc.

Syntactic role

Usually adjoins a verb that plays the role of a predicate, is a circumstance and is not conjugated. Less often it adjoins a nominal predicate expressed by a short adjective or noun. Adjoining the predicate, it can denote an additional action accompanying the action carrying the main idea of ​​the predicate; allows replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. In modern Russian, the actions indicated by the gerunds and the predicate verb must belong to the same subject of the action. Failure to comply with this rule leads to the comic effect described by the Chekhovs in the story "Complaints Book" (the phrase "Driving up to this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. I. Yarmonkin").

In writing, adverbial turns (adverb with dependent words) and individual adverbial participles are in most cases separated by commas.

Formation of gerunds

The gerunds of the imperfect form, as a rule, are formed from the stem of the present tense by means of the suffix -а (-ya): sparkle-yut - verification-i, gram-yat - gram-i, knock-at - knock-a. In some cases (from imperfect verbs with the suffix -wa-: to give, to be aware and with a related stem, for example to lag behind), these participles are formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out - give out-I, lag behind-lag behind-I. Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs: 1) with a stem consisting of only consonants: sew, pour, press, weave, etc. (exception: rush - rush); 2) with a base on g, k: run, flow, etc .; 3) with the base of the present tense in hissing and with the base of an indefinite form in z, s, ct, x: smear - smear, write - write, whip - whip, plow - plow; 4) with the suffix -nu-. The adverbs from the verbs to climb, run, drive, want, tear, call, sing, rot are uncommon. The gerunds of such verbs are replaced by the corresponding prefixed formations: naming, singing, etc. The adverbs are unique for the literary language - being, stealthily: [Genius] being original, at the same time and general talent (Bel.); At that time I was lying on the beds and, sneaking away from my grandfather, I was reading a fascinating book (Gladkov). The verbal participles in -uchi (-yuchi) have an archaic character and are a means of stylization for folk speech: He does not condemn anyone, he spoke only words of comfort to me, dying (N.).

The perfect participles are formed from the base of an indefinite form by means of the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi. The suffix -v, less often -lice, is attached to the stems in a vowel: walk - walk-in, get - get-in. The -lice variant is required for the formation of the gerunds from reflexive verbs: return-return - return-return. The suffix -shi is used in the formation of gerunds from verbs with an indefinite stem to a consonant: expire - expired. From stems with the suffix -nu- falling out in the past tense, a double formation of the gerunds is possible: get wet - get wet, wet-shi. Instead of the gerunds formed according to the general rule from the stems on t, d (having derived, acquired, etc.), they are used: having derived, having acquired. Two forms of gerunds are used: locked - locked, wiped out - rubbed, stretched out - prostrated, etc. Two forms of perfect gerunds are possible in modern Russian: with the suffix -а (-я) and with the suffix -v, -vshi: tilting - tilting , bowing - bowing.

The gerunds in -v, -lice, -shi from imperfective verbs are rarely used: The wolf, having eaten, never parses bones (Cr.). Such participles are common with negation: But Lensky, not having, of course, the desire to carry the bonds of marriage, with Onegin wished cordially to introduce a shorter acquaintance (P.).

Many of the gerunds with the suffix -а (-я) from the perfective verbs are part of phraseological combinations, for example: in all honesty, etc.

Question number 42.

Adverb as part of speech. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic function of adverbs

1. Adverb - an independent part of speech that denotes signsaction, signs of signs and answers the questions:"How?", "Where?", "Where?", "From where?", "When?", "Why?", "Why?", "For what purpose?" why?" and where?".

Morphological signs:

Constants are immutable.

Variable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from quality adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).

The syntactic role of adverbs in a sentence- serve as a definition: a verb (they tremble a little), an adjective (very significant), another adverb (barely noticeable), a numeral (about five), a noun (reluctantly tragic).

Syntactic role in a sentence- a circumstance predicate in impersonal sentences or predicate in two-part sentences. We got the job done quickly. It's cold outside. She is married.

Adverbs can be divided into two categories by meaning: adverbial, determinative.

The verb participle is an unchangeable form of the verb - an independent part of speech that combines the features of the verb (type and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, the syntactic role of the circumstance), denotes an additional action in the main. Answers the questions of what to do? what having done?

2. THE ROLE of the verbal participle in speech The verbal participles make speech more accurate, dynamic, they convey many actions that occur simultaneously. The verbal participles have rich expressive capabilities. Capacitance, compactness, expressiveness - these properties of participles are widely used by poets and writers in their works. Simple sentences complicated by participial expressions are more economical and capacious in comparison with synonymous compound sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a rather small space of the text, accurately "completing" the actions of the characters. SAMPLES of reasoning about the role of participles in a specific text

Sample 1

I investigated the role of participles and participles in an excerpt from A. Pushkin's novel “Eugene Onegin” - “Winter! .. A peasant, triumphing ...” and found that in 11 lines the poet used five participles and participles.

The verbal participle "triumphant" accurately conveys the state of the peasant, who waited for winter for a long time and now rejoices that his labor will be facilitated and illuminated by the beauty of the renewed nature. The verbal phrase "smelling snow" helps to understand the action of the horse. She "weaves", because it is difficult to move to her with a load in the snow. The amazingly accurate drawing of the action performed by the wagon helps to create the verbal expression "exploding fluffy reins". When we read this line, we not only see fluffy snow flying rapidly from under our hooves, but we smell winter freshness. Thanks to the participial phrases (“putting a bug in a sled”, “transforming myself into a horse”), the author managed to create a visible image of a yard boy rejoicing the arrival of winter, and convey his attitude towards it - kind, playful. Thus, it is no coincidence that Pushkin used so widely in this fragment the gerunds and adverbs. With their help, such a "painting" is achieved that at least take a brush and paint this picture of the beginning of the Russian winter.

Sample 2

I investigated the role of participles and adverbs in excerpts from M. Yu. Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri", and this is what I was able to establish.

In the adverbial verse “flaunting between the trees with transparent green leaves”, the verbal participle “flaunting” plays an evaluative role: with its help the poet evaluates the effect of the vines. helps to represent its appearance, focusing on the quality of the action. The participle "charter" not only denotes an additional action of the Lermontov hero, but explains its reason: "... the charter, lay down between the high mountains." All this allows us to conclude that the participle and adverbial expressions perform various functions in Lermontov's text, being an expressive means of language.

Sample 3

I examined a fragment from the story of IS Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". This text is narration. That is why verbs and gerunds prevail in this passage. Verbs help the writer to tell about the sequential actions, and gerunds - to "finish" them, to convey their exact drawing. So, adverbial phrases "sitting without caps in old sheepskin coats" help to imagine not only the pose of peasant boys, but also their appearance, the nature of their movement. The visual images of a horse and a red cosmach also help to create gerunds. With the help of the adverbial phrase "pricked up the ears" the state of the horse is conveyed during the run, and the adverbial expressions "lifting the tail and constantly changing the leg" help to represent the appearance of the rushing herd, to convey the nature of the movement made by it.

So, it is no coincidence that Turgenev uses adverbs so often. Simple sentences complicated by adverbial expressions are more economical and capacious in comparison with synonymous complex sentences with adverbial clauses. Their use helps the writer to create visible, vivid, memorable images in a fairly small space of text, accurately "finishing" the actions of the characters.

By origin, the gerunds in Russian go back to the innumerable (short) form of the nominative participle and arose in the Old Russian language as a result of the loss of the declension forms of the innumerable participles. However, it also has signs of a verb - for example, tense.

imperfect- denotes the present and future tenses. It is formed from imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes a (s) and answers the question "what is doing?" If the participle is in the past tense, then in the sentence it is before the predicate, if in the future - after. perfect- denotes the past tense and answers the question "having done what?" Example: extract - take out, sit down - crouch, crouch down. The gerunds from the base of the past tense with the suffix -lice (formerly, knowing, riding, having, plowing, licking, sticking) are considered obsolete and are usually of little use, previously they denoted an action that had just been done to the present moment: “having said this, he sat down,” “seeing this , he grabbed the pitchfork. " Currently, they are used in the form -was formed from reflexive verbs: to wash - after washing, to speak out - after speaking, to decompose - to decompose, to get hungry - when hungry, etc.

Syntactic role

Usually adjoins a verb that plays the role of a predicate, is a circumstance and is not conjugated. Less often it adjoins a nominal predicate expressed by a short adjective or noun. Adjoining the predicate, it can denote an additional action accompanying the action carrying the main idea of ​​the predicate; allows replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. In modern Russian, the actions indicated by the gerunds and the predicate verb must belong to the same subject of the action. Failure to comply with this rule leads to the comic effect described by the Chekhovs in the story "Complaints Book" (the phrase "Driving up to this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. I. Yarmonkin").

In writing, adverbial turns (adverb with dependent words) and individual adverbial participles are in most cases separated by commas.

Formation of gerunds

The gerunds of the imperfect form, as a rule, are formed from the stem of the present tense by means of the suffix -а (-ya): sparkle-yut - verification-i, gram-yat - gram-i, knock-at - knock-a. In some cases (from imperfect verbs with the suffix -wa-: to give, to be aware and with a related stem, for example to lag behind), these participles are formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out - give out-I, lag behind-lag behind-I. Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs: 1) with a stem consisting of only consonants: sew, pour, press, weave, etc. (exception: rush - rush); 2) with a base on g, k: run, flow, etc .; 3) with the base of the present tense in hissing and with the base of an indefinite form in z, s, ct, x: smear - smear, write - write, whip - whip, plow - plow; 4) with the suffix -nu-. The adverbs from the verbs to climb, run, drive, want, tear, call, sing, rot are uncommon. The gerunds of such verbs are replaced by the corresponding prefixed formations: naming, singing, etc. The adverbs are unique for the literary language - being, stealthily: [Genius] being original, at the same time and general talent (Bel.); At that time I was lying on the beds and, sneaking away from my grandfather, I was reading a fascinating book (Gladkov). The verbal participles in -uchi (-yuchi) have an archaic character and are a means of stylization for folk speech: He does not condemn anyone, he spoke only words of comfort to me, dying (N.).

The perfect participles are formed from the base of an indefinite form by means of the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi. The suffix -v, less often -lice, is attached to the stems in a vowel: walk - walk-in, get - get-in. The -lice variant is required for the formation of the gerunds from reflexive verbs: return-return - return-return. The suffix -shi is used in the formation of gerunds from verbs with an indefinite stem to a consonant: expire - expired. From stems with the suffix -nu- falling out in the past tense, a double formation of the gerunds is possible: get wet - get wet, wet-shi. Instead of the gerunds formed according to the general rule from the stems on t, d (having derived, acquired, etc.), they are used: having derived, having acquired. Two forms of gerunds are used: locked - locked, wiped out - rubbed, stretched out - prostrated, etc. Two forms of perfect gerunds are possible in modern Russian: with the suffix -а (-я) and with the suffix -v, -vshi: tilting - tilting , bowing - bowing.

The gerunds in -v, -lice, -shi from imperfective verbs are rarely used: The wolf, having eaten, never parses bones (Cr.). Such participles are common with negation: But Lensky, not having, of course, the desire to carry the bonds of marriage, with Onegin wished cordially to introduce a shorter acquaintance (P.).

Many of the gerunds with the suffix -а (-я) from the perfective verbs are part of phraseological combinations, for example: in all honesty, etc.

Question number 42.

Adverb as part of speech. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic function of adverbs

1. Adverb - an independent part of speech that denotes signsaction, signs of signs and answers the questions:"How?", "Where?", "Where?", "From where?", "When?", "Why?", "Why?", "For what purpose?" why?" and where?".

Morphological signs:

Constants are immutable.

Variable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from quality adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).

The syntactic role of adverbs in a sentence- serve as a definition: a verb (they tremble a little), an adjective (very significant), another adverb (barely noticeable), a numeral (about five), a noun (reluctantly tragic).

Syntactic role in a sentence- a circumstance predicate in impersonal sentences or predicate in two-part sentences. We got the job done quickly. It's cold outside. She is married.

Adverbs can be divided into two categories by meaning: adverbial, determinative.