SCIENTIFIC NOTES
EAT. KRIVOLAPOVA
Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Literature of Kursk State University, doctoral student at INION RAS E-mail: [email protected] Tel. 8 950 877 20 25
ON THE QUESTION OF GENRE-FORMING FEATURES OF THE DIARY
The article raises the problem of diary criteria. For comparative analysis, various genres of auto-documentary literature are used: memoirs, autobiography, confession. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the main genre-forming features of the diary are synchronicity, autocommunication, literary rawness of the text, and dating of entries.
Key words: diary, genre criteria, memoirs, synchrony, diachrony, autocommunication.
Reconstructing the history of the appearance of the diary as an independent genre formation seems very difficult for a number of objective reasons. Firstly, because of the exceptional breadth of the very concept of “genre,” which is “one of those categories that each new generation of scientists undergoes, if not rethinking, then updating.” At one time, Yu. Tynyanov emphasized the dependence of the genre on the characteristics of a particular historical era. The very desire of the genre to “correspond” to the time allows us to talk about its inconstancy, mobility within the framework of one or another system, which in turn leads to a “displacement” of genre dominants and, as a consequence, the impossibility of “giving a statistical definition of the genre that would cover all its manifestations” . To a greater extent, this applies to literature with a dominant documentary beginning, within which its own genres are distinguished, including the diary. Despite the fact that their status “is mostly fixed in reference and educational publications,” researchers note the absence of a unified system in identifying genre definitions.
According to the definition of V.E. Khalizeva, “literary genres are groups of works distinguished within the framework of genres of literature. Each of them has a certain set of stable properties,” in addition, “genres are difficult to systematize and classify (unlike types of literature), and stubbornly resist them.” The diary is one of those genres that to a greater extent experience such “resistance” when researchers try to derive a uniform definition taking into account the “set of stable properties” and classify examples of this genre. Thus, M. Mikheev, having conducted a study of the diary genre
using the example of more than three hundred texts, he comes to a paradoxical conclusion: “... if we sum up some preliminary results, it must be said that there are practically no formal criteria for “diary writing”. A diary is what the author (or publisher) considers it to be, or what the reading public prefers to call it.”
But since the “status” of the genre still exists, let us turn to some definitions of the diary, enshrined in modern reference publications, in order to highlight the criteria by which this genre was identified.
Thus, in the Great Russian Encyclopedia we find: “A diary is a literary and everyday genre, a set of sequentially dated entries (usually of one person) recording external events, actions, thoughts, feelings and observations of the author.” Next we talk about the history of the genre and its varieties. The Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary also identifies among the main genre-forming features of a diary the form of keeping in the first person, the dating of entries, in addition, attention is drawn to the utmost sincerity, frankness of statements, reliability, and monologue; In addition, the non-retrospective nature of the diary is emphasized: “it is always a record of what “just” happened.”
“Literary Encyclopedia of Terms and Concepts” presents the following definition: “A diary is a periodically updated text consisting of fragments with a specified date for each entry. Usually this or that work in the form of diary entries belongs to one of the well-known genres (novel, story, reportage), and the “diary” only gives it additional specificity.” Further, we are not talking about the diary itself, but about the “diary form”
© E.M. Krivolapova
PHILOLOGY
records”, which is characterized by a number of features: “1) frequency, regularity of record keeping; 2) the connection of records with current, and not with long-past events and moods; 3) the spontaneous nature of the recordings (too little time has passed between the events and the recording, the consequences have not yet manifested themselves, and the author is not able to assess the degree of significance of what happened; 4) the literary lack of processing of the recordings; 5) the lack of address or uncertainty of the addressee of many D. (diaries - E.K.); 6) intimate and therefore sincere, private and honest nature of the recordings." The article stipulates that the listed features “can be implemented to a greater or lesser extent in each diary.” The natural question is: which of the above features are the main, obligatory structure-forming elements of the diary genre, without which it cannot take place, and which are optional? And are the concepts of “diary” and “diary form”, which are constantly interspersed in the given definition of the genre, identical? In other words, the listed definitions do not provide the opportunity to talk about the autonomy of the genre, since the criteria for distinguishing it from other forms of non-fiction literature are neutralized. The absence of such formed the opinion of the diary as a “diffuse” genre and its contamination nature. It is no coincidence that the bulk of dictionary entries on the diary contains material on the interaction of this genre with a wide range of diverse forms of documentary (memoirs, autobiographies, confessions, letters, travel literature...), or is devoted to identifying signs of diarism in literature as a “constructive element of storytelling "
To establish the criteria for diary writing, let us compare the views of researchers on the nature of the genre. Thus, according to T. Kolyadich, “memoirs and diaries act as equal varieties of the memoir genre. In addition, the modern development of the diary allows us to consider it a significant and, in some cases, even an independent artistic form.” Based on the fact that “memoir-like entries are introduced into the diary text,” “diaries can also be considered unique versions of memoirs.” M. Mikheev believes that “diary texts” “cannot help but include such completely traditional, established literary genres as memoirs, aphorisms, confessions.” He considers the reason for this to be their focus on real fact, and not on fiction.
A.V. Podgorsky in his study defends the special place of the “diary” in the system of literary genres: “it is considered not as the primary form of memoir literature, “form without form,” but as a genre that is in many ways different from memoirs, because the author of the diary is concerned primarily with the present, and the measure the presence of memory, recollection in a genuine diary depends on how much the present forces the daierist to turn to his past (distant or recent).” Comparing the genres of diary and memoirs, the researcher “separates” them according to the principle of synchrony/diachrony, while identifying their specific features: “Memoirs are inextricably linked with the process of recollection, reconstruction of the once past, the past, rewriting and editing of the text, which explains the presence in of falsifications and factual errors noted and excused by commentators and researchers,” while the diarist is always focused on the present. “The diary is not a memoir genre; putting it on a par with memoirs, biography, autobiography, confession, which often use its elements, is not legal,” says the researcher. He considers one of the proofs of the complete independence of the diary genre to be the fact that ““elements of a diary” can and are an integral part of almost any prose genre. At the same time, “diary”, “excerpts from a diary”, “diary entries” and even “the character of an ordinary diary” cannot be assimilated by any structure. The diary is as easily recognizable as, for example, an aphorism."
It is worth mentioning once again that in modern science the problem of the relationship between memoir literature and diary is one of the most controversial. A comparison of memoirs and diaries as genres allows us to identify the main criterion of diary-ness. When comparing the characteristic features of two genres, an inevitable temporary opposition arises: daily notes kept synchronously in one case, and memories followed by their comprehension in the other. “Synchronicity/diachronicity” is the feature that allows diaries and memoirs to be transferred to two different genre planes, which have, accordingly, different coordinate systems. Let us add that in diaries, unlike memoirs, the text is not recreated, but created, which allows us to speak of a high degree of reliability of the factual material presented in documents of this genre.
The greater the time distance, the more reasons to doubt the reliability of what is written, and this is by no means the fault of the author.
SCIENTIFIC NOTES
his personal preferences. In this case, it is quite natural for the memory aberration that occurs in the writer of memoirs after a certain period of time. A diary, in which time distance is reduced to a minimum, assumes immediacy, spontaneity, and authenticity of presentation as the main genre characteristics. The most important thing for the author is the primary, empirical perception of reality. The text is created “hot on the heels of events,” so the author’s desire for an objective presentation of events is beyond doubt (unless, of course, the author’s goal is to create a hoax). The time distance reduced to a minimum puts the diary author in the position of an objective observer, of course, taking into account his own “vision”. This quality, inherent in all documentary genres, is reflected in their general name - “ego-text or “ego-document”. Subjectivity in the diary is primarily manifested at the level of the author’s selection of facts and the assessment of events “without delay.” “The only criterion for the significance of a fact or event is<...>the author becomes personally interested or involved in them, while true, objective significance is determined by time. Everyday writing, recording what is happening “in hot pursuit” protects or eliminates mistakes, but does not allow you to make a dispassionate judgment.” However, even with this amendment, the diary is a kind of primary source, an authentic document of its time. This feature was once noticed by M.V. Nechkina: “A diary, as a rule, is a more valuable primary source than later memoirs.”
If we talk about the latter, then “initially, the genre of memoirs assumed their publication after a certain time and after a certain preparatory work.<...>Events are resurrected after a certain period of time, so the author sometimes needs to make the necessary clarifications.” In the process of working on memoirs, when the writer involuntarily “recreates” reality and changes the perspective of perception, the reconstruction of events undoubtedly requires the use of “auxiliary” documentary material: diaries, notebooks, letters, notes. In this case, for the “later” memoirs, all this will be, although necessary, but still “secondary” material. As a result, the same “mixing” of concepts occurs that exists now in modern documentary science. In turn, memoirs too
can act as “secondary” material, as, for example, in the diary of E. Schwartz, when the special life circumstances of the playwright contributed to the emergence of a special form of notes.
In the context of the problem of distinguishing genres, another criterion of “diary” seems quite significant - the literary rawness of the entries, their “originality,” since subsequent processing gives researchers a reason to talk about the transition of the diary genre to the memoir. In this regard, the story of Z. Gippius’s diary “The Blue Book” is indicative. Petersburg Diary,” where entries are kept from August 1, 1914 to November 6, 1917. It is known that in 1927, Gippius, preparing the diary for publication, edited her entries and rewrote the text completely. It is assumed that the writer’s subsequent diaries “Black Notebooks” and “Grey Notebook” were also subjected to preliminary editing by the author. Providing evidence of the “secondary” nature of the texts Z. Gippius, A.M. Novozhilova, however, does not doubt the genre nature of the documents and clearly views them as literary diaries.
N.N. has a different opinion. Koznova, analyzing the book by Z. Gippius “Gray with Red” (Diary. 1940 - 1941): “It is worth noting that many of the writer’s memoirs were published under the general title “diary,” but do not always represent truly daily entries.” The fact is that “a significant part of the above-mentioned book has been restored, according to the testimony of the author himself, based on brief notes made several months ago.” On the same basis, although with some reservation, the researcher classifies “Cursed Days” by I.A. as a memoir genre. Bunin: “...from the position of compositional construction, the diary is the leading form in the structure of “Cursed Days”; from the point of view of content, it would be incomplete without the author’s comments and inclusions of a memoir nature, therefore the diary text in Bunin’s book is in equal semantic relationships with the memoir . Diaries and memories not only complement, but also significantly enhance the semantic meaning of each other.”
In the above statement, attention is drawn to the circumstance in which the author’s notes can undoubtedly be called a diary. This is a compositional structure, which is ensured with the help of a structure-forming element - dating, or “date designation”. This “sign” of the genre is another criterion for “diary”. It is this formal sign that first of all makes one look at
PHILOLOGY
any text from the point of view of diary-likeness gives reason to classify other types of documentary autotexts as this genre. A “real” diary should be structured - by numbers, days of the week, months, or, in extreme cases, by years. All these external attributes, as a rule, are present in many diaries, but sometimes authors do without them: it depends on the conditions of keeping, the author’s attitude. For example, Z. Gippius always accurately dated each entry, even if the events were described several days later, S. Kablukov “painted” in advance the notebook, which was to become a diary, by numbers, days of the week, holidays, and only then methodically, day after day , entered events and impressions there. And in the diary of E.P. Kazanovich's notes are not always dated and are often continuous text. If the diary is not structured, but was kept regularly, in most cases it opens up the possibility of chronological reconstruction and from the entries it is possible to establish not only the real historical time, but also to trace the evolution of the author’s views. This was the case with the early diaries of M.M. Prishvina.
The presence of dated entries, a formal indicator of “diary-ness,” is perhaps not the most obvious criterion in determining the genre, but, on the other hand, the structure of the diary provides it with a stable, permanent appearance and at the same time makes it easier for the author to create the text. It is precisely this circumstance that explains the popularity of turning to this genre by the Japanese, who “always experienced difficulties when it came to composition”: “Diaries have a ready-made compositional structure - the passage of time. A solid sequence of days and months frees us from any other compositional basis."
What causes the need to keep a diary and what are the initial motives for this need.
M. Mikheev begins his book “Diary in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries - ego-text, or pre-text” with a direct question: “Why are most diaries written?”, stipulating that by diary he means “not a literary diary (what will later almost certainly be published - as a writer’s diary),<...>and above all, what in most anonymous cases is written without an audience in mind and not for posterity, but only for oneself.” This question is of primary importance, since the answer to it will contain an indication of the motivating reasons that brought the diary to life, and the degree of confession, in turn, depends on them.
Thus, in the first diaries of S. Kablukov, the confessional element is completely absent, and this is completely consistent with the author’s task: to capture and preserve for posterity the significant events of his time, to convey the characters of unique personalities, and to express as clearly as possible his attitude towards what is depicted. Diaries of Z. Gippius, A. Blok,
V. Bryusov, M. Kuzmin were created with a different attitude: the main motive, among others, was the desire to recreate and capture the symbolist worldview. The degree of confession in this case varied from the most intimate revelations to explicit cryptography. The nature of the “confession” of M. Prishvin, whose diaries represent a complex formation, multi-structural in its attitudes and objectives, cannot be unambiguously determined. Here it is necessary to take into account all the artifacts accompanying the process of creating the writer’s diaries. In relation to all of the above, it is appropriate to recall the statement of L.Ya. Ginzburg: “And the point here is not even what a person wants; rather, in what kind of self-expression the environment, time, specific situation, his own abilities and capabilities require from him.”
“Confession” as one of the main genre-forming features of the diary returns to another, no less important, recorded in reference literary publications - this is a form of record-keeping in the first person, which, in turn, inevitably raises the question of the diary as a special form of autocommunicative text, where the author/addressee opposition is of fundamental importance. This was brought to the attention of V.N. Toporov, analyzing the diaries of Andrei Turgenev and Ishikawa Takuboku: the diary “is not just intimate (confession is also intimate), but its intimacy is such that it does not presuppose a reader: at first the diary was outside-
SCIENTIFIC NOTES
literary genre and, naturally, did not imply not only the reader, but also the “confessor,” the one to whom the confession is addressed, even if it is secret.” The method of communication is also important as a genre delimiting feature for the entire sphere of autobiographical texts. It is appropriate to recall the definition of M.M. Bakhtin, where genre is understood as: “. a stable type of text, united by a single communicative function, as well as similar compositional and stylistic features."
Linguist A. Zaliznyak, highlighting the main features of the diary, also relies on the provisions of M.M. Bakhtin. It proceeds from the fact that “the category of genre is formed by the conventions of relations with the addressee, which the writer assumes in a given work.” Therefore, it is natural that A. Zaliznyak identifies the identity of the addressee and the author as the first and main feature of the diary.
Considering the forms of social communication, sociologists also consider the method of communication to be the dominant genre-forming feature: “...the diary is purely personal, improvisational; it can be full of facts (“notebook”), experiences, reflections (“autoreflection”); can be regular or episodic, reproducing a sequence of events (“chronicle”) and reflecting the movement of feelings or train of thoughts (“stream of consciousness”). You can continue listing the variations. What is fundamental for us is that the diary in any case is addressed mainly to oneself, this is its meaning and “organizing principle.”
If we turn to the diary text itself, then here, in addition to its inherent characteristics, such as reliability, information content, spontaneity, we should especially note its principles.
fundamental incompleteness, which, however, at the same time can be considered as completeness. The paradox of this situation is associated with the structural features of the diary text: with its “plotlessness”, lack of semantic completeness, splitting of a single narrative, discreteness of feelings, historical facts, and personal life events. The diary author is free to stop writing at any time for reasons both subjective and objective, including due to his own death. Nevertheless, no matter where the “diary time” stops, the narrative will always be perceived as a kind of complete text structure. This feature of the diary as a genre excludes the possibility of considering it according to the “laws” applicable to a work of art, since “fiction and diaries are characterized by different types of generalization and cognition.<.>And if in the literature, according to the apt observation of L.Ya. Ginzburg, “an image arises in the movement from an idea to the expressed personal”, “in diaries - in a movement from a given individual to a generalizing thought.”
Returning to the problem of “diary-ness” criteria, we will try to highlight some of them, arranging them according to the principle of their mandatory or possible implementation in the text. Firstly, this is synchronicity, which determines the way reality is reflected; secondly, autocommunication, which reveals the identity of the author and the addressee; thirdly, the rawness of the material, its “originality”; fourthly, dating, which plays the role of a structure-forming beginning; fifthly, intimacy, sincerity, truthfulness of the recordings. As for the last criterion, its presence and implementation directly depend on the author’s intention, which in turn is determined by the time and personality of the creator of the diary.
Bibliography
1. Alekseev A.N., Lenchovsky R.I. Profession - sociologist (From the experience of dramatic sociology: Events in the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2008 / 2009 and not only). Documents, observations, reflections. V.4.t. St. Petersburg: Norma, 2010. T. 3. 552 p.
Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres. Collection of works: In 7 volumes. Volume 5. Works 1940-1960. M.: Russian dictionaries,
Great Russian Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes. M. 2007. Vol. 9.
Ginzburg L.Ya. About psychological prose. L.: Sov. writer, 1977. 464 p.
Zaliznyak A.A. Diary: towards defining a genre. New Literary Review. 2010, No. 106.
Kin D. Wanderers through the ages. Per. from English M.: Publishing company “Eastern Literature” RAS, 1996. 328 p. Koznova N.N. Diaries, letters, memoirs: on the issue of interaction between genres. Bulletin of MGOU Series “Russian Philology”. 2009, no. 1.
8. Kolyadich T.M. Memoirs of writers: problems of poetics of the genre. M.: Megatron, 1998. 276 p.
9. Literary encyclopedia of terms and concepts. M., 2001.
10. Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.
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11. Mikheev M.Yu. Diary as ego-text (Russia, XIX - XX). M.: Aquarius Publishers, 2007. 264 p.
12. Mesterghazi E.G. About “documentary” genres. Bulletin of MGOU Series “Russian Philology”. 2007, no. 2.
13. Nechkina M.V. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. M.: Artist. lit., 1977.. - 735 p.
14. Novozhilova A.M. St. Petersburg diaries of Zinaida Gippius (“Blue Book”, “Black Notebooks”, “Black Book”, “Grey Notebook”): problems of the poetics of the genre: abstract. dis. .cand. Philol. Sci. St. Petersburg, 2004.
15. Podgorsky A.V. The diary genre in English literature of the Restoration era: abstract. dis. Dr. Philol. Sci. Ekaterinburg, 1998.
16. Rudzievskaya S.V. A writer's diary in the context of 20th century culture. Philological sciences. 2002, No. 2.
17. Toporov V.N. Two diaries (Andrei Turgenev and Ishikawa Takuboku). East-West. Research. Translations. Publications. Issue four. M.: Science. Main editorial office of oriental literature, 1989. 301 p.
18. Tynyanov Yu.P. Literary fact. Poetics. History of literature. Movie. M.: Nauka, 1977. 576 p.
19. Khalizev V.E. Theory of literature. M.: Higher School, 2000. 398 p.
20. Schwartz E.L. I live restlessly: From the diaries. L.: Soviet writer, 1990. 752 p.
The author of the article raises the problem of the diary criteria. The different genres of autodocumentary literature are involved in the comparative analysis: memoirs, autobiography, confession. The author comes to the conclusion that the main genre forming features are synchronism, author communication, literary rawness of the material, dating of papers.
Key words: diary, genre criteria, memoirs, synchrony, diachrony, authorcommunication.
E.M. KRIVOLAPOVA
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE GENRE FORMING DIARY FEATURES
Introducing students to the features of the genre of diary entries; developing and improving communicative and cultural competence; nurturing a sustainable interest in reading.
Speech development lesson in 7th grade
To introduce students to the features of the genre of diary entries;
Development and improvement of communicative and cultural competence;
Cultivate a sustainable interest in reading.
During the classes
“The diary is very convenient for judging yourself.”
L. N. Tolstoy
Immersion in the topic of the lesson
Which one of you guys keeps a diary?
I keep it, on the advice of my geography teacher: a diary helps me keep observations of nature.
And I write down in my diary my impressions of the books I read, write down the names of the characters in the books, expressions that I like.
Do journal entries help you in any way?
Of course, they help, especially with oral answers or when preparing for essays.
It's very good that some of you keep diaries. When a person records what he saw or read, he remembers people and events better, and, if necessary, can rely on these memories. Just don’t keep a diary like the one the writer Mark Twain had as a child. Remember how he himself later laughed at him: “Monday: got up, washed, lay down. sleep. Friday a month later: got up, washed, went to bed.”
“Even now I think with pride,” writes M. Twain, “that even at such a young age, when I got up in the morning, I washed my face.
The word diary is familiar to you. What is its lexical meaning?
The Small Explanatory Dictionary edited by Lopatin gives the following definition:
Diary -
records kept from day to day;
student notebook for recording assigned lessons and for marking progress.
Dahl's dictionary interprets it as follows: Diary - daily entries.
Literary critic: A diary is a literary and everyday genre in fiction - a form of first-person narration, which is kept in the form of everyday, usually dated entries.
Why do people keep diaries?
For self-analysis of your actions and actions.
To record observations, to understand yourself and the world around you.
From loneliness.
Conversation about the features of diary entries
Teacher: How do diary entries differ from any other entries?
Each entry is almost always dated.
Extreme sincerity, frankness of expression.
Encryption or complete concealment of names and surnames.
Recording what “just happened” or was experienced is not only of a personal nature, but also of a generally significant nature.
Teacher: You are absolutely right. All these elements provide a relaxed choice and arrangement of material and allow you to create the illusion of free expression of the thoughts and impressions of the author-narrator. In this respect, the diary is closer to letters than to memories. On your monitors you have a fragment of A.S.’s diary entries. Pushkin.
“In 1821 I began my autobiography and spent several years working on it. At the end of 1825, when the unfortunate conspiracy was discovered, I was forced to burn the notes. They could have implicated many and perhaps multiplied the number of victims. But I will be more careful in my testimony, and if the notes are less vivid, they will be more reliable.”
Why are the diary entries of A.S. interesting? Pushkin?
The poet wrote down phrases and facts that can be used in working on the work.
Diary of A.S. Pushkin’s function is similar to “notebooks”
These recordings are made for oneself and are not intended for public perception, which gives the recordings a special authenticity and reliability.
Teacher: Essays in the genre of diary entries can be interesting for their detailed, thoughtful judgments:
about the peculiarities of the work of a writer;
about some work read;
about an imaginative literary hero.
Such essays are almost like reviews and are evaluative in nature. But at the same time, they should be distinguished by the special frankness of the writer, the sincerity of his impressions and experiences.
You are presented with two texts on the monitor. Determine which of the texts belongs to the genre of diary entries.
Grinev arrived at the Belogorsk fortress. He saw me on the floor in a peasant dress, pale, thin, with disheveled hair. In front of her stood a jug of water, covered with a slice of bread. Seeing Grinev, Masha screamed. Pyotr Andreevich was not alone.
March 17, 1774. I was received by Pyotr Andreevich’s parents with sincere cordiality. They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress me, a poor orphan.
Student: The second example meets the requirements for an essay in the genre of diary entries. And the first fragment is not a diary, since the text contains the following inaccuracies: there is no date, it is spoken from a third person, it reports facts that Maria Ivanovna could not have witnessed
Teacher: Fill out the table “Distinctive features of the genre of diary entries”
Teacher: Write a miniature in the genre of a diary. (Several works are read out)
02/10/2007 spent the whole day at home. I took the story by A.S. from the shelf. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter”, I started reading. I am re-reading this work again, but I still experience the same feelings. This is something extraordinary. Exciting. I couldn't tear myself away until the very night
Teacher: Well done! Today you were attentive, inquisitive and active. What new things did you learn from the lesson? (students' answers)
Homework: Write an essay in the genre of a diary on one of the topics “History of my school”, “Why is my village called that”
Literature
IN AND. Dahl. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Moscow: “Ast. Astrel", 2006
T.A. Kalganova. Works of various genres / Moscow: “Enlightenment”, 2000.
A.M. Yezhova. Teaching composition, Literature at school//2002// No. 5.
N.I. Ivanchenko-Sviridova. How to write a good essay / St. Petersburg: “Abris D”, 2006
THAT. Skirgailo. Works of different genres / Kazan: IPKRO RT, 2001
Since diaries as a genre are a new type of written work unfamiliar to students, we consider it advisable to introduce schoolchildren to the meaning of this word:
1. Diary is a literal translation from French “daily journal, diary,” that is, records kept from day to day.
2. Diary - a literary and everyday genre, a form of narration, which is kept from the 1st person in the form of everyday or periodic entries about the events of current life (personal, social, literary).
A diary entry is made after events that have occurred, less often - before events that will occur.
Diaries are more subjective and at the same time more spontaneous and sincere than other types of memoir sources.
A diary entry represents a systematic type of speech: narration with elements of reasoning, reasoning with elements of description, as well as a free form of writing:
a) confession - self-assessment of one’s activities;
b) analysis of the events of the day;
c) portrait sketch;
d) emotional self-expression;
e) reflection;
f) reflecting on what was seen and heard.
Signs of a diary as a genre:
Each entry is almost always dated;
The notes are known to be fragmentary;
Encryption or complete concealment of names or surnames;
The predominance of the facts themselves over their understanding;
Sometimes - records based on primary impressions, unverified assumptions, rumors, opinions.
All these elements provide a relaxed choice and arrangement of material and allow you to create the illusion of free expression of the thoughts and impressions of the author-narrator;
The diary as a genre is monologue, but the author's monologue can be internally dialogical. The author's monologue sometimes becomes a conversation with an imaginary interlocutor, a witness, with human society as a whole;
The diary is not retrospective, it is contemporary with the events described, it is written for oneself and is not designed for public perception (unlike a literary diary), which gives it a special authenticity and reliability.
Memo for writing an essay in the genre of diary entries
1. Get acquainted with works written in the genre of diary entries. This will help you adhere to the form and conventions of presentation characteristic of this genre.
2. Determine the idea of the essay, that is, the main idea that you undertake to prove with your work. Correctly defining the idea will allow you to deeply and fully reveal the topic of the essay and not “get lost” in the extensive material.
3. Make a plan that will help you outline where to start, what sections to highlight, in what sequence to present the material, and what conclusions to come to.
4. Keep in mind that the introduction and conclusion in an essay of this genre may have a frame that gives the work a personal character.
Educational goals:
- introduce students to different types of diaries, their purpose, features of keeping;
- teach the correct formatting of diary entries.
Decor:
- various types of diaries, works and diaries of writers, poets of modern and 19th, 20th centuries,
- landscapes by artists of Yakutia,
- video material about visiting memorable places in Yakutia;
- On the students’ desks are the texts necessary for work.
Teacher's word: Hello, guys. Today is an unusual lesson. You and I will go on an unusual journey, we will meet something new, namely...we will find out about this in a few minutes. Make yourself comfortable, prepare notebooks and pens for future notes.
Let's start the lesson with a speech warm-up. Reading a poem by S. Makhotin. (Student reads)
Two diaries
The room smells like thunder!
But for now
Two diaries are tightly hidden.
In the first,
Which lies under a fur coat,
The red two is trembling with anger,
A secret, a note, a walk to the river -
All this is in the second diary.
But no one will ever findThis tattered blue notebook:
It will be written in it a little later:
“Two.
Confessed.
Punished with a belt.
I haven't seen her for ten hours...
Night.
Fourteen days until the holidays!”
What is it about? What diaries are we talking about?
What mood is felt at the beginning of the poem?
What words create it? (Feeling of intense anticipation of retribution for the deuce: “smells like a thunderstorm”, “tightly hidden” “the red deuce is trembling with anger.”)
What mood is in the second part of the poem? How does this affect linguistic means?
Conclusion. At the beginning of S. Makhotin's poem, the content of the last diary entry is conveyed, then the anxious tension, and after recognition and well-deserved punishment - abrupt phrases of the entries. But among them there is an unspoken line about the personal, about one’s own: “I haven’t seen her for ten hours...”.
II. Work on the topic.
1. You guessed it, in today’s lesson we will talk about different types of diaries. Write down today's date and the topic of the lesson in your notebook.
From what word was the word formed? diary! (day)
Find in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegova definition of the word diary.
A) diary - This is a student notebook for recording assigned lessons and for taking notes on academic performance and behavior.
(This is the same diary in which “the red two is trembling with anger” and which is well known to us);
b) diary - These are records of everyday affairs, current events that are carried out day after day.
(This is the second diary mentioned in S. Makhotin’s poem).
What types of diaries are you familiar with?
(Observation diary, travel diary, personal diary).
Based on the name (the names are conditional), explain the purpose of each of the different types of diaries.
Observation diaries are kept in natural history lessons; they record daily observations of the state of nature.
Travel diaries are kept during travel.
Personal diaries include records of significant events in a person’s personal and social life, talk about the writer’s mood, feelings about their experiences; a personal diary helps in self-knowledge and self-education.
Exercise. Determine the main idea of the text.
Many people - both children and adults - keep diaries. This is the need of the soul - to write down an event, an impression, a thought. The recording becomes a silent interlocutor, a friend with whom you share.
A notebook is a companion, a notebook is a piggy bank - what a wonderful thing this is! On its pages, as if caught by a line, it continues to live; the tourist lines along which you passed meander, footsteps and voices are heard again; and the dispute that has touched you calls you to delve deeper into it. And everything that is around you, and everything that is in you, everything is reflected in the diary.
Good people live next to us. Next to each of us. Let your diaries become true testimonies about our time, about its people, and therefore about yourself. (According to E. Tsyuryupa)
Identify what types of diaries the following entries come from. Give reasons for your answer.
Text No. 1
On November 26, at three o'clock in the morning, the Nautilus crossed the Tropic of Cancer at 172" longitude. On November 27 we passed the Sandwich Islands, where the famous Captain Cook died on February 14, 1779. (Jules Verne)
(Travel Diary)
Text No. 2
Glory to you, Lord! Here comes the holidays! Finally, I'm home... Yes! It is necessary, like me, to cram lessons all year round, every day, and even twice a day - with the exception, of course, of holidays - in a stuffy room, in a circle of six comrades, to bend over until midnight over a soiled notebook or a battered book, to cram Greek and Latin, geometry, etc., etc. You need, I say, to experience and experience all this in order to appreciate all the charm of a warm, hospitable, native corner... My father is so quiet, so unforgiving! If I happen to do something wrong, he will shake his head, make a slight reproach - and that’s all...
However, it's time for lunch. After lunch I’ll go to bed and sleep until the evening, it’s just pure pleasure!.. (I.S. Nikitin)
(Personal diary)
Most often, personal diaries are written “for oneself,” that is, they are not intended for prying eyes. But sometimes a person himself or after his death, relatives publish diary entries. This mainly concerns the personal diaries of writers, scientists, public figures, and teachers, whose thoughts and reasoning may be of interest to both contemporaries and descendants. Sometimes writers deliberately design their works in the form of diary entries, so that events look more authentic and the actions of the characters, their thoughts and feelings become more understandable.
Read an excerpt from a story written in diary form. Remember its title and author.
Twenty eighth of May!
Today is a very happy day for me: school is over, I moved to the next grade with only straight A's.
Vacations start tomorrow. I decided to keep a diary during the holidays. Mom said that she would give me an eternal pen if I kept a diary carefully. I bought a thick general notebook with a blue cover and decided to carefully write down various interesting incidents in this notebook. As soon as something interesting happens, I'll write it down right away. In addition, I will write down my thoughts. I will think about different things, and as soon as a good thought comes to my mind, I will write it down too.
Nothing interesting has happened today yet. There were no thoughts yet either. (N. Nosov’s story “The Diary of Kol Sinitsyn”)
Guys, travel is always interesting because you meet new people, their stories about themselves and others. You are a math class, so I wanted to introduce you to Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, a world-famous scientist. On May 27, 1892, he wrote in his diary: “What an important thing is “hygiene of thought.” It seems to me that this is the most important thing in life, because this achieves the desire for harmony and a sense of harmony is created by a person in this way...”
Another name is Yuri Annenkov. He is a brilliant graphic artist, painter, and theater artist. Thanks to his “Diary of Meetings”, we will continue to get acquainted with wonderful Russian writers and poets in literature lessons.
And what kind of diaries did you guys come across? Tell me.
(Answers are varied. Students give examples of the diaries of L.N. Tolstoy, letters of I.S. Turgenev and others, read treasured pages.)
Next stop – next task. Look again at all the suggested fragments of diary entries.
What do they have in common?
1. Date of recording: day, month, year (sometimes place and time are indicated).
a) interesting events in personal and public life;
b) feelings about these events;
c) reasoning about current and interesting life problems.
What does each diary entry represent? Justify your answer.
(Text: sentences are related in meaning; each entry can be titled.)
In what style of speech can entries be made in diaries?
(In the observation diary - in scientific, popular science, artistic;
in a personal diary - in fiction and conversation;
in a travel diary - in popular science, fiction.)
Define each style.
Scientific - a style in which scientific information is communicated and facts are explained.
Scientific - popular - scientific style with elements of other styles of speech.
Artistic - the writer paints with words some pictures and images.
Determine the type of speech of the proposed diary entries. (Jules Verne and N. Nosov have a narrative; I.S. Nikitin has a reasoning).
Define types of speech:
Narration is...
Description is...
Reasoning is...
CONCLUSION (made by the student)
So, diary entries are texts of different styles and types of speech. Most often they include narration, reasoning, and description. Although narration is preferable when recounting events, reasoning is preferable when thinking about them, and description is more common in travel diaries. Travel does not leave without conversation, often intimate, when a person reveals himself from a completely different side.
Guys, have you ever asked yourself what kind of person you are, what kind of person you want to become? Now you are at an age when it is important to choose and determine for yourself the moral laws by which you will strive to live. It's hard to do at your age, but you have to try. And diaries, in which a person reveals himself to himself without embellishment, have helped and are helping many people to understand these complex issues.
Today we will get acquainted with excerpts from the diary of young Leo Tolstoy.
Student's word.
Lev Nikolaevich kept his diary from a young age, and made his last entries a few days before his death. Why are the diaries of young Tolstoy interesting? This is a wonderful example of how a person formed himself, his personality, what high goals he set for himself and, consciously struggling with shortcomings, paved his life path. In this case, the shortcomings are not only indicated, but also emphasized, exposed, otherwise it is impossible to fight them. In the diaries of young Tolstoy, one is struck by the incredible sincerity. In them he analyzes his inner, spiritual life, introduces his observations and thoughts, and determines the goals and objectives of his life.
Let's, guys, read the lines from L.N.'s diary entries. Tolstoy, let’s try to find those places where the writer determined the basic rules for himself, the main goal of his life..
March 24!847, I have changed a lot; but I still have not reached the degree of perfection (in my studies) that I would like to achieve. I do not do what I prescribe to myself; What I do, I don’t do well, I don’t strain my memory. To do this, I am writing here some rules, which, it seems to me, will help me a lot if I follow them. 1) Whatever you are destined to do, do it no matter what. 2) What you do, do it well. 3) Never consult a book if you forgot something, but try to remember it yourself. 4) Force your mind to constantly act with all its possible strength...
7 April 1847 I never had a diary because I saw no use for it. Now, when I am developing my abilities, from the diary I will be able to judge the progress of this development. The diary should contain a table of rules, and my future actions should also be determined in the diary.
April 8, 1847 Although I have already gained a lot since I began to take care of myself, I am still very dissatisfied with myself. The further you progress in improving yourself, the more you see shortcomings in yourself, and Socrates said the truth that the highest degree of perfection. A person has to know that he knows nothing.
June 14, 1850 I started writing my diary again and again with new zeal... Maybe I’ll give it up again; but it is a pleasant activity and it will be pleasant to re-read, just as it is pleasant to re-read old ones...
The diary is very convenient for judging yourself. Then, since I find it necessary to determine all activities in advance, a diary is also necessary for this. I would like to get used to determining my way of life in advance, not just for one day, but for a year, for several years, even for a dog’s life; too difficult, almost impossible; however, I’ll try, first for a day, the flood for two days - how many days do I will true to definitions for how many days will ask yourself ahead...
December 8, 1850 ...I noticed an important change in myself: I became more
self-confident, that is, no longer embarrassed; I believe this is because
that I have one goal in mind (interest), and by striving, I could evaluate myself and acquired a consciousness of my dignity, which makes it so much easier to carry people.
March 7, 1851<:. Нахожу для дневника, кроме определения будущих действий, полезную цель, - отчет каждого дня, с точки зрения тех слабостей, от которых хочешь исправиться.September 21, 1855. ...My main goal in life is the good of my neighbor, and conditional goals are literary glory, based on benefit, good to my neighbor.
Student answers.
Wealth based on works that are useful to others and directed towards good.
Service glory, based on the benefit of the fatherland. I'll sort it out in my diary, I) what I did every day and 2) how many times I did not fulfill my destiny.
3. I could appreciate myself and acquired a consciousness of my dignity, which makes carrying people around so much easier.
4 ...It is very convenient to use a diary to judge oneself, since I find it necessary to determine all activities in advance, then a diary is also necessary for this. I would like to get used to defining my lifestyle in advance, not just for one day, but for a year, for several years, for life
Often the writer reveals the character of the characters through their diary entries, through internal monologues, and gives the floor to the narrator. The hero of L. Tolstoy’s story “After the Ball,” Ivan Vasilyevich, is concerned about moral and social problems; he tries to find out what the moral principles of society are, the criteria for assessing good and evil, what the army is based on, of which he dreamed of becoming an officer.
Remember how I.V.’s life changed. after the incident with the Tatar?
(He gave up his career. The hero chooses the path of “non-participation in lies.” This is the path of moral self-improvement, internal opposition to social evil).
Find the definition of the word morality in Ozhegov’s dictionary.
Morality is...
And according to L. Tolstoy?
(According to Tolstoy, “morality cannot be based on anything other than the consciousness of oneself as a spiritual being, one with all other beings and with everything. If a person is not a spiritual, but a physical being, he inevitably lives only for himself, and life for oneself and morality are incompatible.)
Remember how I.V. assessed it? one of the listeners?
(“Well, we know how no good you are. No matter how many people would be no good if you were not there.” The hero lives in accordance with his conscience, instructing his neighbors on the path of good. Not personal happiness, love, but the search for Truth goodness is the meaning of his life.)
(The students’ conclusion, voiced during the lesson, allowed me, the teacher, to see that many children agreed with the statement of L.N. Tolstoy, others took the position of some of our contemporaries). I suggest re-reading the writers' diaries.
Homework
I wanted you to reflect on the diary entries of the famous writer, try to get to know yourself with the help of an improvised diary, see your shortcomings, weaknesses and, if necessary, change something in yourself.
Maybe, first, make a note in the form of a letter to an unfamiliar peer, where you introduce yourself and tell us about yourself - who you are, where and how you live, what you are interested in, what you strive for, what attracts you, what people play a significant role in your life, what they do attract you, read what is written, look at yourself as if from the outside. Write down what impression the person in the letter left on you.
Or maybe these will be lines about today’s lesson - travel. The guys and I will be happy to listen to you, if, of course, you trust us with your recordings. After all, a personal diary can only be read with the permission of the Owner.
I would like to end today’s lesson with an excerpt from the collective diary of our school’s teachers, who traveled to Kempendyai in January last year, to the “Kyrbyi Uyata” sports and recreation complex.
Reflection
I read the passage and ask you to answer the questions:
- Are you interested in what was discussed here?
- I would like you to visit these places,
- what type of diary is this?
TRIP TO KEMPENDYAI
Early morning. A bus with teachers returning from a trip to Kempendai stops at the entrance to secondary school No. 20. And the next day, in the corridors of the school, questions are heard every now and then: “Were you also in Kempendai? Was it interesting there? What were you doing there? And in response, enthusiastic words: “It was great there!”
Before the trip, many prepared cameras and movie cameras to capture all stages of the long-awaited journey.
The road to Mirny was already familiar to many, and yet enthusiastic exclamations were heard every now and then. The teachers were as happy as children. The farther from Udachny, the more beautiful the surrounding landscape became: gradually the larches gave way to fir trees and birches, and those strewn with snow were fabulously beautiful and evoked nostalgic sadness. And now, instead of recordings of fashionable hits, the following began to sound:
... The main thing, guys, is not to grow old in your heart...,
...Komsomol members are restless hearts...,
... Under the wing of an airplane he sings about something
Green sea of taiga...
and other songs that came to mind.
The twelve-hour trip to Mirny passed under the motto “And the path is both far and long...”. We arrived in the city late in the evening. And our visit to school No. 12 evoked notes of white envy among our teachers. Everyone vying with each other asked to see the offices, halls, dining room, and library. We looked carefully, trying to remember the design features, took photographs of stands and exhibitions.
The journey from Mirny to Kempendyai is “a journey into the unknown.” Stop in the village. Toybokhoy - excursion to the local history museum. The beautiful new museum building, erected by the ALROSA company, interesting exhibitions (the curiosities of nature are especially striking), friendly guides, ready to answer any question, could not leave anyone indifferent.
Next stop in the village. Suntar, the center of Suntarsky ulus. How nice it is to feel like a long-awaited guest, to feel the care and attention that unobtrusively surrounds you on such a long journey.
There is another museum in the village of Elgyai. Yes what! Elgyai Regional Museum and Ecological Center named after. B.N. Andreeva (ERMETs). Moving from hall to hall, you are transported from one natural and climatic zone to another. Here in front of you are the tropics, then steppes and savannas, mountainous regions, birds of the Vilyui region - a total of 18 exhibitions that reveal the features of the zonal landscape complexes of the Earth.
Everyone had the opportunity not only to examine in detail the animal that most interested him, but even to touch it and take a photo next to it.
After visiting the museum, we spent a long time on the bus discussing the enthusiasm of its workers, who were collecting exhibition material bit by bit, and the scale of the exhibitions on display. We regretted that our students did not have the opportunity to see all this beauty.
Late at night we arrived at our destination – the sports and recreation complex “Kyrby uyata” in the village. Kempendyay. We stayed in wooden houses. Festive dinner – opening, sauna. And the next morning we finally looked around. The unique beauty of the surrounding nature delighted everyone: the light wood of the houses stood out brightly against the background of tall snow-covered spruces and pines, penetrated by the rays of the sun. It seems: if you step a little further to the side, you will find yourself in a fairy tale. Standing on the steep bank of the Kempendyai River, you see vast spaces covered with snow-covered forests. Transparent air. Silence. Only the snow crunches underfoot...
All that remains is to visit the Museum of the History of the Search for Yakut Diamonds in the village of Krestya. Head and founder of the museum Konobulova M.Kh. She even offered to stay in their village for a few days to get to know each other better. Unfortunately, it was time for us to return home.
Team of teachers from secondary school No. 20.
The answer is almost in unison - travel.
And then I heard a lot of interesting things about the travels of the guys themselves.
When traveling on vacation with their parents, they not only relax, but also get to know our country, get acquainted with monuments of architecture, art, and literature.
There is a promise that when the opportunity arises, they will show these diaries and read interesting pages.
The lesson is over.
Literature
- Speech development lessons. Methodological manual for teachers of language arts in the “Speech” program. Moscow, Humanitarian Publishing Center, 1999.
- G.A. Bogdanov. Russian language lessons in 8th grade. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2000
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