– 1978). And now - Alferov’s success.

True, this was not without a fly in the ointment, but not without a small psychological thorn: Zhores Ivanovich, paired with Herbert Kroemer, will split the $1 million prize in half with Jack Kilby. By decision of the Nobel Committee, Alferov and Kilby were awarded the Nobel Prize (one for two) for “work on obtaining semiconductor structures that can be used for ultra-fast computers.” (It is curious that the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1958 also had to be divided between Soviet physicists Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, and for 1964 - between, again, Soviet physicists Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov.) Another American, an employee of the corporation " Texas Instruments" Jack Kilby, awarded for his work in the field of integrated circuits.

So, who is he, the new Russian Nobel laureate?

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in the Belarusian city of Vitebsk. After 1935, the family moved to the Urals. In Turinsk, A. studied at school from fifth to eighth grades. On May 9, 1945, his father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, was assigned to Minsk, where A. graduated from men's high school No. 42 with a gold medal. He became a student at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FET) of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) named after. IN AND. Ulyanov on the advice of a school physics teacher, Yakov Borisovich Meltzerzon.

In his third year, A. went to work in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyreva. There he began experimental work under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina. Since his student years, A. has involved other students in scientific research. So, in 1950, semiconductors became the main business of his life.

In 1953, after graduating from LETI, A. was hired at the Physico-Technical Institute named after. A.F. Ioffe to the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. In the first half of the 50s, the institute was tasked with creating domestic semiconductor devices for introduction into domestic industry. The laboratory was faced with the task of obtaining single crystals of pure germanium and creating planar diodes and triodes based on it. With the participation of A., the first domestic transistors and power germanium devices were developed. For the complex of work carried out in 1959, A. received the first government award; he defended his candidate's thesis, which drew a line under ten years of work.

After this, before Zh.I. Alferov was faced with the question of choosing a further direction of research. The accumulated experience allowed him to move on to developing his own theme. In those years, the idea of ​​using heterojunctions in semiconductor technology was put forward. The creation of perfect structures based on them could lead to a qualitative leap in physics and technology.

At that time, many journal publications and at various scientific conferences repeatedly spoke about the futility of carrying out work in this direction, because Numerous attempts to implement devices based on heterojunctions have not yielded practical results. The reason for the failures lay in the difficulty of creating a transition close to ideal, identifying and obtaining the necessary heteropairs.

But this did not stop Zhores Ivanovich. His technological research was based on epitaxial methods that make it possible to control such fundamental parameters of a semiconductor as the band gap, electron affinity, effective mass of current carriers, refractive index, etc. inside a single single crystal.

GaAs and AlAs were suitable for an ideal heterojunction, but the latter oxidized almost instantly in air. This means that they should have chosen another partner. And he was found right there, at the institute, in the laboratory headed by N.A. Goryunova. It turned out to be the ternary compound AIGaAs. This is how the GaAs/AIGaAs heteropair, now widely known in the world of microelectronics, was defined. Zh.I. Alferov and his collaborators not only created heterostructures in the AlAs – GaAs system that are close in their properties to the ideal model, but also the world’s first semiconductor heterolaser operating in a continuous mode at room temperature.

Discovery of Zh.I. Alferov’s ideal heterojunctions and new physical phenomena - “superinjection”, electronic and optical confinement in heterostructures - also made it possible to radically improve the parameters of most known semiconductor devices and create fundamentally new ones, especially promising for use in optical and quantum electronics. Zhores Ivanovich summarized the new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors in his doctoral dissertation, which he successfully defended in 1970.

Works by Zh.I. Alferov were deservedly appreciated by international and domestic science. In 1971, the Franklin Institute (USA) awarded him the prestigious Ballantyne Medal, called the “small Nobel Prize” and established to reward the best work in the field of physics. Then comes the highest award of the USSR - the Lenin Prize (1972).

Using the developed Zh.I. Alferov, in the 70s, developed the technology of highly efficient, radiation-resistant solar cells based on AIGaAs/GaAs heterostructures in Russia (for the first time in the world) and organized large-scale production of heterostructure solar cells for space batteries. One of them, installed in 1986 on the Mir space station, worked in orbit for its entire service life without a significant reduction in power.

Based on the proposals proposed in 1970 by Zh.I. Alferov and his collaborators created semiconductor lasers operating in a significantly wider spectral region than lasers in the AIGaAs system using ideal transitions in multicomponent InGaAsP compounds. They have found wide application as radiation sources in long-range fiber-optic communication lines.

In the early 90s, one of the main areas of work carried out under the leadership of Zh.I. Alferov, is the production and study of the properties of nanostructures of reduced dimensionality: quantum wires and quantum dots.

In 1993...1994, for the first time in the world, heterolasers based on structures with quantum dots - “artificial atoms” - were realized. In 1995, Zh.I. Alferov and his collaborators demonstrate for the first time an injection heterolaser based on quantum dots, operating in continuous mode at room temperature. It has become fundamentally important to expand the spectral range of lasers using quantum dots on GaAs substrates. Thus, the research of Zh.I. Alferov laid the foundations for fundamentally new electronics based on heterostructures with a very wide range of applications, known today as “band engineering”.

The reward has found a hero

In one of his many interviews (1984), when asked by a correspondent: “According to rumors, you have now been nominated for the Nobel Prize. Isn’t it a shame that you didn’t receive it?” Zhores Ivanovich replied: “I heard that they have presented it more than once. Practice shows that either it is given immediately after opening (in my case this is the mid-70s), or already in old age. This was the case with P.L. Kapitsa. So, I still have everything ahead of me.”

Here Zhores Ivanovich was wrong. As they say, the reward found the hero before the onset of extreme old age. On October 10, 2000, all Russian television programs announced the award to Zh.I. Alferov Nobel Prize in Physics for 2000.

Modern information systems must meet two simple but fundamental requirements: to be fast, so that a large amount of information can be transferred in a short period of time, and compact, so that they fit in the office, home, briefcase or pocket.

With their discoveries, the Nobel laureates in physics in 2000 created the basis for such modern technology. Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kremer discovered and developed fast opto- and microelectronic components that are created on the basis of multilayer semiconductor heterostructures.

Heterolasers transmit and heteroreceivers receive information flows via fiber-optic communication lines. Heterolasers can also be found in CD players, devices that decode product labels, laser pointers, and many other devices.

Based on heterostructures, powerful, highly efficient light-emitting diodes have been created, used in displays, brake lamps in cars and traffic lights. Heterostructural solar cells, which are widely used in space and ground-based energy, have achieved record-breaking efficiencies in converting solar energy into electrical energy.

Jack Kilby was awarded for his contribution to the discovery and development of integrated circuits, which led to the rapid development of microelectronics, which, along with optoelectronics, is the basis of all modern technology.

Teacher, raise a student...

In 1973, A., with the support of the rector of LETI A.A. Vavilov, organized the basic department of optoelectronics (EO) at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Physico-Technical Institute named after. A.F. Ioffe.

In an incredibly short time, Zh.I. Alferov is ashamed of B.P. Zakharcheney and other scientists from the Physics and Technology Institute developed a curriculum for training engineers in the new department. It provided for the training of first- and second-year students within the walls of LETI, since the level of physico-mathematical training at FET was high and created a good foundation for the study of special disciplines, which, starting from the third year, were taught by Physics and Technology scientists on its territory. There, using the latest technological and analytical equipment, laboratory workshops were carried out, as well as coursework and diploma projects under the guidance of teachers of the basic department.

Admission of 25 first-year students was carried out through entrance exams, and the second and third year groups for training in the Department of Economics were recruited from students studying at FET and at the Department of Dielectrics and Semiconductors of the Electrophysical Faculty. The student selection committee was headed by Zhores Ivanovich. Of the approximately 250 students enrolled in each course, the top 25 were selected. On September 15, 1973, classes for second- and third-year students began. For this purpose, an excellent teaching staff was selected.

Zh.I. Alferov paid and continues to pay great attention to the formation of a contingent of first-year students. On his initiative, in the first years of the department’s work, annual schools “Physics and Life” were held during the spring school holidays. Its listeners were graduating students from Leningrad schools. On the recommendation of physics and mathematics teachers, the most gifted schoolchildren were given invitations to take part in the work of this school. Thus, a group of 30...40 people was recruited. They were housed in the institute's pioneer camp "Zvezdny". All expenses associated with accommodation, food and services for schoolchildren were covered by our university.

All of its lecturers, headed by Zh.I., came to the opening of the school. Alferov. Everything was solemn and very homely. The first lecture was given by Zhores Ivanovich. He spoke so captivatingly about physics, electronics, heterostructures that everyone listened to him as if spellbound. But even after the lecture, Zh.I.’s communication did not stop. Alferova with the guys. Surrounded by them, he walked around the camp, played snowballs, and fooled around. How informal he was about this “event” is evidenced by the fact that Zhores Ivanovich took his wife Tamara Georgievna and son Vanya on these trips...

The results of the school's work were immediate. In 1977, the first graduation of engineers from the Department of Economics took place; the number of graduates who received diplomas with honors at the Faculty doubled. One group of students from this department gave as many honors as the other seven groups.

In 1988, Zh.I. Alferov organized the Faculty of Physics and Technology at the Polytechnic Institute.

The next logical step was to unite these structures under one roof. Towards the implementation of this idea Zh.I. Alferov started in the early 90s. At the same time, he did not just build the building of the Scientific and Educational Center, he laid the foundation for the future revival of the country... And on September 1, 1999, the building of the Scientific and Educational Center (REC) came into operation.

On this the Russian land stands and will stand...

Alferov always remains himself. In dealing with ministers and students, directors of enterprises and ordinary people, he is equally even. He does not adapt to the former, does not rise above the latter, but always defends his point of view with conviction.

Zh.I. Alferov is always busy. His work schedule is scheduled a month in advance, and the weekly work cycle is as follows: Monday morning - Phystech (he is its director), afternoon - St. Petersburg Scientific Center (he is the chairman); Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday - Moscow (he is a member of the State Duma and Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, besides, numerous issues need to be resolved in the ministries) or St. Petersburg (also issues that go over his head); Friday morning – Physics and Technology, afternoon – Scientific and Educational Center (director). These are just the big touches, and between them there is scientific work, leadership of the Department of Economics at ETU and the Faculty of Physics and Technology at TU, lecturing, and participation in conferences. You can’t count everything!

Our laureate is an excellent lecturer and storyteller. It is no coincidence that all the world's news agencies noted Alferov's Nobel lecture, which he delivered in English without notes and with his usual brilliance.

When presenting the Nobel Prizes, there is a tradition when, at a banquet hosted by the King of Sweden in honor of the Nobel laureates (attended by over a thousand guests), only one laureate from each “nomination” speaks. In 2000, three people were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics: Zh.I. Alferov, Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby. So the last two persuaded Zhores Ivanovich to speak at this banquet. And he fulfilled this request brilliantly, in his words successfully playing on our Russian habit of doing “one favorite thing” for three.

In his book “Physics and Life” Zh.I. Alferov, in particular, writes: “Everything that was created by humanity was created thanks to science. And if our country is destined to be a great power, then it will be not thanks to nuclear weapons or Western investments, not thanks to faith in God or the President, but thanks to the work of its people, faith in knowledge, in science, thanks to the preservation and development of scientific potential and education.

When I was a ten-year-old boy, I read Veniamin Kaverin’s wonderful book “Two Captains.” And throughout my subsequent life I followed the principle of its main character, Sanya Grigoriev: “Fight and search, find and not give up.” True, it is very important to understand what you are taking on.”

100 famous scientists Sklyarenko Valentina Markovna

ALFEROV ZHORES IVANOVICH (b. 1930)

ALFEROV ZHORES IVANOVICH

(b. 1930)

The famous Soviet and Russian scientist Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born on March 15, 1930 in the city of Vitebsk (then in the Belarusian SSR).

His parents were native Belarusians. The father of the future scientist, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, changed many professions.

During the First World War he fought, was a hussar, and a non-commissioned officer in the Life Guards. For his bravery he was nominated for decoration, becoming a Knight of St. George twice.

In September 1917, the elder Alferov joined the Bolshevik Party, and after some time he switched to economic work. Since 1935, Zhores' father held various leadership positions at military factories in the USSR. He worked as a director of a plant, a combine, and as the head of a trust. Due to the nature of his father’s work, the family often moved from place to place. Little Alferov had a chance to see Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Syasstroy near Leningrad, Turinsk in the Sverdlovsk region, and dilapidated Minsk.

The boy's mother, Anna Vladimirovna, worked in the library, in the personnel department, and most of the time she was a housewife.

The parents of the future scientist were avid communists. They named their eldest son Marx (in honor of Karl Marx), and the youngest received the name Jaurès (in honor of Jean Jaurès, founder of the French Socialist Party, ideologist and founder of the newspaper L'Humanité).

Jaurès's childhood memories are often related to his older brother. Marx helped the boy with his studies and never gave him offense. After graduating from school and several months of studying at the Ural Industrial Institute, he dropped everything and went to the front to defend his homeland. At the age of 20, junior lieutenant Marks Alferov was killed.

Zhores received his primary education in Syasstroy. On May 9, 1945, the boy’s father was assigned to Minsk, where the family soon moved. In Minsk, Zhores was assigned to study at the only secondary school in the city, No. 42, which was not destroyed, from which he graduated in 1948 with a gold medal.

The physics teacher at school No. 42 was the famous Ya. B. Meltzerzon. Despite the lack of a physical classroom, the teacher managed to instill love and interest in the students in his subject. Noticing the talented boy, Yakov Borisovich helped him in his studies in every possible way. After graduating from school, the teacher recommended Alferov to go to Leningrad and enter the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute. V. I. Lenin (LETI).

Physical lessons had a magnetic effect on young Alferov. He was especially interested in the teacher's story about the operation of a cathode oscilloscope and the principles of radar, so that after school the boy already knew exactly what he wanted to be. He entered LETI to major in “electrovacuum engineering” at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FET). At that time, the institute was one of the “pilot” universities in the field of domestic electronics and radio engineering.

In the third year, the capable student was hired to work in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev, where young Alferov began his first experimental work under the guidance of Natalya Nikolaevna Sozina. Later Alferov spoke very warmly about his first scientific supervisor. Shortly before joining the Zhores Institute, she herself defended her dissertation work on the study of semiconductor photodetectors in the infrared region of the spectrum and helped in every possible way in Zhores Alferov’s research.

The student really liked the atmosphere in the laboratory and the research process, and he decided to become a professional physicist. Jaurès was especially interested in the study of semiconductors. Under the guidance of Sozina, Alferov wrote his thesis devoted to the production of films and the study of the photoconductivity of bismuth telluride.

In 1952, Alferov graduated from LETI and decided to continue scientific research in the area of ​​physics that interested him. When assigning graduates to work, Alferov was lucky: he refused to stay at LETI and was accepted into the Physico-Technical Institute. A. F. Ioffe (LPTI).

At that time, the young scientist’s reference book was Abram Fedorovich Ioffe’s monograph “Basic Concepts of Modern Physics.” Being assigned to the Physics and Technology Institute was one of the happiest moments in the life of the famous scientist, which determined his future path in science.

By the time the young specialist arrived at the institute, the luminary of Soviet science, the director of LPTI, Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, had already resigned from his post. “Under Ioffe” a semiconductor laboratory was formed at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the outstanding scientist assigned almost all the best physicists and researchers in the semiconductor field. The young scientist was lucky for the second time - he was seconded to this laboratory.

The great A.F. Ioffe was a pioneer of semiconductor science in general and the founder of domestic developments in this field. It was thanks to him that Phystech became the center of semiconductor physics.

In the 1930s, various studies were carried out at the Physics and Technology Institute, which became the fundamental foundations of a new field of physics. Among such works, especially noteworthy is the joint work of Ioffe and Frenkel in 1931, in which scientists described the tunnel effect in semiconductors, as well as the work of Juse and Kurchatov on the intrinsic and impurity conductivity of semiconductors.

However, after a series of successful works, Ioffe became interested in nuclear physics, other brilliant physicists were engaged in other fields of science close to them, so the development of semiconductor physics slowed down somewhat. Who knows how things would have developed further if in 1947 American scientists had not been able to achieve the transistor effect on a point-point transistor. In 1949, the first transistor with p-n-transitions.

In the early 1950s, the Soviet government set the institute a specific task - to develop modern semiconductor devices that could be used in domestic industry. The semiconductor laboratory had to obtain pure germanium single crystals and use them to create planar diodes and triodes. American scientists proposed a method for mass industrial production of transistors in November 1952, now it was the turn of Soviet scientists.

The young scientist found himself at the very epicenter of scientific developments. He had the opportunity to participate in the creation of the first domestic transistors, photodiodes, powerful germanium rectifiers, etc.

Tuchkevich’s laboratory completed the task of the Soviet government “excellently.” Zhores Alferov took an active part in the development. Already on March 5, 1953, he made the first transistor that could cope with loads and showed good performance. In 1959, Zhores Alferov received a government award for the complex of work carried out.

In 1960, together with other scientists, Jaurès went to an international conference on semiconductor physics in Prague. Among the famous scientists present there were Abram Ioffe and John Bardeen, a representative of the famous trinity Bardeen - Shockley - Brattain, who created the first transistor in 1947. After attending the conference, Alferov became even more interested in scientific research.

The following year, Zhores Alferov defended his PhD thesis, dedicated to the creation and research of powerful germanium and partially silicon rectifiers, and was awarded the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences. In fact, this work summed up his ten years of research in this field of science.

He did not have any special thoughts about which area of ​​physics to choose for further research - he was already seriously working on the production of semiconductor heterostructures and the study of heterojunctions. Alferov understood that if he managed to create a perfect structure, it would be a real leap in semiconductor physics.

At that time, domestic power semiconductor electronics was formed. For a long time, scientists were unable to develop devices based on heterojunctions due to the difficulty of creating a junction close to ideal.

Alferov showed that in such varieties p-n-transitions, how p-i-n, p-n-n+ in semiconductor homostructures, at operating current densities, the current in the throughput direction is determined by recombination in heavily doped R And n(n+) areas of structures. At the same time, the average i(n) the homostructure region is not the main one.

When working on a semiconductor laser, the young scientist proposed using the advantages of a double heterostructure like p-i-n (р-n-n+, n-p-p+) . The application for Alferov's copyright certificate was classified; the classification was lifted only after the American scientist Kremer published similar findings.

At the age of 30, Alferov was already one of the leading experts in the field of semiconductor physics in the Soviet Union. In 1964, he was invited to take part in an international conference on semiconductor physics held in Paris.

Two years later, Zhores Alferov formulated the general principles of controlling electronic and light flows in heterostructures.

In 1967, Alferov was elected head of the LPTI laboratory. Work on heterostructure research was in full swing. Soviet scientists came to the conclusion that it is possible to realize the main advantages of a heterostructure only after obtaining an Al-type heterostructure x Ga1- x As.

In 1968, it became clear that Soviet physicists were not the only ones working on this study of heterostructures. It turned out that Alferov and his team were only a month ahead of researchers from the IBM laboratory in their discovery of an Al-type heterostructure x Ga1- x As. In addition to IBM, such monsters of electronics and semiconductor physics as Bell Telephone and RCA took part in the research race.

In the laboratory of N.A. Goryunova, it was possible to select a new version of the heterostructure - the AlGaAs ternary compound, which made it possible to determine the GaAs/AlGaAs heteropair, which is currently popular in the electronic world.

By the end of 1969, Soviet scientists, led by Alferov, had implemented almost all possible ideas for controlling electronic and light flows in classical heterostructures based on the gallium arsenide - aluminum arsenide system.

In addition to creating a heterostructure close in its properties to the ideal model, a group of scientists led by Alferov created the world's first semiconductor heterolaser operating in continuous mode at room temperature. Competitors from Bell Telephone and RCA offered only weaker options based on the use of a single heterostructure in lasers p AlGaAs- p GaAs.

In August 1969, Alferov made his first trip to the United States to the International Conference on Luminescence in Newark, Delaware. The scientist did not deny himself the pleasure and made a report in which he mentioned the characteristics of the created AlGaAs-based lasers. The effect of Alferov’s report exceeded all expectations - the Americans were far behind in their research, and only specialists from Bell Telephone a few months later repeated the success of Soviet scientists.

Based on the technology of highly efficient and radiation-resistant solar cells based on AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures developed in the 1970s by Alferov, the Soviet Union was the first in the world to organize mass production of heterostructure solar cells for space batteries. When similar works were published by American scientists, Soviet batteries had already been used for many years for various purposes. In particular, one of these batteries was installed in 1986 on the Mir space station. Over the course of many years of operation, it operated without significant reduction in power.

In 1970, based on ideal transitions in multicomponent InGaAsP compounds (proposed by Alferov), semiconductor lasers were designed, which were used, in particular, as radiation sources in long-range fiber-optic communication lines.

In the same 1970, Zhores Ivanovich Alferov successfully defended his doctoral dissertation, in which he summarized the research of heterojunctions in semiconductors, the advantages of using heterostructures in lasers, solar batteries, transistors, etc. For this work, the scientist was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.

In a short period of time, Zhores Alferov achieved truly phenomenal results. His work led to the rapid development of fiber-optic communication systems. The following year, the scientist was awarded the first international award - the Ballantyne Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute in the USA (Philadelphia), which in the world of science is called the “small Nobel Prize.” By 2001, in addition to Alferov, only three Soviet physicists were awarded a similar medal - P. Kapitsa, N. Bogolyubov and A. Sakharov.

In 1972, the scientist, together with his student colleagues, was awarded the Lenin Prize. In the same year, Zhores Ivanovich became a professor at LETI, and the next year he became the head of the basic department of optoelectronics (EO) at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Physicotechnical Institute. In 1988, Zh. I. Alferov organized the Faculty of Physics and Technology at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute and became its dean.

Alferov’s works in the 90s of the 20th century were devoted to studying the properties of nanostructures of reduced dimensionality: quantum wires and quantum dots.

On October 10, 2000, the Nobel Committee in Physics awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize to Zhores Ivanovich Alferov, Herbert Kroemer and Jack Kilby for "their basic work in the field of information and communication systems." Specifically, Alferov and Kroemer received the prize “for the development of semiconductor heterostructures that are used in ultra-fast microelectronic components and fiber-optic communications.”

With their work, all three laureates significantly accelerated the development of modern technology, in particular Alferov and Kroemer discovered and developed fast and reliable opto- and microelectronic components, which are used today in a wide variety of fields.

The scientists divided the $1 million cash prize among themselves in the following proportions: Jack Kilby received half the prize for his work in the field of integrated circuits, and the other half was equally divided between Alferov and Kroemer.

In his presentation speech given on December 10, 2000, Professor of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Tord Kleson analyzed the main achievements of three great scientists. Alferov gave his Nobel lecture on December 8, 2000 at Stockholm University in excellent English and without notes.

In 1967, Zhores Alferov married Tamara Georgievna Darskaya, the daughter of a famous actor. His wife worked for some time under the leadership of Academician V.P. Glushko in Moscow. People in love flew to each other from Moscow to Leningrad and back for about six months, until Tamara agreed to move to Leningrad.

In his free time from science, the scientist is interested in the history of the Second World War.

At a fairly late age, Alferov began his career as a politician. In 1989, he was elected people's deputy of the USSR and was a member of the Interregional Deputy Group. After the collapse of the Union, he did not abandon his political activities.

In the fall of 1995, the famous scientist was included as a candidate in the federal list of the electoral association “All-Russian socio-political movement “Our Home is Russia””. Based on the results of voting in the federal district, he was elected to the Russian State Duma of the second convocation (since 1995), and after some time became a member of the Committee on Education and Science (subcommittee on science).

In 1997, Alferov was included in the Scientific Council of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

In 1999, Zhores Ivanovich was elected to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the third convocation. The scientist was a member of the faction of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the successor of the CPSU, in which Alferov was a member from 1965 to August 1991. In addition, the scientist was a member of the bureau of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the CPSU in 1988–1990, and a delegate to the XXVII Congress of the CPSU.

Currently, Alferov is still an avid communist and an atheist.

More than 350 scientific articles and three fundamental scientific monographs have been published from Alferov’s pen. He has more than 100 copyright certificates for inventions. The scientist is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Technical Physics.

In 1972, Alferov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 - an academician, in 1990 he became vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1991 - an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) and is now its vice-president.

At the same time, Alferov holds the positions of Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1989), Director of the Center for Physics of Nanoheterostructures, Chairman of the International Foundation named after. M. V. Lomonosov for the revival and development of fundamental research in the field of natural sciences and humanities, member of the Bureau of the Division of Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the section of general physics and astronomy of the Division of Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Physics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1987).

Alferov takes an active position in all his positions. His work schedule is scheduled a month in advance.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, the scientist was awarded various medals and prizes, among which it is worth highlighting the gold medal named after. Stuart Ballantyne Franklin Institute (USA, 1971), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the International Gallium Arsenide Symposium Prize (1987), the H. Welker Gold Medal (1987), the. A.F. Ioffe RAS (1996), National non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001).

The scientist was also awarded the Lenin Prize (1972), the USSR State Prize (1984) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2002).

Zhores Alferov was awarded many medals and orders of the USSR and the Russian Federation, including the Order of the Badge of Honor (1958), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975), the Order of the October Revolution (1980), the Order of Lenin (1986), the medal "For Services to the Fatherland" » 3rd degree.

The Nobel laureate is an active and honorary member of various scientific societies, academies and universities, including the US National Academy of Engineering (1990), US National Academy of Sciences (1990), Korean Academy of Science and Technology (1995), Franklin Institute (1971), Academy of Sciences Republic of Belarus (1995), University of Havana (1987), Optical Society of the USA (1997), St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions (1998).

In 2005, a bronze bust of Zhores Alferov was installed on the territory of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions. The lifetime opening of the bust was timed to coincide with the scientist’s 75th anniversary.

The famous scientist is the founder of the Education and Science Support Fund to support talented students, promote their professional growth, and encourage creative activity in conducting scientific research in priority areas of science. Alferov was the first to make a contribution to the Foundation, using part of the funds from his Nobel Prize.

In his autobiography, prepared for the Nobel website, the scientist recalls Kaverin’s wonderful book “Two Captains,” which he read as a 10-year-old boy. Since that time, all his life he has followed the life principles of one of the main characters of the book, Sanya Grigoriev: “Fight and search, find and not give up.”

From the book Scandals of the Soviet era author Razzakov Fedor

1930 “Earth” is not for the poor (Alexander Dovzhenko) A classic of Soviet and world cinema, Alexander Dovzhenko, throughout his long career (and he worked in cinema for more than 30 years), was repeatedly criticized in the press. One of the first high-profile

From the book 1991: Treason. Kremlin against the USSR by Sirin Lev

Zhores Alferov Alferov Zhores Ivanovich - winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. Born on March 15, 1930 in Vitebsk. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and State Duma deputy. - Today

From the book The French She-Wolf - Queen of England. Isabel by Weir Alison

1930 Gray: Scalacronica.

From the book Scaliger's Matrix author Lopatin Vyacheslav Alekseevich

Fedor Ivanovich? Ivan Ivanovich the Young 1557 Birth of Ivan IV's son Fyodor 1458 Birth of Ivan III's son Ivan 99 1584 Fyodor becomes Grand Duke of Moscow 1485 Ivan becomes Grand Duke of Tver 99 1598 Death of Fyodor 1490 Death of Ivan 108 Ivan Ivanovich died on March 7, and Fyodor

From the book The Secrets of Political Assassinations author Utchenko Sergey Lvovich

Duel Louis Barthou - Jean Jaurès Operation “Teutonic Sword” was conceived and developed in detail in Berlin. Its direct organizers were Hitler and Goering. And the French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou was chosen as the victim. His name is closely connected with the history of French

From the book The Right to Repression: Extrajudicial Powers of State Security Bodies (1918-1953) author Mozokhin Oleg Borisovich

1930 Movement of the accused brought in investigative cases Decisions of judicial and investigative bodies Results of investigative work 118704 Listed to the bodies of the People's Commissariat of Justice and investigative bodies 208069 Convicted by the bodies of the OGPU, of which: by the Collegium of the OGPU 10212 by a special meeting at

From the book Statistics of the repressive activities of the USSR security agencies for the period from 1921 to 1940. author Mozokhin Oleg Borisovich

1930 year Movement of the accused brought in investigative cases REMAINING arrested as of January 1, 1930 34,959 ARRIVED of those arrested during the year 378,539 of them: for the OGPU-Center 24,881 for territorial authorities 331,544 for transport authorities 22,114 CONTAINED in the reporting year 413

From the book Political Portraits. Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov author Medvedev Roy Alexandrovich

The KGB and the brothers Zhores and Roy Medvedev The work of Zhores Medvedev “Biological science and the cult of personality. From the history of agrobiological discussion in the USSR" was probably the first large scientific and journalistic work, which already in the spring of 1962 was distributed in lists almost throughout

From the book Khrushchev’s “thaw” and public sentiment in the USSR in 1953-1964. author Aksyutin Yuri Vasilievich

From the book Trotsky against Stalin. Emigrant archive of L. D. Trotsky. 1929–1932 author Felshtinsky Yuri Georgievich

1930 Letter to the Austrian Communists Copy: To Joseph Frey Dear Comrade! You are asking for advice regarding the line of conduct of the revolutionary elements of the Austrian Social Democracy. Unfortunately, I know too little about the composition, goals and methods of your group (only on

From the book Historical description of clothing and weapons of Russian troops. Volume 14 author Viskovatov Alexander Vasilievich

From the book Hidden Tibet. History of independence and occupation author Kuzmin Sergey Lvovich

1930 Namsaraeva, 2003.

From the book Faces of the Century author Kozhemyako Viktor Stefanovich

Nobel laureate is with the communists OUTSTANDING PHYSICIST, NOBEL PRIZE WINNER ACADEMICIAN ZHORES ALFYOROV Probably, even among the busiest people, Zhores Ivanovich Alferov is one of the busiest. And it’s difficult to say where his main workplace is - in Leningrad or in

From the book Stalin's Terror in Siberia. 1928-1941 author Papkov Sergey Andreevich

1. 1930 From the point of view of Leninism, collective farms, like the Soviets, taken as a form of organization, are weapons, and only weapons. Stalin By the beginning of 1930, the anti-kulak atmosphere in the country was heated to the limit. The newspapers were filled with threatening calls and articles addressed to the kulaks,

From the book by S.M. KIROB Selected articles and speeches 1916 - 1934 author D. Chugaeva and L. Peterson.

From the book World History in sayings and quotes author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich

In the city of Vitebsk, Belarusian SSR (now Belarus).

The name was given in honor of Jean Jaurès, founder of the newspaper L'Humanite and leader of the French Socialist Party.

In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (now St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI" named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).

In 1987-2003 he served as director of the institute.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1970). Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1972), academician (1979).

Specialist in the field of semiconductor physics, semiconductor and quantum electronics.

The research of Zhores Alferov actually created a new direction - heterojunctions in semiconductors.

In 2000, together with Herbert Kremer, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work that laid the foundations of modern information technologies through the creation of semiconductor heterostructures used in microwave and optical electronics.

The scientist conducts teaching activities. Since 1972 - professor, in 1973-2004 he was head of the department of optoelectronics at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (now St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University).

Since 1988 - Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (now St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University).

He is the rector of the St. Petersburg Academic University, a scientific and educational center for nanotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

From 1989 to 1992, Zhores Alferov was a people's deputy of the USSR. Since 1995 - deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation faction, member of the State Duma Committee on Science and High Technologies.

Zhores Alferov was awarded the Orders of the Badge of Honor (1959), the Red Banner of Labor (1975), the October Revolution (1980), Lenin (1986), as well as the Orders of Russia: "For Services to the Fatherland" III degree (1999), "For Services before the Fatherland" II degree (2000), "For services to the Fatherland" I degree (2005), "For services to the Fatherland" IV degree (2010).

He was awarded the Lenin Prize (1972), the USSR State Prize (1984), and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2001).

He is a laureate of the A.F. Prize. Ioffe RAS (1996), Demidov Prize (1999), International Energy Prize "Global Energy" (2005).

The scientist has also received awards from other countries and is an honorary member of a number of universities and academies.

In February 2001, Alferov established the Foundation for Support of Education and Science (Alferov Foundation) with the aim of uniting the intellectual, financial and organizational efforts of Russian and foreign individuals and legal entities to promote the development of Russian science and education.

It seems I’m not the only one who thinks Alferov is a charlatan.

Academician Alferov is one of the modern scientific officials who promote unscientific methods.
Along with such figures as academician E. Kruglyakov and academician E. Alexandrov, Mr. Alferov “protects” pseudoscience within the Russian Academy of Sciences, and within the educational system, he fools the younger generation of scientists with obscurantism.

The actions of Zhores Alferov contain intent and corpus delicti in the form of:
- actions carried out by a group of persons, by prior conspiracy, aimed at falsifying scientific data and related information, resulting in deception of the general public, as well as misleading government authorities in order to provide adherents of pseudoscientific trends with special preferences and access to government funding.
- deliberate actions aimed at introducing scientifically untenable concepts into the education system of the Russian Federation, causing material damage to the Russian Federation in the form of waste of public funds for the maintenance of pseudoscientists, as well as for teaching students and schoolchildren pseudoscientific hypotheses, at public expense.
Thus, the actions of Zhores Alferov fall under Article No. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Abuse of official powers”:
The use by an official of his official powers contrary to the interests of the service, if this act was committed out of selfish or other personal interest and entailed a significant violation of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens or organizations, or legally protected interests of society or the state.

In addition to the stated claims,
On the Internet there are the following unflattering opinions about Academician Alferov:

One of the most controversial figures in the Russian Academy of Sciences is Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zhores Alferov. All his life he was not a research scientist, but “a prominent organizer of Russian science.” This title deserves respect, but should not be confused with the expression "world-class scientist." These are completely different types of activities that require dissimilar talents. Nevertheless, Zhores Alferov speaks on behalf of a corporation of real researchers, allegedly protecting their interests. And since the “Alferov phenomenon” is growing to the scale of a social phenomenon, it is worth taking a closer look at it.

The public perceives Alferov’s numerous television and print interviews as the voice of the scientific elite, which is greatly facilitated by the mention of the Nobel Prize attached to the academician’s surname. Meanwhile, moving around the Physico-Technical Institute of St. Petersburg, which he heads, it is not difficult to find out that the academician’s scientific contribution to the collective work, for which Alferov received the most prestigious international award, is minimal. The academician was the leader of the group and in this capacity acted as the organizer and administrator of the work carried out by Garbuzov, Tretyakov (who really is the legend of the Physics and Technology Institute!), Andreev, Kazarinov and Portnoy. The first three received a state prize, the last two received nothing, and Academician Alferov went to Stockholm and wrote his name in the annals of world science.

75-year-old Zhores Ivanovich cannot head the Physics and Technology Institute due to his age. But power in the institute is a matter of principle for him. Phystech receives maximum budget funding, and their distribution is the real source of Alferov’s influence at the institute, where he is actively disliked, and at the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he is shunned. In order to stay at the helm, Alferov built a complex structure of four state unitary enterprises, each of which has its own legal entity. This is, firstly, the Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology - the largest of the Alferov organizations, secondly, the Scientific and Technical Center Center for Microelectronics and Submicron Heterostructures, of relatively modest size, thirdly, the newly built scientific and educational complex (REC) on Khlopin Street, 8 and, fourthly, the Physics and Technology Lyceum, which was recently transferred to the NOC building. This entire structure, in turn, is united into a kind of “holding” with a common scientific council and president. The president's name is Zhores Alferov.

Zhores Ivanovich appointed himself president, but he did not have time to perform the functions of a leader. After talking with scientists, you can be convinced that Phystech is not actually managed. Departments and laboratories lead an independent life, which is not bad from the point of view of freedom of creativity and research initiative, but is absolutely contraindicated if the state intends to implement large scientific projects with a calculated economic effect. Norilsk Nickel was sold photocopies of works from ten years ago, which caused the righteous anger of the metallurgists, who broke the contract. And when Minatom ordered a technology for growing structures for LEDs for its center in Snezhinsk (RFAC VNIITF), nuclear scientists received a development that would not produce any LEDs. The result was the same as with Norilsk Nickel: they took the money, but the beneficial effect was zero. It turns out that the Physicotechnical Institute does not have serious technologies suitable for commercialization. What does the state invest money in?

The answer is simple: budget funds are siphoned into the pockets of businessmen from science. There are many small firms operating on the territory of Phystech, using the territory, premises and equipment of the state institute for commercial development. They are led by Phystech employees, who in the activities of their companies develop, with benefit for themselves, but without any benefit for the institute, the very directions that are being pursued with public money. This business is also profitable from a competitive point of view. Entrepreneurs from the Physicotechnical Institute do not pay for utilities and rent, do not incur any expenses for research and development, and do not pay VAT on purchased equipment. They only sell manufactured prototypes, knowingly dumping them. What’s curious is that FTI itself doesn’t get a penny from this trade. The heads of the labs explain that costs (budgetary!) still exceed profits (which go into pockets), and therefore the state should remain the main supplier of financial resources. It is difficult to establish the true size of the turnover of Phystech businessmen - the Russian Academy of Sciences does not check the activities of the Physicotechnical Institute, and it would be strange if the Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zhores Alferov initiated such an audit.

The indecent story of awarding himself the Global Energy Prize in 2005 (the prize fund was $1 million) made the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuri Osipov, recoil from Zhores Alferov. On May 25, in an exquisitely courteous letter, he informed Alferov that he was resigning as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Global Energy Prize due to “heavy workload.” But it is clear to those initiated that the sudden increase in “workload” is caused by a natural desire to make it clear to the scientific community that Osipov was not involved in the decision of the Alferov Foundation. The prize was awarded for work in the field of solar energy - for example, the name of Andreev from the Physicotechnical Institute, who works in this field, is known throughout the world. But no one had heard of Alferov’s outstanding contribution to solar energy. Perhaps the son of the academician, Ivan Zhoresovich Alferov, who manages the distribution of money from the Alferov Fund, heard something about this. When journalists from St. Petersburg Channel Five asked where Zhores Ivanovich would spend his million, the academician explained that he was going to buy equipment for his Scientific and Educational Complex. Let's look at this plot in a little more detail.

All the best and most efficient equipment is transported from the Physics and Technology Center to the modern and spacious building of the Scientific and Educational Complex of the St. Petersburg Federal Technical Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The operation of gratuitously transferring valuable property from one legal entity to another is questionable from a legal point of view, but even more curious, why was it needed? It looks like the Physicotechnical Institute im. Ioffe, deprived of its instrument base, is finally written off and turns into a conglomerate of tenants. An academic institute of this rank will not be privatized, so the inattention of the old caretaker to it is quite understandable from a financial point of view. In addition, the well-known business predator Samsung has long ago gained access to all the secrets of the institute, having created a joint laboratory with the Physicotechnical Institute. Physicotechnical Institute employees regularly go to work for a Korean concern, using the intellectual potential and achievements of Phystech for the benefit of the “Far Eastern Tiger.” So in terms of scientific know-how, Phystech is also not very attractive. But the NOC building, along with the valuable equipment brought there, may well end up on the privatization lists of the Federal Property Management Agency. The institute says so directly: “Zhores Ivanovich is preparing for privatization.”

© "New News" (Moscow), 06/30/2005
Rocky road

Stanislav Kunitsyn

Minister Andrei Fursenko proposes to separate real estate from science Today, at a government meeting, the issue of increasing the efficiency of the public sector of science will be considered, at which the Minister of Education and Science Andrei Fursenko will make a report.

The Minister proposes to define clear criteria for the feasibility of ongoing research; cut down on wasted scientific organizations, thereby increasing funding for promising areas of work. In addition, the Ministry of Education considers it necessary to place under state control the income received by the leadership of the Russian Academy of Sciences from real estate management.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of the number of scientific workers. True, neither this nor the Nobel Prizes that occur in the Russian Academy of Sciences, where the average salary of employees does not exceed 7,000 rubles, are no longer able to maintain the prestige of Russian science even in the eyes of their own citizens.

A special study on this topic was recently conducted in 44 large cities by the Public Opinion Foundation. It turned out that only 40% of respondents approve of the Academy’s activities. Just a year ago this figure was at 61%.

The validity of such pessimism is confirmed by global statistics. In terms of the effectiveness of innovation policy, our country today ranks 69th in the world.

In Russia, 70% of scientific institutions belong to the state. Moreover, contrary to popular belief, government allocations for science are increasing from year to year. The 2006 budget provides 71.7 billion rubles for these purposes. On June 2, the Ministry of Education and Science submitted to the Russian Government a plan for modernizing the academic sector of science, which would allow the budget funds allocated to the Russian Academy of Sciences to be used as efficiently as possible. In particular, the document contains proposals for restructuring the Russian Academy of Sciences: defining clear criteria for the feasibility of ongoing research; further reduce wasted scientific organizations, thereby increasing funding for promising areas of work. In addition, the Ministry of Education considers it necessary to place under state control the income received by the leadership of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the management of real estate provided to this institution for indefinite free use.

As the authors of the project expected, the reform concept agreed with the Russian Academy of Sciences would be brought to the attention of the Cabinet of Ministers before July 1. However, in fact, the process only progressed to the stage of reading the document by academic authorities and at this stage it seems to have slowed down.

Participants in the general meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences held at the end of May flatly refused to agree with the provisions of the concept, seeing in the proposed measures “financial strangulation with an eye to the privatization of scientific institutions.” However, the desperate resistance of the scientific elite to the changes did not come as a surprise.

Back in 2002, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, checking the finances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, discovered “inappropriate expenditures” by the Academy of budgetary funds in the amount of 137 million rubles. for 2000-2001.

Subsequently, the Accounts Chamber suspended the application of the sanctions prescribed for such a case, taking into account the statement of the Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Gennady Mesyats, who promised to “settle in the government of the Russian Federation the issues that led to the violation of current regulatory legal acts.” The wording is apparently unclear. However, the signature of an influential learned man was enough.

But did it help? Does not look like it. In the first quarter of last year, the Academy was visited by auditors from the Ministry of Property, who inspected the Property Management Agency of the Russian Academy of Sciences regarding the approval of investment agreements. The inspection was carried out by the supervisory agency in connection with a special request from the Russian FSB. As it turned out, the leadership of the Russian Academy of Sciences really freely disposed of state real estate in its own interests, without having any special rights to do so. As the commission's report states, "a number of investment agreements contain provisions that violate the requirements of federal legislation regarding the transfer of federal property." For example, on February 28, 2003, the head of the Agency, academician Leopold Leontyev, signed a contract between the State Unitary Enterprise Nauka Publishing House (a division of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Dekra Academ Invest CJSC for the construction of an office and residential building on a land plot owned by Nauka in Pozharsky Lane . The market value of the site and the total amount of investment are not indicated in the contract, only the residual book value of the buildings intended for demolition appears. During the inspection of the constituent documents, it turned out that Dekra Academ Invest CJSC was officially registered just a week before the decision of the RAS commission to conclude a contract with it investment agreement. Of course, we are not even talking about holding a legally required competition among potential investors in this case, as in many others. Acting according to the same scheme, the agency put into circulation plots worth huge amounts of money in the very center of Moscow, concluding investment agreements between the Administration of the Russian Academy of Sciences and OJSC "Holding Company Glavmosstroy"; the Institute of State and Law and the Academic Law University; Institute of Latin America and LLC "KV-Engineering".

Official revenues to the RAS budget from the rental of academic real estate last year amounted to about 800 million rubles. Shadow income received by the Academy administration only from illegal contracts identified during the audit is estimated by experts at 4-5 billion rubles. As for the actual scale of development of this gold mine, one can only guess about it - the “authoritative” example of the Russian Academy of Sciences is today followed by most of all kinds of state scientific organizations.

At the same time, the state budget continues to be the only source of funds to continue research and pay staff.

So the desire of the Ministry of Education and Science to consolidate all funds received by scientific institutions as a result of the use of state property is quite understandable. According to the reform project, special public councils will control the distribution of these incomes.

As for the RAS, it is assigned the role of an expert and coordinating organization in the field of fundamental science. To each, as they say, his own.

© "Profile", 06/20/2005
How to specifically cut a "Russian Nobel"

Sergey Leskov

The President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuri Osipov, wrote a statement with only one line. Academician Osipov is a mathematician, and this line is simple and clear, like a mathematical formula. RAS President Yuri Osipov wrote a notice that he was resigning from his duties as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the international Global Energy Prize, which is the largest prize in Russia.

The idea of ​​the prize was first publicly expressed in 2002 by Putin, who was convinced of its propaganda and practical benefits by Nobel laureate Zhores Alferov. “Global Energy” was declared as the “Russian Nobel”, which corresponds to the gigantic size of the prize by Russian standards - about $1 million. The prize is awarded for achievements in the field of energy, where Russia, a northern and cold country, has many undoubted victories.

The founders of Global Energy were Gazprom, Yukos and RAO UES of Russia. The prize has already been awarded three times. In 2005, YUKOS's purse was empty, and the honorary right of a sponsor was entrusted to the faithful Surgutneftegaz. The first award was presented by the President of the Russian Federation with his own hand, he disdained the second ceremony, and according to rumors, the Prime Minister will not attend the third ceremony, scheduled for the end of June.

The President of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a member of the Security Council and many other councils under the President of the Russian Federation; at government meetings he sits at the main table not far from the Prime Minister. In modern times, it is difficult to remember another case in which a dignitary of such rank voluntarily relinquished his high powers. Did the mathematician Osipov calculate the consequences? Today, in the state stable, officials do not buck, but they are allowed to bear for it. Why did the mathematician Osipov dare to violate this axiom? Because he, the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Global Energy, is ashamed of the committee’s decisions. The last award has filled the cup of patience:

In 2005, the Global Energy Prize was awarded to the chairman of the international committee of the Global Energy Prize, academician Zhores Alferov (together with a German professor). No award in the world knows such an incident. For more than a century of the Nobel Prize's existence, not a single member of the Nobel Committee has received it. But Russia has its own morality, its own ethical standards - including, as it turned out, in science, the purity and high principles of which the communist Zhores Alferov likes to talk about. Another of his favorite topics is the poverty of science, which is not sufficiently supported by the state. But Alferov’s own experiment suggests that this is a false statement. It’s just that not all scientists have yet learned to use the state.

However, the previous awards also had subtext. The first prize (together with the American who supported Alferov in his nomination for the Nobel Prize) went to Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gennady Mesyats, who at that time managed cash flows and real estate at the academy. By the way, Mesyats is also a member of the Expert Council of Global Energy. The second prize went to academician Alexander Sheindlin, who is the honorary director of the institute, headed by the chairman of the Global Energy Expert Council. There are persistent rumors in the scientific community that the largest prize in Russia is being divided, distributing it in a narrow and trusted circle. According to current concepts, this is called “cutting”:

They came up with a good idea. And it’s a shame that Global Energy got dirty and shredded so quickly. But why be surprised? The award was dealt with exactly as it was with YUKOS, one of its founders. YUKOS was cut up by those who determined its fate. And the judges cut up “Global Energy” using the same algorithm. A high example is contagious, but safe.

Therefore, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences should not engage in purist behavior. Or does he not know what smart people say about the white crow?

Born 03/15/1930, Vitebsk

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, elected on March 15, 1979. Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (then RAS) from April 25, 1990.

Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1972) and the USSR State Prize (1984). Awarded the Ballantyne Gold Medal (1971) of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1972), the H. Welker Medal (1987), the A.P. Karpinsky and the A.F. Prize Ioffe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the National non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), the Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001), the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2002), the Global Energy Prize (2005).

Winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics.”

Honorary doctor of many universities and honorary member of many foreign academies, including the Polish Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Sciences and the US National Academy of Sciences of Engineering, the National Academies of Sciences of Italy, China, Cuba, etc.

Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center.

Scientific director of the Institute of Physics and Technology named after. A.F. Ioffe (director in 1987–2003).

Chairman-organizer of the St. Petersburg Physico-Technological Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the St. Petersburg State Technical University.

Rector-organizer of the Academic Physics and Technology University (AFTU RAS) - the first higher educational institution included in the RAS system (2002).

Initiator of the creation of the Global Energy Prize (established in 2002).

Founder (2001) and President of the Foundation for Support of Education and Science (Alferov Foundation).

Deputy of the State Duma, member of the State Duma Committee on Education and Science.