Periodization 1. Civilization of Minoan Crete (late III - II millennium BC) 2. Achaean Greece. Mycenaean civilization (late III - II millennium BC) 3. Homeric period (dark ages) (XII - IX centuries BC) 4. Archaic Greece (VIII - VI centuries BC ) flourishing of policies, colonization. 5. Classical Greece (V – IV centuries BC) The struggle for influence in the Mediterranean. 6. Hellenistic period (IV – II centuries BC)
Civilization of Minoan Crete The name “Minoan” comes from the name of the mythical king of Crete Minos. At the turn of the 3rd millennium BC. bizarre buildings appear on Crete, which modern archaeologists usually call “palaces”. A theocratic monarchy is emerging. Writing and visual arts are unique. Civilization reached its peak in the centuries. BC, the capital becomes the city of Knossos. Archaeological finds indicate strong social differentiation of the population. Dies in 1450 BC.
Mycenaean civilization The creators of the Mycenaean culture were the Achaean Greeks, who invaded the Balkan Peninsula at the turn of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. e. from the north The Achaeans borrowed many important elements of their culture from Crete: some cults and religious rituals, fresco painting, water supply and sewerage, styles of men's and women's clothing, some types of weapons, linear syllabary. The Achaean warlike states, Tiryns, Mycenae, Thebes, could unite for joint military enterprises. An example is the famous Trojan War, which Homer narrates in his poem “The Iliad.”
Homeric period. The bulk of the barbarian tribes that took part in the invasion could not hold on to the territory they captured and fled back to the north. Only small tribal groups of the Dorians and related Western Greek peoples of the Ionians, Boeotians and Thessalians settled in the coastal regions of the Peloponnese: Argolis, Achaia, Elis, Laconia and Messenia. Separate islands of Achaean culture continued to exist interspersed with newly founded settlements of aliens.
The absence of a single political center of civilization. The coincidence of the political and military organization of society. The variety of forms and structures of public authorities. Political lack of rights among migrants. The supreme body is the people's assembly, which usually had the right to make final decisions on issues. A kind of legislation.
It is based on a policy form of ownership (both public and private). Only those who were full members of the civil community could become the owner of land. It was based on cattle breeding, agriculture, viticulture, gardening and crafts. The main principle is the idea of “autarky” (self-sufficiency). A means of subsistence that does not depend on external, natural factors is the economic basis of freedom.
The existence of a person outside the framework of the policy is impossible. Firm belief that the policy is the highest good. The welfare of the individual depends on the welfare of the policy. The superiority of agricultural labor over other types of activity. Condemnation of the idea of hoarding. The spirit of competitiveness and agonism, penetrating science and culture, politics and sports, has become a stimulus for creative activity. Polis value system Spiritual sphere
Sparta. Economics and social structure. The Spartan community was agrarian, landowning in nature; Trade and monetary relations were poorly developed. Land was considered the property of the community and the state as a whole. The lands were cultivated by the labor of a powerless, dependent population - the helots. In Sparta there were also perieki (living around, i.e. not on the territory of the city of Sparta itself.). They were engaged not only in agriculture, but also in crafts and trade.
Athens. Economics and social structure. The main sources of strength and wealth of this policy were trade and shipbuilding. A major port, Piraeus, quickly became an economic and commercial center. The population of Athens was divided into classes: aristocracy (eupatrides), large traders, free producers (demos), i.e. peasants and artisans). those without full rights - metics (foreigners living on the territory of Athens). Slaves completely deprived of civil rights and personal freedom.
Sparta. Political structure. Sparta was a typical oligarchic republic. At the head of the community were two kings. The Council of Elders (gerusia) was the body of the Spartan nobility and the College of Ephors-Priests. The national assembly (apella) actually did not have much importance.
Athens. Political structure. The role of the Athenian people's assembly (ekklesia) grew. The main government positions were elected. Elected Council of Five Hundred (boule). The stronghold of the tribal nobility is the Areopagus. A jury court (helieia) was created, the composition of which was replenished by drawing lots from among all full-fledged citizens.
Causes of the crisis Changes in the economy, undermining the basic principle of polis life Loss of land ownership by the poor Development of usury - land rental Introduction of classical slavery and commodity economy Property and class stratification within the polis collective Intensification of social struggle Constant wars between polis Establishment of tyranny
The polis, formed in the specific natural conditions of Hellas with the uniqueness of its socio-economic and political development, was a phenomenon practically unknown in the world of ancient civilizations of the East. He had a significant influence on the Hellenistic civilizations and Rome.
Subject: The first states on the island of Crete. Minoan civilization.
Tasks:
To form ideas about the characteristic features of the Minoan civilization;
To acquaint students with the most famous historical and artistic monuments of ancient Crete, the history of their discovery by archaeologists;
Describe the history of the death of the civilization of Crete.
Subject results:
Characterize the main features of the structure of Ancient Crete based on various sources (educational text, historical documents, myths, illustrations and maps). Establish the duration of the existence of the Cretan civilization. Compose a description of the most famous historical and artistic monuments of Ancient Crete. Tell the story of the death of the civilization of Crete. Describe the significance of the Minoan civilization for world culture.
Meta-subject results:
Cognitive: perceive, process and present information in verbal, written and figurative forms. Regulatory: the ability to carry out actions according to a given algorithm; the ability to control one’s activities based on the results of completing a task.
Communicative: willingness to cooperate with peers;
Personal results: Be capable of self-identification with a cultural community; demonstrate independence in acquiring new knowledge and practical skills.
Basic terms and concepts: civilization, Minoans, labyrinth, griffin, fresco, Ariadne, Minos.
Study plan:
Formation of the first states in European history
The heyday of the civilization of Crete under the reign of King Minos
Royal Palace of Knossos
The Myth of Theseus and the Minotaur
Death of the Cretan civilization
Lesson Resources: textbook, § 28, pp. 76-77; exercise book, p. 46.(No. 6); atlas; electronic supplement to the textbook.
During the classes:
Updating previous knowledge:
Who can name the previous topic of the lesson? (Gods and heroes of the ancient Greeks). What was the religion of the ancient Greeks? (belief in many gods). What role did the Greeks think heroes played in the relationship between gods and people? How were the heroes of Greek myths similar to gods and how were they different?
Your task was to prepare a retelling about any Greek god or hero, or to complete a task in a exercise book. 56 No. 1.
The teacher collects simulator exercise books for completing the task, and listens to oral answers.
Discovery of new knowledge:
Stage of motivation for the topic
In order for you to learn a new topic, you need to decipher the confusion on the board. Having deciphered it, you name the topic of the lesson.
« Translations of gifts in teKri. Noimi Visa Police"
Let's write down the topic of the lesson: The first states on Crete. Minoan civilization.
Pay attention to the topic of the lesson. What do you know about this topic? What words are familiar and unknown to you (presumably: about Crete, states).
Unknown: Minoan civilization, the first states on the island. Crete.
Children write down basic terms and concepts: civilization, Minoans, labyrinth, griffin, fresco, Ariadne, Minos./ written in a column, leaving space for their definition.
Think and tell me what we will study? The teacher introduces the study plan:
Learning new material:
The first states in Greece (in the history of Europe) arose on the island of Crete at the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. We know about the Cretan society of that time thanks to the discoveries of archaeologists. During excavations in Crete, archaeologists found clay tablets with inscriptions. Consequently, its inhabitants had a written language. But Crete was not yet inhabited by Greeks, and scientists do not know in what language these tablets were written. That's why no one has been able to read them until now. Scientists call the people who created states on Crete Minoans named after King Minos, about whom many Greek myths speak.
Now we will plunge into the atmosphere of life in Ancient Crete, by working with the text of the document (excerpt from the work of Diodorus) / working with the document, working with questions for document No. 2,3.
At first there were four states in Crete, the center of each of which was a large palace. The famous palace was Knossos.
Electronic application: Video of the Palace of Knossos./ viewing of the video
The Palace of Knossos is a complex structure, its structure resembled a Labyrinth
Civilization is a high level in the development of mankind, when the own connections between people begin to prevail over natural connections. (For example: primitive man, Egyptian pharaoh)
Minoan civilization. Its features
One of the famous civilizations on the island. Crete was a Minoan civilization, named after King Minos.
During the reign of King Minos, the cities of Knossos, Phaistos, and Kydonia were founded, and the Cretan cities were united into a single state. Minos created a strong fleet. The Minoan civilization developed into a strong maritime power.
The Minoan civilization is a unique state. The Greeks had myths about this king. (story about the Myth Theseus defeats the Minotaur (a monster with the head of a bull that lived on the island of Crete - see 76 of the textbook) / display of a sculptural image of Theseus in the electronic application.
The Minoan civilization on Crete had its own characteristics (distinctive properties). Your task in the textbook is on page 77. Find the features of the Minoan civilization //// yourself. work with the textbook - 10 minutes.
Features of the Minoan civilization:
The defense of the island of Crete was the fleet
A large area of the city of Knossos on the island. Crete was occupied by a royal palace
The royal palace was decorated: griffins (fantastic animals with lion bodies and eagle heads) or frescoes were depicted on the walls, there was a water supply and sewerage system
Many Greek states were subject to Minos.
However, the heyday of the Minoan civilization under King Minos gave way to disaster. In the middle of the 15th century. BC there was a volcanic eruption and the conquest of Crete by the Achaeans (one of the Greek tribes).
Fastening:
1) Completing the task in a exercise book p. 46 No. 6 (solving the question).2) Frontal survey: tell me what you remember about the topic. What did you learn in the lesson?
Lesson summary:
Reflection: Self-assessment according to the algorithm proposed by the teacher with assessment criteria. (evaluate your work in class)
d/z: cheat 28, optional: draw a plan of the Labyrinth as you imagine it. Where would you place the Minotaur, which way would Theseus go,” or any drawing for the paragraph: “Theseus defeats the Minotaur,” Knossos Palace
Lesson topic. Greeks and Cretans.
1 . Nature and population of Greece.
2. In Ancient Crete.
3. The death of the Cretan kingdom.
The purpose of the lesson:
learn about the geographical and natural conditions of Greece, the population and occupations of the Greeks; about the history of the island of Crete and the famous Knossos Palace.
Greece is a country in southern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula.
Hellenes is the self-name of the Greeks.
Hellas is the name of Greece in Greek.
and "Odyssey".
Legends paint it
blind wanderer
singer, composed and
performed songs under
accompaniment
string
tool.
Homer about the population of Crete.
"Odyssey", chapter 19.
There is such a country in the middle of the wine-colored sea
Crete is beautiful, rich, washed by waves.
There are ninety cities in it, but there are so many people.
Different mixture of languages. A tribe of Achaeans lives there,
Eteocritos, brave Cydonian men; ...
Knossos is the greatest of all cities in Crete.
The wise Minos reigned in him for nine years,
interlocutor of Zeus.
Dates and events.
2 thousand BC e. - the first city-states in Greece.
16th – first half of the 15th century BC e.
heyday of the Cretan kingdom.
Mid 15th century BC e. - the death of the Cretan kingdom.
Consolidation.
Exercise 1.
How many years have passed since the death of the Minoan civilization until today?
Task 2.
A) Greece is located in
- Asia Minor Arabia Europe
- Asia Minor Arabia Europe
- Asia Minor
- Arabia
- Europe
B) The largest island in Greece
- Fer Crete Rhodes
- Fer Crete Rhodes
- Rhodes
Task 4. Continue:
- The Greeks call theirs
- The Greeks call theirs
- The Greeks call theirs
country ______________
2. The ancient Greeks stored food and wine in clay egg-shaped vessels called ____________________
- country ______________ 2. The ancient Greeks stored food and wine in clay egg-shaped vessels called ____________________
- 3. Minoans – that’s what the inhabitants of the island _____________ were called
- 3. Minoans – that’s what the inhabitants of the island _____________ were called
4.The monster that lived in the labyrinth
_______________________
5. The hero who defeated the monster
- 4. The monster who lived in the labyrinth _______________________ 5. The hero who defeated the monster ______________
- M***S - king of Crete F****a - pictures on damp plaster E****y - the self-name of the Greeks. A*****a - daughter of the Cretan king D***l - creator of the labyrinth
- M***S- king of Crete
- F****a- pictures on wet plaster
- E****s is the self-name of the Greeks.
- A*****a - daughter of the Cretan king
- D***l - creator of the labyrinth
Reflection
In class I learned that... .
I was interested...
I like it … . … .
I would like more... ....
D.Z. paragraph 24, pp. 112-116.
In workbooks -
task 1,2. page 3;
creative task - make any drawing on the topic.
MINOAN CIVILIZATION, existed in the 2nd millennium BC, with its center on the island of Crete. The first great civilization on European soil, the predecessor of the culture of ancient Greece.
Crete is located in the Mediterranean Sea 100 km south of mainland Greece. It is a narrow, mountainous island stretching from west to east with a favorable climate for agriculture, fairly fertile soil and excellent shallow harbors along the deeply indented northern coast. Here, having originated ca. 4000 years ago, a civilization developed, flourished and died out, now known as the Minoan.
The Minoans were a seafaring people, with a highly developed and complex religious system and strong trading traditions. During the era when the Minoans reached their maximum power, their fleets sailed from Sicily and Greece to Asia Minor, Syria, Phenicia and Egypt. Minoan artisans produced not only mass production, but also ceramics with amazingly beautiful paintings, and an extremely diverse range of carved gems for religious purposes and decorations; they built magnificent palaces, and painted the walls with exquisite frescoes.
The archaeological discovery of the Minoan civilization did not take place until 1900, despite the fact that Greek myths and literature were from the very beginning filled with tales of the wealth and power of Crete. In Homeric Iliad At the dawn of Greek literature, King Minos is mentioned, who ruled the city of Knossos several generations before the Trojan War.
According to Greek myth, Minos was the son of the Phoenician princess Europa and the god Zeus, who, transforming into a white bull, kidnapped her and took her to Crete. In that era, Minos was the most powerful sovereign. He forced Athens to regularly pay him tribute, sending young men and women who became food for the bull-headed monster Minotaur. Athens was freed from this duty after the hero Theseus killed the Minotaur with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne. Minos was served by the cunning master Daedalus, who built a labyrinth where the Minotaur was caught.
In the 19th century few serious scholars believed that these legends had any historical basis. Homer was a poet, not a historian, and it was believed that great cities, wars and heroes were entirely the product of his imagination. However, Heinrich Schliemann believed Homer's account of the Trojan War. In 1873, he discovered the ruins of Troy in Asia Minor at exactly the place where Homer had placed Troy, and in 1876 he repeated the same thing in Mycenae, the city ruled by King Agamemnon, who led the united Greek army against Troy. Homer's prestige was restored.
Schliemann's discoveries inspired the wealthy English antiquarian and journalist Arthur Evans, who decided that since Troy really existed, then Knossos could also exist. In 1900 Evans began excavations on the island. The result was the discovery of a colossal palace and an abundance of paintings, pottery, jewelry and texts. However, the discovered civilization was clearly not Greek, and Evans called it Minoan, after the legendary king Minos.
^ The emergence of the Minoan civilization. The first inhabitants of Crete to leave material evidence were farmers using stone tools, who appeared here long before 3000 BC. Neolithic settlers used adzes and axes made of ground stone and produced beautifully polished and decorated pottery. They grew wheat and raised cows, pigs and sheep. Villages appeared before 2500 BC, and the people who lived here engaged in trade (both by sea and land) with their neighbors, who taught them to use bronze, probably c. 2500 BC
The Early Bronze Age culture of Crete posed a puzzle to those who studied the Minoan civilization after Evans. Many scholars continue to follow Evans and call this period the Early Minoan, dating it from approximately 3000 to 2000 BC. However, all excavations in Crete have consistently revealed that fully developed Minoan cities (such as the palace cities of Knossos, Phaistos and Mallia) are located directly above the remains of Neolithic culture. The first palaces on Crete, along with a new culture, suddenly appeared c. 1950 BC, in the absence of any traces of the gradual development of urban culture in Crete. Therefore, archaeologists have reason to believe that we can talk about the “Minoans” only after 1950 BC, but as for the so-called. the early Minoan culture can be doubted whether it was Minoan at all.
But how did this urban revolution take place ca. 1950 BC? Probably, the Minoan civilization received an impetus from outsiders - powerful seafaring peoples who conquered Crete and established a thalassocracy here, a power based on dominance of the seas. Who these newcomers were remained a mystery until the decipherment of the Minoan script, known as Linear A. The Minoan language, as revealed by Linear A, turned out to be a West Semitic language, the type spoken in Phenicia and surrounding areas.
It is known that until the 18th century. scientists agreed with the evidence of the ancient Greeks, who spoke of their cultural dependence on the ancient Near East. For example, the Greeks called their alphabet Phoenician, or Cadmus letters - after Cadmus, a Phoenician prince who founded a dynasty in Thebes.
The Minoan newcomers were seafarers from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. They brought most of the innovations to Crete and established extensive cultural and trade relations with the entire Mediterranean. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The eastern Mediterranean became the center of world history. Along its shores there had already been a fusion of impulses emanating from Egypt, Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and a whole group of peoples, extremely diverse in ethnic origin and language, were forming new combinations. Such a composite culture was also characteristic of newcomers already involved in the system of trade relations. For example, Ugarit, a busy port in northern Syria, conducted active trade with Crete, thanks to which there was an influx of new ideas and practical skills not only from the shores of Syria and Palestine, but also from Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Throughout their glorious history, the Minoans have experienced both ups and downs. Outside the Aegean Sea basin, 11 colonies that belonged to them are known, widely spread across the eastern and central Mediterranean. During excavations, their palaces were discovered in the eastern part of Crete - in Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia and Zakro. Minoan finds (including texts) made near Chania suggest that there was a palace in the west. Objects related to the Minoan civilization were also discovered on other islands of the southern Aegean Sea, most notably Thera, Melos, Kythera, Keos and Rhodes.
Judging by the inscriptions from which we draw information about the life of Crete, it seems doubtful that the vast Minoan "empire" was ruled from a single center. Much more plausible is the assumption that the Minoan state was formed by a confederation of city-states such as Knossos, Mallia and Phaistos. We know the names of several kings, the most famous of whom was Minos. At least two kings bore this name, and it is possible that the word "minos" became a general designation for the ruler.
Although the center of Minoan civilization was Crete, the culture spread to many islands and coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea as a whole, as well as to at least one inland area beyond the Jordan. The powerful culture of seafarers does not lend itself to precise localization: archaeological evidence, and in some cases written sources found in very remote areas, speak of the relations that the Minoans maintained with the regions of Greece, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Babylon and others countries. Most of the graphic images of the Minoans discovered outside the sphere of the Minoan civilization are concentrated in Egypt. Thus, the paintings in the tomb of Senmut, the architect and confidant of Queen Hatshepsut (reigned c. 1503–1482 BC), depict Minoans bringing gifts.
The Minoans conducted active trade, their large merchant fleet went to sea with valuable cargo - ceramics, metal products, wine, olive oil, in order to exchange them overseas for copper, tin, ivory and gold. Minoan trading ships typically had a high bow, a low stern, and a projecting keel. They were propelled by oarsmen sitting in two rows and a sail.
The successes of the Minoans in the field of military affairs were not limited to the fleet. For a long time, the Cretans were famous as skilled archers and slingers. Their compound bow was so well known that texts from Ugarit say that it was made by the god Kothar-va-Hasis in Crete.
Life Judging by the fine art of the Minoans themselves, they were an elegant and cheerful people. Both men and women wore long hair, but women styled it in especially varied ways, styling it in ringlets and curls. The men's clothing consisted practically only of a wide leather waist belt and a leather codpiece. Women wore long and colorful skirts with frills.
The urban community consisted of the upper class (which included the royal family, nobility and priests), the middle class and slaves. As one might assume, women were equal to men in their position in society; they participated in all types of activities, including the most dangerous types of athletic activities. Farmers living in rural areas grew wheat and barley, as well as olives, almonds and grapes. In addition, they produced wool and flax for textile production. In the cities there were sophisticated craftsmen, precious stone and ivory carvers, painters, goldsmiths, and manufacturers of stone vases and goblets. Dancing and athletics such as fist fighting were popular.
The most complete picture of life in Minoan Crete was provided by archaeological excavations carried out in Gournia, a city in the eastern part of Crete. A palace, a public square, a sanctuary, and a characteristic labyrinth of houses built from rubble stone and mud brick have been discovered here.
Religion. The Minoans worshiped many gods, some of which can be traced back to ancient times. Our information about these gods is scanty, but by noting similarities with more famous gods in other regions of the Middle East, we can draw conclusions regarding the Cretan gods themselves and the nature of worship. Thus, in the mountain sanctuaries they worshiped the widely revered god (Y)a-sa-sa-la-mu (pronounced “ya-sha-sha-la-muu”), whose name means “He Who Gives Welfare.” At least six Minoan cult objects are dedicated to him - stone tables for libation, etc.
The most widely known Minoan deity is the goddess, usually depicted in a frilly skirt, with raised arms spread to the sides, with snakes often entwined around her body and arms. Her figurines became a symbol of the Minoan civilization. This goddess, like Yashashalam, may also be of Semitic origin, since she appears on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia earlier than the images from Crete. Sometimes Minoan artists depicted her standing on a mountain surrounded by animals.
A common feature characteristic of the Minoan religion was the worship of nature - sacred trees, springs and stone pillars.
Unlike many ancient inhabitants of the Middle East, the Minoans did not erect majestic temples to their gods. They performed joint religious actions on palace grounds, in cave sanctuaries, in house temples, in chapels built over the sources of streams, but primarily in sanctuaries on the peaks. Small temples built on mountain peaks are a characteristic feature of the Canaanite religion, and can be compared to the “high hills” that the prophets of Israel furiously attacked because of their practice of worship.
The bull played an important role in Minoan religion. Greek myths associated with Crete often revolve around a bull, as in the case of Zeus' abduction of Europa or the legend of the Minotaur. Minoan altars and the roofs of sanctuaries often had horn-like projections, which may have come from the horns of the sacred bull and were usually called horns of dedication. Even the Minoan bull jumping had, in addition to the athletic, also a religious side.
Architecture. The most remarkable examples of Minoan architecture are found among the remains of palace cities, such as Knossos and Mallia in the north, Phaistos and Agia Triada in the south of Crete. The Minoans, in fact, were not involved in urban planning. The head of the community chose the best place for his palace, and his relatives and retinue built houses around the palace. For this reason, cities had a radial layout, with streets originating from the palace in the center and connected by more or less concentric alleys.
Palace cities were usually located inland, and were connected to port cities by paved roads. A notable exception to this rule is Mallia: the coastal plain here is so narrow that Mallia was also a port.
The largest Minoan palaces are colossal labyrinthine systems of rooms; perhaps they served as a model for the Minotaur’s labyrinth. This “accumulative” principle of construction has become characteristic, probably, since the late Neolithic, when the first villages appeared on Crete. Minoan buildings were several stories high (which is how they are preserved on Thera) and had flat roofs. Palaces could be built from cut stone, but the lower floors of ordinary houses were usually built from rough stone. Raw brick was used for the upper floors, sometimes even during the construction of a palace. In some cases, to provide at least partial protection from earthquakes, the walls of palaces were strengthened with interlocking wooden ties.
Among the Minoan palaces, the most famous is Knossos (Palace of King Minos). The original appearance of the palace can be guessed from the appearance that the palace acquired ca. 1700 BC, when it was destroyed by an earthquake or series of earthquakes and then rebuilt. The palace, built around a large rectangular open courtyard, was almost square in plan, each side measuring approx. 150 m. The halls and state rooms were located at least two floors above the courtyard. A beautiful and majestic staircase, formed by many flights, built after the first destruction of the palace, led from these chambers down into an open courtyard, on the sides of which were erected two rows of rather short columns, gradually tapering from a wide top to a narrow base. The light well in this courtyard is a typically Minoan solution to the problem of illuminating a large number of interior spaces. The paved road leading from the palace was carried along a viaduct made of huge stone blocks across a deep ravine and connected to the large road that crossed the island, which led from Knossos to Festus.
In the Throne Room there is a unique throne made of plaster, flanked by frescoes depicting griffins. A wooden throne once stood in the Hall of Double Axes located in the residential part of the palace (so named because a mason’s mark was discovered on the stones of its light well - an ax with two blades). In fact, it was a deep portico, facing east. A narrow passage leads from it into a small, elegantly decorated room called the Queen's Megaron, with two light wells - on the western and eastern sides. Next to it there was a small swimming pool for ablutions, and along a long corridor one could get to the toilet room: water supply and sewerage were connected here.
The earthquakes that destroyed the Palace of Knossos did not cause significant damage to the palace in Mallia, and therefore its reconstruction was much less significant. The Phaistos Palace, which was built between 1900 and 1830 BC, was so damaged by earthquakes of ca. 1700 BC, that they did not even begin to restore it, it was simply abandoned, and a new palace was built nearby, in Agia Triada.
^ Mycenaeans and the decline of the Minoan civilization. At some point after 1900 B.C. From the Balkan region, or perhaps from more distant regions in the east, Greek-speaking peoples invaded continental Greece. Spreading from Macedonia to the Peloponnese, they founded many cities, such as Pylos, Tiryns, Thebes and Mycenae. These Greeks, whom Homer calls Achaeans, are now commonly called Mycenaeans.
The warlike Mycenaeans were at first relatively uncivilized, but from about 1600 BC. they entered into various contacts with the Minoans, as a result of which their culture on the continent underwent dramatic changes. Period from 1550 to ca. 1050 BC in Crete, some scientists call it Late Minoan. Around 1400 BC The Mycenaeans captured Knossos, and from that moment on, Crete was the birthplace of the united Minoan-Mycenaean culture. We primarily associate Linear B with this date and the following two or three centuries: the Mycenaean Greeks adapted the Cretan script to their own language.
Between 1375 and 1350 BC the power of the Minoans was undermined. The Thera eruption covered eastern and central Crete with a thick layer of volcanic sediment, rendering the soil barren. The eruption also caused a devastating tidal wave, which caused a lot of trouble not only in nearby Crete, but throughout the entire eastern Mediterranean. Another factor that contributed to the decline of the Minoans was the constant influx of Mycenaeans from the continent.
Mycenaean culture continued to flourish. The Trojan War occurred ca. 1200 BC, and Homer mentions that King Idomeneo of Crete arrived with a force of Mycenaeans to help the Greeks. The collapse of the Mycenaeans occurred around 1200 BC, when they were defeated by the invading Dorians, the last Greek-speaking people to come to Greece from the north, after which Greece itself and Crete entered the so-called period. The "Dark Ages", which lasted over 300 years.
Whatever the details, it appears that the collapse of the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures triggered a series of mass migrations of the “Sea Peoples” that crushed the Hittite power in Asia Minor, threatened Egypt, and changed the course of history in the Middle East. One of the most important of these migrations was that of two Aegean peoples, known to history as the Philistines and Danites, who threatened the Nile Delta during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses III (c. 1194–1162 BC). The Egyptians eventually repelled this attack, after which these peoples traveled northeast to settle on the southern coast of Palestine (a word derived from "Philistia").
The Philistines constantly fought with the Jewish tribes, but the Danites broke away from them and moved into the depths of the continent; they later united with the Jews, forming the tribe of Dan. The Philistines and Danites, former allies, became inveterate enemies. Samson, the greatest Danite hero in the fight against the Philistines, appears in the Bible as one of the "judges" of Israel.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Heinrich Schliemann believed Homer's account of the Trojan War. In 1873, he discovered the ruins of Troy in Asia Minor at exactly the place where Homer had placed Troy, and in 1876 he repeated the same thing in Mycenae, the city ruled by King Agamemnon, who led the united Greek army against Troy. Homer's prestige was restored. Schliemann's discoveries inspired the wealthy English antiquarian and journalist Arthur Evans, who decided that since Troy really existed, then Knossos could also exist. In 1900 Evans began excavations on the island. The result was the discovery of a colossal palace and an abundance of paintings, pottery, jewelry and texts. However, the discovered civilization was clearly not Greek, and Evans called it Minoan, after the legendary king Minos.
Slide 3
The emergence of the Minoan civilization The first inhabitants of Crete who left material evidence of themselves were farmers who used stone tools, who appeared here long before 3000 BC. The first palaces on Crete, along with a new culture, suddenly appeared c. 1950 BC, in the absence of any traces of the gradual development of urban culture in Crete. Therefore, archaeologists have reason to believe that we can talk about the “Minoans” only after 1950 BC, but as for the so-called. the early Minoan culture can be doubted whether it was Minoan at all.
Slide 4
The emergence of the Minoan civilization The Minoan newcomers were seafarers from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. They brought most of the innovations to Crete and established extensive cultural and trade relations with the entire Mediterranean. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The eastern Mediterranean became the center of world history. Along its shores there had already been a fusion of impulses emanating from Egypt, Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and a whole group of peoples, extremely diverse in ethnic origin and language, were forming new combinations. Such a composite culture was also characteristic of newcomers already involved in the system of trade relations. For example, Ugarit, a busy port in northern Syria, conducted active trade with Crete, thanks to which there was an influx of new ideas and practical skills not only from the shores of Syria and Palestine, but also from Egypt and Mesopotamia.
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Life Long hair was worn by both men and women, but women styled it in especially varied ways, styling it in ringlets and curls. The men's clothing consisted practically only of a wide leather waist belt and a leather codpiece. Women wore long and colorful skirts with frills.
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Life The city community consisted of the upper class (which included the royal family, nobility and priests), the middle class and slaves. As one might assume, women were equal to men in their position in society; they participated in all types of activities, including the most dangerous types of athletic activities.
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Religion The Minoans worshiped many gods, some of which can be traced back to ancient times. Our information about these gods is scanty, but by noting similarities with more famous gods in other regions of the Middle East, we can draw conclusions regarding the Cretan gods themselves and the nature of worship. Thus, in the mountain sanctuaries they worshiped the widely revered god (Y)a-sa-sa-la-mu (pronounced “ya-sha-sha-la-muu”), whose name means “He Who Gives Welfare.” At least six Minoan cult objects are dedicated to him - stone tables for libation, etc.
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Religion The most widely known Minoan deity is the goddess, usually depicted in a frilly skirt, with raised arms spread to the sides, with snakes often entwined around her body and arms. Her figurines became a symbol of the Minoan civilization. This goddess, like Yashashalam, may also be of Semitic origin, since she appears on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia earlier than the images from Crete.
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Religion A common feature characteristic of the Minoan religion was the worship of nature - sacred trees, springs and stone pillars. Unlike many ancient inhabitants of the Middle East, the Minoans did not erect majestic temples to their gods. They performed joint religious actions on palace grounds, in cave sanctuaries, in house temples, in chapels built over the sources of streams, but primarily in sanctuaries on the peaks.
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Architecture The most remarkable examples of Minoan architecture are found among the remains of palace cities, such as Knossos and Mallia in the north, Phaistos and Agia Triada in the south of Crete. The Minoans, in fact, were not involved in urban planning. The head of the community chose the best place for his palace, and his relatives and retinue built houses around the palace. For this reason, cities had a radial layout, with streets originating from the palace in the center and connected by more or less concentric alleys. Palace cities were usually located inland, and were connected to port cities by paved roads. A notable exception to this rule is Mallia: the coastal plain here is so narrow that Mallia was also a port. The Mycenaeans and the decline of the Minoan civilization Around 1400 BC The Mycenaeans captured Knossos, and from that moment on, Crete was the birthplace of the united Minoan-Mycenaean culture. We primarily associate Linear B with this date and the following two or three centuries: the Mycenaean Greeks adapted the Cretan script to their own language. Slide 13
The Mycenaeans and the Decline of the Minoan Civilization The Mycenaean culture continued to flourish. The Trojan War occurred ca. 1200 BC, and Homer mentions that King Idomeneo of Crete arrived with a force of Mycenaeans to help the Greeks. The collapse of the Mycenaeans occurred around 1200 BC, when they were defeated by the invading Dorians, the last Greek-speaking people to come to Greece from the north, after which Greece itself and Crete entered the so-called period. The "Dark Ages", which lasted over 300 years.
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