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Order Insectivorous mammals
The presentation was prepared by Semenova A., a 7th grade student at the branch of MBOU TSOSH No. 1 in the village. Poletaevo
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Insectivores are among the more archaic placentals that already existed in the Eocene. They have well-developed jaws and muscles for chewing. The main food of insectivores, according to the name, consists of insects, centipedes and worms. The most common representatives of insectivores are the hedgehog family and others.
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The sizes of hedgehogs vary from small to the largest in the order. Body length from 10 to 44 cm (hymnura); tail length is from 1 to 21 cm. The weight of the gymnura can reach 1.5 kg. The muzzle is elongated and pointed. The eyes and ears are relatively well developed. Limbs are plantigrade, 5-toed; The exception is the four-toed African hedgehog, which has 4 toes on its hind limbs.
Hedgehogs are inhabitants of forests, steppes, deserts and cultivated landscapes. They settle under the roots of trees, in dense bushes, under stones, and dig holes. They are predominantly omnivorous, but prefer animal food: invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles (hedgehogs are famous for their resistance to snake venom), carrion. They are predominantly terrestrial animals, but many species are good climbers and swimmers. There are 1-2 breeding seasons during the year; Outside of them, hedgehogs lead a solitary lifestyle. Pregnancy lasts from 34 to 58 days; cubs in a litter range from 1 to 7.
An ordinary hedgehog.
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Common mole
Moles are small and medium-sized insectivores: body length from 5 to 21 cm; weight from 9 to 170 g. They (except for shrew moles living on the surface) are adapted to an underground, burrowing lifestyle. Their body is elongated, round, covered with thick, smooth, velvety fur. The mole coat has a unique property - its pile grows straight, and is not oriented in a certain direction. This allows the mole to easily move underground in any direction - the pile lies freely both forward and backward. The color of the mole is monochromatic, black, black-brown or dark gray. The sense of smell and touch are well developed.
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Shrew shrew
These are small animals that look like mice, but with an elongated muzzle in the form of a proboscis. Shrews include the smallest mammals: the tiny shrew and the little shrew - their body length is 3-4 cm, they weigh about 2 g. The largest shrew, the giant shrew, weighs only 200 g with a body length of 18 cm. The head of shrews is quite large, with an elongated facial section. The nose is extended into a movable proboscis. The eyes are very small. The limbs are short, 5-fingered. The fur is short, thick, velvety. The tail is from very short to very long, longer than the body.
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Muskrat
This is one of the largest insectivores in Northern Eurasia: body length 18-22 cm, tail - 17-21 cm, weight 380-520 g. The body is dense. The neck is almost invisible from the outside. The head is conical, with a long movable proboscis nose. The eyes are vestigial, the size of a pinhead, and have well-developed eyelids. There is no external ear; the auditory openings (slits about 1 cm long) close when diving. The nasal openings are also closed using a special valve in the nasal cavity. Vibrissae very long; Sensitive hairs grow on the body. The limbs are rather short, 5-toed, the hind feet are larger and wider than the front ones. The fingers to the claws are united by a swimming membrane. The claws are well developed, long, slightly curved. Along the edges of all paws there is a border of hard bristly hair, which increases the swimming surface of the paws.
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Haitian snaptooth
These are relatively large animals for insectivores: body length 28-32 cm, tail 17.5-25.5 cm, weight up to 1 kg. Outwardly, they resemble rats or large shrews with high legs. The physique is dense. The body is covered with reddish-brown or black fur. The tail is almost naked, scaly. The muzzle is narrow, elongated into a proboscis, hairless at the end; the nostrils open on the sides of the snout. The eyes are small. The ears are partially hairless. There are 5 fingers on all limbs; they are equipped with claws that are longer and stronger on the front paws.
Insectivores are a group of primitive placental mammals of the chordate type. These are the most ancient animals, the development of embryos of which occurs through the formation of the placenta. They appeared on Earth during evolution at the beginning of the Cretaceous period. Paleontologists consider the ancestors of insectivores to be the progenitors of all placental mammals.
The order Insectivores unites seven families: moles, hedgehogs, slittooths, jumpers, golden moles, tenrecs, shrews. The orders, in turn, are divided into more than 60 genera, including more than 300 species. Representatives of insectivores are hedgehog, shrew, mole, muskrat.
Insectivores are widespread throughout the world, except Antarctica, Greenland, Australia and most of South America. These animals inhabited different habitats: terrestrial (shrews, hedgehogs), aquatic (muskrats, otter shrews), soil (moles, golden moles). Insectivores are predominantly nocturnal. They are omnivores, but give preference to animal food, feeding on invertebrates (including insects - hence the name of the order) and small vertebrates. Many insectivores dig holes in which they hide from enemies. Some species hide in the forest floor. Insectivores are active throughout the year; rare species from the hedgehog family are able to hibernate for the winter.
Insectivorous mammals are usually small to medium in size. The body cover of shrews and moles is short, dense hair, tenrecs are covered with bristles, and hedgehogs are covered with spines. The color of the coat is varied - from gray to black, sometimes spotted. The head of insectivores is elongated and often has a movable proboscis with long sensitive hairs. The eyes and ears of these animals are small in size and almost invisible. They have a very well developed sense of smell and touch. The teeth of all animals of this group are poorly differentiated. The limbs of most species of insectivores are plantigrade, each with five fingers with claws. The tail can be almost invisible, like that of a hedgehog, or equal in length to the size of the body, like that of a muskrat. In the skin of animals there are special skin glands; in some species they secrete a secretion with a strong odor.
The structure of the brain has characteristic features. The large hemispheres have a primitive structure without convolutions. They are small in size and do not cover the cerebellum, and the olfactory part of the brain is well developed.
Insectivores are polygamous animals. They breed 2-3 times a year, with litters ranging from one to twenty young.
The importance of insectivores lies in the fact that they are members of a variety of natural biocenoses. For humans, some species of insectivores serve as objects of fur trade (moles, muskrats). Insectivores eat arthropods - pests of agriculture and forestry. But they themselves can be dangerous to people, since some of them are intermediate hosts of ticks that carry serious diseases. Rare species of insectivores, such as the muskrat and the slittooth, are listed in the Red Book and are protected.
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Description:
This presentation is devoted to the study of the order of insectivores. The presentation presents the characteristics of insectivores, their distinctive features, as well as their habitats.The presentation provides a description of the order of insectivores, stating that they are relatively small in size, have an elongated muzzle (often with a proboscis), a well-developed sense of smell, short legs, and small undifferentiated teeth. These animals feed on insects, as is evident from the name of the order. Some representatives of this order are listed in the Red Book.
The presentation examines in more detail the following representatives of the order of insectivores: long-eared hedgehog, common hedgehog, Russian muskrat, shrew, Japanese mole. The description of each animal is accompanied by illustrations; it is possible to view video files if you have an electronic version of the Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. The following talks about the importance of insectivores in nature and for humans.
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- Date of material creation: January 23, 2013
- Slides: 9 slides
- Presentation file creation date: January 23, 2013
- Presentation size: 203 KB
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Presentation on biology on the topic: “INSECTIVORE” Completed by: students of class 7 “B” of the Central Educational Center No. 1748 Vostrikov Dmitry, Akopyan Albert
INSECTIVORAS (Insectivora) Order – primitive mammals. The limbs are five-fingered and equipped with claws. The muzzle is elongated and pointed, with an elongated nose protruding far beyond the skull. Teeth - incisors are often long, forming like pincers; canines are always present, molars are covered with sharp tubercles. The eyes and ears are small and inconspicuous. The brain is primitive; the cerebral hemispheres are smooth, without grooves; conditioned reflexes are developed poorly and very slowly.
insectivores Desmanidae family Erinaceidae Shrew family Soricidae Mole family Talpidae Solenodontidae family
The main food is insects and their larvae, worms and other small invertebrates. For hedgehogs - various fruits, for otter shrews - small fish and crustaceans. INSECTIVORE Insectivores are not very fertile. Insectivores are widespread throughout the globe, but are absent from Australia and much of South America.
Two species: Russian desman (one of the largest insectivores) - body length 18-22 cm, tail length 17-21 cm, weight 380-520 g. Teeth - 44. Almost blind, but has a developed sense of smell and touch. Iberian desman (small semi-aquatic mammal) - body length 11-16 cm, tail length 12-16 cm, weight 35-80 g. Desmanidae family
Hedgehog family (Erinaceidae) 2 subfamilies: true hedgehogs, rat hedgehogs (hymnurs). Body length from 10 to 44 cm; tail length is from 1 to 21 cm. The weight of the gymnura can reach 1.5 kg. Teeth 36-44. Large hedgehogs live in nature for 4-7 years (in captivity - up to 16 years); small species - 2-4 years in nature and 4-7 years in captivity.
Shrew family (Soricidae) The smallest: the tiny shrew and the little shrew. Body length 3-4 cm, weight about 2 g. The largest: giant shrew, weight 200 g with a body length of 18 cm. Teeth - 26-32. The short-tailed shrew, living in the USA and Canada, and the water shrew (or waterfowl), living along the banks of reservoirs in Russia, are poisonous mammals.
Shrews are one of the most ferocious and aggressive predators
Mole family (Talpidae) Body length 5-21 cm; weight 9-170 g. Teeth from 33 to 44 pieces. Moles (except for shrew moles, which live on the surface) are adapted to an underground, burrowing lifestyle. Widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. 15 genera, about 40 species
Family Solenodontidae Snaptooths are a family of venomous mammals, including one genus with two modern species: the Cuban slittooth and the Haitian slittooth. Now they live only in Cuba and Haiti. They are on the verge of extinction and are listed in the International Red Book!!! body length 28-32 cm, tail length 17.5-25.5 cm; weight up to 1 kg.
Fossil insectivores Dienogalerix (Deinogalerix koenigswaldi) Lepticidium (Lepticidium nasutum) hairy hedgehog Italy Germany
Thank you for your attention!
Birds in the garden are not just eaten berries on the trees, as many people believe. Most of the feathered guests in our gardens are insectivorous birds. Birds are the best cleaners of the garden, vegetable garden and fields from insects, bugs, caterpillars that are trying to deprive us of the harvest. Let's get acquainted with birds native to forests, fields and meadows that help in caring for our gardens and vegetable gardens.
The main benefit of birds is that they eat a huge number of insect pests. Of course, they cannot cope with all of them, but those insects that survived are no longer so terrible for the garden. You might have seen birds such as starlings, flycatchers, swallows, wagtails, and redstarts in your garden. These birds are already accustomed to people, and we are accustomed to them.
How do birds eat? Where do they collect their food? Every gardener should know that insectivorous birds, based on the place of “search” for food for themselves and for their chicks, are divided into 3 groups: 1 group of birds - finches, buntings, thrushes, rooks, jackdaws, redstarts - collects their food mainly in the upper layers of the soil and on the surface soil and also in grass. The 2nd group of birds - wrens, warblers and robins - chose to collect food on the branches of bushes. Group 3 of birds - goldfinches, tits, orioles, warblers - chose trees to search for food.
But we can also distinguish the 4th and 5th groups. The 4th group includes the ubiquitous sparrows, because they collect food for themselves and their chicks everywhere. Well, the 5th group includes swallows, which catch insects on the fly, which also brings great benefits to gardens. But when it rains, the swallows have to starve, because insects do not want to fly at this time. By the way, this probably explains the sign that if swallows fly low, it means rain. Insects probably sense that rain is approaching and accordingly fly low in order to hide in time. Well, swallows have no choice but to fly lower.
Sparrows Why did I start from these destroyers of cherry orchards? Namely, to show that they are actually very useful and so that you also treat them with respect. Imagine how sparrows have to work, feeding their 4-5 chicks at a time. And during the season they hatch chicks 2-3 times. And the chicks are not simple, but voracious. The sparrow has to fly up to the nest with food for the babies about 300 times a day, and each time it is either an insect or a caterpillar. Why did I start from these destroyers of cherry orchards? Namely, to show that they are actually very useful and so that you also treat them with respect. Imagine how sparrows have to work, feeding their 4-5 chicks at a time. And during the season they hatch chicks 2-3 times. And the chicks are not simple, but voracious. The sparrow has to fly up to the nest with food for the babies about 300 times a day, and each time it is either an insect or a caterpillar. If in the spring you see sparrows picking at the flowers of an apple tree, then do not drive them away. You can say they are doing you a great favor, because the sparrows pick out the apple flower beetles from there. If in the spring you see sparrows picking at the flowers of an apple tree, then do not drive them away. You can say they are doing you a great favor, because the sparrows pick out the apple flower beetles from there. Yes, you could see flocks of sparrows working in gardens and fields in the second half of summer. It looks like they will eat the entire harvest. The Chinese thought so at one time. Their government decided that the sparrows were actually eating them. Well, what do they do with pests? Usually they try to destroy. So the authorities decided to get rid of the sparrows, which did a huge favor for the real pests of the fields. The harmful insects multiplied so much that the Chinese had no choice but to bring sparrows from neighboring countries. So don’t repeat the mistakes of the Chinese, don’t drive the sparrows away from your garden. Yes, you can scare them with a garden scarecrow, but under no circumstances destroy the helper sparrows. Yes, you could see flocks of sparrows working in gardens and fields in the second half of summer. It looks like they will eat the entire harvest. The Chinese thought so at one time. Their government decided that the sparrows were actually eating them. Well, what do they do with pests? Usually they try to destroy. So the authorities decided to get rid of the sparrows, which did a huge favor for the real pests of the fields. The harmful insects multiplied so much that the Chinese had no choice but to bring sparrows from neighboring countries. So don’t repeat the mistakes of the Chinese, don’t drive the sparrows away from your garden. Yes, you can scare them with a garden scarecrow, but under no circumstances destroy the helper sparrows.
Tits Tits are mainly insectivorous birds and only occasionally feed on certain seeds. They love to look for food on the branches of garden trees, and collect pests at various stages of their development. Tits collect eggs and larvae of pests, as well as adult pests of garden trees. This bird also copes well with codling moth caterpillars. During the summer, one pair of tits can clear almost 40 apple trees from pests. The tit hatches chicks 2 times per season and often there are about 7 chicks at a time, or even more. To feed the chicks, the tit has to fly to the nest with food 400 times during the day.
Starlings Starlings are migratory forest birds, but they liked living in birdhouses so much that they happily settle in our gardens. Starlings mainly look for their food on the surface of the ground and only sometimes in trees. Therefore, they can be classified as the first group of birds. Starlings eat various larvae, and they catch them so quickly that the larvae rarely manage to hide. These birds lay eggs 2 times per season. Their chicks are also quite voracious, like those of tits and sparrows.
Rooks Rooks like to settle closer to people, although by nature they are forest birds. They eat mainly insects and their larvae, most of which are pests. They catch both beetles and wireworms. If you see a rook picking at the ground in a field or garden, do not drive it away. At this time, he can look for another pest. A pair of rooks brings a gram of various insects to their chicks every day. By the way, rooks can even eat a vole, because they are not small birds at all.
What other benefits do birds have in the garden? I think everyone will agree that it is very pleasant to listen to birds singing. But it turns out that we are not the only ones who love their singing. Plants are also not indifferent to the beautiful songs of birds. There is no need to drive away sparrows, swallows, rooks and other small birds from your gardens or gardens; think, they are doing you good.
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