How to correctly decline adjectives. Declension of adjectives

Adjectives, as can be logically concluded from the name, are one of the main parts of speech, attached to nouns and being their definition; the question “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?” is posed to them. Adjectives are declined with a change in ending, that is, they change depending on the noun, the characteristics and qualities of which they define. Correct declination In the 4th grade, everyone had adjectives in their curriculum. But someone skipped work, someone got sick, and someone simply didn’t study or forgot - in a word, the declension of adjectives and participles is worth repeating so as not to make annoying mistakes when filling out important documents, writing reports or performing homework for a son or daughter.

Remember: Almost all adjectives are declined, that is, they change in number, gender and case in the same way as the noun on which it depends.

To put it simply, if a noun is used in a sentence in it. p.un. h. husband R. - for example, a school notebook or a blue ball - then the adjective will also have the nominative case. h. husband r., respectively, the ending -y or -y. This is one of the rules for declension of first names, 4th grade.

Determining the gender of the required part of speech

To understand the declension of adjectives and participles, you first need to understand how to determine gender and what ending to put in it. n. In Russian there are three of them:

• male;
• female;
• average.

Accordingly, the endings will be:

• for men - -y, -y;
• for female - -aya, -aya;
• for the middle one - -oe, -ee;
• for the plural - -е, -е.

To define, the gender of the noun on which it depends in the sentence is first determined. You just need to ask the question, and everything will be clear. For example:

Bright sun: the sun is it, is it the middle one, what kind of sun is it? – bright, this is an adjective cf. R. in units h. and im. P.

Beautiful doll: it’s a doll, it’s female, what kind of doll? - beautiful, this is the same woman. R. in units h. and im. P.

Red briefcase: the briefcase is he, this is the husband. r., what kind of briefcase? - red, this is the same part of speech husband. R. in units including them. P.

How to decline by cases

There are six of them in total - remembering them in 4th grade, as well as declension of adjectives by case, was not so easy. But in fact, there is nothing complicated here, everything is logical and natural. The most important thing that is required of a diligent student is to remember the questions. By posing the question, it will be possible to determine exactly what ending the inflected part of speech should have.

In addition, remember that when declension of adjectives is plural or singular, when declension of adjectives is feminine, masculine or neuter, they necessarily take on the case in which the main noun is used, the qualities of which they describe.

To make everything clear, consider a simple example:

There is a green notebook on the table.

First, we determine the noun, its gender, number and case. To do this, we pose the question: what lies? – a notebook, a notebook, it means it’s feminine in them. p. (the question “what?” refers to this case). Now we put next question: What kind of notebook? – green, this is an adjective, also feminine in them. P.

If the case of a noun changes, then it will change along with the ending of the other part of speech. For example:

I don't have a green notebook. – We pose the question: what’s missing? – notebooks, is a feminine gender noun. etc., since “who? what?” questions of this case. What kind of notebook? – green, therefore, the adjective “green” is also feminine and is in gender in the sentence. P.

Declension of plural adjectives follows the same rules. That is, always first determine the declension of the noun, then ask the question - and you will understand which ending you need to write.

If you don’t remember the case questions for any part of speech in the Russian language and there is no time or desire to memorize them, then you will have to use heavy artillery - download the table, print it, laminate it and hang it over your desktop. Over time, you will still remember them and use them automatically, without looking at the cheat sheet.

Important: above were the basic rules for declension of adjectives for the 4th grade. But it's not that simple. There are also small exceptions that you also need to remember in order to always write correctly and competently and be able to help your child with his homework.

Exceptions to the rules

It is not for nothing that the Russian language is considered one of the most difficult - there are many rules, and besides, almost every one of them has an exception. Understanding why this is so is difficult not only for a foreigner studying Russian - sometimes it’s hard for us too. So, bad news: not all adjectives are declined:

1. Short ones do not change by case.
2. Standing idle comparative form don't change at all.

In addition, there is a group of certain words (usually borrowed from foreign languages), which determine the quality of the object, but at the same time do not change and never decline. For example: mini, maxi, indigo, khaki. They can easily be confused with nouns; asking the question again will help: a khaki mini skirt. We pose the question: what kind of skirt? – mini. What color? – khaki. They will not receive an ending or change it depending on the declension of the noun they are describing.

What else do you need to know

Separately, you should remember how possessive parts of speech change, that is, answering the questions “Whose?” Whose? Whose? Whose?". For example:

Mom's soup.

R p. - mom's soup

D. p. - mom's soup

V.p. - mother's soup

TV p. – mother’s soup

P. p. - mom’s soup

The possessive parts of speech, masculine and neuter, as well as the plural, change similarly - in any case, the main thing is always to pose the question correctly.

Also in the Russian language there are so-called substantiated parts of speech - that is, those that have been transformed into nouns. These are, for example, words such as “laboratory” (room), “sick” (person), “premium” (money). Such parts of speech are subject to standard rules of declension, which were described in detail above.

As an adult, you often have to regret what you didn’t do in your youth. Such simple thing, as declinations various parts speech, can sometimes cause great difficulties and problems. Fortunately, there is Google and reference books, but it’s still better to monitor your children’s knowledge in a timely manner so that they do not encounter your problems in the future.

An adjective denotes a characteristic of an object. This part speech is dependent and answers the questions what? which? which? which? An adjective has a connection with a noun in a sentence, and the combination of adjective and noun itself, due to the variety of forms and combinations, provides extraordinary richness and beauty to the Russian language. At school, students are often required to determine the case of an adjective. In order to correctly determine the case and not confuse adjectives of different cases, it is important to follow the algorithm and remember some nuances.

Determine the cases of adjectives. A few recommendations. Features of adjectives of different cases
Before we begin to consider the issue of declension of adjectives, it is important to note the peculiarities of changing this part of speech. Case declension depends directly on the gender and number of the adjective. Remember the principle of changing words of a given part of speech according to numbers and genders, then you will be able to easily navigate the endings of cases.

1. Adjectives are inflected for gender only in the singular.
   • Masculine gender: endings -ой, -й, -й. For example: a friend (what?) is big, kind, sensitive.
     
   • Feminine: endings -aya, -aya. Jacket (what?) red, blue.
     
   • Neuter gender: endings -oe, -ee. The mirror (what?) is round, blue.
     
   The gender of an adjective can be determined by the noun to which it refers in the text.
   
2. Adjectives are declined according to number.
   • In the singular, they denote a characteristic of one object, a collection of objects. For example: a good option, big table, friendly class, cheerful youth.
     
   • Plural adjectives denote many things. They answer in nominative case to the question which ones? and have endings -ы, -и.
     

You can determine the number of an adjective by the noun to which the adjective refers.

Let's look at the features of declension of adjectives by case. Knowledge of the principles of declension of this part of speech will help you determine the case of an adjective.

Feminine singular adjectives are declined as follows:

• Nominative case. The endings are -aya, -aya. The fishing rod (what?) is long.
  
• Genitive. The endings are -oh, -ey. Fishing rods (what?) long.
  
• Dative. Endings – oh, her. A fishing rod (what?) long.
  
• Accusative. The endings are -yu, -yu. A fishing rod (what kind?) is long.
  
• Instrumental case. The endings are -oh, -ey. A fishing rod (what?) long.
  
• Prepositional. The endings are -oh, -ey. About a (what?) long fishing rod.
  

Remember the declension order of this group of adjectives. Please note that the endings of adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases are the same. In such cases, you will need to determine the case of the noun.

Middle and middle adjectives male in the singular they are declined according to the following scheme:

Case	Masculine Ending		Example		Neuter gender Ending	Example
nominative	-oh, -y, -y		The table is (what?) large, wood		-oh, -her	Sky (what?) blue, dark blue
genitive	-wow, -him		A (what?) large table, wooden		-wow, -him	Sky (what?) blue, blue
dative	-oh, -him		A (what?) large table, wooden		-oh, -him	Sky (which one?) blue, blue
accusative			Animating noun - see genus. pudge	Inanimate- see them case	See them. case	Sky (what?) blue, dark blue
instrumental	-ym, -im		A (what?) large table, wooden		-ym, -im	Sky (what?) blue, blue
prepositional	-om, -eat		About the (what?) big table, wooden		-oh, I'm eating	About the sky (which?) blue, blue

You can determine the case of an adjective by the case of the noun it refers to. As you noticed, it is easy to confuse the endings of the adjectives of the nominative, accusative, and genitive case of this group of words. Determine the case of the adjective based on the noun.

In the plural, adjectives are declined as follows:

• Nominative case: -ы, -и. The houses are (what?) big.
  
• Genitive case: -ы, -их. Houses (what kind?) are large.
  
• Dative case: -ym, -im. Houses (what?) big.
  
• Accusative case: animate nouns are inflected genitive case, and inanimate ones - by nominative. The houses are (what?) big.
  
• Instrumental case: -y, -imi. Houses (what?) big.
  
• Prepositional case: -y, -them. About (what?) big houses.
  

Please note that the words of this group of adjectives have the same endings in the genitive and prepositional cases. Difficulties may also arise when determining the nominative, genitive, and accusative cases. Then pay attention to the case of the noun, the role of the noun in the sentence.

How to determine the case of an adjective? Algorithm
How to determine the case of an adjective correctly? To always accurately indicate the case of a given part of speech, use an algorithm.

1. Remember the peculiarities of the declension of adjectives, their endings, and case issues.
   
2. Write down the adjective on a piece of paper.
   
3. Highlight the ending in the adjective and compare it mentally with the table.
   
4. If you are in doubt that your adjective's case cannot be determined by its ending, look to the noun.
   
5. Ask a question to the noun, highlight the ending and determine its case. The adjective has the same case.
   
6. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the nominative and accusative cases. In this case, you must find out the role of the noun to which the adjective refers in the sentence.
   • noun in the nominative case – subject, main member offers;
     
   • noun in accusative case – minor member offers.
     
   The adjective will have the same case.
   

Remember the signs of different cases, the peculiarities of the declension of a given part of speech, use the algorithm. Then you will always correctly determine the case of an adjective.

Full adjectives in the singular change according to gender, number and case, i.e. they are declined. The plural does not change according to gender, and case endings all three genera are the same: gold rings, bracelets, earrings.

There are 3 types of adjective declension:

declension of qualitative and relative adjectives;

Declension of possessive adjectives into -th: fox, bear

Declension of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in(-yn), -ov(-ev): mother, lisitsin, fathers, bakers.

Adjectives belonging to the first type of declension, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, are divided into groups: adjectives that have a hard consonant before the ending (hard variety of declension), adjectives that have a soft consonant before the ending (soft variety of declension), adjectives whose stem ends in r , k, x or sibilant (mixed type of declension): live[v], but[v], winter[n], elastic, shallow, dry, hot, pain [w]-oh.

Singular

Hard variety

	M.R.	Wed. R.	J. b.
AND.	new	new	new
R.	new	new	new
d.	new	new	new
V.	new	new	new
	new	new	new
T.	new	new
P.	new	new	new

M. r. Wed. R. J. b.

I. golden golden golden

R.gold - oh golden oh golden oh

D. golden golden golden

V. golden golden golden

golden golden golden golden

T. golden golden

P. gold-oh gold-oh gold-oh

Soft variety

M.R. Wed. R. J. b.

I. blue-ey blue-ee blue-yah

R. sin-his sin-his sin-ey

D. sin-him sin-him sin-ey

V. sin-iy sin-ee sin-yuyu

T. sin-im sin-im sin-ey (ey)

P. (o) sin-e (o) sin-e (o) sin-e

Masculine and neuter adjectives have the same endings in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative. The form of the accusative case coincides with the genitive or nominative, depending on the animation - inanimateness of the noun with which it agrees: see handsome boy- see beautiful landscape.

Plural

The form of the accusative hope in the plural, as in the singular, depends on the animation - inanimateness of the noun: to see beautiful children - to see beautiful landscapes.

Adjectives in g, k, x of mixed declension have hard and soft stems: elastic[g]-iy and elastic[g]-ogo.

Features of the declension of adjectives with a sibilant stem are determined by modern spelling(after sibilants only u, a, and are written, and yu, ya, y are not written) and appear only in writing.

Adjectives with a stem in -y (fox, bear, wolf) change according to gender, number and case. In the masculine nominative case they have null ending , neuter -e , feminine -I , in plural -And : fox-e, fox-i, fox-i . In other cases, the endings of such adjectives coincide with the endings of the soft type of declension of qualitative and relative adjectives.

Suffix - th(spelling - th) in indirect cases is presented orthographically as - b.

Possessive adjectives with suffixes - in (-yn ), -ov (-ev ) have endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives. Masculine and neuter singular adjectives in all cases, except instrumental and prepositional, have endings characteristic of nouns ( Wed. fathers O words O, fathers A words A, fathers at words at). In the instrumental and prepositional cases their endings are similar to the endings of adjectives (- oh, -oh ). Feminine adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases have endings similar to the endings of nouns (- A ), in other cases - with adjectives (- Ouch ). In the nominative and accusative cases of plural possessive adjectives, the endings are the same as those of nouns (- s ), in other cases - like adjectives (- y, -y, -y, -y ). For adjectives with the suffix - in forms of genitive and dative cases masculine and neuter (- a, -y ) are replaced by forms with endings of adjectives (- wow, wow ): sister (cf. big table) → sister's ; sister (cf. big table) → to my sister .

Male Russian surnames starting with - ov(s) ), -in (-yn) in the instrumental case the singular and plural have the endings respectively - y, -y , i.e. inflections of adjectives: Nekrasov - Nekrasov th, Pushkin - Pushkin th, Chichikovs - Chichikovs them. This does not apply to titles settlements, formed from proper names: Live near the city of Pushkin ohm.

Adjectives of all categories have inconsistent signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - and singular(cf.: I see beautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls) - see the animation of the noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

High quality and relative adjectives bow the same. This type of declension is called adjectival.

In the singular, their endings differ depending on the gender and quality of the consonant ending the stem.

In the plural, the endings of adjectives, like the endings of nouns, are unified:

I. p.: new, blue

R. p.: new, syn-their

D. p.: new, sin-im

V. p.: =I. n. / R. n. depending on the animation of the noun

T.p.: new, blue

P. p.: new, syn-their

Possessive adjectives are declined differently: in some cases they have endings characteristic of the adjective declension, in others - endings characteristic of the substantive declension. This type of declination is called mixed. At the same time, adjectives with the suffix -й- and adjectives with the suffixes -in- or -ov- are not declined exactly the same.

Declension of possessive adjectives with the suffix -й-:

As we see, these adjectives have endings characteristic of the substantive declension in I. p. and V. p. (cf.: fox-Ø tail-Ø), in other cases they have endings of the adjectival declension. For information about why the fox form has a zero ending and not -i, see the morphemics section.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in- (mam-in) and -ov- (otts-ov) also have substantive endings in I. p. and V. p.; in addition, in R. p. and D. p. singular masculine and neuter they have variable endings (although adjective endings are used more often than substantive ones):

Don't bow qualitative adjectives, standing in short form(expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight, are phraseological and do not reflect current state language), as well as qualitative adjectives, standing in a simple comparative and a composite built on its basis superlatives(above, above all).

In the Russian language there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

The words (weight) gross, net, (rush hour) are also unchangeable adjectives.

Their grammatical features is their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

It is most convenient to check endings and adjectives by substituting a question Which? in the required form, since the endings of the question and the adjective coincide, for example: It was hard for him to walk after the difficult Wow(How Wow?) day. The exception is the nominative singular masculine case (and the similar accusative case), where the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (tear off Ouch calendar, business Ouch Human), and without accent - th or -th (tabletop th calendar, sincerely th Human).

In adjectives on -th , -ya , -ye (wolf th, wolf ya, wolf ye ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolf b I(flock), wolf b e(den), wolf b And(footprints); wolf b him, wolf b hey, wolf b them, wolf b them etc. (but: wolf th howl).

Nominative case endings

In the feminine gender in the nominative singular case the ending is written -and I or -yaya , and in the neuter gender - -oh or -her (which? — correspondence and I average yaya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In the plural of all three genders the ending is written -s or -ies (which? — frosty s winter no days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu (answers the question which one?), For example: finish (which?) correspondence course wow average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them (answers the question what?), For example: enjoy (what?) warmth th autumn them afternoon, morning.

In the feminine singular the ending is written -Ouch (-oh ) or -to her (-her ) (answers the question Which? which one?), For example: patronize (which? which?) shift Ouch average to her school.

Prepositional case endings

In masculine and neuter gender prepositional case singular ending is written -ohm or -eat (answers the question which one?), For example: write about (what?) heat ohm autumn eat afternoon, morning.

Declensions of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles, some pronouns (every, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., are inflected, except for the third, inflected, like possessive adjective wolfish). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question which? in the required form, for example: He tried to read (what?) every scientific article that appeared on (what?) the question that interested him.

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