Exercise 17, p. 10
17. Help the cat and dog put the letters that represent voiced consonant sounds into one group, and the letters that represent unvoiced consonant sounds into another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.
Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → w → p → f
Voiced→ j → l → n → r → z → m → d → b → g → g → c
- Say the sounds that can be represented by highlighted letters
h- [h’] m- [mm'], th- [th’] T- [t], [t’]
Exercise 18, p. 10
18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.
It's so cold outside -
I’m like an icicle, completely frozen.
L. Yakovlev
- Underline the letters in the highlighted word that represent voiceless paired consonant sounds.
Exercise 19, p. eleven
19. Read. Fill in the missing words that are the names of the consonant sounds.
1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.
Exercise 20, p. eleven
20. Fill in the “house” with the missing letters indicating consonant sounds that are paired in deafness and voicedness.
- Select and write down words that end with these letters.
Exercise 21, p. eleven
21. Find in the textbook’s spelling dictionary words with a consonant paired in deafness and voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.
Alphabet t, suddenly, city, factory, pencil, class, hammer, frost, people, lunch, scarf, drawing, student, language.
Exercise 22, p. 12
22. Read. What rule are we talking about? Why are the consonants named like that?
Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
Basically you check them -
Place a vowel next to it!
We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a paired deafness-voiced consonant sound at the root of the word. Such consonants are called “dangerous” because we can choose the wrong letter, denoting the paired voiced-voiced consonant sound at the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "dangerous" places, or spelling.
Exercise 23, p. 12
23. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. There will be bread b, there will be lunch. 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. He who is lazy is also sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, and hefty.
- Orally select test words for words with missing letters.
Hle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (sleepy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .
Exercise 24, p. 12
24. Read.
The frost creaks. The frost is angry.
And the snow is dry and hard.
And the elm was cold, and the oak was frozen.
The trees were frozen through.
G. Volzhina
- Choose the correct letter from brackets for each word and underline it. Write these words down.
Moro z, snow, elm, chill, oak, frozen, through and through.
Exercise 25, p. 13
25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.
Pyro old lady Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove,
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Lady Fogg takes the pie
And I have tea with milk,
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.
- What do you think is true in these lines?
Is it true:
Old Lady Fogg bakes a pie
In the kitchen by the stove...
Old Lady Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are a tall tale.
- Underline the spelling patterns in the words based on the rules you have learned.
Exercise 26, p. 13
26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.
cha[sh]ka - cha sh ka uká[s]ka - ukáz ka
ló[sh]ka - spoon ka ká[s]ka - kás ka
lá[f]ka - láv ka ló[k]ti - lók ti
kó[f]ta - kofta kó[k]ti - cóg ti
shá[p]ka - hat ka ló[t]ka - boat ka
fur[p]ka - fur coat cheek[t]ka - brush
- Be prepared to prove that you spelled the words correctly.
Cha sh ka (cup), spoon (spoon), lav ka (bench), kof ta - vocabulary word, must be remembered, hat (cap), fur coat (fur coats), pointer ka (pointer), helmet (helmet) , elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush).
Exercise 27, p. 14
27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.
But g ti, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, timid, guard, robok, slide, nail, guard, make a riddle.
- Find a test word for each word being tested. Write it down according to the example.
(Ró b ok) ro b cue, (side and it) side and ka, (zaga d yat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ty, (how much h how much h cue, (carrot V ny) carrot V ka.
Exercise 28, p. 14
28. Read it. Name the fairy tales.
1. Zolushka, while running away from the palace, she lost her crystal slipper.
2. B elos tender I became very friendly with the seven dwarves.
- Fill in the missing words. Underline the letters in them that indicate paired consonant sounds in terms of deafness and voicedness.
Exercise 29, p. 15
29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write it down according to the example.
Du b ki - oak trees, berry ka - berries.
Dexterous is dexterous, close is close.
Spoon - spoon, pin - pin.
Pras ba - to ask, watchman - to guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.
- Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.
Exercise 30, p. 15
30. Read the riddle. Fill in the missing letters and the word. Draw the answer.
I'm round, I'm smooth
And the cue tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What's my name?
Exercise 31, p. 15
31. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Sli V ki, golu b tsy, pyro and ki, aquarius h
.
2. Suddenly G, blue h ka, sapo and ki, ruba w ka.
Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.
- Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.
Exercise 32, p. 16
32. Read. Select the desired letter and insert it into the words.
B? P?
Oak, screw, mistake, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
IN? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, catch cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
AND? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled, mask, tale.
Exercise 33, p. 16
33. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Each tree has its own fruit d. A boat floats down the river T.
2. In the boy’s hands there is a T. There is a deep stream in the village d.
3. Flowering lu is beautiful in summer G. Green lu grew in the garden bed To.
4. In the flower bed With scarlet bush h.
- What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main clauses.
In each pair, the words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.
Exercise 34, p. 17
34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.
- Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of the words.
We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound at the root would become stressed. For a word with a paired consonant sound in the root of the word in terms of deafness and voicedness, we selected a cognate word so that the paired consonant sound in the root was before the vowel sound.
Exercise 35, p. 17
35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the answers.
1. Sam hu d, the head is like a pound, as soon as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but sulfur bromine will remove trees. (AND Not j)
- Underline the spelling patterns in the words.
Exercise 36, p. 18
36. Read. Title the text.
January
I love you, I January!
For me you are a month I ts the best -
M O l O doy, b O lshoy, skr And puffy,
Z O l O as clear as amber b!
Sun, dream G, O drive, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!
S. Kozlov
- Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?
Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.
- Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.
We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds at the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.
Exercise 37, p. 18
37. Read. Insert the missing letters.
Le dark frost, big snowdrift, silvery frost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.
- What theme connects these words and word combinations?
The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.
- Compose an oral text on this topic.
It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall covered the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled with silvery frost. The blizzard created large snowdrifts.
The children could not stay at home. Having put on new skates, we began drawing patterns on the smooth ice in the morning. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes swirled merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Father Frost and the Snow Maiden.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
4.7 (94%) of 10 votersSound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds unique to his native language and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters must be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other to form words.
36 consonant sounds: [b], [z], [v], [d], [g], [zh], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [sch], [f], [ts], [w], [x], [h], [b"], [z"], [v"], [ d"], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [p"], [r"], [ f"], [g"], [x"].
Consonant sounds are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and voiceless;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language is significantly different from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed harder against the palate than when pronouncing a hard sound. consonant sound preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant sound from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after the specific consonant.
Consonant sounds are classified as hard in the following cases:
- if letters a, o, u, e, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [vors], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of the word - [darkness], [friend], [table].
The softness of sound is written as an apostrophe: mole - [mol’], chalk - [m’el], wicket - [kal’itka], pir - [p’ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [ш'], [й'], [ч'] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [тс], [ж].
A consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by “b” and vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g"en], flax - [l"on], disk - [d"ysk] , hatch - [l "uk", elm - [v "yaz", trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and voiceless, paired and unpaired sounds
Based on their sonority, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [v], [z], [zh], [b], [d], [y], [m], [d], [l], [r] , [n].
Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [goal], [fishing], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [kol], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [shch"uka], [choir], [king"], [ch"an].
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [zh] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [v] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itch - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [ts], [x], [p], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p"], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [z] - [z"], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: byl - bel, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To clearly see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| V | howl | V" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | z" | yawn | |
| To | godfather | To" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | height | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| T | cloud | T" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| ts | target | th | felt | |
Another table will help you remember consonant sounds.
| Doubles | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| IN | F | |
| G | TO | |
| D | T | |
| AND | Sh | |
| Z | WITH | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, J | X, C, Ch, Shch |
Children's poems for better mastery of the material
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
The resulting number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce it with noise, then they are deaf.
The consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
In fact, very light.
Remember one simple rule forever:
W, C, F - always hard,
But Ch, Shch, J are only soft,
Like a cat's paws.
And let’s soften others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a cunning sign!
And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Brother signs, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word,
Let's ask for their help.
The rider rides on a horse,
Con - we use it in the game.
Proficiency in oral language is very important for the social life and development of an individual. Much attention in learning a native (or foreign) language is paid to spoken language—the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the speech organs and sound production.
Sound production
Sound formation occurs as a result of human mental and speech activity. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.
The tongue and lower lip are actively involved in sound production. The teeth, palate, and upper lip remain passive.
The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:
- respiration - breathing,
- phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
- articulation - work for sound production.
Noisy (deaf) Russian language
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes, consisting of a pure voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.
In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, resulting from the exhaled air flow overcoming certain barriers, which are interacting speech organs.
[k, ], [p, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [sch, ], [k], [p], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh] are voiceless consonant sounds.
To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are voiceless, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how the vocal folds participate in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.
Formation of noisy consonants
In the process of producing voiceless consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close together or form a gap.
Voiceless consonant sounds are born when the exhaled person overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, voiceless phonemes are divided into:
- stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
- stop fricatives (affricates) [ts, ch, ];
- fricatives (fricatives) [s, f, x, shch, s, f, x, w].
Depending on the places where barriers are formed, voiceless phonemes are distinguished:
- labiolabial [p, p];
- labiodental [f, f];
- anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, ts];
- anterior lingual palatodental [h, sch, w];
- velar lingual velar [k, x, k, x].
Palatalization and velarization
Noisy phonemes are classified taking into account the degree of tension in the middle of the tongue. When, during the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) voiceless sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.
6 soft and 6 hard noisy voiceless phonemes form pairs, the rest do not have pairs.
Paired voiceless consonants - [k, - k], [p, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [ts, ch, sh, shch, ] - voiceless unpaired consonant sounds.
Articulation
The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.
For speech to be understandable, you must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, and sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, practice the pronunciation of phonemes.
Having understood how voiceless consonant sounds are formed and how to pronounce them correctly, a child or adult will master speech much faster.
Sounds [k - k, x - x, ]
Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move it away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open your mouth slightly. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the elevated soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].
Press the end of your tongue against your lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back parts of the tongue closer to the middle-back area of the hard palate. Exhale - [k,].
In the production of phonemes [x - x, ], the speech organs are located similarly. Only between them there remains not a bow, but a gap.
Sounds [p - p, ]
Close your lips, leave your tongue freely, and move its tip slightly away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. A stream of air breaks through the lips - [p].
The lips are positioned the same way. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [n,].
Sounds [s - s, ]
Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Use the tip of your tongue to touch the front teeth of the lower jaw. Arch your tongue, lifting the middle back towards the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through a groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Bridges the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [c].
The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front one bends more (the groove disappears).
Sounds [t - t, ]
Part your lips. Place the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A stream of exhaled air forcefully breaks through the barrier - [t].
The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of your tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front part of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air stream, an obstacle is overcome - [t,].
Sounds [f - f, ]
Pull in the lower lip slightly and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue towards the back of the soft palate. As you exhale, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].
Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue towards the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue towards the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labial-dental fissure - [f,].
Sound [ts]
Sound is produced in two stages:
- Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue against the front lower teeth. Raise the front part of the tongue, closing it with the hard palate (immediately behind the alveolar arch).
- The air flow enters the oral cavity. Bend the tongue slightly - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the side edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [ts].
Sound [h, ]
The formation of a phoneme consists of two phases:
- Slightly round and protrude your lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
- Push out the air: at the place of the bow between the tongue and the palate there will be a gap. At the same time, you need to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].
Sound [sh]
Pull out slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue until a narrow passage with the palate and alveolar arch is formed (1st cleft). Having lowered the middle of the tongue, raise its back part (2nd gap). Press the edges against the chewing teeth to form a cup. Exhale smoothly - [w].
Sound [sch, ]
Pull your lips out a little and round them out. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch without pressing, so that a gap remains. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), and press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [sch,].
In the speech stream, voiceless consonant sounds coexist with other phonemes. If a noisy phoneme is followed by a vowel, then the lips take a position for the articulation of the latter.
Comparison of noisy voiceless and voiced phonemes
Voiced phonemes are those whose formation involves both voice and noise (the latter predominates). Some voiced ones have paired sounds from among the voiceless ones.
Paired voiceless consonants and voiced sounds: [k - g], [k, - g, ], [p - b], [p, - b, ], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [ s - z], [s, - z, ], [f - v], [f, - v, ], [w - g].
Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:
- [y, l, m, n, r, l, m, n, r] - voiced (sonorant);
- [x, h, sch, x, ts] - noisy deaf.
Lettering for noisy phonemes
The ability to write correctly is no less important than speaking. Mastering written language is fraught with even greater difficulties, since some sounds on paper can be written with different letters or letter combinations.
When written, voiceless consonant sounds are expressed in similar letters if they are in strong positions.
By deafness-voicing: before a vowel, [v - v, ], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).
By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x, ] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end words.
In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a voiceless consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionary words).
All consonant sounds in the Russian language are divided according to several criteria, including the principle of voicedness and deafness. This pronunciation characteristic influences whether the voice is used when pronouncing a sound or not. Studying this topic is very important for understanding the basic principles of the phonetic system, because voiceless consonants are a very important part of it.
What is a voiceless consonant?
Voiceless consonant sounds are produced only by noise, without the participation of the voice. When pronouncing them, the vocal cords are completely relaxed, the larynx does not vibrate.
Paired and unpaired voiceless consonants
Most sounds that fall into this category have a voiced pair. What sounds these are, you can find out from the table “Voiceless consonant sounds in the Russian language.”
Thus, in the Russian language there are 11 voiceless consonants that have a voiced pair. But there are also unpaired ones - these are sounds such as [x], [x’], [h’] and [sch’].
They cannot become voiced regardless of position.
A special mnemonic phrase helps to remember all the voiceless consonants that exist in the Russian language: “Styopka, do you want shchetc?” - Ugh!". But it will not help to remember their pairing by hardness-softness, since voiceless consonants that have a pair are presented in it only in one variety - either hard or soft.
Consonant devoicing rule
In the Russian language, there are often cases when a voiced consonant is written in writing, but in speech it turns into a dull consonant. This happens, for example, when a voiced letter appears at the very end of a word, as in the word mushroom, the transcription of which will look like [flu].
Due to the fact that voiced consonants are deafened at the end, difficulties often arise when reproducing such words in writing. However, there is an easy way to check which letter to use: you need to change the word so that the consonant appears before the vowel, for example, mushroom - mushroom. Then it will immediately become clear what needs to be written. The same applies to cases when there is a voiceless consonant at the end, and in writing it is voiced “according to the general rule.” You can check which letter is written in the same way: krik - krik, lot - lota.
Voiced consonants located in positions at the beginning and in the middle of a word can also be deafened if they are followed by a voiceless consonant. This is easy to understand using an example: booth [booth].
What have we learned?
Voiceless consonant sounds are those sounds in the formation of which the larynx does not vibrate, that is, the voice does not participate. They consist only of noise. Most voiceless consonants have a voiced pair, but there are four unpaired sounds of this type - these are [х], [х'], [ч'] and [ш']. Due to the rule of deafening consonants during pronunciation, those consonants that are voiced in writing go into their voiceless pair. This happens if they appear at the end of a word, and also when another voiceless consonant precedes them.
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