The great Russian poet N.A. Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the village of Sinki, not far from the town of Nemirov, Podolsk province (now Ukraine, Vinnitsa region), where at that time the regiment in which his father served, Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), was stationed. - Lieutenant of the Jaeger Regiment. Nekrasov spent his childhood on the family estate, in the village of Greshnevo (now Nekrasovo) in the Yaroslavl province, where his father, having retired (in 1824), moved.
In 1832, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he reached the 5th grade. He studied poorly, and since his father always dreamed of a military career for his son, in 1838 16-year-old Nikolai Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment, but instead entered the philological faculty of the University as a volunteer.
From 1839 to 1841 Nekrasov spent time at the university, but almost all of his time was spent searching for income. Nekrasov suffered terrible poverty; not every day he had the opportunity to have lunch for 15 kopecks. To earn money, he began giving lessons, wrote articles in the “Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid” and in the “Literary Newspaper”, composed alphabets and fairy tales in verse for popular print publishers, staged vaudevilles on the Alexandrinsky stage (under the name of Perepelsky). His savings began to appear, and he decided to publish a collection of his poems, which were published in 1840, with the initials N.N., under the title “Dreams and Sounds.”
In the early 1840s N.A. Nekrasov becomes an employee of Otechestvennye Zapiski, first in the bibliographic department. In 1843-1846 he published a number of poetry collections. Nekrasov’s publishing business went so well that at the end of 1846 he, together with I.I. Panaev, purchased Sovremennik from Pletnev. Many employees of Otechestvennye Zapiski left Kraevsky and joined Nekrasov; Belinsky also moved to Sovremennik and handed over to Nekrasov part of the material that he had collected for the collection Leviathan he had started. This ensured the success of the new enterprise. In 1847-1866, Nekrasov published and edited Sovremennik. He manages to rally the best literary forces of the 1840-1860s around the magazine. I.S. Turgenev publishes here "Notes of a Hunter", A.I. Goncharov - novel "An Ordinary Story", D.V. Grigorovich - story "Anton the Miserable", V.G. Belinsky - late critical articles, L.N. Tolstoy - “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, and “Sevastopol Stories”, A.I. Herzen - stories "The Thieving Magpie" and "Doctor Krupov". A happy period also began in Nekrasov’s work, which brought him to the forefront of literature. He now found himself in a circle of people of high moral order: Chernyshevsky and became the main figures of Sovremennik. However, in 1862, by order of the government, the magazine was suspended for seven months (June-December), and in June 1866, Sovremennik was banned forever.
Sovremennik was closed, but Nekrasov became friends with his old enemy Kraevsky and rented from him in 1868 Otechestvennye Zapiski, which he placed at the same height as Sovremennik. Editor of "Domestic Notes" N.A. Nekrasov remained until the end of his life. During these same years, the poet worked on the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1866-1876), which remained unfinished, and created a poem about the Decembrists and their wives (“Grandfather”, 1870, “Russian Women” 1871-1872), etc.
At the beginning of 1875, Nekrasov became seriously ill, and soon his life turned into a slow agony. It was in vain that the famous surgeon Billroth was discharged from Vienna; The painful operation led to nothing. News of the poet's fatal illness brought his popularity to the highest tension. Letters, telegrams, greetings, and addresses poured in from all over Russia. They brought great joy to the patient in his terrible torment. The “Last Songs” written during this time, due to the sincerity of the feeling, focused almost exclusively on memories of childhood, about the mother and about the mistakes made, belong to the best creations of his muse. In the soul of the dying poet, the consciousness of his significance in the history of the Russian word clearly emerged.
Nekrasov died on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg. Despite the severe frost, a crowd of thousands escorted the poet’s body from his house on Liteiny Prospekt to his eternal resting place in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
Nekrasov's funeral on January 11, 1878, which took place on its own without any organization, was the first time a nation paid its last respects to the writer. Already at Nekrasov’s funeral, a fruitless dispute began, or rather continued, about the relationship between him and the two greatest representatives of Russian poetry - Pushkin and Lermontov. , who said a few words at Nekrasov’s open grave, put (with certain reservations) these names side by side, but several young voices interrupted him with shouts: “Nekrasov is higher than Pushkin and Lermontov.”
In 1881, at the grave of N.A. A monument was erected to Nekrasov (sculptor N.A. Chizhov, architect P.P. Schreiber).
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A very short biography (in a nutshell)
Born on December 10, 1821 in Nemirov, Podolsk province. Father - Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), lieutenant. Mother - Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya (1801-1841). In 1832 he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. From 1839 to 1841 he studied at St. Petersburg University. He died on January 8, 1878, at the age of 56 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg. Main works: “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Russian Women”, “Peasant Children”, “Grandfather” and others.
Brief biography (details)
Nikolai Nekrasov is a Russian poet, writer, publicist and classic of Russian literature. In addition, Nekrasov was a democratic revolutionary, head of the Sovremennik magazine and editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. The writer’s most famous work is the poem-novel “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821 in Nemirov into a noble family. The writer spent his childhood years in the Yaroslavl province. At the age of 11, he entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he studied for 5 years.
The writer's father was a rather despotic man. When Nikolai refused to become a military man at the insistence of his father, he was deprived of financial support.
At the age of 17, the writer moved to St. Petersburg, where, in order to survive, he wrote poetry to order. During this period he met Belinsky. When Nekrasov was 26 years old, together with the literary critic Panaev, he bought the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine quickly gained momentum and had great influence in society. However, in 1862 the government banned its publication.
While working at Sovremennik, several collections of Nekrasov’s poems were published. Among them are those who brought him fame in wide circles. For example, “Peasant Children” and “Peddlers”. In the 1840s, Nekrasov also began to collaborate with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, and in 1868 he rented it from Kraevsky.
During the same period, he wrote the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” as well as “Russian Women,” “Grandfather,” and a number of other satirical works, including the popular poem “Contemporaries.”
In 1875, the poet became terminally ill. In recent years, he worked on a cycle of poems, “Last Songs,” which he dedicated to his wife and last love, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova. The writer died on January 8, 1878 and was buried at the St. Petersburg Novodevichy cemetery.
>>Literature: N. A. Nekrasov. Essay on life and work
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
1821, November 28 (December 10) - born in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk region.
1838 - leaves for St. Petersburg to study.
1840 - the first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds,” was published.
1847-1866 - work in the Sovremennik magazine.
1856 - publication of a collection of poems.
1865 - the first part of the poem "" was published.
1868 - beginning of work in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.
1877 - the book “Last Songs” was published.
1877, December 27 (1878, January 8) - died in St. Petersburg.
Essay on life and work
The beginning of the way.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province, into the family of a bankrupt landowner Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. While on military service in Poland, he met a wealthy Polish landowner Zakrevsky, fell in love with his daughter, an educated and cultured girl, and married her against the will of her parents. This marriage turned out to be unhappy, because the father of the future poet, a stern and reckless man, created an atmosphere of despotic tyranny in the family. Nekrasov’s mother, cut off from her family and loved ones, silently bore the brunt of family life. And only the children felt her spiritual generosity, which she often recalled in her poems and poems:
O my mother, I am moved by you,
You saved the living soul in me!
Nekrasov spent his childhood on the Volga in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province. His early life experiences were bleak. The cruel serfdom established on the family estate by the father of the future poet was reflected in a number of autobiographical poems.
In an unknown wilderness, in a semi-wild village,
I grew up among violent savages, -
he wrote in one of them.
Collection “Poems. 1856".
In 1855, in the context of social upsurge that followed the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War and the death of Nicholas I, Nekrasov began preparing a collection of poems for publication, which was published in October 1856. This book made Nekrasov the most popular poet of his time. “God is universal. It’s unlikely that Pushkin’s first poems, “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls” were hardly as successful as your book,” wrote N. G. Chernyshevsky to Nekrasov, who was undergoing treatment abroad at that time. The book opened with the programmatic poem “The Poet and the Citizen” (1856), which determined the sound of the entire collection.
Cutting-edge book Nekrasov's poems consisted of four sections, which reflected the main motives of the poet's lyrics.
The first section consisted of poems telling about the difficult lot of people from the people. Nekrasov included well-known poems (“On the Road”, “Troika”), and works specially written for the new collection.
The second section of the collection included poems whose pathos was a satirical depiction of “virtuous” hypocrites - representatives of the ruling classes (“Lullaby”, “Philanthropist”, “Modern Ode”, etc.). The third section was composed of the poem “Sasha” (1855), depicting images of the intelligentsia and the formation of human consciousness from a democratic environment. The lyrical intensity of the poem, as it were, prepared the fourth section of the collection, consisting of poems in which the personality of the author himself, excited by the burning problems of our time, was in the foreground.
The collection of poems of 1856 also included an intimate lyrics Nekrasova, addressed to the common-law wife of the pet A. Ya. Panaeva and composed the so-called “Panaev cycle”.
The flowering of poetic talent.
The second half of the 50s - early 60s were the heyday of Nekrasov's poetic talent. Russia at that time lived in anticipation of change: some hoped for reforms, others dreamed of revolution. The question of the fate of the people, its future, was very acute. A number of Nekrasov’s works of this time are also permeated with painful thoughts about the Russian people. In the poem “Reflections at the Main Entrance” (1858), a particular episode of the indifferent attitude of the “owner of luxurious palaces” towards peasant walkers turns under the poet’s pen into a formidable accusation to the upper crust.
In 1859, the famous “Song of Eremushka” was written, which was taken up by progressive youth and became perhaps the most popular work of the great poet. Two collide in it songs-nanny and passerby, in the latter the call to fight is heard passionately and solemnly:
A life of free impressions
Give up your soul freely.
To human aspirations
Don't bother waking up in it.
You were born with them by nature -
Cherish them, save them!
Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom
They are called.
After the reform of 18611, there was a decline in social growth. In 1862, N. G. Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and a year earlier N. A. Dobrolyubov passed away. Sovremennik magazine was left without its main employees. Censorship was rampant, and in 1862 the magazine's publication was stopped for several months. In a difficult mood, Nekrasov visits his native places - the village of Greshnevo and the neighboring village of Abakumtsevo, where his mother was buried.
In 1862-1863, Nekrasov wrote the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” in which he depicted the tragic fate of a peasant family that lost its breadwinner. In the images of the “majestic Slavic woman” Daria and the deceased farmer-hero Proclus, who makes one remember the epic hero Mikula Selyaninovich, the poet sang the people’s ideal of spiritual beauty and high humanity. The work closely intertwines the poetics of fairy tales, epics, ritual songs, crying, lamentations, which, merging into a multi-voiced symphony, give Nekrasov’s poem a truly folk character.
In the context of the brutal reaction that followed the assassination attempt Alexandra ll, Nekrasov, already without Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, continues to head the Sovremennik magazine. In the name of his salvation, he decided on a moral compromise, writing a madrigal to M. N. Muravyov, who was implementing a policy of repression. Friends accused the poet of apostasy, and the poet himself suffered painfully from his cowardice. He writes a whole series of poems in which he fearlessly exposes his weaknesses and strictly evaluates his life path: “The Enemy rejoices, is silent in bewilderment...” (1866), “Why are you tearing me apart...” (1867), “I will die.” I soon. A pitiful inheritance..." (1867).
Nekrasov's publishing activity resumed in 1868, when he began renting the journal Otechestvennye zapiski from A. A. Kraevsky, which replaced the closed Sovremennik and became the best democratic journal of that time. Nekrasov managed to unite around the “Notes of the Fatherland” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Ostrovsky, G.I. Uspensky, A.N. Pleshcheev and other writers and poets.
In 1865, the first part of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was published. The poet worked on this work intermittently for the last fifteen years of his life. “I decided,” the poet noted, “to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This will be an epic of modern peasant life." But the author, who collected the material of the poem “by word” throughout his life, did not manage to carry out his plan to the end and talked about the meetings of peasant wanderers with an official, a merchant, a minister and a king. The poem remained unfinished, but even in its unfinished form it gives a wide panorama of people's life. In his poem, Nekrasov seeks to answer the question that persistently tormented him: “The people have been liberated, but are the people happy?” The answer to it required a multifaceted work, in which the poet chose the form of traveling around Rus'. By the will of Nekrasov, seven “temporarily obliged” peasants, freed by the royal favor from serfdom, but still dependent on the master, decided to find out “who lives happily and freely in Rus'.” The plot of the journey allows the poet to show a broad picture of folk life on weekdays and holidays, in the past and present, as well as in the future, as it was seen by the characters in the poem.
Interest in historical topics. The beginning of the 70s was the time of a New social upsurge associated with the populist movement, “going to the people.” During these years, Nekrasov showed great interest in historical topics. He creates the poem “Grandfather” (1870), addressed to a young reader, the poems “Princess Trubetskaya” (1871) and “Princess Volkonskaya” (1872), in which the author’s interest in the Decembrist uprising found its artistic embodiment. The heroes of these poems are the old Decembrist exile, who returned from hard labor, according to Nekrasov, “unrepentant,” and the wives of the Decembrists Trubetskaya and Volkonskaya, who followed their husbands to Siberia, showing rare fortitude and dedication. The poet sang in his works not only the feat of Russian women, but also glorified the heroism of the Decembrists themselves. In the spirit of populist propaganda, he showed in their images the ideal of a hero - a fighter, a revolutionary. Nekrasov's poems became the first appeal in Russian literature to the theme of the Decembrist movement in the half century that elapsed after the uprising on Senate Square.
The influence of the populist liberation struggle was also reflected in Nekrasov’s lyrics in the 70s. The poetry of this period is characterized by moods of anxiety and doubt caused by increased social reaction, loneliness, loss of friends, and serious illness. But Nekrasov does not betray high civic ideals, he rises to capacious poetic images. His “muse cut with a whip” is still faithful to the suffering of the people and sensitively expresses the suffering of the poet himself, powerless to change the lot of the people.
Collection of poems "Last Songs".
Nekrasov’s poetic activity ended with the collection “Last Songs”, the content of which consisted of lyric poems, the poem “Contemporaries” and excerpts from the poem “Mother”. This collection is connected with many themes and motifs of the poet’s previous work. And at the same time, this is the final book, to which the terminally ill Nekrasov attached great importance. A sad farewell to life is combined in Nekrasov’s last poems with life-affirming pathos, with the idea of sacrificial service to the “great goals of Bek.”
The idea of self-denial in the name of a common cause is embodied in the poem “The Prophet” (1874). The artistic idea of serving a true citizen to the people runs through all of Nekrasov’s work and becomes one of the main themes of his poetry. Nekrasov also creates a special genre of biographies and characteristics of his contemporaries. in which he shows the spiritual greatness of their feat.
Until his last days, despite his painful illness, Nekrasov continued to work. In the poem “Zine” (“Move pen, paper, books!...”) (1877), the poet emphasizes that his life was spent in tireless work: “Labor has always given life to me.”
On January 8, 1878, Nekrasov passed away. His funeral was an event of great public importance. There was severe frost in St. Petersburg, but thousands of people followed the poet’s coffin.
Literature. 10 grades : textbook for general education. institutions / T. F. Kurdyumova, S. A. Leonov, O. E. Maryina, etc.; edited by T. F. Kurdyumova. M.: Bustard, 2007.
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Biography of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
The talented Russian writer Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28, 1821 in the small town of Nemirovo, Podolsk province, into the large family of the impoverished nobleman Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. My father was a lieutenant in the Jaeger regiment in Nemirov. His mother is Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, who fell in love with him against the will of her wealthy parents. The marriage took place without their blessing. But contrary to the expectations of Nekrasov’s wife, the couple’s family life was unhappy. The poet's father was distinguished by his despotism towards his wife and thirteen children. He had many addictions, which led to the impoverishment of the family and the need to move to the village of Greshneva, his father’s family estate, in 1824, where the future prose writer and publicist spent his unhappy childhood.
At the age of ten, Nikolai Alekseevich entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium. During this period, he was just beginning to write his first works. However, due to low academic performance, conflicts with the leadership of the gymnasium, who did not like the poet’s satirical poems, and also because of the father’s desire to send his son to a military school, the boy studied for only five years.
By the will of his father, in 1838 Nekrasov came to St. Petersburg to join the local regiment. But under the influence of his gymnasium comrade Glushitsky, he goes against his father’s will and applies for admission to St. Petersburg University. However, due to his constant search for sources of income, Nekrasov does not successfully pass the entrance exams. As a result, he began to attend classes at the Faculty of Philology, where he studied from 1839 to 1841.
All this time, Nekrasov was in search of at least some kind of income, since his father stopped giving him money. The aspiring poet took on the task of writing poorly paid fairy tales in verse and articles for various publications.
In the early 40s, Nekrasov managed to write short notes for the theater magazine "Pantheon..." and became an employee of the magazine "Otechestvennye Zapiski".
In 1843, Nekrasov became close to Belinsky, who highly appreciated his work and contributed to the discovery of his talent.
In 1845-1846, Nekrasov published two almanacs, “Petersburg Collection” and “Physiology of Petersburg”.
In 1847, thanks to his gift for writing excellent works, Nekrasov managed to become the editor and publisher of the Sovremennik magazine. Being a talented organizer, he managed to attract such writers as Herzen, Turgenev, Belinsky, Goncharov and others to the magazine.
At this time, Nekrasov’s work is imbued with compassion for the common people, most of his works are dedicated to the hard working life of people: “Peasant Children”, “Railway”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Peddlers”, “Reflections of "front entrance" and others. Analyzing the writer’s work, we can come to the conclusion that Nekrasov touched upon acute social problems in his poems. Also, the poet devoted a significant place in his works to the role of a woman, her difficult lot.
After the closure of Sovremennik in 1866, Nekrasov managed to rent Domestic Notes from Kraevsky, occupying a level no less high than Sovremennik.
The poet died on January 8, 1878 in St. Petersburg, having not overcome a long-term serious illness. Evidence of the great loss of such a talented person was the manifesto of several thousand people who came to say goodbye to Nekrasov.
In addition to Nekrasov’s biography, also check out other materials:
- “It’s stuffy! Without happiness and will...", analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “Farewell”, analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
- “The heart breaks from torment,” analysis of Nekrasov’s poem
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