Pink is a qualitative or relative adjective. Adjectives qualitative, relative, possessive

In a sentence, an adjective is most often a modifier, but can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Classes of adjectives[ | ]

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three category adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjectives[ | ]

They denote a characteristic that can be present to a greater or lesser extent.

As a rule, they have the following symptoms:

• combined with the adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too” ( very big, too handsome, extremely smart).
• from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big-big).
  • cognate adjective with prefix Not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart, delicious) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have full form (glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives[ | ]

Indicate that an object belongs to a living creature or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question “whose?”, “Whose?” Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) fur, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information [ | ]

The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life (quality).

Declension of adjectives[ | ]

Adjectives are declined according to cases and inflected according to numbers, in singular also vary by gender. The exception is short adjectives and adjectives in comparative degree: They don't bow. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

Gender, case and number inflected adjective depend on the corresponding characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually found after the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red wow
• soft: syn th, syn his, syn to him
• mixed: great Ouch, more Wow, more them.

Formation of adjectives[ | ]

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp. Adjectives can also be formed by prefix: small, and prefix-suffix ways: underwater. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flaxseed cleaning. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.

Adjectives are divided by meaning into qualitative, relative and possessive.
Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that may be present in a given object to a greater or lesser extent (this includes color, size, temperature, taste, strength, certain human qualities, etc.), so they can have degrees of comparison: fox cunning, but the hunter is more cunning. Volga - longest river Europe.
Qualitative adjectives have a short form (snow is white, the fox is cunning) and special suffixes of diminutive meaning: -enk-, -oeat- (white, whitish fog).
Relative adjectives denote characteristics that indicate material, place, time, etc. (leather palypo - a coat made of leather, Russian wheat - wheat from Russia spring flowers - flowers that bloom in the spring).
Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison and short form. They have special suffixes: -n-, -sk-, -Ov- (leather, urban, pine).
Qualitative and relative adjectives have the same endings, the same declension system: great Soviet people, great Soviet power, great soviet people, the great Soviet people, the great Soviet state, the great Soviet people.
Relative adjectives can be used to mean qualitative. For example, in combination Golden ring The adjective gold is relative as it refers to the material from which the ring is made.
In the combination golden character, the adjective golden is qualitative.
Having received a qualitative meaning, some adjectives acquire the ability to be used (in poetic and colloquial speech) in a short form (... the fruit is ripe gold - from the golden, increasingly stone stage).
Qualitative adjectives less often acquire a relative meaning (mainly in terms) - voiced consonant sounds.
Possessive adjectives denote a characteristic that indicates that an object belongs to an individual; they are formed from nouns using the suffixes -in- (-yn-), -ov (-ev): father's book, sister's book, father's house.
Possessive adjectives have a special declension.

In Russian, adjectives are divided into three categories. The classification is based on lexical and grammatical features discussed parts of speech. Common to all adjectives is the designation of a constant (not changing over time) attribute of an object; differences begin with the nature of their lexical bases, expressing direct (manifesting on their own), indirect (determined through comparison with other phenomena) and “belonging” properties and qualities of objects.

1. Qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives answer the question “which?” and denote direct names of features associated with lexical meanings:
   • colors (red, pink, crimson);
     
   • spatial characteristics (right - left, straight - curved);
     
   • physical properties of objects (sour - sweet, hot - cold, light - heavy);
     
   • appearance and internal qualities people and animals (thin - fat, smart - stupid, lazy - hardworking).
     
   The characteristics expressed by qualitative adjectives can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, and the adjectives themselves can have degrees of comparison (easy - easier - the easiest), combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very easy) and turned into them (easy). Qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (good - evil, high - low). Abstract nouns are often formed from them (sweet - sweetness, curve - curvature). Qualitative adjectives can have a full and short form (light - easy). With the help of diminutive suffixes, speakers easily give them a subjective evaluative form (light).
   All of the above characteristics do not necessarily appear in the same word, but they are not typical for other categories of adjectives, and the presence of at least one of them already indicates a qualitative characteristic of the part of speech.
   
2. Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives answer the question “which?” and denote indirect names of characteristics defined through relation to another:
   • an object or person (orange juice - orange juice, children's clothing - clothes for children);
     
   • action (washing powder – washing powder);
     
   • time or place (spring rain - rain that falls in the spring; urban transport - transport operating in the city);
     
   • concept (philosophical treatise).
     
   Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison. Most often, they can be replaced by prepositional-nominal combinations with the words from which they are formed (see above). Relative adjectives are characterized by a derivative nature, while qualitative adjectives themselves serve as the basis for other words.
   Relative adjectives can become qualitative. This usually happens in cases where a word gets into other content and changes its lexical meaning (iron lattice - a lattice made of iron and an iron will - strong, strong, unbending).
   
3. Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives answer the question “whose?” and indicate that one object belongs to another. As a rule, possessive adjectives indicate an animate person - a person (mother's robe, uncle's car) or an animal (a bear's den). Belonging to inanimate objects in Russian is usually expressed using relative adjectives or other parts of speech, but sometimes here (mainly in fiction, in the author's, metaphorical context) you can find possessive adjectives - for example, Mayakovsky's rib arches.
   Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using two groups of suffixes:
   • -ov (-ev), -in (-yn);
     
   • -y, -ya, -ye, -other, -sky.
     
   Possessive adjectives can go into the category of both relative (beaver house - possessive meaning, beaver collar - relative) and qualitative: (bear's den - possessive meaning, disservice– qualitative) parts of speech.
   

Summarize. The category of an adjective can be determined based on its lexical meaning. At the beginning, it is worth asking a question and seeing what exactly this or that word means: is it valuable in itself (qualitative adjective) and does it refer to some inanimate object ( relative adjective) or to an animate person (possessive adjective).

According to the difference in the questions “which?” - "whose?" Possessive adjectives are easily separated from qualitative and relative adjectives. The easiest way to identify quality adjectives is to try to change them, give them a subjective assessment, put them in a short form, or develop their quality to one degree or another. Relative adjectives “seem” to form combinations of two nouns whenever possible.

Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.

Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .

Qualitative adjectives

It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for a given adjective - this is a qualitative adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.

2) Form short forms . Long is long, short is small.

3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.

For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.

Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very lovely, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress– velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting – meeting for parents, children's store– children's store) and etc.

Signs of this and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between quality and relative names adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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