^ Concept of flow
A flow is one or many objects, perceived as a single whole, existing as a process over a certain time interval and measured in absolute units. A flow at certain points in time can be a stock of material resources, work in progress or finished goods. There are a number of basic parameters that characterize the flow: its starting and ending points, the geometry of the path (trajectory), the length of the path (trajectory measure), speed and time of movement, intermediate points, intensity.
Flow parameters characterize the number of objects that are available at a particular point in time and are measured in absolute units. There is a close relationship between the static values of stocks and the dynamic characteristics of flows.
The categories of flow and stock are widely used in macroeconomic models, although without such a deep and detailed study, which is necessary in logistics. Flows and stocks in logistics are a special case of generalized economic categories, however, like logistics patterns, they are a special manifestation of general economic laws. In some economic studies, the distinction between flow and stock is far from clear.
The main parameters characterizing the flow: its starting and ending points, the geometry of the path (trajectory), the length of the path (trajectory measure), speed and time of movement, intermediate points, intensity.
Logistics operation and logistics function
A logistics operation is any action that is not subject to further decomposition, aimed at transforming material and accompanying flows (loading, unloading, labeling, collecting information, transmitting information, etc.).
Logistics operations with material flows in the sphere of circulation are operations of loading, unloading, transportation, packaging, warehousing, distribution, and packaging.
Logistics operations with material flows in the production sector come down to placing orders, managing warehousing, selecting equipment, producers and suppliers, planning and dispatching the production process, accounting and inventory management.
Logistics operations with information flows come down to the creation of information systems and the implementation within these systems of actions for the collection, storage, processing and transmission of information accompanying material flows, initiating these flows and managing them.
Logistics operations with financial flows come down to conducting cost analysis at all stages of economic activity, drawing up budgets for the entire program and the duration of individual missions and operations with material and information flows, as well as controlling expenses and inventories expressed in monetary form.
The logistics function is one of the basic concepts of logistics, which can be defined as a set of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals set for the logistics system or its elements (links). Most scientists and logistics specialists consider supply, production and sales (distribution) to be the main (basic) logistics functions. The general list of logistics functions is quite wide: order management, inventory management, transportation, storage, cargo handling, packaging, after-sales service, etc.
^ MAIN TYPES OF STREAM
Material flow is a product (various products, parts, inventory items) considered in the process of applying various logistics (loading, unloading, sorting, etc.) and/or technological operations (cutting, forging, melting, assembly) to it etc.) and assigned to a specific time interval.
Financial flow is the directed movement of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, as well as between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary to ensure the effective movement of a certain flow of goods. From this definition it follows: logistics financial flow is not just the movement of financial resources, but their directed movement; the direction of the movement of financial resources in logistics is determined by the need to ensure the movement of the corresponding commodity flow.
Information flow is an ordered set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary to manage the flow process. Exists in various forms (speech, paper or magnetic media, etc.).
Service flow is a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport, wholesale and retail, consulting, information, etc.). Services can be provided by people and equipment, in the presence of clients or in their absence, and aimed at meeting both personal and organizational needs.
^ Logistics system
A logistics system is a set of elements (links) that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity designed to manage flows.
A link of a logistics system is a functionally isolated object that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of building a logistics system, fulfilling its local purpose associated with certain logistics functions and operations.
Links of the logistics system can be of three main types: generating, transforming and absorbing material and accompanying information and financial flows. Often there are mixed links in the logistics system, in which the three main types of links are combined in various combinations. In the links of the logistics system, material (information, financial) flows can converge, branch, split, change their content, parameters, intensity, etc. The links of the logistics system can be enterprises that supply material resources, manufacturing enterprises and their divisions, sales , trading, intermediary organizations of various levels, transport and forwarding enterprises, exchanges, banks and other financial institutions, information and computer services and communications enterprises, etc.
^ Logistics chain
The logistics chain is an ordered set of individuals and/or legal entities carrying out logistics operations to provide consumers with specific products. This is also a sequence of technological and logistics operations in any production, under unified control.
In the logistics chain, i.e. the chain through which commodity and information flows pass from supplier to consumer, the following main links are distinguished: purchase and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products; storage of products and raw materials; Production of goods; distribution, including dispatch of goods from the finished goods warehouse; consumption of finished products. Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and their equipment, warehousing, communications and management equipment.
The logistics system, naturally, also covers personnel, i.e. those workers who perform all sequential operations and manage the system as a whole.
The formation of a supply chain can be carried out purposefully through legal mergers and acquisitions of companies. The formation of such a chain can also occur through voluntary cooperation of various services, departments and firms, which is legally and organizationally formalized accordingly.
Logistics rules
There are seven rules of logistics:
1. The product must be necessary for the consumer.
2. The product must be of appropriate quality.
3. The product must be in the required quantity.
4. The product must be delivered at the right time.
5. The product must be delivered to the right place.
6. The product must be delivered at minimal cost.
7. The product must be delivered to a specific consumer.
6 Basic methodological principles of logistics
The modern theory of logistics is conceptually based on: the methodology of system analysis; cybernetic approach; operations research; economic and mathematical modeling.
At different economic levels, various methods are used to solve specific problems, including program-target planning, functional cost analysis, macro- and microeconomics, forecasting, modeling, etc.
The scientific basis of logistics consists of:
Mathematics (probability theory, mathematical statistics, theory of random processes, mathematical theory of optimization, functional analysis, matrix theory, factor analysis, etc.);
Operations research (optimal programming, game theory, statistical decision theory, queuing theory, inventory management theory, network and graph theory, etc.);
Technical cybernetics (theories of large systems, forecasting, general control theory, theories of automatic control, identification, information, etc.);
Economic cybernetics and economics (the theory of optimal planning, methods of economic forecasting, marketing, system analysis of the economy, strategic and operational planning, optimal pricing, simulation modeling, total quality management, personnel management, distribution, sales organization, entrepreneurship, finance, accounting, management projects, investment management, social psychology, economics and organization of transport, warehousing, trade, etc.).
The complexity and diversity of the complex of economic and mathematical scientific disciplines located at the intersection of economics, mathematics and cybernetics determined the following main principles of logistics:
1.System approach.
It manifests itself in the consideration of all elements of the logistics system, often of different quality and heterogeneity, as interconnected and interacting to achieve a single management goal. A distinctive feature of this approach is the optimization of the functioning not of individual elements, but of the entire logistics system as a whole.
2. The principle of integrativeness
.
Characterizes the peculiarity of the logistics system to achieve target results based on the quantitative and qualitative relationships of its constituent elements.
3. Principle of integrity
It means bringing control actions to all structural elements of the logistics system on the basis of information support for achieving the goals of the system. It also means an initial assessment of the logistics system as a single whole, consisting of interacting, often of different quality and heterogeneous, but compatible in orientation towards the final results of the logistics system.
4. The principle of logistics coordination.
It means the need to achieve coordinated, integral participation of all parts of the logistics system in managing material, information and financial flows in the process of achieving the target function.
5. The principle of global optimization.
It lies in the need to coordinate the local goals of the functioning of the elements (links) of the system in order to achieve the optimum of the entire logistics system when optimizing its structure or its management.
6. The principle of efficiency.
It assumes the ability of a logistics system, at a given level of development of market relations, production technologies and characteristics of the subjects of this system, to achieve a fundamentally possible minimum of logistics costs.
7. The principle of total costs.
It means taking into account the entire set of costs of managing material and related information and financial flows in the supply chain. At the same time, the criterion of minimum total logistics costs is one of the main ones when optimizing logistics systems.
8. The principle of specificity.
It means a clear definition of the final result as the goal of moving the flow in accordance with technical, economic and other requirements that ensure movement at the lowest cost of all types of resources.
9. The principle of sustainable adaptation.
The logistics system must operate stably under acceptable deviations of parameters and environmental factors (for example, fluctuations in market demand for final products, changes in the terms of delivery or purchase of material resources, transport tariffs, etc.). At the same time, the logistics system must adapt to new conditions by changing the operating program, parameters and optimization criteria.
10. The principle of flexibility
.
Allows you to implement the principle of sustainable adaptation by integrating mechanisms into the logistics system that make it possible to predict trends in changes in the state of the external economic environment and develop actions adequate to them.
11. The principle of complexity
.
It involves monitoring the implementation of tasks facing various logistics structures of direct and indirect participants in the movement of resources and products that make up a single logistics chain in order to coordinate their actions.
12. The principle of infrastructure formation.
It means the requirement to ensure the logistics process with technical, economic, organizational, legal, personnel, environmental subsystems.
13. Principle of reliability
.
It means ensuring the reliability and safety of flow movement, redundancy of communications and technical means to change the flow trajectory if necessary; widespread use of modern technical means of movement and traffic control; increasing the speed and quality of information received and improving the technology for processing it.
14. The principle of constructiveness.
Provides for flow dispatching, as well as prompt adjustment of its movement and careful identification of the details of all operations of production and sales activities in order to continuously monitor the movement and changes of each flow object.
15. The principle of total quality management.
Requires ensuring reliable operation and high quality of operation of each element of the logistics system to ensure the overall quality of goods and services supplied to end consumers.
16. The principle of prevention.
Ensures that logistics management is focused mainly on preventing deviations and imbalances, and not just on finding a possible elimination of their negative consequences.
^ 7 Modeling of logistics systems
Research and forecasting of the behavior of logistics systems in practice is carried out through economic and mathematical modeling, i.e. description of logistics processes in the form of models.
In this case, a model is understood as a representation of a logistics system (abstract or material), which can be used instead to study its properties and possible behavior options.
When constructing such models, the following requirements must be met:
The behavior, structure and functions of the model must be adequate to the logistics system being modeled;
Deviations of the model parameters during its operation from the corresponding parameters of the simulated logistics system should not go beyond the acceptable modeling accuracy;
The results of the study of the model and its behavior should reveal new properties of the modeled logistics system that are not reflected in the source material used to compile this model;
The model should be more convenient than its real counterpart - the logistics system.
Compliance with these requirements allows you to implement qualitatively new modeling capabilities, namely:
Conducting research at the design stage of a logistics system to determine the feasibility of its creation and application;
Conducting research without interfering with the functioning of the logistics system;
Determination of maximum permissible values of volumes of material flows and other parameters of the logistics system without the risk of destruction of the simulated system.
All models of logistics systems are divided into two classes: isomorphic and homomorphic.
Isomorphic models are a complete equivalent to all morphological and behavioral features of the modeled system and are capable of completely replacing it. However, it is almost impossible to construct and study an isomorphic model due to the incompleteness and imperfection of knowledge about the real system and the insufficient adequacy of the methods and means of such modeling.
Therefore, almost all models used in logistics are homomorphic, which are models similar to the displayed object only in relationships that are characteristic and important for the modeling process. Other aspects of structure and function are ignored in homomorphic modeling.
Homomorphic models are divided into material and abstract-conceptual.
Material models find limited use in logistics management, which is associated with the difficulty and high cost of reproducing the main geometric, physical and functional characteristics of the original on such models and the extremely limited possibilities of varying them in the process of working with the model.
Therefore, for logistics, abstract conceptual models are mainly used, which are divided into symbolic and mathematical.
Symbolic models are built on the basis of various, specifically organized signs, symbols, codes, words or arrays of numbers depicting the original being studied. To construct such models, symbols or codes are used that represent the structures and processes being modeled in an unambiguous manner that does not allow for different interpretations. For example, for the linguistic description of models, specially constructed dictionaries (thesauruses) are used, in which, unlike ordinary explanatory dictionaries, each word has only one specific meaning.
Information obtained through the use of symbolic models is inconvenient to process (although this is possible) for further use in logistics management systems. Therefore, mathematical models are most widely used in the process of creating and operating logistics management systems. Mathematical modeling can be analytical or simulation.
A feature of analytical models is that the patterns of structure and behavior of the modeled object are described in an acceptable form by precise analytical relationships. These relationships can be obtained both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical approach is applicable only for simple components and systems that allow for strong simplification and a high degree of abstraction. In addition, it is difficult to verify the adequacy of the resulting analytical description, since the behavior of the modeled object is not determined in advance, but should be clarified as a result of modeling. To determine this behavior, this analytical description is compiled. An analytical description can also be determined by conducting experiments on the object under study. Simulation modeling has a more universal approach.
A simulation model is a computer reproduction of the unfolding of the functioning of a simulated system over time, i.e., a reproduction of its transition from one state to another, carried out in accordance with uniquely defined operational rules.
The flow of the controlled process is simulated on a computer, followed by analysis of the simulation results to select the final solution.
Simulation models belong to the class of descriptive models. At the same time, machine imitation is not limited to the development of only one version of the model and its one-time operation on a computer. As a rule, the model is modified and adjusted: the initial data is varied, and various rules for the operation of objects are analyzed. The model is tested in such a way as to test and compare various structural options for logistics systems. The simulation ends with verification of the obtained results and the issuance of recommendations for practical implementation.
Simulation models are widely used to predict the behavior of logistics systems, in the design and location of enterprises, for training and training personnel, etc.
Description in the form of mathematical models of economic (logistics) processes is carried out using economic and mathematical methods. Algorithmic methods make it possible to implement models in which connections are established between the input and output parameters of the component being described, their rates of change and the rates of change of these rates (i.e., accelerations).
These methods are divided into economic-statistical and econometric.
The first use descriptions of characteristic elements based on mathematical and economic statistics. The latter are based on a mathematical description of ongoing economic processes. For example, the total wage fund is uniquely mathematically related to the number of employees and their distribution by category.
Heuristic methods are not rules for transforming certain initial positions, but a set of standard solutions that provide, albeit not optimal, but a completely workable procedure for obtaining descriptions suitable for further construction of models.
Heuristic methods are divided into methods of operations research and methods of economic cybernetics. The latter, in turn, are divided into methods of the theory of economic systems and models, methods of the theory of economic information and methods of the theory of control systems.
An economic-mathematical model is a mathematical model of the economic object (system, process) being studied, i.e. a mathematically formalized description of the economic object being studied (process system), reflecting the nature, certain essential properties of the real economic object and the processes occurring in it.
The main thing for studying an economic-mathematical model is its objective function. The extreme value of this function for a specific model corresponds to the best management decision for the modeled object. Descriptions of such a model are also restrictions on the values of its parameters, which are specified in the form of a system of equalities and inequalities. In this way, certain properties of the modeled component are formalized.
^ 8 Expert methods in logistics
The described principles and methods of modeling logistics systems are aimed at eliminating the intuitive approach to developing management decisions and making them more objective.
However, long-term practice of creating and successfully operating logistics systems shows that it is as a result of the creative intuitive activity of individuals and teams that the task of building a complete and adequate model of the logistics system is solved most effectively.
As a result, methods based on the experience, qualifications and creative potential of specialists in management and various production processes have found widespread use in logistics. All these methods are collectively called expert methods.
To implement such methods, examinations are carried out by appropriately selected specialists. The specialists who are entrusted with conducting the examination must have the necessary professional qualifications and form their assessments independently of each other and from external influences.
Examinations can be individual or group, and also conducted in person or in absentia.
The key question is the number of experts involved and the level of qualifications of the specialists included in this group. It is obvious that a large number of insufficiently competent people cannot be compensated for their lack of the required qualifications. On the other hand, a decrease in the size of a group of experts (in the limit, an expert judgment can be made by one person) leads to an increase in the role of random factors, subjectivity and bias. Therefore, it is advisable to select experts and form groups of them not by an individual volitional decision, but as a result of the work of special groups to manage the examination.
The activity of forming groups of experts can also be classified as expert methods. The following methods are used to select experts:
Documentary - based on the analysis of questionnaires and other types of documents containing more or less objective information about the people to whom they relate;
Experimental - based on an analysis of the experience of experts during previous examinations;
Self-assessment, which is carried out in relation to the assigned examination task by candidates for the created group.
Panels so constituted must be tested to ensure their ability to make competent and independent judgments. After the formation, verification and approval of groups of experts, they are involved in the work of assessing situations developing in a real logistics system. In this case, it is necessary to select and propose to experts a method for assessing factors characteristic of the situation being analyzed. The following methods are known and used: direct assessment, including: scoring; pairwise comparison; sequential comparison; ranking.
One-stage survey;
Multi-stage survey;
Feedback surveys;
Interview;
Discussion.
Then a method is established for processing the results of experts expressing their opinions on the merits of the situation being assessed. For such a situation, methods for processing random variables adopted in mathematical statistics are used. In case of discrepancy between the values of estimates obtained as a result of statistical processing, a decision is usually made by “voting”. However, remember: the majority is not always right. Therefore, the conclusions obtained on the basis of such a “vote” must necessarily be consistent with common sense.
For expert methods in logistics, there is a wider field of application than assessing the current situation in certain components of the logistics system. We are talking about expert methods for the formation of heuristic strategies for making management decisions, i.e., a system of heuristic rules for developing such decisions.
According to these rules, it is necessary to present the initial and forecast situations in the form of a set of certain indicators that are accessible to awareness and analysis (factorial representation of the situation). These factors are considered to be the probability of winning, the amount of winning, the probability of losing, the amount of loss, and the amount of risk. These issues must be resolved by expert groups.
You can operate with situation factors in different ways. Depending on this, internal and external heuristic strategies are distinguished.
The internal heuristic strategy is to consider each situation as a whole
By analyzing the intensity values of factors that they acquire in a given specific situation. The strategy can be implemented in two versions.
The first option is to compare the potential values of the factors that determine the situation - the magnitude of gain and loss, the magnitude of the probabilities of gain and loss, and possible risk.
The second version of the internal heuristic strategy is that the internal values of the named factors are compared with previously assigned limit or standard values. For example, the management strategy should be such that the amount of risk does not exceed a given limit, and the potential gain does not fall below a predetermined value.
The results of such comparisons, the established limit values, as well as the conclusions from these comparisons and decisions about actions taken on the basis of these conclusions, are developed on the basis of expert judgment by the person or groups of decision makers.
The external heuristic strategy consists of comparing the same indicators in two potential situations. This makes it possible to compare the consequences of two possible courses of action and choose the more desirable one. However, this strategy leads not only to simplifying the process of comparison and selection itself, but also to its formalization. This is due to the fact that comparisons are made of indicators of the same type, all other things being equal. For example, the volumes and timing of payments are compared with the volumes and timing of payments under another management option, the amount of risk - with the amount of risk, etc. Minor details, as well as indicators that remain unchanged for different management strategy options, are excluded in advance from the comparison processes. To achieve greater objectivity, it is advisable to carry out such comparison and selection using expert methods.
^ 9 Material flows
Material flow is a product (in the form of cargo, parts, inventory items) considered in the process of applying various logistics (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and/or technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations to it and attributed to a certain time interval.
A material flow, considered not over a time interval, but at a given point in time, is a material stock.
Material flows in logistics are characterized by the following parameters:
Nomenclature, assortment and quantity of products;
Dimensional characteristics (total weight, area, linear parameters);
Weight characteristics (total weight, gross and net weight);
Physico-chemical characteristics of the cargo;
Characteristics of the container or packaging, vehicle (carrying capacity, cargo capacity);
Terms of the purchase and sale agreement (transfer of ownership, supplies);
Conditions of transportation and insurance;
Financial (cost) characteristics;
Conditions for performing other physical distribution operations related to the movement of products;
Quantitatively, material flow is expressed by such indicators as intensity, density, speed, etc.
The following classification features of material flows are distinguished:
1. In relation to the logistics system, a distinction is made between internal (within the boundaries of the logistics system) flows and external ones, entering the logistics system from the external environment (input) and leaving the logistics system into the external environment (output).
2. In relation to a link in the logistics system, material flows are divided into input and output.
3. According to nomenclature, material flows are divided into single-product (single-type) and multi-product (multi-type). In this case, nomenclature is understood as a systematic list of groups, subgroups and positions (types) of products in physical terms (pieces, tons, m3, etc.). Mainly used for statistical reporting, accounting and planning.
4. Based on the assortment, material flows are divided into single-assortment and multi-assortment. In this case, the assortment refers to the composition and ratio of products of a certain type or name, differing from each other in grade, type, size, brand, external decoration and other characteristics.
The assortment can be group, specific and intraspecific. A comprehensive range of products from the ferrous metallurgy industry is also called assortment, and from the forestry and woodworking industries - assortment.
5. During transportation, cargo is classified according to the type of transport, method and conditions of transportation, dimensional, weight and physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, packaging methods, etc.
A mass flow is a flow that requires transportation by a group of vehicles, for example, an entire train of many cars, a column of trailers, etc.
A large flow is one that requires several cars or trailers, etc.
Average flow is the flow formed by single cars, trailers, etc.
A small flow is a flow of cargo that is smaller than the carrying capacity of a single vehicle and can be combined during transportation with other small flows.
Heavy-weight flows are flows formed by high-density cargo and, therefore, occupying less volume with the same weight. This includes flows formed by cargo with a weight of one piece during water transportation of more than 1 ton, and for rail transportation - 0.5 ton.
Lightweight flows are flows formed by cargo with low density, and therefore, for a given volume determined by the dimensions permissible for a given vehicle, have low weight. In such flows, 1 ton of cargo occupies more than 2 m3.
Oversized flows are flows of cargo, the height of one piece of which is more than 3.8 m, width - more than 2.5 m, length - more than the length of the cargo area.
Bulk cargo forms flows that require special vehicles: bunker cars, containers, trailers, etc.; they are usually transported in bulk, for example, grain.
Bulk cargoes form flows that do not require special packaging, and for which caking, freezing, etc. are allowed, for example, ore, coal, etc.
Liquid cargoes are liquid or semi-liquid cargoes poured into tanks and other liquid vehicles.
Packaged and piece cargo have a variety of physical and chemical properties. They can be transported both in certain containers (boxes, bags, etc.) and without containers, individually (long cargo, rental, etc.). The differences between these cargoes are in units of measurement. The unit of measurement for piece goods is pieces, for packaged goods - the number of containers - bags, boxes, rolls, etc.).
6. Based on the degree of determinism of flow parameters, deterministic and stochastic material flows are distinguished. A flow with completely known (deterministic) parameters is called deterministic. If at least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable (process), then the material flow is called stochastic.
7. Based on the nature of movement in time, continuous and discrete material flows are distinguished. The first include, for example, flows of raw materials and materials in continuous production (technological) processes of a closed cycle, flows of petroleum products, gas moved by pipeline transport, etc. Most flows are discrete in time.
^ 10 Financial flows
In the process of moving from one economic entity to another, a set of certain commodity values can be considered as a corresponding commodity flow, the movement of which is due to the implementation of a number of logistics operations.
In a market economy, increasing the efficiency of commodity flows is achieved mainly through improving their financial services. This, in turn, necessitates the identification and study of logistics financial flows corresponding to the movement of commodity values: all types of material goods, services, capital and intangible assets.
Financial flow is the directed movement of financial resources associated with material, information and other flows both within the logistics system and outside it.
Financial flows arise when reimbursing logistics costs and expenses, raising funds from financing sources, and reimbursing (in monetary terms) for products sold and services provided to participants in the logistics chain.
The mechanism of financial servicing of commodity flows is currently the least studied area of logistics.
Financial flows in one form or another have always existed in any way of organizing business activities. However, as practice has shown, the greatest efficiency of their movement is achieved by applying the logistics principles of managing material and financial resources, which led to the emergence of a new economic category - logistics financial flow. Consequently, logistics financial flows are created and used to ensure the efficient movement of goods flows. In this case, the specificity lies primarily in the need to service the process of moving in space and time the corresponding flow of inventory or intangible assets.
Logistics financial flows are heterogeneous in their composition, direction of movement, purpose and other characteristics, which necessitates their classification. In each specific case, it is necessary to establish its own, special composition of classification characteristics of logistics financial flows. To classify financial flows in logistics, mainly such characteristics as relation to the logistics system, purpose, method of transferring the advance cost, form of payment, type of economic relations are used.
In relation to a specific logistics system, external and internal financial flows are distinguished.
External financial flow flows in the external environment, i.e. outside the boundaries of the logistics system under consideration, internal financial flow exists within the logistics system and is modified by performing a number of logistics operations with the corresponding commodity flow. In turn, external logistics financial flows in the direction of movement are divided into:
Incoming financial flow (enters the logistics system under consideration from the external environment);
Outgoing financial flow (starts its movement from the logistics system under consideration and continues to exist in the external environment).
According to their purpose, logistics financial flows can be divided into the following groups:
Financial flows caused by the process of purchasing goods;
Investment financial flows;
Financial flows for the reproduction of labor;
Financial flows associated with the formation of material costs in the process of production activities of enterprises;
Financial flows arising in the process of selling goods.
According to the method of transferring the advanced cost to goods, logistics financial flows are divided into flows of financial resources:
Accompanying the movement of fixed assets of the enterprise (this includes investment financial flows and partially financial flows associated with the formation of material costs);
Conditioned by the movement of working capital of an enterprise (financial flows arising in the process of purchasing, distribution and sale of goods, as well as during the reproduction of labor).
Depending on the forms of calculation used, all financial flows in logistics can be differentiated into two large groups:
Cash - characterizing the movement of cash financial resources;
Information and financial - due to the movement of non-cash financial resources.
In turn, cash financial flows are divided into flows of cash financial resources for ruble settlements and for settlements in foreign currency, and information and financial flows include flows of non-cash financial resources for settlements with payment orders, payment requests, collection orders, documentary letters of credit and settlement checks.
According to the types of economic relations, horizontal and vertical financial flows are distinguished. The former reflect the movement of financial resources between equal business entities, the latter - between subsidiaries and parent commercial organizations.
The main goal of financial services for commodity flows in logistics is to ensure their movement with financial resources in the required volumes, at the right time, using the most effective sources of financing. In the simplest case, each commodity flow has its own single financial flow.
The parameters of financial flows serve as indicators of the well-being and sustainability of enterprises, indicate the effectiveness of logistics activities, and are necessary when planning and organizing relationships with counterparties. For example, when drawing up a budget for the current year, they predict the size of upcoming revenues and required investments, calculate profitability and profitability indicators that are necessary when preparing financial statements, justifying the attraction of investments and loans, concluding contracts and agreements.
The parameters of financial flows are determined on the basis of information about the conditions, terms and nature of the relationship between participants in the logistics process, data on the parameters of resources and the movement of material flows. The main parameters of flows are volume, cost, time and direction.
The volume of the flow is indicated in its documentary, electronic or other accompaniment in monetary units.
The cost of a flow is determined by the costs of its organization, and time characterizes its availability.
The time and direction of financial flow are determined in relation to the organizing enterprise. There are incoming and outgoing flows. For example, prepayment is an incoming flow, payment for supplies is an outgoing flow.
The time and volume of receipts and investments, the cost of credit funds are calculated in all directions of the movement of funds from the enterprise in the direction of other participants in the logistics process: to consumers and suppliers, between warehouses, port and customs terminals, at logistics hubs connecting transport flows. At the same time, the directions of the resulting flows and other characteristics necessary for flow control are determined.
Additional characteristics can be determined based on the specifics and needs of a particular enterprise and its place in the logistics system.
Financial parameters largely determine the economic viability of enterprises, their stability in the market, and the strength of relationships with suppliers and consumers.
Basic requirements for the parameters of financial flows in the logistics system:
Sufficiency - the availability of the required amount of financial resources to meet needs or cover the existing deficit;
Optimization of financial costs based on coordination of the volume and movement of all types of resources;
Consistency of financial flows with the movement of all other types of flows in the logistics system and in other economic systems;
Adaptability of parameters and structure of financial flows to the characteristics of the logistics system and types of counterparties;
Matching the time of arrival of financial resources with the moment of need for them, reducing time gaps;
Reliability of sources of attracting resources;
Adaptation of financial flows to changes in the external and internal environment;
Compliance of financial flows with information flows.
^ 11 Information flows
Information flow is a flow of messages in speech, document (paper and electronic) and other forms, accompanying the material or service flow in the logistics system under consideration and intended mainly for the implementation of control actions.
Information flows arising from external influences on the corresponding environment transfer information (messages) from its sources to its consumers. These flows can be of independent importance for operational management and the development of strategic decisions, or they can correspond to and manage material flows. The difference in the speeds of material and information flows can, if there is a correspondence, lead to a time shift between them.
To process information flows, modern logistics systems include an information logistics center. The task of such a center is the accumulation of received data and their pragmatic filtering, i.e., turning it into information necessary to solve logistics problems. In this case, the connection between the center and sources of information can be one-way, two-way or multi-way. Modern logistics systems use the latter method of communication.
Thus, logistics operates with numerous indicators and characteristics of information flows: the range of transmitted messages, types of data, documents, data arrays; intensity and speed of data transfer; special characteristics (capacity of information channels, protection against unauthorized access, noise immunity, etc.).
There is no isomorphy between the information and material flow (i.e., one-to-one correspondence, synchronicity in the time of occurrence). As a rule, the information flow is either ahead of the material flow or lags behind it. In particular, the very origin of a material flow is usually a consequence of information flows during, for example, negotiations on transactions for the purchase and sale of goods, drawing up contracts, etc. The presence of several information flows accompanying a material flow is typical.
Information flows in logistics are formed in the form of flows of electronic data arrays, paper documents designed in a certain way, as well as in the form of flows consisting of both of these types of information quanta.
Such information includes:
Telephone messages and faxes;
Invoices received along with the goods;
Information on the receipt and placement of goods in warehouses;
Data on transport tariffs and possible routes and types of transport;
Changes in dynamic inventory models;
Libraries of control programs for technological equipment with numerical control and catalogs of these libraries;
Various regulatory and reference production information;
Changes in dynamic market patterns and segmentation;
Current information on production capacity;
Current information about suppliers and producers;
Changes in dynamic order portfolio models;
Current information about work in progress;
Data on release plans;
Current warehouse data;
Data on volumes and types of finished products;
Data on actual sales of products to consumers;
Data on financial flows.
Thus, information created, stored, circulated and used in the logistics system can be considered useful if it can be incorporated into ongoing production and distribution processes.
For the successful and effective implementation of logistics management based on the analysis of information flows, certain factors and prerequisites are necessary, namely:
Availability of relevant information characteristics of the process;
Adequate level of systematization and formalization of the logistics management process;
Organizational forms and system of logistics management methods;
The ability to reduce the duration of transition processes and promptly receive feedback on the results of logistics activities.
The information flow is determined by the following parameters:
1. Source of origin.
3. Transmission speed, i.e. the amount of information transmitted per unit of time.
4. The total volume, i.e. the total amount of information forming a given flow.
Transmission speed in information theory or in various fields of communication technology is usually measured in baud (one baud corresponds to the transmission of one bit per second). In practice, the speed of information flow can be determined by the number of documents or document lines in all documents transmitted or processed per unit of time. Accordingly, the total volume of information flow can be measured by the total number of transmitted or processed documents or the total number of document lines contained in them.
An information flow can function in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, or it can be directed towards “its own” material flow. The direction of the information flow may in some cases have nothing to do with the direction of movement of the corresponding material flow. For example, components are received from the manufacturer to the incoming warehouse, and the corresponding invoices are sent to the accounting department.
If orders for the supply of raw materials, materials and components are satisfied, the information flow formed by these orders, issued in the form of documents, is directed in the direction opposite to the corresponding material flow. It arises before this material flow. In other words, this information flow precedes the material flow initiated by it.
Invoices, invoices and necessary operational documentation form an information flow moving in the same direction as the corresponding material flow and simultaneously with it.
The information flow moving towards the material can be not only anticipatory, as already described above, but also lagging behind. For example, a flow of information formed by documents on the results of acceptance or refusal to accept cargo, various claims, warranty documents, etc.
Thus, information flows can lead, lag, or be synchronous with the corresponding material flows. Each of these types of information flows can move in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, be counter to it, or move in a direction that does not coincide with it.
Each type of information flow is characterized by its own combination of these two qualities. Accordingly, the following types of information flows can be named:
Leading with the same direction;
Advancing oncoming;
Leading, differing in direction;
Synchronous with the same direction;
Synchronized counter;
Synchronous, differing in direction;
Laggards with the same direction;
Lagging counter;
Laggards, differing in direction.
Thus, various information flows are the connections that unite various functional subsystems into a single whole. In each of these functional subsystems, material flows are implemented that correspond to the goals provided by these subsystems. Information flows integrate these subsystems into a single whole, so that the individual goals of each subsystem are subordinated to the overall goal of the entire production and marketing complex. This is precisely the basic concept of logistics.
Based on control over information flows, horizontal and vertical integration can be achieved.
Horizontal information integration makes it possible to provide interconnected information to all material flows, from the receipt of raw materials, materials and components, to finished products reaching consumers. This ensures that all control actions in functional subsystems and the consequences caused by them are linked to the overall goals and overall strategy of the entire production and marketing system.
Vertical information integration can cover all levels of the hierarchy of the production and marketing system with direct (top-down) and reverse (bottom-up) connections. As a result, it becomes possible to quickly obtain reliable information about the progress of raw materials supplies, production, assembly, testing and delivery of products to consumers. The presence of such an information system with vertical connections allows you to correctly evaluate, make timely necessary adjustments and thereby influence the processes of procurement, production, assembly, testing, warehousing and forwarding. Such operational management will make it possible to correctly take into account the results of marketing research when determining the range and volume of products, organize the satisfaction of specific orders, and also ensure the maintenance of the required level of quality.
Summarizing what has been said, it can be noted: objective and adequate information is used in logistics management twice and in two ways.
For the first time, information flows are used to create a logistics management system, its development and implementation.
The second time, information flows are used for adequate management within the framework of an already established logistics system.
One way or another, information flows in logistics need to be formed by answering the following questions:
What caused the need for this information (and not who set the corresponding task);
What internal information can you count on, how complete and reliable is it;
What real data of external information can actually be obtained, how and what secondary information can be reliably used;
What technology, personnel and resources can be used to create and use information flows;
What are the requirements for the degree of efficiency of the information received and for its durability?
The types of information flows circulating in logistics systems are somewhat different from all other types of flows. The difference lies in the very object of movement - the exchange of information between various parts of the logistics system.
^ 12 Service threads
Service flows are flows of services (intangible activities, a special type of product or product) generated by the logistics system as a whole or its subsystem (link, element) in order to satisfy external or internal consumers of a business organization.
International standard ISO 8402:1994 defines the term “service” as the result of direct interaction between the supplier and the consumer and the internal activities of the supplier to meet the needs of the consumer.
Service - the process of providing a service - the activities of the supplier necessary to provide the service.
The importance of logistics services has been especially increasing recently, which is explained by many reasons. Among them are social programs adopted by the governments of various countries, the development of the service industry and the concentration of an increasing number of companies and the employed working population in it, the focus of the activities of many firms on the final consumer, the development of the concept of total quality management in the service industry.
A large number of links in the logistics system and logistics intermediaries are service enterprises, in which services are inextricably linked with the product that is distributed, marketed and sold at different parts of the supply chain. Such links include various transport companies, wholesale and retail traders, distribution companies, etc. Moreover, the cost of services can significantly exceed the direct costs of production.
In recent years, the prerogative of logistics has also been the management of service flows, since most companies produce not only finished products, but also provide related services. In addition, the logistics approach has proven to be effective for enterprises that provide only services (transport, forwarding, cargo processing, etc.).
In the West, the concept of “service response logistics” (SRL) is widely used, which is defined as the process of coordinating logistics operations necessary to provide services in the most efficient way in terms of cost and customer satisfaction.
The SRL approach is often the main strategic element of the management of many foreign service firms. Critical elements of this approach are taking orders for services and monitoring service delivery. Like material flows, service flows are distributed in a certain delivery environment (for finished products - in the distribution network), which has its own links in the logistics system, logistics channels, chains, etc. This network must be built in such a way that with maximum effectively meet customer service requirements. Examples of such networks include networks of service stations and service points of automobile manufacturers, pre-sales and after-sales service networks of most companies producing industrial electrical household goods, etc.
There are still no effective ways to assess the quality of service services, which is explained by their features compared to product characteristics. These features (characteristics of service flows) are:
1. The complexity of the specification of services by the service company and their evaluation by the buyer.
2. The buyer can be a direct participant in the process of providing services.
3. Services are consumed at the same moment when they are provided, i.e., they cannot be stored or transported.
4. The buyer, when purchasing services, never becomes their owner.
5. The quality of the service cannot be tested until the buyer pays for it.
6. The provision of services often consists of a system of smaller (sub-service) actions, and the buyer evaluates all these actions.
These characteristics and features of services play an important role in the logistics process. It is very important to take into account the fact that the quality of logistics services is manifested at the moment when the service provider and the buyer meet face to face. In this case, two situations may arise: if there are no special problems in delivering services to the consumer, the supplier can really convince the buyer of their high quality. If problems arise, the situation, as a rule, cannot be corrected, no matter how high the quality of the service actually is.
Assessing the quality of services in the analysis and design of logistics systems should be based on the criteria used by buyers of services for these purposes. When a buyer evaluates the quality of services, he compares some actual values of quality assessment parameters with his expected values of these parameters, and if these expectations coincide, the quality of services is considered satisfactory.
For each parameter for assessing the quality of services, there are two values (conditional) - expected by the buyer and actual. The difference between these two values is called discrepancy (mismatch) and assesses the degree of customer satisfaction with the quality of the service. In Western economic literature, this discrepancy is often called the “gap.”
The quality of logistics services will be determined by the degree of discrepancies between expected and actual parameters, although, of course, the assessment of discrepancies will be subjective. The parameters for assessing the quality of services are:
Tangibility - the physical environment in which services are provided (interior of a service company, office equipment, equipment, appearance of personnel, etc.);
Reliability - accuracy in meeting deadlines (for example, in physical distribution, delivery of goods at the specified time and place);
Responsibility - the desire of the service company staff to help the buyer, guarantees of service delivery;
Completeness - possession of the necessary knowledge and skills, personnel competence;
Availability - ease of establishing contacts with a service company, time convenient for the buyer to provide services;
Security - absence of risk and mistrust on the part of the buyer (for example, ensuring the safety of cargo during physical distribution);
Politeness - correctness, courtesy of staff;
Mutual understanding with the buyer - sincere interest in the buyer, the ability of staff to enter the role of the buyer and knowledge of his needs.
Consumer expectations when assessing the quality of services are based on:
Speech communications (rumours), i.e. information about services that buyers learn from other buyers;
Personal needs. This factor relates to the buyer’s personality, his needs, his idea of the quality of services and is associated with his character, political, religious, social and other views;
Past experience, i.e. this type of service has already been provided in the past;
External messages (communications) - information received from service providers via radio, television, and from the press (advertising in the media).
To rationalize logistics management in channels for promoting and selling goods, it is necessary: firstly, to correctly assess the parameters of service quality, and secondly, to structure management in such a way as to minimize the discrepancies between the expected and actual levels of service quality.
To do this, various assessment methods are used, such as, for example, customer surveys, expert assessments, statistical methods, etc. The difficulty lies in the fact that most service quality parameters cannot be measured quantitatively, that is, a formalized assessment can be obtained.
Information flow is a flow into the circulation. log. syst. as well as log. syst. and external environment communication. necessary to satisfy and control. per log. oper.
Classification:
In relation to log. functions (key, supporting)
according to rel. to LAN (input, output, external, internal,)
According to the time of occurrence of the infection (regulatory, periodic, operational, offline)
By appointment information (directional standards, accounting and analytical, auxiliary)
according to step. openness (open, closed, commercial, secret, simple, custom)
By data transmission method (courier, mail, radio.T, email)
Financial flow-direction Finnish movement means circulating in HP as well as between the drug and the external environment is necessary. to ensure effective movement of a certain mat. consumption
Classification:
In relation to drugs (external, internal)
By purpose (purchase, investment financial requirements, formation of material costs, occurrence in the process of distribution and sales of goods)
According to the method of transferring the advance. stim-mi (pot. financial resources with movement of fixed assets, ...... with movement of working capital)
By calculation forms (den-fin flows, inf-fin flows, accounting-finan flows)
By type of household connections (vertical, horizontal)
Service flows are service flows generated by the drug system as a whole or its subsystem in order to satisfy external needs. or internal consumption organizational business.
Classification:
By time of implementation (pre-sales, in-process service, after-sales)
By payment method (paid, free)
By service direction (direct, indirect)
According to the form of organization (on its own, with the involvement of a 3rd party, self-service)
By scale (local, regional, national, international)
Question 10. Logistics and traditional approach to materials management.
Traditional approach:
Each enterprise participating in the supply chain is managed separately
Enterprises through which the swearing passes in succession. the flow is completely separate and does not take organizational and technological actions to integrate into a single material. conducting circuit.
The flow indicators at the outlet of the circuit are largely random and not optimal.
Logistics approach:
The control object acts as a through material flow
Isolation of enterprises of material units. the production chain is largely overcome for the purpose of agreements. management of end-to-end material flow
The task of managing end-to-end material flow is aimed at realizing the ultimate goal of high-quality functioning of the logistics system - compliance with the 6 rules of logistics.
At the exit from the log. chains through. mater. the flow acquires planned benchmarks.
6 rules of logistics
Ensuring the availability of needs. goods
Required quality
In the required quantity
In the right place
At the appointed time
With minimal costs.
11. Features of the logistics approach to material flow management.
Object of management - individual enterprises
Input flow Enterprise1 Enterprise2 Enterprise 3 output flow
New control object - through material flow
· The object of control is the end-to-end material flow
· The isolation of enterprises - links in the material supply chain - is being overcome to a large extent in order to coordinate the management of end-to-end material flow.
· The task of managing end-to-end material flow is aimed at realizing the ultimate goal of high-quality functioning of the logistics system - compliance with 6 rules of logic (ensuring the availability of the right product, the required quality, in the right quantity, in the right place, at the right time, with minimal costs)
· At the exit from the logistics chain, the end-to-end material flow acquires planned, control indicators.
12. logistics system. Concept, properties
A logistics system is an adaptive system with feedback that performs certain logistics functions, consisting, as a rule, of several subsystems and having a developed relationship with the external environment.
Properties of log systems as a complex system: complexity, integrity, connections, organization, hierarchy, interactivity, emergence.
Classification of log systems: macro, micro, mesological.
13. System, element. Properties of the logistics system
A system is a set of elements interconnected with each other and forming a certain integrity
An element is a part of a system that is not conventionally divided into corresponding parts.
Properties of log systems as a complex system: complexity, integrity, connections, organization, hierarchy, interactivity, emergence.
14. Micrologistics systems - refer to a specific business organization and are designed to manage and optimize material and accompanying flows in the field of organizing supply, production and sales.
Enterprise business organization
Internal (in-production external
Physical distribution
Structural divisions, workplaces. Distribution, supply
integrated
15. macrologistics systems - a large system for managing economic flows, covering intermediary trade and transport organizations and enterprises of various departments, as well as the infrastructure of the economy of a single country or group of countries.
MakrSys classification:
· By administrative-territorial division
1. Regional
2. Urban
3. Regional
4. Interregional
5. Republican
6. Federal
7. International
· According to object-functional division
1. Industry
2. Departmental
3. Intersectoral
4. Institutional
5. Military
6. Transport
7. informational
mesological system is a system of integrated material flow management, covering various organizations operating in the same industry in a partnership;
It was revealed that mesological systems can be created at the level of a region, a cluster, a corporation, a financial and industrial group, a holding, a territorial production complex, an industrial hub, a municipality, etc.
16. Mesological systems belong to the middle level of the economy, the main purpose of the functioning of the phenomenon. making a profit, but a system of this type additionally arises social. Subgoals.
17. Log. Activity – actions applied to the material flow in a certain functional object. As a single goal-oriented system.
Elementary log. activity (logical operation) - any action that is not subject to further decomposition within the framework of permanent research tasks (control), associated with the emergence, transformation or absorption of material and accompanying flows (informative, service, financial).
Complex log. act(logical function) – a separate set of log. operations aimed at implementing the goals set for the log. task system.
18. Decomposition of drugs - breaking up an object into components. parts based on a certain decomposition criterion (characteristics).
Types of decompositions:
Functional – dividing the system into log. operations and functions
Structural – division into links, chains, channels
Object – division into subsystems, elements
By physical process
19. Log. channel – an ordered set of LAN links, including. everything is log. circuits or sections thereof, and conductive mat. flow from the supplier of material resources necessary for the manufacture of a range of products to its final consumers.
Log. chain – a set of drug links linearly ordered by material flow for the purpose of analyzing or synthesizing a certain set of logistics activities and/or costs. The chain ends either with a storage operation or with the transfer of ownership of the goods.
Log. link - an economically and functionally isolated object that is not subject to decomposition within the framework of the task of analysis and synthesis of drugs, performing its target function associated with certain logs. activities. Types of links: absorbing, mixed, transforming, generating.
20. Basic principles of logistics:
*systematic*complexity*scientific*specificity*constructiveness*reliability*variability*integrativeness*efficiency*flexibility *integrity
21. The theory of system analysis and the possibility of its application in logistics
System analysis- a scientific method of cognition, which is a sequence of actions to establish structural connections between variables or elements of the system under study. It is based on a complex of general scientific, experimental, natural science, statistical, and mathematical methods.
Systematic approach - a comprehensive study of the object of study as a whole from the standpoint of system analysis
Main tasks of system analysis:
Decomposition problem – means representing a system in the form of subsystems consisting of smaller elements
Analysis task– consists of finding various properties of the system, its elements and the environment in order to determine the patterns of system behavior
Synthesis problem– is to create a model of the system, based on the knowledge about the system obtained when solving the first 2 problems, to determine its structure, parameters, to ensure the effective functioning of the system, solving problems and achieving set goals.
The use of system analysis allows:
Determine and organize the elements, goals, parameters, tasks and structure of the Logistics system.
Identify the internal properties of the drug, determine its behavior
Identify and classify connections between drug elements
Identify unresolved problems, bottlenecks, uncertainties affecting operations, possible logistics measures
Formalize the weak structure of the problem, reveal their content and possible consequences to the enterprise
Select the list and indicate the goals, in accordance with the implementation of the tasks of the functioning of the drug and the separation of its elements
Develop models that characterize the problem being solved from all main aspects and allow you to find possible options for action.
22. Cybernetic approach. Link of the logistics system from the perspective of the cybernetic approach
The cybernetic approach is the study of a system based on cybernetic principles, in particular by identifying direct and feedback connections, considering the elements of the system as a kind of black boxes.
The following tasks in cybernetics are distinguished:
The task of goal setting is to determine the required state or behavior of the system
The task of stabilization is to maintain the system in its existing state under conditions of disturbing influences
The task of executing the program is to transfer the system to the required state under conditions when the value of the controlled quantities changes according to known determinative laws.
The task of tracking is to ensure the required behavior of the system in conditions when the laws of change of controlled quantities are unknown or changing
The optimization task is to maintain or transfer the system to a state with extreme values of characteristics under given conditions and restrictions.
23. Operations Research as a Logistics Toolkit
Operations research is a methodology for applying mathematical quantitative methods to justify decisions in all areas of purposeful human activity.
The optimal solution is a set of variable values at which the optimal value of the operation efficiency criterion is achieved and the specified restrictions are observed.
Basic concepts:
Operation
Efficiency
Beneficial effect
Optimality criteria - objective function
24. Economic and mathematical modeling in logistics. Types of models
Mathematical modeling is the process of establishing a correspondence between a given real object and a certain mathematical object.
Isomorphic models.
Includes all characteristics of the original object
Can replace the object being studied - the original
Allows you to accurately predict the behavior of an object.
Homomorphic models.
Is an incomplete partial similarity of the object being studied
Does not reflect some aspects of the functioning of a real object
Simplify the process of constructing and interpreting research results
Analytical modeling is characterized by:
The ability to study relatively simple systems
The condition of knowing the dependencies that connect the desired characteristics with the initial parameters and variables of the system model
Limited use for studying complex systems
Reusable
Simulation modeling is characterized by:
Determining the conditions under which the result satisfies the requirements
Allows you to understand the behavior of the system, leaving unknown quantitative relationships within logistics processes
Reproduces the process of system functioning over time
It is a very resource-intensive research method (time, personnel, one-time use)
25. Prognosis: basic concepts and types
Forecasting is the science of the laws and methods of developing forecasts of dynamic systems
Forecast is a scientifically based judgment about possible states (in quantitative assessment) of a forecast object in the future and alternative ways and timing of their implementation
Forecast classification:
According to the forecasting procedure - quantitative, - qualitative
For the provision of numerical results - interval, - probability distribution, - point
On the subject of forecasting - search, - normative
By lead period - operational up to a year, - medium-term (1-5 years), - long-term (more than 5)
By stages of activity planning - target, -planning, -project, -program, -organizational
Stages of the forecasting procedure:
1. Definition of forecast objects
2. Selection of parameters that are predicted
3. Determination of forecast time horizons
4. Selection of forecasting models
5. Justification of the forecasting model and collection of data necessary for the forecast
6. Making a forecast
7. Track results.
26 Functional areas of logistics…
Purchasing logistics - Production logistics - Distribution logistics - Transport logistics - Information logistics
27 Purchasing logistics: concept, goals, objectives, functions..
Purchasing logistics (supply logistics)-The functional area of logistics is associated with planning, management and control of the movement of economic flows in the process of providing enterprises with the necessary resources to carry out their business activities.
Purpose of purchasing logistics– Satisfy the need of business activities for material resources with the highest possible economic efficiency and their optimal use.
A number of tasks.
Maintaining reasonable deadlines for purchases, material resources or goods for resale.
Ensuring an exact match between the quantity of supplies and the needs for them.
Compliance with consumer requirements for the quality of material resources supplied to them.
Ensuring the planned level of service orders needs with minimal overall costs.
Logistics functions in purchasing.
Determining the need and calculating the quantity of ordered materials and products.
Identification and study of sources of resources and suppliers of products.
Receiving and evaluating proposals from potential suppliers
Selecting suppliers and making decisions about ordering products.
Negotiating the price of ordered resources and concluding supply contracts
Establishing the quantity and timing of deliveries and monitoring them.
Accounting and control of the progress of fulfillment of contractual circumstances
Incoming control of the quantity and quality of material resources and their placement in warehouses
Bringing material resources to production departments...
Maintaining inventories in warehouses at standard levels
Control and optimization of supply cost levels
Evaluating the effectiveness of supply activities.
28 Basic principles of supply
Orderliness
Rhythm
Efficiency
Economical
Centralization
Manufacturability
29 Enterprise supply service
Provides its own set of management units that organize and provide all divisions of enterprises with the necessary material resources, goods, containers and packaging...
30 supply management systems
Traditional
System of contracts with intermediaries
Operational.
31. Forms of supply organization.
Centralized- involves the concentration of supply management functions within one structural unit. Effective with: territorial integrity, narrow product range, structured and production unity of enterprises.
Decentralized– dispersal and distribution of supply functions between various divisions of the enterprise. With the territorial dispersion of enterprises, a wide range of goods, with structural heterogeneity and specialization of individual enterprises.
Production (transit) and warehouse.
A flow is understood as the directed movement of a set of something conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). Flows in logistics represent one or many objects perceived as a single whole, existing as a process on a certain time interval and measured in absolute units.
Flows in logistics are characterized by such parameters as: starting point, final point, path trajectory, flow length and parameters of their movement (speed, time, intensity, density).
Flows in logistics are classified:
By degree of continuity (continuous, discrete);
By regularity (deterministic, stochastic);
By stability (stable, unstable);
By variability (stationary, non-stationary);
By the nature of the flow movement (uniform, uneven);
By degree of periodicity (periodic, non-periodic);
By complexity (simple and complex);
By controllability (controllable, uncontrollable);
The main flows in logistics are:
Material flow – cargo, inventory items, parts considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them and assigned to a time interval;
Information flow is a set of messages circulating within the logistics system, between it and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations;
Financial flow is the movement of financial resources within the logistics system, between it and the external environment, aimed at achieving the effective movement of a certain material flow;
A service flow is a special type of activity that satisfies social and personal needs.
A material flow is a product determined in the process of applying various logistics or technological operations to it and assigned to a certain period of time.
Material flow is a material resource, unfinished products, finished products, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and assigned to a certain time interval. The dimension of the material flow is the ratio of the dimension of the product (units, tons, m3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). Material flows can be calculated for specific sections of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, for individual cargo operations. The material flow that is considered for a given moment or period of time becomes material inventory (MR).
The parameters of the material flow can be: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products, dimensional, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of containers, packaging, terms of purchase and sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc.
Main types of material flows:
external material flow - material flow flowing in the external environment in relation to the logistics system under consideration;
internal material flow - material flow flowing within the logistics system under consideration;
input material flow - external material flow entering the logistics system from the external environment;
output material flow - internal material flow coming from the logistics system under consideration into the external environment;
freight flow - the volume of goods transported by certain types of transport in a certain direction from the point of departure to the destination over a certain period of time (usually considered over a year).
Material flows can be considered as material resources if they have a natural-material composition. Having these parameters, material resources are divided into:
raw materials - material resources;
basic materials - materials that are included in the manufactured product and constitute its material basis (part assemblies, assembly units, etc.);
auxiliary materials - materials used in production, but do not form the material basis of the manufactured product;
semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have been partially processed in production, but have not yet been converted into finished products;
components - finished products, which for the buyer are an integral part of the finished product;
part - a finished part of machines, mechanisms, equipment, which is used in the assembly of finished products in production shops;
assembly - an assembly unit consisting of two or more finished parts and used in assembling the finished product.
Specificity of names of material resources;
Clarity in determining the volume of resources (quantitative characteristics of their mass, volume, area, etc.);
Name of the supplier of material resources and those responsible for supply and shipment;
Determining the storage location of material resources that are subject to transportation;
Indication of the name of the organization receiving material resources;
Indication of the destination for transportation of material resources;
Determining the period of movement of material resources from the place of storage at the supplier to the place of storage at the recipient.
Intra-shop material flow is a flow of material resources that do not move constantly, but with periodic stops at workplace warehouses, at which time the flow does not move, does not change, is not disbanded and is awaiting the processing process.
Intershop material flows are those material flows that, upon entering the input warehouse, are disbanded, and at the output warehouse they are formed into new material flows that move in a certain given direction.
Material flows are distinguished:
1) depending on the nomenclature of elements;
2) according to natural and material composition. Defines material flows as single-assortment and multi-assortment;
3) according to the degree of readiness (designed, planned, formed, formed, disbanded, liquidated).
Information flow.
The basis of the material flow management process is the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. In this regard, one of the key concepts of logistics is the concept of information flow.
Information flow is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. The information flow corresponds to the material flow and can exist in the form of paper and electronic documents.
The flow of logistics information passes through the following five modules:
receiving orders;
order processing;
transportation and cargo handling (shipment);
distribution;
Inventory Management.
The main database used to provide information support for distribution operations consists of the following files:
order data;
data on inventories and warehousing;
accounts receivable accounting data;
data on planned distribution requirements.
The control and data input module comes into play when information arrives from outside or when managers make a particular decision. This usually happens in the following situations:
receiving an order;
receiving an order status request;
drawing up and coordinating forecasts;
establishment of transport tariffs;
receipt of goods for storage.
Logistics information flows are characterized by:
heterogeneity (information used in logistics systems is qualitatively heterogeneous). It should be noted that homogeneity in linear programming and, in particular, in the transport problem is understood as the unlimited possibility of transporting products from any point of departure to any destination. In relation to the process of information flow within the logistics system, the requirement of homogeneity also presupposes the unlimited possibility of transferring any document to any structural unit of the management apparatus;
multiplicity of divisions - information providers;
multiplicity of divisions - consumers of information;
the complexity and difficulty of practical visibility of information routes;
multiplicity of the number of transmissions of documentation units along each route;
multivariate optimization of information flows.
Methodologically important from the point of view of logistics is the determination of the interaction of material and information flows. It has always been believed that the material flow generates information flow, i.e. the primacy of the material flow was postulated. However, modern information technologies have changed the sequence of interaction between material and information flows, and currently there are three options for their interaction.
1. The information flow is ahead of the material flow. In this case, the information flow provides information about the achievement of material flows (direct direction) or it contains information about the order (counter direction).
2. Information accompanies the material flow and moves simultaneously with it. This flow contains information about the quantitative and qualitative parameters of material flows, which allows you to correctly and quickly assess their condition and make the necessary regulatory decisions.
3. Information flow lags behind material flows. In this case, the information serves only to evaluate the results.
The increasing role of information flows in modern logistics is due to the following main reasons:
– for the consumer, information about the status of the order, product availability, delivery times, shipping documents, etc. is a necessary element of consumer logistics service;
– from the perspective of inventory management in the logistics chain, the presence of complete and reliable information makes it possible to reduce the need for inventories and labor resources by reducing the uncertainty of demand;
– information increases the flexibility of the logistics system regarding how, where and when resources can be used to achieve competitive advantages.
Financial flows.
Financial flow is a set of financial resources circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, associated with material and information flows. The movement of financial flows can take place both within the logistics system and outside it. Thus, the specificity of financial flows in logistics lies precisely in the need to service the process of moving in space and time the corresponding flow of inventory or intangible assets.
The market economy, with all the diversity of its models, is characterized as a socially oriented economy, which involves mandatory state regulation. Finance plays a huge role in the structure of market relations. Financial flows rotate in the financial environment. The financial environment means the internal and external environment of the enterprise, finance and financial resources (financial flows), sources and consumers of resources.
Financial relations cover relationships related to the formation and movement of financial resources between:
1) state and enterprise (enterprises);
2) between the enterprises themselves;
3) between individual states.
The financial institutions of the state include: the Ministry of Finance, its bodies, local financial departments and administrations, financial departments of enterprises and audit departments. The financial system includes the following links: state and local budgets, social insurance funds, pension funds, personal and property insurance funds, finance of enterprises, industries, various special monetary funds. Financial flow depends on the availability of serviced commodity flow. The direction of movement of financial flows in logistics is determined by the need to ensure the movement of the corresponding material flow. In addition, the size and time of movement of the financial flow (including the start time of movement) depend on the chosen form of payment between the selling company and the buyer. In this case, the most effective form of mutual settlements is securities. The movement of financial assets is necessarily accompanied by corresponding documents, on the basis of which financial transactions are carried out. The occurrence of financial flows, direction and movements depend on the conditions stipulated in the purchase and sale agreement (supplier-buyer payments) and basic delivery conditions.
Service flow (service flows)
In addition to the material, informational and financial types of flows, a service flow is also distinguished, which is the number of services provided over a certain time interval. A service is understood as a special type of activity that satisfies public and personal needs (transport services, wholesale and retail, consulting, information, etc.). Services can be provided by people and equipment in the presence of clients or in their absence, aimed at meeting personal needs or the needs of organizations. The need to introduce the concept of service flow is due to the growing importance and development of the service industry and the concentration of an increasing number of companies and population in it.
Service flows are flows of services (intangible activities, a special type of product or product) generated by the logistics system as a whole or its subsystem (link, element) in order to satisfy external or internal consumers of a business organization.
Service - the process of providing a service - the activities of the supplier necessary to provide the service.
The importance of logistics services has been especially increasing recently, which is explained by many reasons. Among them are social programs adopted by the governments of various countries, the development of the service industry and the concentration of an increasing number of companies and the employed working population in it, the focus of the activities of many firms on the final consumer, the development of the concept of total quality management in the service industry.
Despite the importance of service, effective ways to assess its quality are still missing, which is explained by a number of service features compared to product characteristics. These features (characteristics of service flows) are:
1. Intangibility of service. This is the difficulty for service providers to explain and specify the service, as well as the difficulty for the buyer to evaluate it.
2. The buyer is often directly involved in the production of services.
3. Services are consumed at the time of their production, i.e. services are not stored or transported.
4. The buyer never becomes the owner of the service.
5. Service is an activity (process) and therefore cannot be tested before the buyer buys it.
6. A service often consists of a system of smaller (subservice) services, and the buyer evaluates these subservices.
The specified characteristics and features of service flows play an important role in the logistics process.
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FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Tver State University
by discipline
"Transport logistics"
“Flow and stock as the main categories of logistics”
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………......4
FLOWS IN LOGISTICS……………………………………………………………………..5
Material flows
Information flows
Financial flows
Service flows
INVENTORIES IN LOGISTICS……………………………………………………………..11
Reserve stocks to adjust supply and demand
Inventory types
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………15
LIST OF SOURCES USED………………………16
Introduction
Logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material flows, service flows and related information and financial flows in a specific micro, meso or macroeconomic system to achieve its goals.
The object of research, management and optimization in logistics is the material flow, as well as the accompanying information, financial, service flows, considered in a subordinate plan as generated by the material flow being studied.
The subject of the study of logistics, as a science of managing the flow of material resources, is the movement of material resources in space and time. Therefore, the concept of material stock is one of the key ones in logistics. It is generally accepted that material reserves are products for industrial and technical purposes, consumer goods and other goods at different stages of production and circulation, awaiting entry into the process of production or personal consumption. The global goal of logistics is to reduce inventories, and the goal of the logistics approach is end-to-end management of material flows.
Flows in logistics
Under flow understand the directed movement of a collection of something relatively homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). The object of study of logistics as a science is material flows and the corresponding financial and information flows. At the same time, the concept material flow is key in logistics.
1.1. Material flows
Material flow– these are material resources, unfinished products, finished products, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and assigned to a certain time interval. Flows can flow between different enterprises or within the same enterprise. For example, the movement of material flow entering a warehouse during working hours can be immediately sent for storage or first undergo acceptance. On the day off, the arrived cargo is placed in an acceptance expedition. On his first day of work, he moves from the receiving room to the warehouse. Ultimately, all goods are moved to the storage area. Next, the goods are moved in various ways to the storage area.
In Fig. 1 arrows show various options for moving cargo from the unloading area to the storage area and further to the loading area.
Fig.1
As the cargo moves, various operations occur: unloading, placing in appropriate containers, moving, unpacking, storing, etc. The amount of work for a separate operation, calculated for a certain period of time (month, year), represents the material flow for the corresponding operation.
The dimension of the material flow is the ratio of the product dimension (units, tons, m 3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). Material flow can be calculated for specific areas of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, for individual cargo operations.
There is a wide variety of material resources, products and operations with them. Therefore, the parameters of the material flow can be: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products, dimensional, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of containers, packaging, terms of purchase and sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc.
attitude towards the enterprise,
natural-material composition of the flow,
the number of cargoes forming the flow,
specific gravity of the load forming the flow,
degree of cargo compatibility,
consistency of cargo.
In relation to the enterprise, cargo is distinguished:
External - occurs in the environment external to the enterprise and is directly related to it.
Internal - formed as a result of an operation within the enterprise.
Input - comes from the external environment and can be determined by the sum of the magnitude of material flows during unloading of cargo.
Output - comes from the enterprise to the external environment. “For a wholesale trade enterprise, it can be determined by adding up the material flows tracked during the loading operation of various types of vehicles. When maintaining the enterprise's inventories at the same level, the input material flow will be equal to the output.
By natural composition, etc. In table. 1 shows one of the possible classifications of material flow.
Table 1
Classification of material flows
|
Sign classifications |
Type of MP |
Description |
|
Attitude to the drug and its links |
Consists of goods related to a specific enterprise, but moving in the environment external to the enterprise |
|
|
Interior |
Formed as a result of performing a LO with a load inside the LS |
|
|
Enters the drug from the external environment |
||
|
Day off |
Comes from the drug into the external environment |
|
|
Range |
Single-assortment, multi-assortment |
|
|
Cargo quantity |
Mass |
It occurs when transporting goods not by a single vehicle, but by a group of them, for example, a train, a convoy of vehicles, a convoy of ships, etc. |
|
Occurs when transporting goods by several wagons, vehicles, ships, etc. |
||
|
Intermediate between large and small MP (transported by single wagons, cars) |
||
|
Occurs when transporting such a quantity of cargo that does not allow the full carrying capacity of the vehicle to be used and requires combination with other cargo during transportation. |
||
|
Specific weight of cargo |
Heavy |
During its transportation, full use of the carrying capacity of vehicles is ensured with a smaller occupied volume, for example, metals |
|
Lightweight |
Formed by loads that do not allow full use of the carrying capacity of transport with full use of its volume, for example, tobacco products |
|
|
Degree of compatibility |
Incompatible |
Such MP cannot be transported together, for example, household chemicals and food products |
|
Compatible |
Can be transported together on one vehicle |
|
|
Cargo consistency |
Bulk |
It is transported without packaging in specialized vehicles: open wagons, on platforms, in containers, in cars. Their main property is flowability (for example, grain) |
|
Bulk |
Transported without containers, some can freeze, cake, sinter (for example, coal, sand, salt), and are free-flowing |
|
|
Packaged piece |
Cargo in bags, containers, boxes, without containers that can be counted |
|
|
Bulk |
Transported in tanks and liquid vessels and requires special technical means for reloading, storing and other liquids |
|
|
Nomenclature |
Single-product, multi-product |
|
|
Certainty |
Deterministic |
All parameters are fully known |
|
Stochastic |
At least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable |
|
|
Continuity |
Continuous |
Flows of raw materials and materials in continuous closed-cycle production (technological) processes, flows of oil products, gas transported using pipeline transport, etc. |
|
Discrete |
MPs that are not continuous |
|
Each material flow corresponds to some information and financial flows.
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Educational institution of the Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus
"International University "MITSO"
Department of Logistics
Student's independent work
Flows in logistics
Gaiduk Anna Mikhailovna
Course 2, group 1417
Scientific adviser:
Art. Lecturer, M.Econ.
Tretyakova Marina Leonidovna
1. Flows in logistics
A flow is one of many objects perceived as a single whole, exists as a process over a certain time interval, and is measured in absolute units.
Logistics flows are end-to-end material flows and associated information, financial and service flows circulating between the enterprise’s suppliers and consumers.
Flows in logistics and their parameters:
1. Starting point of the flow;
2. The final point of the flow;
3. Path trajectory;
4. Stream length.
Stream classification:
1. By degree of continuity;
2. By the degree of variability;
3. According to the degree of stability;
4. Characterizes the movement of flow elements;
5. According to the degree of frequency;
6. By degree of difficulty;
7. Controllability of the overall flow;
8. Controllability of flow elements.
2. Material flows
The object of study of logistics as a science is MP and the corresponding FP and IP. In this case, a flow is understood as the directed movement of a collection of something conditionally homogeneous (for example, products, information, finance, materials, raw materials, etc.). The concept of MP is key in logistics.
Material flow is MR, unfinished products, GP, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and assigned to a certain time interval. The dimension of MP is the ratio of the dimension of the product (units, tons, m 3, etc.) to the dimension of the time interval (day, month, year, etc.). MP can be calculated for specific areas of the enterprise, for the enterprise as a whole, for individual cargo operations. MP, which is considered for a given moment or period of time, becomes material inventory (MR).
MP parameters can be: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products, dimensional, weight, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo, characteristics of containers, packaging, terms of purchase and sale, transportation and insurance, financial characteristics, etc. There is a wide variety of MP, products and operations with them.
Main types of material flows:
external material flow - material flow flowing in the external environment in relation to the logistics system under consideration;
internal material flow - material flow flowing within the logistics system under consideration;
input material flow - external material flow entering the logistics system from the external environment;
output material flow - internal material flow coming from the logistics system under consideration into the external environment;
freight flow - the volume of goods transported by certain types of transport in a certain direction from the point of departure to the destination over a certain period of time (usually considered over a year).
Material flows can be considered as material resources if they have a natural-material composition. Having these parameters, material resources are divided into:
raw materials - material resources;
basic materials - materials that are included in the manufactured product and constitute its material basis (part assemblies, assembly units, etc.);
auxiliary materials - materials used in production, but do not form the material basis of the manufactured product; logistics flow supplier service
semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have been partially processed in production, but have not yet been converted into finished products;
components - finished products, which for the buyer are an integral part of the finished product;
part - a finished part of machines, mechanisms, equipment, which is used in the assembly of finished products in production shops;
assembly - an assembly unit consisting of two or more finished parts and used in assembling the finished product.
1. specificity of the names of material resources;
2. clarity in determining the volume of resources (quantitative characteristics of their mass, volume, area, etc.);
3. name of the supplier of material resources and those responsible for supply and shipment;
4. determination of the storage location of material resources that are subject to transportation;
5. indication of the name of the organization receiving material resources;
6. indicating the destination of transportation of material resources;
7. determining the period of movement of material resources from the place of storage at the supplier to the place of storage at the recipient.
3. Information flows
Information flow is a set of messages circulating in the logistics system, between the logistics system and the external environment, necessary for the management and control of logistics operations. Information flow can exist in the form of paper and electronic documents.
In logistics, the following types of information flows are distinguished:
Depending on the type of systems connected by the flow:
horizontal (the flow of messages between business partners at the same management level) and vertical (the flow of messages coming from management to the links of the logistics system under its control;
Depending on the location:
external (flow flowing in an environment external to the logistics system) and internal (flow of messages circulating within one logistics system);
Depending on the direction in relation to the logistics system:
input (flow of messages entering the logistics system, or one of the subsystems) and output (flow of messages leaving the logistics system, or one of the subsystems);
Depending on the urgency:
regular, urgent and very urgent;
Depending on the degree of secrecy:
Depending on the importance of email messages:
simple, custom, valuable;
Depending on the transmission speed:
Traditional (mail), fast (fax, e-mail, telegraph, teletype, telephone);
Depending on the coverage area:
local, out-of-town, long-distance, international.
The information flow is characterized by the following indicators:
1) source of occurrence;
3) transmission and reception speed;
4) flow intensity, etc.
4. Financial flows
Financial flow is a set of financial resources associated with material and information flows circulating in the logistics system between the logistics system and the external environment. The movement of financial flows can take place both within the logistics system and outside it.
The market economy, with all the diversity of its models, is characterized as a socially oriented economy that involves mandatory state regulation. Finance plays a huge role in the structure of market relations. Financial flows rotate in the financial environment. The financial environment means the internal and external environment of the enterprise, finance and financial resources (financial flows), sources and consumers of resources.
In general, the financial system includes:
1) various areas of financial relations within a given country;
2) the totality of financial institutions of the country.
Financial relations cover relations related to the formation and movement of financial resources between:
1) state and enterprise (enterprises);
2) between the enterprises themselves;
3) between individual states.
The following types of financial flows are distinguished:
1) in relation to the logistics system:
external financial flows; internal financial flows;
2) in the direction of movement:
incoming flows; outgoing streams;
3) according to the payment forms used:
cash financial flows (cash); non-cash financial flows; accounting and financial flows;
4) by type of payment:
flows of financial resources on ruble accounts; flows of financial resources on foreign currency accounts;
5) according to purpose:
procurement financial flows; investment financial flows; financial flows associated with the formation of material costs in the production process; financial flows associated with the formation of labor costs; financial flows arising in the process of product distribution;
6) by type of economic activity:
vertical flows; horizontal flows;
7) according to the method of transferring the advance cost to goods:
accompanying the movement of fixed assets; accompanying the movement of working capital.
5. Service flows
Service flows are flows of services (special type of goods) generated by the logistics system or its link in order to satisfy the demand of external or internal consumers.
Service is a support system that allows the buyer and/or consumer to choose the best option for purchasing and consuming goods.
Along with this, work to provide services, i.e. to satisfy someone's needs is also called service or maintenance. Service is inextricably linked with the sales process and represents a complex of services provided during the process of ordering, delivery of purchases and further servicing of products.
A service is an action by a legal or natural person that brings benefit or assistance to another person or company.
Characteristics of service flows:
1. The complexity of the specification of services by the service company and their evaluation by the buyer.
2. The buyer can be a direct participant in the process of providing services.
3. Services are consumed at the same moment when they are provided, i.e. cannot be stored or transported.
4. The buyer, when purchasing services, never becomes their owner.
5. The quality of the service cannot be tested until the buyer pays for it.
6. The provision of services often consists of a system of smaller (sub-service) actions, and the buyer evaluates all these actions.
These characteristics and features of services play an important role in the logistics process.
It is very important to take into account the fact that the quality of logistics services is manifested at the moment when the service provider and the buyer meet face to face.
In this case, two situations may arise: if there are no special problems in delivering services to the consumer, the supplier can really convince the buyer of their high quality.
If problems arise, the situation, as a rule, cannot be corrected, no matter how high the quality of the service actually is.
List of sources used
1. Rudocs.exdat.com [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-42741.html?page=2 - Access date: 10/03/2015;
2. Logistic-info [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://logistic-info.ru/materialnyj-potok.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;
3. Logistic-info [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://logistic-info.ru/informacionnye-potoki.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;
4. LIVEJOURNAL [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://tonygcoolioff.livejournal.com/13356.html - Access date: 10/03/2015;
5. Multiportal KM.RU [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.km.ru/referats/332957-potoki-v-logistike - Access date: 10/03/2015.
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