LAND AND WILL (populist organization)

“LAND AND WILL”, a revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, (cm. NATANSON Mark Andreevich) A. D. Mikhailov (cm. MIKHAILOV Alexander Dmitrievich), A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov (cm. PLEKHANOV Georgy Valentinovich) and etc. Governing body- “Administration”; composition: group of “villagers”, “working group”, “disorganization group”; branches: Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, etc. Program: peasant revolution, nationalization of land, replacement of the state with a federation of communities. Activities: settlements among the “people”, revolutionary propaganda among workers and intelligentsia. She published the newspaper “Land and Freedom”. (cm. LAND AND FREEDOM (illegal newspaper)) Disagreements between supporters and opponents political struggle led to a split (1879) into “People's Will” (cm. PEOPLE'S WILL) and “Black redistribution”. (cm. )
* * *
"LAND AND WILL" secret society revolutionaries-populists (1876-79).
The emergence and composition of “Land and Freedom”
The society arose in St. Petersburg as a result of the unification of St. Petersburg residents with the Kharkov-Rostov circle. The name “Land and Freedom” received in 1878, initially it was called the “Society of Populists” and the “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”. Founders and leaders of the organization - M. A. Natanson (cm. NATANSON Mark Andreevich), A. D. Mikhailov (cm. MIKHAILOV Alexander Dmitrievich), O. V. Aptekman (cm. APTEKMAN Osip Vasilievich), G. V. Plekhanov (cm. PLEKHANOV Georgy Valentinovich), A. D. Oboleshev, V. A. Osinsky (cm. OSINSKY Valerian Andreevich), A. A. Kvyatkovsky (cm. KVIATKOVSKY Alexander Alexandrovich), M. R. Popov (cm. POPOV Mikhail Rodionovich) and etc.
In 1878, former “Chaikovites” joined “Land and Freedom” (cm. CHAIKOVTSY) S. M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky (cm. STEPNYAK-KRAVCHINSKY Sergei Mikhailovich), D. A. Klements (cm. KLEMENTS Dmitry Alexandrovich), N. A. Morozov (cm. MOROZOV Nikolai Alexandrovich), S. L. Perovskaya (cm. PEROVSKAYA Sofya Lvovna), L. A. Tikhomirov (cm. TIKHOMIROV Lev Alexandrovich), M. F. Frolenko (cm. FROLENKO Mikhail Fedorovich). In 1877, the organization included about 60 people, and about 150 more revolutionaries joined it. Printed organs - the social revolutionary review “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-5, October 1878 - April 1879) and its appendix - “Leaflet “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-6, March-June 1879 ).
The emergence of the society was the result of a revision by the populist revolutionaries of their organizational and tactical principles after the failure of “going to the people” (cm. WALKING TO THE PEOPLE).
Goals and program
The purpose of the organization was “to carry out a popular uprising in the near future.” The landowners moved from abstract propaganda of socialist ideas to putting forward demands that are “really feasible in the near future.” These demands were expressed in the slogan “Land and Freedom.” From “flying” propaganda, the landowners moved to “settlements” among the people in order to get closer to the peasantry. Settlements were organized in the Volga region (center - Saratov province), Don region and some other provinces.
The Landlords created working group and conducted propaganda among industrial workers of St. Petersburg, Kharkov and Rostov. They held the first demonstration in the history of Russia on December 6, 1876 at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, at which Plekhanov gave a speech and a banner with the slogan “Land and Freedom” was unfurled.
Terror
The program of the Land Volyas included actions aimed at “disorganizing” the government, i.e. terror. Terror did not initially occupy a leading place in their activities; it was considered only as a weapon of self-defense and revenge. However, under the influence of disappointment in propaganda activities that do not bring visible results, as well as repression by the authorities, some of the Land Volunteers actually turn to terror, gradually entering the path of political struggle. Osinsky Circle - D. A. Lizoguba (cm. LIZOGUB Dmitry Andreevich), operating in Kyiv and Odessa, organized in 1878 - early 1879 the murders of police agent A. G. Nikonov, gendarme officer G. E. Geiking, Kharkov Governor-General D. N. Kropotkin; since March 1878, on proclamations regarding assassination attempts, a seal appears with the image of a revolver, dagger and ax and the signature “Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party”; the terrorist struggle, having begun in the south, spreads to the capital; August 4, 1878 Stepnyak-Kravchinsky killed the chief of gendarmes, General N.V. Mezentsev (cm. MEZENTSOV Nikolay Vladimirovich) On March 13, an attempt was made on the life of his successor, General A.R. Drenteln.
Split of “Land and Freedom”
In "Land and Freedom" there are sharp disagreements over the use of new tactics, which actually marked the transition from anarchism to political struggle. “The piece of Land and Freedom, edited by N. A. Morozov, essentially becomes an organ of terrorists. The assassination attempt of A.K. Solovyov caused acute controversy (cm. SOLOVIEV Alexander Konstantinovich) to Alexander II (cm. ALEXANDER II Nikolaevich) April 2, 1879; Some members of the organization protested against the preparation of a terrorist attack, believing that it would ruin the cause of propaganda.
In May 1879, terrorists created the “Freedom or Death” group, without coordinating their actions with the “villagers,” that is, with supporters of propaganda (Aptekman, Plekhanov). On June 15, on the eve of the general congress of landowners, “politicians” gather in Lipetsk to develop additions to the organization’s program and a common position; Some supporters of the political struggle who were not members of Land and Freedom were invited to the Lipetsk congress, including A. I. Zhelyabov (cm. ZHELYABOV Andrey Ivanovich). At the congress in Voronezh on June 19-21, 1879, the landowners tried to resolve contradictions and maintain the unity of the organization.
However, the compromise turned out to be fragile, and on August 15, 1879, “Land and Freedom” ceased to exist, dividing into a faction of “politicians” (Mikhailov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.), who adopted the name “People’s Will” (cm. PEOPLE'S WILL), and the “populists” faction (Plekhanov, Popov, Aptekman, etc.), who took the name “Black Redistribution” (cm. BLACK REDEL (populist organization)).

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what “LAND AND WILL (populist organization)” is in other dictionaries:

1. LAND AND WILL, secret society in 1861 64 (name since 1862), federation of circles. It arose under the ideological influence of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky. Organizers and leaders: N. A. and A. A. Serno Solovyevich, A. A. Sleptsov, N. N. Obruchev, V. S ... Russian history

- “Land and Freedom”, a secret revolutionary society of populists in the 70s. 19th century Founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. The name “Z. and in." given to the society at the end of 1878, with the advent of the printed organ of the same name; former title: “Northern revolutionary... ...

Leader: Period 1861 1864 N. N. Obruchev S. S. Rymarenko I. I. Shamshin and others. Period 1876 1879 A. D. Mikhailov G. V. Plekhanov D. A. Lizogub Later S. M. Kravchinsky N. A Morozov S. L. Perovskaya L. A. Tikhomirov. Founding date... Wikipedia

1) revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov and others. Governing body “Administration”; composition: group... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov and others. Governing body Administration ; composition: group... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

I secret revolutionary society of commoners in Russia in 1861 64 (name since 1862), federation of revolutionary circles. It arose under the ideological influence of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky. Organizers and leaders: N. A. and A. A. Serno Solovyevich,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

For the newspaper, see Zemlya i Volya (newspaper). Land and Freedom is a secret revolutionary society that arose in Russia in 1861 and lasted until 1864, from 1876 to 1879 it was restored as a populist organization. Contents 1 ... Wikipedia

I Zemlya i Volya ("Zemlya i Volya"), a secret revolutionary society in Russia in the early 60s. 19th century The appearance and activities of “Z. and v." due to the revolutionary situation of 1859 61 in the country. Education and start of activity of “Z. and v." relate … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Land and Will- 1) existing in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century. revolutionary society; 2) a revolutionary populist organization of the 70s of the last century, which conducted socialist propaganda and campaigned for “land and freedom.” The failures of populist propaganda in... ... Popular Political Dictionary

- “BLACK RE-DELIVERY”, a populist organization in St. Petersburg in 1879 81. It arose after the split of “Land and Freedom”, preserved its program; denial of political struggle and terror, propaganda among workers. Center St. Petersburg Circle (G.V.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

secret organization of revolutionary populism. Founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Initially called the Northern Revolutionary Populist Group. On December 6, 1876, she held a political demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg with the participation of students, female students and several workers, one of whom (Ya. Potapov) raised a red banner with the slogan “Land and Freedom” over the crowd. Student G.V. Plekhanov made a speech calling for the fight against despotism, after which up to 30 demonstrators were arrested, put on trial and sent to hard labor and exile. G.V. Plekhanov managed to escape. The organization adopted a new name in 1878 in honor of “Land and Freedom” of 1861-1864.” The founding members were: G. V. Plekhanov, M. A. Nathansoni, A. D. Mikhailov. Later the organization included: V. Ya. Figner, S. M. Kravchinsky, Ya. L. Morozov, S. JI. Perovskaya and others. Managed the activities of the organization “Administration” (“Center”). There were branches in Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov and other cities. The main provisions of the program: the overthrow of the autocracy and the implementation of the socialist revolution; transfer of all land to peasants with the right of communal use; introduction of rural and urban “lay self-government”; creation of production agricultural and industrial associations; introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. The method of implementing the program was a peasant revolution, prepared by a group of “villagers”, a “working group” and a “disorganization group”, which carried out “reconnaissance” and obtained information from punitive (police) institutions. To attract new members and implement the program, settlements “among the people” were deployed (see “Walking among the People”), and revolutionary propaganda was carried out among workers, intellectuals, military men and officials. The illegal newspapers “Land and Freedom” and “Listok “Zemlya i Volya”” were published. Disputes over programmatic and tactical issues caused a split in the organization in the summer of 1879 into “People's Will” and “Black Redistribution”.

"Land and Freedom" - a revolutionary populist organization of the 1870s, founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. Name since 1878. Organizers: M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V Plekhanov, etc. Governing body - “Administration”; composition: group of “villagers”, “working group”, “disorganization group”; branches: Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, etc. Program: peasant revolution, nationalization of land, replacement of the state with a federation of communities. Activities: settlements among the “people”, revolutionary propaganda among workers and intelligentsia. She published the newspaper “Land and Freedom”. Disagreements between supporters and opponents of the political struggle led to a split (1879) into “People's Will” and “Black Redistribution”.

The emergence and composition of “Land and Freedom”

The society arose in St. Petersburg as a result of the unification of St. Petersburg residents with the Kharkov-Rostov circle. The name “Land and Freedom” received in 1878, initially it was called the “Society of Populists” and the “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”. The founders and leaders of the organization are M. A. Nathanson, A. D. Mikhailov, O. V. Aptekman, G. V. Plekhanov, A. D. Oboleshev, V. A. Osinsky, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, M. R Popov et al.

In 1878, former “Chaikovites” S. M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, D. A. Klements, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, M. F. joined “Land and Freedom”. Frolenko. In 1877, the organization included about 60 people, and about 150 more revolutionaries joined it. Printed organs - the social revolutionary review “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-5, October 1878 - April 1879) and its appendix - “Leaflet “Land and Freedom” (Petersburg, No. 1-6, March-June 1879 ).

The emergence of the society was the result of a revision by the populist revolutionaries of their organizational and tactical principles after the failure of “going to the people.”

Goals and program

The purpose of the organization was “to carry out a popular uprising in the near future.” The landowners moved from abstract propaganda of socialist ideas to putting forward demands that are “really feasible in the near future.” These demands were expressed in the slogan “Land and Freedom.” From “flying” propaganda, the landowners moved to “settlements” among the people in order to get closer to the peasantry. Settlements were organized in the Volga region (center - Saratov province), Don region and some other provinces.

The Zemlyovoltsy created a working group and carried out propaganda among industrial workers in St. Petersburg, Kharkov and Rostov. They held the first demonstration in the history of Russia on December 6, 1876 at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, at which Plekhanov gave a speech and a banner with the slogan “Land and Freedom” was unfurled.

Terror

The program of the Land Volyas included actions aimed at “disorganizing” the government, i.e. terror. Terror did not initially occupy a leading place in their activities; it was considered only as a weapon of self-defense and revenge. However, under the influence of disappointment in propaganda activities that do not bring visible results, as well as repression by the authorities, some of the Land Volunteers actually turn to terror, gradually entering the path of political struggle. The Osinsky circle - D. A. Lizoguba, operating in Kyiv and Odessa, organized in 1878 - early 1879 the murders of police agent A. G. Nikonov, gendarme officer G. E. Geiking, Kharkov Governor-General D. N. Kropotkin; since March 1878, on proclamations regarding assassination attempts, a seal appears with the image of a revolver, dagger and ax and the signature “Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party”; the terrorist struggle, having begun in the south, spreads to the capital; On August 4, 1878, Stepnyak-Kravchinsky killed the chief of gendarmes, General N.V. Mezentsev, and on March 13, an attempt was made on his successor, General A.R. Drenteln.

Split of “Land and Freedom”

In “Land and Freedom,” sharp disagreements arise over the use of new tactics, which actually marked the transition from anarchism to political struggle. “The piece of Land and Freedom, edited by N. A. Morozov, essentially becomes an organ of terrorists. Sharp disagreements were caused by A.K. Solovyov's assassination attempt on Alexander II on April 2, 1879; Some members of the organization protested against the preparation of a terrorist attack, believing that it would ruin the cause of propaganda.

In May 1879, terrorists created the “Freedom or Death” group, without coordinating their actions with the “villagers,” that is, with supporters of propaganda (Aptekman, Plekhanov). On June 15, on the eve of the general congress of landowners, “politicians” gather in Lipetsk to develop additions to the organization’s program and a common position; Some supporters of the political struggle who were not members of Land and Freedom were invited to the Lipetsk congress, including A.I. Zhelyabov. At the congress in Voronezh on June 19-21, 1879, the landowners tried to resolve contradictions and maintain the unity of the organization. However, the compromise turned out to be fragile, and on August 15, 1879, “Land and Freedom” ceased to exist, dividing into a faction of “politicians” (Mikhailov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.), who adopted the name “People’s Will,” and a faction of “populists” (Plekhanov, Popov, Aptekman, etc.), who took the name “Black Redistribution”.

Land and Will- a secret revolutionary society that arose in Russia in 1861 and existed until 1864, from 1876 to 1879 it was restored as a populist organization.

Second composition 1876-1879

The second composition of “Land and Freedom,” which was restored in 1876 as a populist organization, included such figures as A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, D. A. Lizogub, later S. M. Kravchinsky, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. S. Tyutchev. In total, the organization consisted of about 200 people. “Land and Freedom” relied on a wide circle of sympathizers in its activities.

The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”.

The organization’s propaganda was based not on the old socialist principles, incomprehensible to the people, but on slogans emanating directly from the peasantry, that is, the demands of “land and freedom.” In their program they proclaimed “anarchy and collectivism” as the goal of their activities. The specific requirements were the following:

§ transfer of all land to peasants

§ introduction of full community self-government

§ introduction of freedom of religion

§ granting nations the right to self-determination

The means of achieving these goals included organizational (propaganda, agitation among peasants and other classes and groups) and disorganization (individual terror against the most objectionable government officials and secret police agents). The organization had its own charter.

The organization consisted of a main circle (divided into seven special groups by type of activity) and local groups located in many major cities empires. "Land and Freedom" had its own press organ with the same name. Agent of “Land and Freedom” N.V. Kletochnikov was introduced into the Third Department. Landlords organized village settlements as a transition to “sedentary” propaganda. However, this action, as well as “going to the people,” ended in failure. After this, the populists concentrated all their efforts on political terror.

Landlords took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. "Land and Freedom". influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the Kazan demonstration of 1876, which was called “Land and Freedom”. for the first time openly declared its existence. Kazan demonstration of 1876, the first political demonstration in Russia with the participation of advanced workers. Caused by the growth of the strike movement in the country. It took place on December 6 on the square of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Organized and carried out by the land populists and members of workers’ circles associated with them. About 400 people gathered in the square. passionate revolutionary speech G. V. Plekhanov spoke to the audience. Young worker Ya. Potapov unfurled a red flag. The demonstrators resisted the police. 31 demonstrators were arrested, 5 of whom were sentenced to 10-15 years of hard labor, 10 were sentenced to exile in Siberia, and three workers, including Y. Potapov, were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years in a monastery. The Kazan demonstration of 1876 marked the beginning of the conscious participation of Russians. working class in the social movement.

Lipetsk congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom”. Took place in June 1879 in Lipetsk. Convened in an atmosphere of heightened disagreement among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of the organization's activities. A. D. Mikhailov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Barannikov, M. N. Oshanina, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kolodkevich, G. D. Goldenberg, S. G. Shiryaev, M. F. Frolenko. The congress decided to include in the program “Land and Freedom” recognition of the need for a political struggle against autocracy as a priority and independent task. Participants in the Lipetsk Congress declared themselves the Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party and adopted a charter based on centralism, discipline and secrecy. The Executive Committee, in the event of the agreement of the general congress of “landers” in Voronezh with new program had to take upon himself the implementation of terror.

Voronezh Congress of Members of the Populist Organization "Land and Freedom", convened in June 1879 in Voronezh in connection with disagreements among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of activity. About 20 people took part, including G. V. Plekhanov, A. D. Mikhailov, A. I. Zhelyabov, V. N. Figner, S. L. Perovskaya, N. A. Morozov, M. F. Frolenko, O. V. Aptekman. Supporters of the “politics” of political struggle and terror (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Morozov, etc.) came to the congress as a united group, which was finally organized at the Lipetsk Congress (June 1879). Plekhanov’s supporters (“villagers”) took a conciliatory position, considering the main task to be work among the peasants: they did not, in essence, object to terror. Plekhanov, who proved the danger of being carried away by terror for the prospects of working among the people, formally resigned from Land and Freedom and left the congress.

The resolutions of the congress were of a compromise nature: along with activities, the people also recognized the need for political terror.

The organization existed until 1879, after which it disbanded. The terrorist wing formed a new organization, “Narodnaya Volya,” and the wing that remained faithful to purely populist tendencies was the “Black Redistribution” society. After the split of “Land and Freedom” at the Voronezh Congress, the Executive Committee of the Lipetsk Congress laid the foundation new organization"People's Will".

"Land and Freedom" (1876-1879).

In 1876, the surviving participants in the “going to the people” formed a new secret organization, which since 1878 has taken the name “Land and Freedom”. Her the program provided:

bringing about a socialist revolution by overthrowing the autocracy

transfer of all land to peasants

introduction of "secular self-government" in villages and cities

At the head of the organization stood G. V. Plekhanov, A.D. Mikhailov, S.M. Kravchinsky, N.A. Morozov, V.N. Figner et al.

A second “going to the people” was undertaken for long-term agitation of the peasants. The landowners also engaged in agitation among workers and soldiers and helped organize several strikes. In 1876, with the participation of "Land and Freedom", the first political demonstration in Russia was held in St. Petersburg on the square in front of the Kazan Cathedral. G. V. Plekhanov addressed the audience, calling for the fight for land and freedom for peasants and workers. The police dispersed the demonstration, many of its participants were injured. Those arrested were sentenced to hard labor or exile. G.V. Plekhanov managed to escape from the police.

In 1878 Some of the populists again returned to the idea of ​​​​the need for a terrorist struggle. In 1878, discussions began among Zemlya Volya residents about methods of struggle. They were prompted to do this by both government repression and a thirst for activism. Disputes over tactical and programmatic issues led to a split.