We find the first mention of the village in documents from 1627. Until the revolution, the village was called Alexandrov. Judging by the gravestones found, the village existed here during the time of Ivan the Terrible. It is likely that during the Time of Troubles it, like many other villages, turned into a wasteland. The Morozov boyars are the first owners of Shchapov known to us. After them, the village belonged to the sovereign treasury for a short time. Then Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov handed it over to his room steward, the Grushetskys.
After the abolition of serfdom, the estate and lands around the village were bought by the entrepreneur Shchapov. It is to him that the village owes its modern name. The new owner put the estate buildings in order, repaired the church, built a parochial school for boys and a lace school for girls. After his death, according to his will, an agricultural school was opened on the estate. And in Soviet times, the school was transformed into an agricultural technical school.
In 1960, an experimental farm was created in Shchapovo. The most modern dairy farm and dairy plant in the USSR operated here. The farm, equipped with the most modern technologies, still operates today.
In 2005, just over 2,000 people lived in Shchapovo. In recent years, due to the housing construction boom in the Moscow region, the population of the village has increased significantly. In the summer of 2012, Shchapovo became part of the Troitsky administrative district of Moscow. This will most likely lead to a further increase in the number of new buildings. Perhaps someday there will be a metro here.
Center
On the central square of the Moscow village of Shchapovo there is a shopping center, which houses a fur clothing manufacturer, a hairdresser, a supermarket and a cafe “Kukuruza”. Despite the fact that we wanted to have a snack, we did not dare to go to a cafe with that name and limited ourselves to buying a couple of pies from a nearby stall.
Let's look at the neighboring blocks. The playgrounds are clearly new. There is a lot of space in the yards. Behind the battered four-story Khrushchev buildings rise new buildings. This is the Akvarel residential complex. The developer on its website claims that the block is “an example of how modern architecture fits harmoniously into a classic environment.” Below in the text it is honestly warned that the deadline for the delivery of the project is being missed, since the commission refused to accept houses without social and cultural facilities.
In general, New Moscow is a “Growth District” worthy of all attention. Forests near Moscow will be turned into parks, four-story Khrushchev buildings will be replaced with low-rise monolithic nine-story buildings. And don’t laugh - the rural recreation center has already become a cultural institution in the capital.
Manor
Across the road from the central square is the historical part of Shchapovo - the estate. Its architectural dominant is the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was built in 1779, on the site of an old wooden church. At this time, the village was owned by Senator Vladimir Vasilyevich Grushetsky, a descendant of those same room stewards. As a colonel, Vladimir Grushetsky became famous during the Crimean campaign and successfully advanced through the ranks. At the time of the construction of the temple, he was already a lieutenant general.
The Assumption Church was built in the style of classicism. They say that the hipped vault was inherited from a wooden church from the time of the Morozovs. The clock for the bell tower was brought by Shchapov from England at the end of the nineteenth century.
Next to the church is a large red brick building. This is a former agricultural school. It was built after the death of the last owner of the estate, Ilya Shchapov, a successful entrepreneur, owner of a textile factory and trading house in Moscow. Having settled here in 1889, he developed active activities in the village. Ilya Shchapov bequeathed all his property and capital to the state for the purpose of building an agricultural school in the village, where children of all classes could study. The will was fulfilled, and classes began at the school in 1903. From 1939 to 1959, the building housed a branch of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.
Now the building houses the estate museum. From its main entrance begins the manor park, where three bridges attract attention. Once upon a time, a small tributary of the Lubyanka River flowed through the ravine. Gradually the river became shallow, and the ravine disappeared behind mountains of garbage. In 2005 they decided to clear it. During the work, a stone bridge was found under a layer of debris, as well as a white stone river bed. The bridge was restored, and for the convenience of residents, another one was built.
The ravine ends with a cascade of three ponds on the Lubyanka River. The largest one, located across the road from the others, has a round man-made island. They say that the ponds are home to crucian carp, tench and perch. It is possible that fishing enthusiasts will want to stay here longer.
House of the estate manager. It was built in the early 1900s. Near it, many years ago, there was a Grushetsky manor house, from which the foundation partially survived.
And here is the manor house itself, built by Shchapov. The first floor of the house is stone, preserved from the previous owners.
The second floor is wooden, with turrets and carved platbands, in the pseudo-Russian style popular at that time. Near the house there are two very old trees. A powerful, spreading 350-year-old oak tree remembers the times of the Morozovs, the first owners of the estate. Perhaps underneath it, whispering and looking around, they were discussing the sad fate of the noblewoman Morozova. The famous schismatic, starved to death but not betraying old customs, was the daughter-in-law of one of the owners of the estate.
Another old-timer in these places is the three-hundred-year-old maple. He grew up here under the Grushetskys, the next owners of Alexandrov. The maple, along with the oak, survived the shelling of the French army advancing on Moscow in 1812. There is a version that Napoleon himself stayed at the estate. Although this age for trees seems very old to us, in fact this maple and oak are not old at all. Some types of maple live up to 500 years, and pedunculate oak, common in central Russia, even up to a thousand.
The estate itself is not in the best condition. The part of the building that once housed the kitchen is occupied by a police station. The condition of this extension is much better than the main building, but its original appearance has been lost.
The wooden part of the house is slowly turning into ruins. If action is not taken soon, it may be lost forever. The Moscow government has no money for restoration. If an investor is not found, the building may be mothballed. Simply put, they will surround it with a fence and hide it out of sight.
We will build on well-preserved outbuildings. Next to the manor house there is a carriage house with a stable. Built under the Shchapovs, at the end of the nineteenth century.
Now the right wing of the stables houses the canteen of Shchapovo-Agrotechno LLC. The doors to the dining room were locked, which was a pity. The place should be interesting and colorful.
And this is what a refrigerator looked like in the 19th century. True, it was called a glacier back then.
In this large, strong house, standing between the glacier and the carriage house, the servants lived. The building, although simpler in architecture, is much better preserved. It is interesting to note that the basic principle of construction is the same as in the master's house: the first floor is made of stone, and the second floor is made of wood. How could it be otherwise, it’s not good to offend servants.
The estate also preserves a linden park, founded under the Grushetskys, at the end of the eighteenth century. The alleys are well maintained, the path is paved with tiles, there are trash cans and benches everywhere. The alley ends at the rural settlement administration building.
A walk through allows you to understand how the rich class lived before the revolution. As we see, the image of predatory merchants cutting down “cherry orchards” did not always correspond to reality. It was not for nothing that Bunin once remarked: “Chekhov did not know estates, there were no such gardens.”
Behind the council, which is probably what village councils should be called in New Moscow, stands a five-story new building. I would like to think that tall buildings will not be built in the new territories of Moscow.
But no matter how it is, the ten-story candles of the Aquarelle residential complex are right there. Clearly not pastel and certainly not pastoral. To be fair, we note that there is a lot of space on the fenced playground. And there is a sports ground with a high fence - the ball won’t fly away.
During the Great Patriotic War, the main defensive line of Moscow passed near Shchapovo. Although the village itself was not damaged, most of the villagers did not return from the front. Such was the fate of the country's rural population, who joined the ranks of the infantry.
Museum
After walking around the estate, we’ll take a look at its museum, located in the building of the agricultural school. The sounds of an organ may come as a surprise to an uninformed traveler. This is not a soundtrack - there really is an organ hall here.
Several halls are dedicated to estate and peasant life. The interior is decorated with taste. For a long time, the director of the museum-estate was academician Yaroslav Nikolaevich Shchapov, the great-nephew of the last owner of the estate. He did a lot to preserve it. His wife, Doctor of Historical Sciences Yulia Leonidovna Shchapova, continues to be active in preserving the complex. One of the houses on the estate is provided to the spouses for lifelong use.
Much attention in the museum is paid to the history of the local folk craft - lace making. Shchapov, who succeeded in the textile business, built a school in the village in which girls were taught the tricks of this craft.
We were interested in the history of the Shchapovo agricultural company. The director of this enterprise laid the foundations of the museum in 1981 and began working on restoring the church. At that time, no one would have allowed the director of the collective farm to restore the church, but they allowed to build an organ hall in it.
In the USSR, Shchapovo-Agrotechno was the most advanced dairy farm in the country with a livestock of about two thousand cows. The cows were milked on a special carousel. The entire process was serviced by a shift of three milkmaids. The milk was transported through a pipeline to the dairy plant.
The caretaker of the museum, an elderly woman, recalls with bitterness that during Perestroika there was a time when cows had nothing to eat and no feed was purchased. Technicians went into the forest, collected spruce needles, crushed them, moistened them with molasses and fed them to the cattle. The poor animals literally ate and cried.
It was then that the first McDonald's appeared in the USSR. Fast food bought beef in Shchapovo. In those years, money was not held in high esteem in the country; barter ruled: you give me, I give you. The agricultural company supplied McDonald's with meat and milk, and in return received cheese, the same one from hamburgers.
I have never eaten such delicious cheese in my life. “It just melted in your mouth,” the guide recalls.
But she avoided answering the question “is it true that McDonald’s bought rabbit meat from Shchapovites.” Old school, knows how to keep secrets.
By the way, the dairy farm in Shchapovo is now equipped with the most modern technologies. A herd of 500 Holstein cows lives here, producing up to 20 liters of milk per day. An unimaginable figure for Soviet times. The equipment on the farm is American. There are only three people servicing the line: a cattleman, a system administrator and an engineer. The milking machine automatically washes the cow's udder, massages it, and is removed after milking is completed. Mozzarella cheese is also produced here in Shchapov. It can be purchased in almost all major chain department stores in the country. But our tour guide doesn’t like it; the cheese from McDonald’s was better.
- When to go? It will be interesting to visit here at any time of the year. But it is better to avoid mud during the off-season.
- How to get there? 27 kilometers from the Moscow Ring Road along the Warsaw Highway or 37 kilometers from the Moscow Ring Road along. Parking coordinates: 55.4171, 37.4085
- How long to spend? Sightseeing will take no more than an hour or two. Plan another hour to explore the museum. If you love fishing, you can spend a whole day in the area fishing in the ponds.
- What to do with a child? We didn’t find any special entertainment for children in Shchapov, but there are plenty of playgrounds in the village.
- Where to eat? On the central square there is a cafe "Kukuruza" and a bakery stall where you can buy pies.
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Yes, it’s hardly worth spending a whole day on a trip to Shchapovo. But if you are in those places, be sure to take a walk around the estate. Check out the outbuildings and visit the museum. Maybe you will be lucky and the organ will sound while you are exploring the halls. And it is quite possible that a descendant of the last owners of the estate will give you a tour. In any case, you are guaranteed an interesting walk.
There are few residents in the new Moscow territories, there are even fewer historical places, and those that have appeared cannot always be called Moscow. I understand that Ostafyevo is near the capital. Shcherbinka is nearby, and Butovo is not far away. It's inconvenient to drive, but it's close. And there is another historical place, which takes longer to get to from the center, although it’s easy.
Today we will talk about Alexandrovo-Shchapovo. A small, little-known place has not become part of the capital, and its history is even greater than that of the above-mentioned Ostafyevo.
The village of Aleksandrovskoye first became known more than four centuries ago, in 1607. It was mentioned with the name of the famous boyar Morozov, who granted the village to his daughter Maria as a dowry. Later it came into the possession of the stolniks and military leaders Grushetskys. During this period, a church appears that still stands today. The next owners were the Arsenyevs, whose tangled family began to own this place. Mikhail Lermontov's second cousin Nikolai Vasilyevich Arsenyev lived here with his wife. She was also his fifth cousin. And the area received its modern name Shchepovo thanks to its last owner, Ilya Shchapov, co-owner of the registered factory and trading house “Brothers Peter and Ilya Shchapov.”
1. This territory is not fenced in any way (with the exception of the church). But near the public transport stop there is a map of the estate. So many things are indicated. For what? Some buildings are simply not of interest, such as the administration building. 
2. Memorial stone to Ilya Vasilyevich Shchapov. 
3. From this side, the Church of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary looks like the only fenced place. 
4. There is a memorial sign here in honor of the 400th anniversary of the mention of this place in historical documents. It felt like someone had tripped over it. A little later we will make a guess as to who did it. 
5. Inscription on the stone. 
6. The most famous and visible building is the agricultural school. 
7. When it rains and melts the snow, a stream flows here. It was dry that day. 
8. View of the agricultural school from the largest bridge. Drawings are already appearing here. 
9. A bright and conspicuous house is the house of the estate manager. 
10. Another manor house is adjacent to it. The path leading from it is paved with modern tiles. Controversial decision, but looks ok. 
11. And here is the whole forest. New buildings can already be seen behind it. 
12. The bridges in this place are perhaps the most interesting thing there is. 
13. 
14. Nearby is a monument to those who died for their homeland. 
15. Let's return to the bridges again. Didn't you notice anything special from the previous photos? There is no path to one of them! At the same time, all the foliage on it is collected in a heap. 
16. View of the bridge where I started. 
17. And here are the centuries-old trees that were mentioned on the plan. 
18. Work is underway here and traces of those who decorated the estate in several places are visible. For those who don’t know, let me tell you: FCLM is an abbreviation for the Lokomotiv Moscow football club, whose fans apparently do not respect history at all. 
19. Church and pond. 
20. The estate manager’s house emphasizes the autumn mood. 
21. Nearby there is a larger pond with an island in the middle. 
22. And we will return to the church and take a quick look at it. It is from this angle that she is best known. 
23. Interesting point. While I was waiting for the bus back, a young man approached the stop (it’s next to the estate and the church), greeted his friend, then crossed himself, looking at the church, and began to tell his friend in modern Russian that he “needs to run to the convoy, maybe my They left the tablet that I lost on the bus yesterday when I was drunk.” 
24. This is where we will finish our little walk. And if you want to come here, now I’ll tell you how. To get to this place, stop "Shchapovo 1". There are no announcements on the bus, so remember goodbye to the convenience store. 
This is Moscow, but nothing goes here from the metro stations. Only train and bus. Or a personal car. You need to get to the Podolsk station (this is the Kurksoye direction, there are many metro-railway connections along the train route), then take bus 1024, 1032 or 1034 to Shchapovo 1. Scheduled buses run infrequently, but only three. It turns out that you can get there without huge expectations. Plus, minibuses go here.
Thank you for your attention! There is still a lot of interesting things ahead!
Other interesting posts about Moscow.
(Aleksandrovo identity) (Russia, Moscow, Shchapovo settlement, Shchapovo village)
The village of Aleksandrovo was first mentioned in scribe books in 1627, where it is said that boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov gave his ancient estate as a dowry to his daughter Maria, who was married to Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn. This wedding took place in 1607, therefore, the village already existed at that time, and Alexandrovo and the current village of Shchapovo grew out of a boyar estate.
The estate in its central part has preserved the layout of the second half of the 18th century, created by the owner Vasily Vladimirovich Grushevitsky. These are: a farm yard with a manor house and a park between two spurs of a ravine and small ponds in them, a large dug pond with an artificial island, a bridge over the ravine.
Extant: church, manor house, bridge over a ravine, agricultural school, stables, glacier, kitchen, house, manager, linden park, ponds
The manor house (from half of the 18th to the end of the 19th century) is associated with the activities of I.V. Shchapova. The first floor of the building is stone, more ancient. The second is wooden, with a decorative turret over a single-flight staircase, the ceilings and walls of which are painted with antique motifs.
The wooden carved cornices and valances of the building's roof are ornamented in the Russian style. The house is connected by a passage with a separate kitchen and an icebox.
On the other side of the ravine, in 1779, instead of a wooden one, a stone Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was built. This is a building consisting of a two-story apsidal church and a two-tier bell tower with chimes, connected by a lowered refectory with three windows. Wide three-sided staircases lead to the entrances to the temple and belfry. The exterior decoration of the church facades is very restrained: inexpressive cornices and windows united vertically by rectangular niches. The building is completed by a dome with a square tribune and a figured dome.
The estate also has an interesting white-stone arched bridge across the ravine. It is bordered on the sides by low railings with semi-circular openings and posts between them. Along the edges of the bridge there are tall pillars with decorative lighting lanterns at the top.
The central part of the estate was not destroyed or burned after the October Revolution due to the fact that, according to the will of the last owner I.V. Shchapova in 1903, a state agricultural school was opened. Currently, in this building, a descendant of Shchapov has opened an estate museum, the Russian Estate Society operates, and even has its own organ hall!
Ya.N. Shchapov Ancient estate Alexandrovo-Shchapovo In the 21st century.
There are several ways to understand the historical past: it is possible to study history professionally from written or published sources in order to obtain new knowledge needed in new times; you can study history “for yourself” in order to know the past of your country - read historical works, fiction, the plots of which are dedicated to the events and people of this past. But there is another way to visually understand the past: walk along old streets and estates, look around and see with your own eyes the original preserved buildings, walls, towers, temples, parks - monuments that are contemporaries of events that once took place. Officially, these “remains” of the past (they may not be remnants at all, but grandiose structures) are now called “objects of cultural (historical) heritage.” Looking at them, just being present next to the preserved buildings of the 17th - 19th centuries, you take the place of their contemporaries, and your personal biography as a citizen of the country involuntarily extends for a long time before your birth. The impression of what you saw will undoubtedly make you want to learn more about these unique buildings, find information about them and about those who built them and lived in them, in books, on the Internet.
Anyone who visits the ancient estate of Alexandrovo-Shchapovo in the Podolsk district of the Moscow region immediately faces several questions: why does it have such a double name; how - naturally or artificially - three estate ponds arose; when and by whom was the linden park planted, a two-story manor house with a decorative turret and wooden carvings, the Church of the Assumption, the red-brick building of the Museum of the History of the Estate, estate services and other buildings built in the estate?
The first written mention of the estate dates back to the 17th century. The Scribe books of 1627, listing the land holdings of the southern Moscow region, speak of “an ancient patrimony - the village of Aleksandrovskoye on the Lubenka River” with the wooden church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1). The village was given by boyar Vasily Morozov as a dowry for his daughter Maria to Prince Andrei Golitsyn. These are famous figures of the interregnum of the early 17th century.
However, the estate itself is much older. In the Shchapovo Estate Museum you can see parts of tombstones broken during the liquidation of the church cemetery in the 1930s. and used as cobblestones for paving the road. In terms of design and ornament (“wolf teeth”), these slabs clearly date back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible - the second third of the 16th century. Already at the end of this century, the tombstones had a different design (2). It seems that nothing has survived from that time, except the name of the village and fragments of slabs.
The origin of the name of this village of Aleksandrovo is unknown, but Russian toponymy - the science of the names of localities, villages and cities - associates such names with the names of those who first settled in this place, founded a “village” - a rural estate in the forest (“in the trees”). This could have been some kind of Alexander, but not a simple peasant (diminutive names were common among them, from which names like Sanino, Aleksino, etc. were derived), but rather a representative of the authorities.
The village of Aleksandrovo has changed its owners over the centuries. Lands inhabited by peasants were given by the state (the tsar) to the nobles as hereditary possession for their public service. After the death of Prince Golitsyn in 1611, his estate returned to the Morozovs, many of whom became known as military and statesmen. Vasily Morozov himself held the important position of governor of Kazan, that is, he exercised power on the Volga route, which connected the center of Russia with the North, the Caspian Sea and the North Caucasus. At the beginning of the 17th century. Patriarch Hermogenes called boyar Vasily, along with Mikhail Romanov, a candidate for the royal throne, then, together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, he was among the leading figures in the liberation of Moscow in 1612 and the election of the new Romanov dynasty (3).
His son Ivan Vasilyevich Morozov was involved in the events of 1653, when the hetman of the Zaporozhye army Bogdan Khmelnitsky asked him to petition the tsar for Russian citizenship; he was at one time “the leading boyar in Moscow.” Vasily's grandson Boris Ivanovich Morozov was his tutor and de facto ruler of the state during Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's early childhood. The village of Aleksandrovo was in the possession of this famous family until 1680, when, due to the lack of heirs, it returned to the palace department.
Among the subsequent owners of the village were the Grushetsky brothers, immigrants from Lithuania, whose family owned it for more than 130 years. The modern layout of the estate must be associated with Lieutenant General and Senator Vasily Vladimirovich Grushetsky, who in 1779 built a new stone church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary instead of the old wooden one and re-equipped the estate in the spirit of his time. He dammed the streams, creating four ponds in a cascade, in the largest of which an island was built. Estate construction at that time did not require special allocations: the owner had serfs who fulfilled all his desires in the form of “corvee labor”. A linden park with alleys was planted, bridges were made, and the bottom of one of the streams was lined with white stone.
Construction and improvement of the 18th century. only partially preserved. The foundation of a manor house from that time was discovered near a building from the early 20th century. - “manager’s house.” Subsequent owners built their houses on other sites. The temple of 1779, closed in the 1930s, has been restored and serves. A parched park and ponds with earthen dams from the 18th century. also exist. In 2005, when the ravine was cleared of decades-old debris, a white stone stream bed and a stone bridge across the stream were discovered at its bottom. According to experts, such hydraulic structures have not survived in other places.
The estate, currently called Shchapovo, is protected as an object of cultural heritage of regional significance in the Moscow region. It is located in a village of the same name - in the center of the Shchapovsky rural settlement (the current designation of the rural district).
In the 19th century the owners of Alexandrov were the writer and scientist, diplomat, member of the Academy of Sciences, father of three Decembrists I.M. Muravyov-Apostol, and from 1815 - relatives of M.Yu. Lermontov, the Arsenyevs. N.V. Arsenyev (1789-1847) participated in the Battle of Borodino and was the civil governor of Bessarabia. After his death, the widow Evdokia Ivanovna added a chapel of St. to the church in memory of him. John the Warrior - protector of all military men. The Saratov Art Gallery exhibits a portrait of Arsenyev, painted by the famous artist V. A. Tropinin.
The new period in the life of the village and the estate is associated with the activities of the Moscow entrepreneur, co-owner of the factory and trading house “Brothers Peter and Ilya Shchapov”, hereditary honorary citizen I. V. Shchapov (1846-1896). This was the first “landowner”, a non-nobleman, who received the estate not for service or by inheritance, but as a result of a purchase from the heir Arsenyev. Ilya Vasilyevich graduated from a privileged educational institution - the Moscow Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences, which trained educated entrepreneurs. After the death of their father in 1864, his eldest sons created a company that included a factory on Nemetskaya Street and a trading house that sold not only its fabrics, but carried out wholesale trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and in other cities of Russia. Having significant funds at his disposal, Ilya Vasilyevich led an unsettled life, separated from his older brother and was burdened by his environment. By 1888, Ilya Vasilyevich decided to leave the family firm and, having settled in his new estate Alexandrovo, began to lead a completely different life than it was in Moscow. It is possible that this was due to the merit of his illiterate housekeeper Olga Makarovna, with whom he lived in his parents’ house, but was already married in Alexandrov.
In Aleksandrov, Shchapov built a two-story house for himself and his wife in the Russian style that was then widespread: without columns, but with a wooden turret topped with a tent. The house has carved platbands and the same roof decoration. Under the turret there is a staircase building with a single-flight stone staircase from the park to the second floor, the walls and ceiling of which are covered with paintings in an antique style, close to Pompeian painting. It is possible that I.V. Shchapov visited this ancient ancient city, discovered shortly before him, and ordered the artist to reproduce familiar motifs. The house carries a certain mystery: inside there is no staircase from the first floor to the second, and the connection between them was only from the outside.
A separate stone kitchen with a cellar and a white stone staircase leading into it, with a high brick chimney, was connected to the house by a passage. On the northern and southern sides of the house there were terraces covered with carved wooden bars, under which there were entrances. The facades of both the house and the kitchen had wide horizontal rustics, which made these two buildings - a two-story building and a small one adjacent to it - a single residential and architectural complex. The architect of the building is unknown, but experts see in it the features of the architecture of famous builders of the “Russian style” A. S. Kaminsky and F. O. Shekhtel, which is all the more interesting since the house of I. V. Shchapov’s brother in Moscow, Pyotr Vasilyevich, in 1878 -1884 designed by Shekhtel on the instructions of his teacher Kaminsky (4). The new owner also built services: a “ceremonial” (master’s) stable with a carriage house, a forge, an icehouse, a dairy where cream and butter were made, and other buildings. The estate raised purebred cattle, there were orchards and greenhouses (5).
The transformation of a textile manufacturer into a post-reform landowner became important not only for himself, but also for the village that he acquired. His first impressions of life among the peasants were probably simply stunning. When, at a rural gathering, the peasants agreed to “exchange” a small plot of land near the river to the landowner (it was impossible to officially sell), out of 20 participants in the gathering who approved his decision, only 4 people were able to sign the verdict (6). The women were all illiterate; there was no school in the village. Peasants carried out rural work at the end of the 19th century. in the same ways as their grandfathers did in the 18th century. It was an ineffective three-field land rotation system, which, despite the annual manure being transported to the fields, did not allow the land to restore fertility in two years. The peasants sowed, scattering seeds from a sieve with their hands, threshed with flails, and winnowed, tossing grain in the wind. At that time, Ilya Vasilyevich’s factory already had a school and there were steam engines.
Visible evidence of the change that the new Moscow landowner made in his estate are the buildings of the three schools he founded that have survived to this day, as well as the very new name of the village that arose on the basis of his estate - Shchapovo. And to make it clearer to visitors why the village has such a name, in 1996, on the hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the philanthropist’s birth (and the centenary of his death), grateful village residents and district authorities erected a monument to him.
First of all, in the third year after he became the owner of the estate, Ilya Vasilevich opened two schools on his land: an elementary school at the Church of the Assumption and a lace making school (for girls). The task of eliminating illiteracy among the rural population, as well as urban workers who came from the countryside, was relevant not only after the revolution, when the urban population increased several times. Already in the 19th century. all three departments that maintained primary schools - the Ministry of Public Education, the Zemstvo and the Russian Orthodox Church - each, to the best of its ability, sought to open such schools. On the 1000th anniversary of the feat of Saints Cyril and Methodius, who created Slavic writing, the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood was founded in the Moscow diocese, whose task was enlightenment. Money for schools was collected from monasteries and churches. In Podolsk there was a local chapter of the fraternity, which paid for teachers, textbooks and school equipment if local owners or societies would build or provide premises for the school. I.V. Shchapov built a beautiful and comfortable brick building for such a school on his estate, and provided the students with clothing and maintenance. For this he was elected an honorary member of the Podolsk branch of the brotherhood. The school building was preserved in its original form until 2007 and was truly a genuine object of our cultural heritage of the late 19th century. Now, unfortunately, despite its protected status, it has received a superstructure and changed its memorial appearance. From this school grew the modern Shchapovskaya eleven-year school, located in a new building.
The second school was lace. Ilya Vasilyevich, together with the provincial zemstvo - an organization of local landowners who, according to the 1864 reform, had local government rights, founded a school for girls, which taught lace weaving on bobbins - special sticks-reels that allow you to make any patterns. This attractive craft - making jewelry from woven threads for finishing clothes - gave peasant women additional income in the winter, when agricultural work was not carried out. The school also taught literacy, arithmetic and the Law of God. Initially, the Alexander lace school was located in a spacious hut, but in 1912 the Moscow provincial zemstvo built a two-story building for it. It has also been preserved, has a unique appearance, and it is possible that in the future it will be possible to open a local museum of lace-making and other handicraft arts there.
To teach peasants modern methods of farming, I.V. Shchapov intended to open a special agricultural school. Unfortunately, his premature death at the age of 50 prevented him from doing this himself, but in his will he set such a task and to fulfill it he left the Russian state (Ministry of Agriculture and State Property) as an inheritance of his estate Alexandrovo and a capital of 100,000 rubles. He had no children, but he provided enough for his wife.
Opening a vocational school in the village, even under the will of a benefactor, was not easy. The district zemstvo supported the idea of opening a school and, having received permission from the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, sent authoritative landowners of the district, headed by P. P. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, to the Ministry of State Property in St. Petersburg. The Minister of Agriculture and State Property A.S. Ermolov received the highest permission from Emperor Nicholas II to accept the estate and capital, but for the functioning of the school additional funds were needed for construction and other purposes, which were provided by the Moscow provincial zemstvo and the ministry. The Emperor approved the conclusion of the general meeting of the State Council in 1900, which stated: “To establish a lower agricultural school in the village of Alexandrov... on the estate bequeathed... by I.V. Shchapov, with its name “Shchapovskaya”, and in 1903 The school was built and opened (7).
The first design of the school building, ordered to the architect V. Fomichev, did not satisfy the customers: it was insufficient to accommodate all the necessary classes and offices. The project of the famous architect K.V. Tersky, the author of the project for the building of the modern theater named after. Mayakovsky in Moscow. The two-story stylish building had four classrooms on the ground floor and four on the second, some of which were used as bedrooms for boarders. During the four years of study, students received both a complete secondary education and a specialized education in agriculture, including gardening and beekeeping. The school also taught carpentry and metalsmithing (8).
Ilya Vasilyevich’s initiative was supported and expanded not only before the revolution, but also during Soviet times. The agricultural school, as a center for vocational training, became a technical school that trained specialists not only for the Moscow region, which included almost the entire non-black earth center, but also for other regions. With interruptions caused by pedagogical experiments and repeated rezoning in the 1930s, the school operated until 1959, when the educational facility of the Timiryazev Academy was created on the basis of its facilities.
After the revolution, the parochial school was transformed into an elementary four-year “school of the first stage” and gradually, through the seven-year period and the following stages of secondary education, turned into a complete secondary school. Now it is an eleven-year school, which was given the name “Podolsk cadets”, in memory of the heroes who gave their lives, but detained the enemy on the outskirts of Moscow in the fall of 1941.
The name of the village - Shchapovo, referring only to the territory of the former estate of Ilya Vasilyevich, which became the territory of the school and did not include the village of Aleksandrovo, where the peasants lived, appears in the 1920s. The name “Shchapovskaya Agricultural School” appeared in the conclusion of the State Council in 1900. The Shchapovskaya school became the name of the educational farm (educational farm) of the Timiryazev Academy that succeeded it, a state farm, and then a modern village that arose on this territory
Small landowners' estates in the Moscow region have survived little during the revolution and after it. And the peasants set them on fire, and the departure and emigration of the owners did not contribute to their preservation. In Alexandrov things were different. Both the peasants and the local Soviet authorities were interested in preserving school buildings and outbuildings. The director of the farm lived in Ilya Vasilyevich’s house, and there was a kindergarten on the ground floor. Of the three schools founded on Shchapov’s initiative, only one, the lace school, ceased to exist in 1919. The local party leader I. Terekhin, who came into conflict with the school’s management, closed it, organizing a communist youth club in it, and gave the headmaster’s apartment to his wife. The local authorities associated lace making with noble and bourgeois culture and considered it incompatible with new class values. However, when the closure of the famous school, which had been a provincial methodological center even before the revolution, became known to the chairman of the vocational education section of the People's Commissariat of Education F.V. Lengnik and the head of its extracurricular department N.K. Krupskaya, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V.I. Lenin on January 2, 1920 A telegram was sent to the Podolsk district executive committee with an order to vacate the school premises, restore classes and bring Terekhin to court (9). However, local authorities in these years were more authoritative than the central one, and the school was not restored. After these events, lace production in the Moscow region gradually ceased along with the passing of craftswomen. It should be noted, however, that through the efforts of the municipal Museum of the History of the Shchapovo Estate, which preserves not only local historical and cultural traditions, but also collections of lace products, and the Department of Culture, Youth Affairs, Physical Culture and Sports of the administration of the Podolsk municipal district since 2006, it was possible to restore training in the art of lace making, and there is a permanent lace class in Shchapov (10).
A visitor to the modern Shchapovo estate in the village of the same name can see both ponds and a park, which have preserved a considerable part of their former territories, and most of the historical buildings. In the southern part of the park there are several trees - oaks and maples - which are 200-300 years old (plantings date back to the time of the Grushetskys), in the northern and eastern parts - firs, larches, alleys and “offices” - small areas in the park left without trees , which gives a play of light and shadow on their “walls” and free growth of trees.
The village is located on a good highway connecting the Kaluzhskoe and Warsaw highways, so the well-kept Church of the Assumption is eagerly visited not only by residents of Shchapov, but also of Podolsk. Behind the church fence there is also a former parochial school, unfortunately rebuilt in recent years. The house of Ilya Vasilyevich Shchapov has been preserved, but it faces serious restoration, since after leaving the outpatient clinic building it is gradually losing parts of its facade. Another architectural monument - the kitchen at the manor house - at the time of the privatization of the farm and the creation of a joint-stock company with the participation of the supermarket company "Seventh Continent" had to be rebuilt into a store and turned into a brick box without a roof and windows. Now it is mothballed.
The service buildings of the estate of I.V. Shchapov from the end of the 19th century have been preserved: the building of the front stable with a carriage house, with a unique carved roof and a high attic - a hayloft and shutters in the dormers, a forge with white stone wall decoration, a deep icehouse for storing perishable food, the remaining after the fire, the walls of the dairy, artistically lined with bricks. In front of the manor house, part of the white stone pavement has been preserved, onto which carriages drove from the carriage house. The “Manager’s House”, a one-story residential building with two apartments - the school’s property manager and a janitor - and a two-story staff house, equipped in the 1970s, date back to the existence of the agricultural school, in the 1910s. for the hotel of the Shchapovo agricultural company.
The bridges across the ravine make a good impression: not only the 18th century bridge restored after archaeological excavations. with a white stone stream bed underneath, but also a brick bridge with columns from 1903, connecting the territory of the agricultural school and church with the main part of the estate.
A special place in the estate is occupied by the municipal Museum of the History of the Shchapovo Estate and the Shchapovo Organ Hall located in the same building. They are located in the building of a former agricultural school built in 1903. The museum, organized in 1998 by local enthusiasts with the support of the administration of the Podolsk region, with its exhibition shows the history of the village, the events of the War of 1812 in this territory, the history of the owners of the estate and the life of the village in the 20th century ., authentic things of the era. Separate rooms are dedicated to archaeological monuments discovered here by excavations, peasant implements and art, and Russian wedding rites. In the hall, representing the dining room in the manor house, noble and merchant furniture of the 19th century, men's and women's clothing, dishes and other equipment of the era are exhibited. An exhibition is dedicated to I.V. Shchapov, his family and other generations of the family, showing documents related to them, including the “spiritual testament” of I.V. Shchapov, photographs, memorial items, furniture, etc.
The organ hall in Shchapov was opened in 1989 and hosts monthly concerts by Moscow performers. The hall with an organ from the Czech company Rieger Kloss is popular not only among residents of the region and the city of Podolsk; organized excursions and individual amateurs from Moscow and the region come to concerts with visits to the museum and estate.
Notes:
1. RGADA. F. 1209.1. Book 687
2. Belyaev L. A. Russian medieval tombstone. M., 2000
3. Soloviev S. M. History of Russia since ancient times (any edition)
4. Kirichenko E.I. Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, 4. (“Biography of a Moscow house”). M., 1989. pp. 14-15
5. Tokmakov I. F. Historical, statistical and archaeological description of the village of Aleksandrovo (Podolsk district of the Moscow province) and its temple with its parish. M., 1899
6. History of the village of Alexandrova (village Shchapovo) Podolsk district of the Moscow region p/comp. O. N. Rusina. M., 1992. P. 48
7. Shchapovskaya Agricultural School - roll call of centuries (To the 100th anniversary of its foundation). Podolsk, 2003. pp. 14-16. RGIA. F. 1153.1.124. Ll. 5-6 vol.
8. Right there. P. 18
9. Shchapov Ya. N., Shchapova Yu. L., Rosenbaum V. B. Lace school in the village of Aleksandrov, Podolsk district (1892-1919) // Podolsk lace. Traditional art and its revival. Podolsk, 2008. pp. 72-73. Lenin V.I. Complete works. 5th ed. T. 51. M., 1975. P. 109 (No. 187). Lenin V.I. Biographical chronicle. T. 8. November 1919 - June 1920. M., 1977
10. Shchapov Ya. N. Revival of teaching lace weaving in the Podolsk region. Lace class in the Museum of the History of the Shchapovo Estate - Krasno-Selsky Boarding School // Podolsk Lace. Traditional art and its revival. pp. 82-85
The Moscow region is a vast territory in which a fairly large number of historical and cultural monuments of noble estate life have been preserved to this day. Among the most interesting estates is the Shchapovo Estate Museum.
Shchapovskoe estate and its name
The history of the local lands is connected not only with the Shchapovo estate, but also with a small village, which is mentioned in the scribe books of the early 17th century. as the possession of the boyar V.P. Morozov. Then it was called Alexandrovsky. Later it is found under the name "Alexandrovo". The exact origin of the name is unknown, but it can be assumed that it was given by the name of a noble person who founded the settlement. It cannot be called by the name of Morozov’s daughter, which was given as a wedding gift, since her name was Maria.
The history of the Shchapovo estate begins with the Morozovs. The next owners of the estate were Maria Vasilievna Morozova and her husband A.V. Golitsyn. And after the death of the latter, the estate again returned to the Morozovs’ possessions, and at the end of the 17th century. - into the royal possession due to the lack of Morozov heirs.
The modern layout of the estate dates back to the time it was owned by the Grushetsky brothers - at the end of the 18th century. It was Vasily Vladimirovich Grushetsky who made great changes to the appearance of the estate: he replaced the ancient wooden Church of the Assumption with a stone one, built a system of ponds in the garden area, and planted a linden park.
After the Grushetskys, the estate was owned by the Shchapov brothers, which is where the second name of the estate came from. Now it is known as Alexandrovo-Shchapovo. I.V. Shchapov built a stone two-story house and a stone kitchen in it, equipping it with a cellar, a master's stable, a spacious icehouse, a carriage house, a forge, a decorative dairy building, a greenhouse and a barnyard. On the Shchapov farm they produced their own dairy and fermented milk products, raised cattle, and grew vegetables and fruits. A lace making school, an agricultural school and a parochial school were opened.
During the post-revolutionary changes, the estate went through a fairly happy path: all the buildings and schools were preserved in it, and a kindergarten was located in the manor’s house. Over time, an agricultural technical school was opened here, and later - an educational facility for the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.
Aleksandrovo was renamed Shchapovo to preserve the memory of a man whose life was aimed at improving the life of the peasants. The modern village that arose here during Soviet times was also named Shchapov.
Owners of the estate
Boyarin Vasily Petrovich Morozov was a representative of an old Moscow family. His service under the royal throne was quite successful. Initially, he carried out military service under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and participated in the Rugodiv campaign with the rank of captain. Then he served alternately as a governor in Tula and Pskov. And under Boris Godunov he received the rank of okolnichy. During the years of the Polish intervention, he did not go over to the side of False Dmitry and remained faithful to the Fatherland and the Tsar. The boyars received Vasily Shuisky during the short reign for his participation in the suppression of the Bolotnikov uprising. He was appointed governor of Kazan. During the Polish-Lithuanian intervention he fought as part of the First and Second Home Guards. He was a member of the government and the Zemsky Sobor under Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and also briefly headed the Judgment Order.
Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn was also a representative of an old Moscow noble family. He also fought in the rank of captain under Boris Godunov. He especially distinguished himself in the campaign against Khan Kazy-Girey Bora. Participated in the suppression of the Bolotnikov uprising and in hostilities during the Polish-Lithuanian intervention. But he betrayed the Fatherland by joining the government that supported the enthronement of the son of the Polish king, and was executed.
Ivan Vasilyevich Morozov, Maria’s brother, was a very famous person at the Romanov court, “in charge” among the boyars. His name is mentioned in connection with the application for Russian citizenship by B. Khmelnitsky.
Boris Ivanovich Morozov served at the royal court as the tutor of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov himself. Perhaps he also served as a regent for the young king.
Vasily Vladimirovich Grushetsky was a representative of the Lithuanian noble family. In Russia he served as a senator and had the rank of full state councilor. Part of his life was connected with a military career: holder of orders, lieutenant general, he participated in the Russian-Turkish war and the annexation of Crimea to Russia.
Ilya Vasilyevich Shchapov is one of the largest Moscow industrialists, who organized his production and the life of workers at the advanced European level. Having received the estate, he retired from business, leaving his brother with them, and he retired to Shchapovo, where until the end of his days he introduced the latest ideas for improving personal and peasant life.
Primary parochial school
The goal of opening schools on his new estate by former industrialist I.V. Shchapov was to eliminate total illiteracy among his peasants. This school was for boys only. In Podolsk, which also controlled Alexandrovo, at that time there was a branch of the brotherhood of the Moscow Cyril and Methodius Monastery. It was this organization that supplied Shchapov’s school with textbooks, teachers, and equipment. In return, the owner of the estate had to provide a building for the school, which Ilya Vasilyevich erected. The students were provided with food, maintenance, and clothing by Schapov. Houses for teachers were also built nearby.
In Soviet times, the school became a four-year primary “first stage”, later it was reclassified as a seven-year school and gradually turned into a standard one, where education lasts 11 years.
Lacemaker's school
It was intended for vocational training of peasant girls. Initially it was located in a large peasant hut. At the beginning of the 20th century. By decision of the Zemstvo, a special building was built for the school. The students wove thread lace using bobbins. This craft provided them with work during the unemployed autumn-winter season. Girls were taught literacy, arithmetic and the Law of God.
The school was closed in 1919, because under the new government lace was considered a relic of the past, bourgeois habits. The Communist Youth Club was organized in the building. And in 1920, by decision of the government, classes had to be resumed again. However, the school was not restored, and over time, due to the death of the lacemakers, this task became completely impossible.
The agricultural school was created after the death of the patron of arts using the funds left by him, and a building for it was also built - according to the design of K.V. Tersky. It is built of red brick and has two floors. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich personally provided support for the construction.
The school building had eight classrooms, some of which were used as bedrooms out of necessity. The boys received two educations here: secondary and vocational.
Architecture of the manor house
In the Shchapovo-Alexandrovo estate, a well-preserved manor house built at the end of the 18th century. It is made of stone, has a second floor extension made of wood, decorated with carved decorations in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. The turret of the second floor above the stairs inside has wall and ceiling paintings based on ancient subjects.
The Shchapovs lived in this house. The house is connected to the glacier and the kitchen. During excavations nearby, the foundations of an old house, apparently Grushetsky's, were discovered, but the building itself is not subject to reconstruction at this time.
Current state of the estate
Currently, judging by the reviews, the Shchapovo estate in the Podolsk region is in completely intact condition. Here you can stroll through the linden park, examine the system of ponds and the stream, the bottom of which was carefully laid out with white stone by the estate gardener. You can visit the estate museum, and listen to organ music in the concert hall in the former school building. You can visit the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, see the glacier, the building of the former agricultural school, the stables, the kitchen, the manager’s house and the manor’s house.
Unfortunately, at the moment the kitchen is in a mothballed state, since after the placement of a food store here it began to more closely resemble a box without a roof. And the building of the manor house is put in line for restoration due to the possible loss of parts of the facade, which began to collapse after the outpatient clinic moved out of here. But it’s surprising: in front of the house, a section of the pavement, laid out by the owner of the estate from white stone, has been preserved.
The road to the village and the estate is located between the Kaluga and Warsaw highways and is in quite good condition.
The church of the estate was consecrated even before Shchapov in the name of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Later it was rebuilt in stone. It has a relatively small size and a three-part “ship” shape: a temple-chapel, a refectory and a bell tower.
The main volume of the temple is rectangular in shape and more closely resembles an ordinary residential building without additional extensions. Has two floors. The walls are cut through by two tiers of rectangular windows. The entrance to the building is not in the west, as it should be according to the canons, but in the south. The decor is not used. On the eastern side, a small semicircular apse is attached to the main volume. It is one floor high.
In the church, only one icon has survived from Shchapov’s times - the “Holy Trinity”. They forgot it here when they took out other utensils and property, as they put it under the wheels of the car so that it would not slip in the mud. The trace on the icon has been preserved.
Museum collection
The history of the Shchapovo estate museum, founded in 1998, is connected with the name of one of Shchapov’s descendants - Yaroslav Nikolaevich. He served as director here for a long time.
The museum collection contains original belongings of the owners of the estate, exhibitions dedicated to the War of 1812, the history of the village and the family of the owners, exhibits telling about the peculiarities of the noble life of the 19th century, handicrafts of the village’s peasants and works of local lacemakers. There are also halls where finds from archaeological excavations carried out on the territory of the estate are presented.
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