The lethal radius of a hand grenade is f 1. Domestic weapons and military equipment. History of F1

The success that accompanied the use of hand grenades during the First World War gave impetus to their mass production. Almost all the armies of the world categorically adopted hand grenades into service, significantly increasing the firepower of the infantryman at one point. Infantry armed with hand grenades could solve many more problems on the battlefield. This was facilitated by the emergence of various types of these weapons. To enhance attack operations, high-explosive ammunition was used, where the main damaging factors were fire damage and shock wave. For defensive operations, fragmentation grenades were best suited. Such hand-fired ammunition includes the F-1 hand-held fragmentation grenade, which is familiar to the average person, popularly nicknamed the “lemon”.

This weapon can rightfully be called legendary. Armed with this type of grenade, Soviet soldiers fought in the Finnish campaign of 1939-40. “Limonka” went through the entire Great Patriotic War. At the same time, the strength and power of this ammunition, in addition to Soviet soldiers, was also appreciated by German soldiers. Even after the war, the Soviet Army for a long time was armed with F-1 hand fragmentation grenades, which became popular in the armies of other countries.

How did the legendary “lemon” appear?

The military was immediately able to appreciate the advantages that hand grenades had. Used as hand-fired anti-personnel ammunition, grenades radically changed close combat tactics. The shrapnel, which is the main destructive element of these munitions, could instantly incapacitate a large group of people. This detail was very convenient for conducting defensive actions when it was urgently necessary to stop an enemy attack. In the Soviet Union, such ammunition was taken very seriously. The reserves of hand grenades, inherited by the Red Army from the tsarist army, were exhausted during the Civil War. The infantry units of the Red Army were in dire need of increasing the combat effectiveness of their fighters through hand-held fire weapons.

Faced with a shortage of hand grenades during the suppression of the Basmachi movement in Central Asia, in the mid-20s, on instructions from the Revolutionary Military Council, Soviet gunsmiths began developing new types of hand grenades. Two options for ammunition were considered at once - for offensive purposes and for defense. Already in 1926, the designer Dyakonov presented his development, a hand-held defensive-offensive grenade, to the high military commission. The finished sample received the index RGD-33 and was adopted by the Red Army. The defensive option was treated differently. Soviet designers did not reinvent the wheel. The French F-1 fragmentation hand grenade of the 1915 model was taken as the basis. It was this ammunition that the commanders and Red Army soldiers who had gone through the crucible of the fronts of the First World War and the Civil War were very familiar with.

Soviet gunsmith engineers, under the leadership of military engineer Khrameev, had to carry out an almost complete modernization of the ammunition. The original model was released in 1939 and was called and received the index F-1. The design of the F 1 fragmentation hand grenade differed from the French-made product. The main emphasis was placed on the perfection of the fuse, which the French grenade had a shock action. Such a mechanism for putting into action in modern conditions has become extremely dangerous and not always convenient. Not always during a fight does a fighter have the opportunity to make a throw. The grenade designers were faced with the task of creating a controlled fuse. The grenade must be activated after a certain time without mechanical contact of the body with an obstacle. A way out of the situation was suggested by engineer Koveshnikov, who managed to create a simple and reliable fuse.

The grenade was intended to destroy manpower. The main damaging element was body fragments that were formed during the explosion of the explosive charge. For this purpose, the designers created a cast iron body, artificially divided into ribs. The ammunition was activated using manual manipulation. The Koveshnikov fuse provided the remote action of the F-1 grenade. In other words, the detonation of the ammunition charge occurred with a time delay of 5-6 seconds. The lemon exploded regardless of whether it was thrown at the target or continued to be in the hands of the fighter. A distinctive feature of a defensive-type hand-held fragmentation grenade was that the fragments scattered over a distance exceeding the throwing range, so such a weapon required special knowledge and skills during combat use.

Characteristics of fragmentation hand grenade F 1

The invention of Soviet designers had the same characteristic oval-shaped body, made of steel cast iron, which is more hard and produces a huge number of fragments when broken. The body has special fins, thanks to which the fragments formed during the explosion have a certain size and weight. When loaded, the F 1 grenade weighed 600 grams. The main charge of the ammunition was represented by TNT weighing 60 g. This amount of explosive was enough to ensure the rupture of the cast iron body. The fragments formed at the moment of the explosion scattered at a speed of 500-700 m/s, flying away from the epicenter of the explosion to a distance of up to 200 meters. On average, when an F-1 combat grenade exploded, the number of fragments reached 300 pieces, among which the number of lethal fragments was 30-40%.

The combat grenade had the following device:

• frame;
• explosive charge;
• trigger mechanism (fuse).

The F 1 grenade in combat version was green in color. The training version of the lemon was specially painted black, having two intersecting vertical and horizontal stripes on the body. The fuse of the combat grenade had no color. The training ammunition had a ring and a scarlet pressure lever.

The fuse is screwed into the upper part of the housing. Ammunition and fuses were located separately during transportation and storage. The hole for the fuse in the body was closed with a screw-in plug - a plug.

Subsequent modernization

The F-1 fragmentation grenade had its first baptism of fire during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40. The Red Army soldiers received a very convenient melee weapon. However, during the fighting, two serious shortcomings of the lemon were revealed:

• firstly, Soviet soldiers in most cases had no idea how a fragmentation grenade worked and did not always use it for its intended purpose. This naturally led to frequent accidents when the soldier throwing the grenade himself received mortal wounds and injuries;
• secondly, the remote fuse set the ammunition into action only after 6 seconds. Such a time delay was unacceptable in modern combat conditions.

Having assessed the results of the combat use of hand grenades, it was decided to improve the fuse, ultimately making a more reliable trigger mechanism of a universal type. Engineers Viceni and Bednyakov managed to create a simple and reliable fuse in the shortest possible time, which received the complex abbreviation UZRGM - unified manual grants modernized fuse. Due to its versatility, this fuse has become common since 1942 for all hand grenades in service with the Red Army. Now the time to detonate the main ammunition charge was 3-4 seconds. This type of fuse was subsequently modernized again, receiving the designation UZRGM-2.

Fundamentally, the device did not bring anything new. As in the previous modification, the main parts of the fuse were:

• hammer tube;
• impact mechanism;
• connecting part - bushing;
• guide washer;
• safety lever;
• check.

It was the pipe that was the main element, on the basis of which all other parts of the fuse were already mounted. The main action performed by the assembled mechanism was the ignition of the primer, after which further detonation of the main grenade charge occurred.

Using a connecting sleeve, the fuse was connected to the lemon body. It should be noted that in combat condition the firing pin of the UZRGM is cocked, held in this position by the trigger lever. The movement of the firing pin is ensured by a mainspring, which is held in tension by a safety or trigger lever. As a result of manual manipulation, the grenade, even with the pin pulled out, remains inactive. Only at the moment of throwing, when there is no pressure on the trigger lever, does the firing pin begin to move in the direction of the igniter. This element slows down the ignition reaction of the main detonator capsule. Only after this the main explosive charge of the ammunition is detonated.

F 1 grenades were stored in storage areas in wooden boxes, 20 pcs. in everyone. The fuses for the lemons, like other hand grenades, were stored there. Each wooden box contained two sealed metal containers with UZRGM fuses. The total weight of the grenade box was 20 kg. Even during storage, the fuse is cocked. To put a grenade into combat condition, it is enough to unscrew the plug from the ammunition body and screw in the fuse in its place.

Combat use of lemon juice F 1

The Soviet F 1 grenade is rightfully considered one of the most popular hand-held ammunition. In the form in which we know lemon, it went through all the military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century. This type of hand grenades was actively used during defensive operations, as well as during assault operations. The Soviet lemon was also used by German troops during World War II. The “Stielhandgranaten” M24 hand grenade in service with the Wehrmacht, nicknamed the “beater” by Soviet soldiers, was not a defensive weapon. Soviet army warehouses captured by the Germans in the first months of the Great Patriotic War made it possible for a certain time to provide the German troops on the Eastern Front with the necessary supply of effective defensive weapons.

In the USSR, during the Great Patriotic War, the F 1 hand fragmentation grenade was produced at several enterprises at once. The main defense order was carried out by factories No. 254, No. 230 and No. 53. Enterprises under the jurisdiction of the NKVD collected lemon in small batches. If the technical base and capabilities were available, F 1 grenades were assembled at ship repair and mechanical enterprises in the country.

The production of cast iron bodies was carried out in Leningrad, after which the blanks were distributed to assembly sites. After the blockade began, other plants and factories began to produce housings. In parallel with the release of combat grenades, training ammunition was produced, thanks to which Soviet soldiers had the opportunity to learn how to properly handle a defensive fragmentation grenade.

Soviet grenades were baptized by fire in the Korean War and were successfully used by Vietnamese partisans during the Indochina War. After the cessation of production of this type of ammunition, the F 1 grenade continued to be in service with the Soviet Army. During the hostilities of the Soviet military contingent in the DRA, the lemon remained in a special place among Soviet soldiers.

F-1 lemon grenade / Photo: vlada.io

If we approach the issue formally, then the service life of this, without a doubt, an outstanding representative of the classic type of hand grenades, will be not one hundred, but eighty-nine years. In 1928, the F-1 hand-held anti-personnel defensive grenade, the “limonka,” was adopted into service with the Red Army. But let's not rush things.

A little history

The prototype of a hand grenade has been known since the 9th century. These were clay vessels of various shapes, filled with energy-rich materials known at that time (lime, resin, “Greek fire”). It is clear that until the appearance of the first high explosives, there is no need to talk about the serious damaging effect of these ancient products. The first mentions of explosive hand-held projectiles date back to the 10th-11th centuries. The materials used for them were copper, bronze, iron, and glass. Presumably, Arab merchants brought them from China or India.

An example of such a device is the bann, developed in China in the first millennium AD. an incendiary grenade with a body made from a piece of hollow bamboo stalk. A charge of resin and black powder was placed inside. The top of the bann was plugged with a bunch of tow and used as a reinforced torch; sometimes a primitive wick containing saltpeter was used.

The Arabic "bortab" was a glass ball with a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter and charcoal, equipped with a wick and a chain. attached to the shaft. In any case, this is how the Nejim-Edlin-Chassan Alram manuscript “A Guide to the Art of Fighting on Horseback and Various War Machines” describes it. Such grenades provided not so much a damaging effect as a psychological and demoralizing effect on the advancing enemy.

More than a hundred almost intact blown glass hand grenades, some of which still have wicks / Photo: Archaeological Museum of Mytilene, Lesvos.

The era of classic fragmentation grenades began in 1405, when the German inventor Konrad Kaiser von Eichstadt proposed using brittle cast iron as a body material, due to which the number of fragments generated during an explosion significantly increases. He also came up with the idea of ​​​​creating a cavity in the center of the powder charge, which noticeably accelerated the combustion of the mixture and increased the likelihood of pieces of the grenade body scattering into small fragmentation destructive elements. The weak blasting effect of black powder required an increase in the size of the grenade, while the physical capabilities of a person limited such an increase. Only very trained fighters could throw a cast-iron ball weighing from one to four kilograms. The lighter shells used by cavalry and boarding parties were much less effective.

Grenades were used primarily in assaults and defenses of fortresses, in boarding battles, and during the War of the Holy League (1511-1514) they proved to be very good. But there was also a significant drawback - the fuse. A smoldering fuse in the form of a wooden tube with powder pulp often went out when it hit the ground, did not give an accurate idea of ​​the time before the explosion, detonating too early, even before the throw, or too late, allowing the enemy to run away or even return the grenade back. In the 16th century, the familiar term “grenade” appeared. It was first used in one of his books by the famous gunsmith from Salzburg Sebastian Gele, comparing the new weapon with a subtropical fruit that, falling to the ground, scatters its seeds.

In the middle of the 17th century, grenades were equipped with a prototype of an inertial fuse. During the English Civil War (1642-1652), Cromwell's soldiers began to tie a bullet to a fuse inside a projectile, which, when it hit the ground, continued to move by inertia and pulled the fuse inside. They also proposed a primitive stabilizer to ensure that the grenade would fly backwards with the fuse.

The beginning of the intensive use of grenades in field battles dates back to the 17th century. In 1667, the English troops were assigned soldiers (4 people per company) specifically to throw projectiles. These fighters were called "grenadiers". Only soldiers with excellent physical shape and training could become them. After all, the taller the soldier and the stronger, the farther he can throw a grenade. Following the example of the British, this type of weapon was introduced into the armies of almost all states. However, the development of linear tactics gradually negated the advantage of using grenades, and by the middle of the 18th century they were removed from the equipment of field units, the grenadiers became only elite infantry units. Grenades remained only in service with the garrison troops.

War of Empires

The hand grenade greeted the 20th century as a little-used, old and forgotten weapon. In essence, it was the same black powder ammunition that was used by the grenadiers of the 17th century. The only improvement made to the design of grenades over almost 300 years is the appearance of a grating fuse.

French spherical grenade model 1882, used during the First World War. The body of the grenade is simple, spherical in shape (the diameter of the ball was 81 mm), made of cast iron, with a hole for the fuse. The grenade fuse could be either impact or a simple fuse, ignited with a match. But the most typical for a spherical grenade was a “bracelet” (grating) fuse / Photo: army-news.ru

English “ball” grenade No. 15, model 1915. The cast iron body, 3 inches in diameter, with internal notches for fragmentation, was filled with black powder or ammonal. The fuse of the No. 15 grenade was a typical grating fuse, which was developed by the designer Brock. The fuse was very sensitive to dampness and often failed, so it was often replaced with a piece of fuse cord / Photo: army-news.ru

In Russia in 1896, the Artillery Committee ordered hand grenades to be completely withdrawn from use “... in view of the emergence of more advanced means of defeating the enemy, the strengthening of the defense of fortresses in ditches and the unsafety of hand grenades for the defenders themselves...”.

And eight years later the Russian-Japanese War began. This was the first battle in the history of warfare in which mass armies, equipped with rapid-fire artillery, repeating rifles and machine guns, met. The presence of new weapons and especially the increase in the range of fire weapons increased the capabilities of the troops and necessitated the use of new methods of action on the battlefield. Field shelters reliably hid opponents from each other, making firearms practically useless. This forced both sides of the conflict to recall a forgotten type of infantry weapon. And given the lack of grenades in service, improvisations began.

The first use of grenades by the Japanese in the Russian-Japanese War was recorded on May 12, 1904 near Qingzhou. Japanese grenades consisted of shell casings, bamboo tubes filled with explosive charges, standard explosive charges wrapped in fabric, into the ignition sockets of which incendiary tubes were inserted.

Following the Japanese, Russian troops also began to use grenades. The first mention of their use dates back to August 1904. The production of grenades in the besieged city was carried out by the staff captain of the mine company Melik-Parsadanov and the lieutenant of the Kwantung fortress sapper company Debigoriy-Mokrievich. In the naval department, this work was entrusted to Captain 2nd Rank Gerasimov and Lieutenant Podgursky. During the defense of Port Arthur, 67,000 hand grenades were produced and used.

Russian grenades were cuttings of lead pipes, cartridges, into which 2-3 pyroxylin bombs were inserted. The ends of the body were closed with wooden covers with a hole for the ignition tube. Such grenades were equipped with an incendiary tube designed for 5-6 seconds of burning. Due to the high hygroscopicity of pyroxylin, grenades equipped with it had to be used within a certain time after manufacture. If dry pyroxylin containing 1-3% moisture exploded from a primer containing 2 g of mercury fulminate, then pyroxylin containing 5-8% moisture required an additional detonator made from dry pyroxylin.

Grenades produced in Port Arthur from scrap materials / Image: topwar.ru

The illustration shows a grenade equipped with a grating igniter. It was made from a 37 mm or 47 mm artillery shell casing. A cartridge case from a rifle cartridge was soldered to the grenade body, which housed a grating igniter. A fire cord was inserted into the barrel of the cartridge case and secured there by crimping the barrel. The grater cord came out through a hole in the bottom of the sleeve. The grating device itself consisted of two split goose feathers, inserted into each other by cuts. The contacting surfaces of the feathers were coated with an igniting composition. For ease of pulling, a ring or stick was tied to the cord.

To ignite the fire cord of such a grenade, it was necessary to pull the ring of the grating igniter. The friction between the goose feathers during mutual movement caused the flaming compound to ignite, and a beam of fire ignited the fire cord.

In 1904, the impact grenade came into use for the first time in the Russian army. The creator of the grenade was the staff captain of the East Siberian mine company Lishin.

Staff Captain Lishin's grenade of an early type./ Image: topwar.ru

Lessons from war

Intelligence agencies from all over the world were interested in the developments and progress of hostilities in Manchuria. Britain sent the most observers to the Far East - it was tormented by the tragic experience of the war with the Boers. The Russian army received three British observers, and 13 British officers observed the fighting from the Japanese side. Together with the British, military attaches from Germany, France, Sweden and other countries watched the development of events. Even Argentina sent captain of the second rank Jose Moneta to Port Arthur.

An analysis of combat operations showed that significant changes must be made to the technical equipment, organization of combat training of troops and their equipment. The war required mass production of all types of weapons and equipment. The role of the rear has increased immeasurably. Uninterrupted supply of troops with ammunition and food began to play a decisive role in achieving success on the battlefield.

With the advent of more advanced weapons, positional forms of fighting in the field arose. Machine guns and repeating rifles forced the final abandonment of dense combat formations of troops; chains became more rare. The machine gun and powerful fortifications sharply increased the possibility of defense, forced the attackers to combine fire and movement, make more careful use of the terrain, dig in, conduct reconnaissance, conduct fire preparations for attacks, widely use detours and envelopments, fight at night, and better organize the interaction of troops on the field. battle. The artillery began to practice firing from closed positions. The war required an increase in the caliber of guns and the widespread use of howitzers.

The Russo-Japanese War made a much stronger impression on German observers than on the French, British and the military of other countries. The reason for this was not so much the Germans' greater receptivity to new ideas, but rather the tendency of the German army to view combat operations from a slightly different angle. After the signing of the Anglo-French agreement (Entente cordiale) in 1904, Kaiser Wilhelm asked Alfred von Schlieffen to develop a plan that would allow Germany to fight a war on two fronts simultaneously, and in December 1905 von Schlieffen began work on his famous plan. The example of the use of grenades and trench mortars during the siege of Port Arthur showed the Germans that such weapons could be effectively used in the German army if it had to face similar tasks during an invasion of the territory of neighboring countries.

Already by 1913, the German military industry began serial production of the Kugelhandgranate 13 grenade. However, it is impossible to say that it was a revolutionary model. The traditional inertia of thinking of military strategists of that time had an effect, which led to the fact that grenades continued to be considered only as means of siege warfare. Model 1913 grenades were of little use as infantry weapons, primarily because of their spherical shape, which made them difficult to carry for a soldier.

Kugelhandgranate 13 Model Aa / Photo: topwar.ru

The body of the grenade was a reworked, but almost unchanged overall idea from three hundred years ago - a cast iron ball with a diameter of 80 mm with a symmetrically shaped ribbed notch and a fuse point. The grenade charge was a mixed explosive based on black powder, that is, it had a low high-explosive effect, although due to the shape and material of the grenade body it produced rather heavy fragments.

The grenade fuse was quite compact and not bad for its time. It was a tube protruding 40 mm from the grenade body with a grating and spacer compound inside. A safety ring was attached to the tube, and on top there was a wire loop, which activated the fuse. The deceleration time was supposedly about 5-6 seconds. An absolute positive was the absence of any detonator on the grenade, since its powder charge was ignited by the force of the flame from the remote composition of the fuse itself. This increased the safety of handling the grenade and helped reduce the number of accidents. In addition, the charge, which had low brisance, crushed the body into relatively large fragments, producing less “dust” that was harmless to the enemy than grenades in melinite or TNT equipment.

Russia also took into account the experience of the war. In 1909-1910, artillery captain Rdultovsky developed two models of grenades with a remote fuse - a small (two-pound) “for hunting teams” and a large (three-pound) “for serf war.” The small grenade, according to Rdultovsky’s description, had a wooden handle, a body in the form of a rectangular box made of zinc sheet, and was loaded with a quarter pound of melinite. Between the prismatic explosive charge and the walls of the body, plates with cross-shaped cutouts were placed, and ready-made triangular fragments (0.4 g each) were placed in the corners. During tests, fragments “pierced an inch board 1-3 fathoms from the explosion site,” the throwing range reached 40-50 steps.

Grenades were then considered an engineering tool and fell under the jurisdiction of the Main Engineering Directorate (GIU). On September 22, 1911, the Engineering Committee of the State Research University examined hand grenades of several systems - Captain Rdultovsky, Lieutenant Timinsky, Lieutenant Colonel Gruzevich-Nechay. The remark about Timinsky’s grenade was typical: “It can be recommended in case the troops have to make grenades,” - this is how this ammunition was treated then. But the greatest interest was caused by Rdultovsky’s sample, although it required factory production. After modification, Rdultovsky’s grenade was adopted for service under the designation “grenade arr. 1912" (RG-12).

Grenade model 1912 (RG-12) / Photo: topwar.ru.

Just before the start of the First World War, Rdultovsky improved the design of his grenade mod. 1912, and the grenade mod. 1914 (RG-14).

Grenade model 1914 (RG-14) / Photo: topwar.ru.

The design of the hand grenade mod. 1914 was not fundamentally different from the 1912 model grenade. But there were still changes in the design. The 1912 model grenade did not have an additional detonator. In the 1914 model grenade, when loaded with TNT or melinite, an additional detonator made of pressed tetryl was used, but when loaded with ammonal, an additional detonator was not used. Equipping grenades with different types of explosives led to a variation in their weight characteristics: a grenade loaded with TNT weighed 720 g, melinite - 716-717 g.

The grenade was stored without a fuse and with the striker released. Before throwing, the fighter had to put the grenade on safety and load it. The first meant: remove the ring, pull back the firing pin, recess the lever in the handle (the hook of the lever captured the head of the firing pin), place the safety pin across the trigger window and put the ring back on the handle and lever. The second is to move the funnel lid and insert the fuse with the long arm into the funnel, the short one into the chute and secure the fuse with the lid.

To throw a grenade, the grenade was held in the hand, the ring was moved forward, and the safety pin was moved with the thumb of the free hand. At the same time, the lever compressed the spring and pulled the striker back with its hook. The mainspring was compressed between the clutch and the trigger. When thrown, the lever was pressed back, the mainspring pushed the firing pin, and it pierced the igniter primer with the striker. The fire was transmitted along the threads of the stopin to the retarding composition, and then to the detonator cap, which detonated the explosive charge. Here, perhaps, are all the contemporary examples of hand grenades that were in the arsenals of the military when the Great War broke out.

First World War

On July 28, 1914, World War I began, one of the largest armed conflicts in human history, as a result of which four empires ceased to exist. When, after an extremely dynamic campaign, the front lines froze in trench warfare and the opponents sat in their deep trenches almost a stone's throw away, the history of the Russo-Japanese War repeated itself again, but with one exception - Germany. The Kugelhandgranate spherical grenade turned out to be the very first to be mass-produced in fairly large quantities and supplied to the troops. The rest had to improvise again. The troops began to help themselves and began to produce various homemade grenades. Using empty cans, wooden boxes, cardboard, pipe scraps and the like, often wrapped with wire or nailed, more or less effective explosive devices were produced. Also, the charges and detonators were very diverse - simple fuse cords, grating fuses, and so on. The use of such ersatz was often associated with risk for the throwers themselves. It required a certain dexterity and composure, and was therefore limited to sapper units and small, specially trained infantry units.

In relation to the effort spent on production, the effectiveness of homemade grenades left much to be desired. Therefore, at an increasing pace, more effective and convenient grenades began to be developed, which, in addition, were suitable for serial mass production.

It is not possible to consider all the samples that designers created during the First World War in the volume of one article. Only in the German army during this period 23 types of different hand grenades were used. Therefore, we will focus on two designs that ultimately led to the appearance of the F-1 grenade.

Taking into account the experience of combat in 1914, the British designer William Mills developed a very successful, one might say, classic model of a grenade. The Mills grenade was adopted by the British Army in 1915 under the name "Mills Bomb No. 5".

Mills Bomb No. 5 / Photo: topwar.ru.

The Mills grenade belongs to the anti-personnel fragmentation hand grenades of the defensive type.

Grenade No. 5 consists of a body, an explosive charge, a shock-safety mechanism, and a fuse. The grenade body is designed to accommodate an explosive charge and form fragments during an explosion. The body is made of cast iron and has transverse and longitudinal notches on the outside. There is a hole at the bottom of the body into which the central tube is screwed. The central channel of the tube houses a firing pin with a mainspring and a primer-igniter. The fuse itself is a piece of fire cord, at one end of which an igniter cap is attached, and at the other a detonator cap. It is inserted into the side channel of the tube. The housing hole is closed with a screw plug. To use the Mills Bomb No. 5 grenade, you need to unscrew the washer on the underside of the grenade, insert the detonator cap into it and screw the washer back into place. To use a grenade, you need to take the grenade in your right hand, pressing the lever against the body of the grenade; With your left hand, bring together the antennae of the safety pin (cotter pin) and, pulling the ring, pull the cotter pin out of the lever hole. After that, swing, throw a grenade at the target and take cover.

The British managed to create a truly outstanding weapon. The Mills grenade embodied the tactical requirements of “trench warfare” for this type of weapon. Small, convenient, this grenade was conveniently thrown from any position; despite its size, it produced quite a lot of heavy fragments, creating a sufficient destruction area. But the greatest advantage of the grenade was its fuse. This was due to the simplicity of its design, compactness (there were no protruding parts), and the fact that, having pulled out the ring with the pin, the fighter could safely hold the grenade in his hand, waiting for the most favorable moment to throw, since the lever held by the hand would not rise , the moderator will not ignite. German, Austro-Hungarian and some French examples of grenades did not have this truly necessary feature. The Russian Rdultovsky grenade, which had this feature, was very difficult to use; its preparation for throwing required more than a dozen operations.

The French, who suffered no less than the British from German grenades in 1914, also decided to create a grenade with balanced characteristics. Correctly taking into account the shortcomings of German grenades, such as a large diameter, awkward body to grasp with the hand, like a grenade of the 1913 model, an unreliable fuse and weak fragmentation effect, the French developed a grenade design that was revolutionary for its time, known as the F1.

F1 with impact ignition fuse / Photo: topwar.ru

The F1 was originally produced with an impact ignition fuse, but was soon equipped with an automatic lever fuse, the design of which, with minor modifications, is still used in many NATO armies' fuses today. The grenade was a molded, ribbed, egg-shaped body made of steel cast iron, with a hole for the fuse, which was easier to throw than the round or disc-shaped body of German grenades. The charge consisted of 64 grams of explosive (TNT, Schneiderite or less powerful substitutes), and the mass of the grenade was 690 grams.

Image: topwar.ru.

Initially, the fuse was a design with a percussion igniter primer and a moderator, upon the burnout of which the detonator cap was activated, causing the grenade to explode. It was activated by hitting the fuse cap on a hard object (wood, stone, butt, etc.). The cap was made of steel or brass and had a firing pin on the inside that broke the capsule, like a rifle, and ignited the retarder. For safety, the F1 grenade fuses were equipped with a wire pin that prevented the firing pin from touching the primer. Before throwing this fuse was removed. Such a simple design was good for mass production, but using the grenade outside the trench, when it was not possible to find that very solid object, clearly made it difficult to use the grenade. Nevertheless, compactness, simplicity and high efficiency ensured the grenade's enormous popularity.

At the moment of explosion, the grenade body breaks into more than 200 large heavy fragments, the initial speed of which is about 730 m/s. In this case, 38% of the mass of the body is used to form lethal fragments, the rest is simply sprayed. The reduced area of ​​scattering of fragments is 75–82 m2.

The F1 hand grenade was quite technologically advanced, did not require scarce raw materials, carried a moderate explosive charge and at the same time had great power and produced a large number of lethal fragments for those times. Trying to solve the problem of correct crushing of the hull during an explosion, the designers used a deep notch on the hull. However, combat experience has shown that with modern high explosives, a body of this shape fragments unpredictably during an explosion, and the majority of fragments have a low mass and are low-killing within a radius of 20-25 meters, while heavy fragments of the bottom, the top of the grenade and the fuse have a high energy due to its mass and are dangerous up to 200 m. Therefore, all statements that the notch is intended to form fragments in the shape of protruding ribs are, at a minimum, incorrect. The same should be said about the clearly overestimated destruction distance, since the range of continuous destruction by fragments does not exceed 10-15 meters, and the effective range, that is, the one where at least half of the targets will be hit, is 25-30 meters. The figure of 200 meters is not the range of destruction, but the range of safe removal for friendly units. Therefore, the grenade had to be thrown from behind cover, which was quite convenient in case of trench warfare.

The disadvantages of the F1 with its percussion fuse were quickly taken into account. The imperfect fuse was the Achilles heel of the entire design, and in comparison with the Mills grenade it was clearly outdated. The design of the grenade itself, its effectiveness and production features did not cause any complaints; on the contrary, they were outstanding.

At the same time, in 1915, in a short period of time, French designers invented an automatic spring igniter of the Mills type, however, in many ways superior to it.

F1 with automatic lever igniter / Photo: topwar.ru.

Now a grenade ready to be thrown could be held in one’s hands for an indefinitely long time - until a more favorable moment for throwing came, which was especially valuable in a short-lived battle.

The new automatic igniter was combined with a moderator and detonator. The fuse was screwed into the grenade from above, while in Mills the firing mechanism of the fuse was integral to the body, and the detonator was inserted from below, which was very impractical - it was impossible to visually determine whether the grenade was loaded. The new F1 did not have this problem - the presence of a fuse was easily determined and meant the grenade was ready for use. The remaining parameters, including the charge and burning rate of the moderator, remained the same, as with the F1 grenade with an impact ignition fuse. In this form, the French F1 hand grenade, like the Mills grenade, became a truly revolutionary technical solution. Its shape and weight and dimensions were so successful that they served as an example to follow and were embodied in many modern grenade models.

During the First World War, F 1 grenades were supplied in large quantities to the Russian army. As in the West, the fighting soon revealed the urgent need to arm the Russian army with hand grenades. This was done at the Main Military Technical Directorate (GVTU), the successor to the State Military Institution. Despite the new proposals, the main ones are grenades arr. 1912 and 1914. Their production is being established in state-owned technical artillery establishments - but, alas, too slowly. From the beginning of the war to January 1, 1915, only 395,930 grenades were sent to the troops, mostly mod. 1912 Since the spring of 1915, grenades gradually come under the jurisdiction of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) and are included among the “main means of artillery supply.”

By May 1, 1915, 454,800 model grenades were sent to the troops. 1912 and 155 720 - arr. 1914 Meanwhile, in July of the same year, the Head of the GAU estimates only the monthly need for hand grenades at 1,800,000 pieces, and the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief informs the Administrator of the War Ministry of the Supreme’s opinion on the need to procure “revolvers, daggers and, especially, grenades” with reference to experience of the French army. Portable weapons and hand grenades really become the main weapons of the infantry in trench warfare (at the same time, by the way, means of protection against hand grenades appeared in the form of nets over the trenches).

In August 1915, a demand was made to increase the supply of grenades to 3.5 million pieces per month. The range of use of grenades is growing - August 25 The Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North-Western Front asks for the supply of “hand bombs” to the partisan hundreds for operations behind enemy lines. By this time, the Okhtensky and Samara explosives factories had delivered 577,290 model grenades. 1912 and 780,336 grenades mod. 1914, i.e. their production for the whole year of the war amounted to only 2,307,626 units. To solve the problem, orders for grenades are being placed abroad. Among other samples, F1 is also supplied to Russia. And together with others, after the end of the World War and the Civil War, it is inherited by the Red Army.

From F1 to F1

In 1922, the Red Army had seventeen types of hand grenades in service. Moreover, not a single defensive fragmentation grenade of our own production.

As a temporary measure, the Mills system grenade was adopted, the stocks of which in warehouses amounted to about 200,000 pieces. As a last resort, it was allowed to issue French F1 grenades to the troops. French grenades were supplied to Russia with Swiss impact fuses. Their cardboard cases did not provide tightness and the detonation composition became damp, which led to massive failures of grenades, and even worse, to bullet holes, which was fraught with an explosion in the hands. But given that the supply of these grenades was 1,000,000 pieces, it was decided to equip them with a more advanced fuse. Such a fuse was created by F. Koveshnikov in 1927. The tests carried out made it possible to eliminate the identified shortcomings, and in 1928 the F1 grenade with a new fuse was adopted by the Red Army under the name F-1 hand grenade with a fuse of the F.V. system. Koveshnikova.

Image: topwar.ru

In 1939, military engineer F.I. Khrameev of the People's Commissariat of Defense plant, based on the model of the French F-1 hand fragmentation grenade, developed a sample of the domestic F-1 defensive grenade, which was soon put into mass production. The F-1 grenade, like the French F1 model, is designed to defeat enemy personnel in defensive operations. When used in combat, the throwing fighter had to take cover in a trench or other defensive structures.

In 1941, designers E.M. Viceni and A.A. Poednyakov developed and put into service to replace Koveshnikov's fuse a new, safer and simpler in design fuse for the F-1 hand grenade. In 1942, the new fuse became common for the F-1 and RG-42 hand grenades; it was called UZRG - “unified fuse for hand grenades.” The fuse of the UZRGM type grenade was intended to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. The principle of operation of the mechanism was remote.

Image: topwar.ru

The production of F-1 grenades during the war years was carried out at plant No. 254 (since 1942), 230 ("Tizpribor"), 53, in the workshops of the Povenetsky shipyard, a mechanical plant and a railway junction in Kandalaksha, the central repair workshops of the NKVD Soroklag, artel "Primus" (Leningrad), many other non-core domestic enterprises.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, grenades were filled with black powder instead of TNT. A grenade with this filling is quite effective, although less reliable. After World War II, modernized, more reliable UZRGM and UZRGM-2 fuses began to be used on F-1 grenades.

Currently, the F-1 grenade is in service in all armies of the countries of the former USSR, and it has also become widespread in Africa and Latin America. There are also Bulgarian, Chinese and Iranian copies. Copies of the F-1 can be considered the Polish F-1, the Taiwanese defensive grenade, and the Chilean Mk2.

It would seem that the F-1 grenade, as a representative of the classic type of hand grenades with a solid cast iron body of virtually natural crushing and a simple, reliable remote fuse, cannot compete with modern grenades for the same purpose - both in terms of optimal fragmentation action and the versatility of the fuse action . All these problems are solved differently at modern technical, scientific and production levels. Thus, the Russian Army created the RGO grenade (defensive hand grenade), which is largely unified with the RGN grenade (offensive hand grenade). The unified fuse of these grenades has a more complex design: its design combines remote and impact mechanisms. Grenade bodies also have significantly greater fragmentation efficiency.

Image: topwar.ru

However, the F-1 grenade has not been removed from service and will probably remain in service for a long time. There is a simple explanation for this: simplicity, cheapness and reliability, as well as time-tested are the most valuable qualities for a weapon. And in a combat situation, it is not always possible to counter these qualities with technical perfection, which requires large production and economic costs. To confirm this, we can say that the English Mills grenade mentioned in the article is formally still in service with the armies of NATO countries, so in 2015 the grenade also celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Why “lemon”? There is no consensus on the origin of the nickname “limon”, which is used to call the F-1 grenade. Some associate this with the similarity of a grenade with a lemon, but there are opinions that claim that this is a distortion of the name “Lemon”, who was the designer of English grenades, which is not entirely true, because the F1 was invented by the French.

At first glance, the topic of drones (those that fly) is somehow not very connected with the armored basis of this site, but, as stated in one of Viktor Tretyakov’s songs “Everything in our life is interconnected...”, and the words further can be easily find on the net. So, during tactical and special training with drivers and driver mechanics at a Russian military base in Armenia, while performing multi-kilometer marches in automobile and armored vehicles began to be used for the first time the latest complex "Navodchik-2" with an unmanned aerial vehicle. This innovation, as reported by the press service of the Southern Military District of the Russian Ministry of Defense, allows for a more objective assessment of trainees, and also enables driving lesson leaders to adjust driving routes during marches, monitor compliance with speed limits, distances and safety requirements when driving as part of military convoys.

In total, more than 800 drivers of all categories and about 300 units of automobile and armored vehicles were involved in additional training classes, says the press service of the Southern Military District.

The road network, located at altitudes of 1600-2500 meters above sea level in the area where the Russian military base is located, requires high skill and attention from drivers and driver mechanics. In this case, the movement of the columns is recorded by video cameras of the Granat-1 UAV and then in specialized classes is examined by instructors when summing up the results. During the march, drivers also practice how to overcome conditionally contaminated areas of the terrain wearing individual and collective protective equipment and repelling air strikes from a mock enemy.

Photo: War diary of Igor Korotchenko
"Click" on the photo to enlarge

The Navodchik-2 complex includes four types UAV "Granat". These complexes have various purposes, allowing them to perform reconnaissance and special missions with long duration and flight altitude, which is very important when performing tasks in the mountains. They are simple and reliable in operation and can perform a wide range of tasks in the interests of military intelligence. The latest technology installed on UAV complexes allows you to simultaneously track several targets, including through clouds; in addition, night time is not a hindrance. An important factor in the new developments is the complete stealth of these unmanned aerial vehicles from the ground.

The Granat-1 UAV is included as a subcomplex as a component of the Navodchik-2 complex. The complex with unmanned aerial vehicles "Granat-1" is designed for monitoring the surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment in a time scale close to real. The complex includes:

1. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 2 pcs.
2. Ground control station (GCS) 1 set.
3. Transport backpack 1 pc.
4. Set of adjacent payload modules (TV/photo) 1 set.
5. Catapult 1 pc.
6. Spare parts kit-O for UAV (packed in a container with UAV) 1 set.
7. Spare parts kit-O for complex 1 K-T.

Characteristics of "Granat-1"

Max. flight altitude above sea level, m	3500
Flight speed relative to air flow, not less than km/h	60
Application radius, km:
for video equipment (subject to line of sight)	10
for photographic equipment	15
Maximum flight duration, min.	75
UAV take-off weight, kg	2,4
Wingspan, cm	82
Payload type	TV/photo
engine's type	electric
Flight speed relative to air flow, km/h	not less than 60
Deployment time, min.	no more than 5
Flight altitude range above the underlying surface, m	from 40 to 1500
Maximum flight altitude above sea level, m	3500
Operating temperature range, C°	-30…+40
Start method	from hands or from an elastic catapult
Landing method	automatic with parachute
Calculation, pers.	2

The Russian F-1 hand grenade has been in our country's army service for almost a century. The ammunition combines efficiency and ease of operation, which allowed it to exist for a long time without fundamental changes. Only the fuse design was modified.

The F-1 grenade, the size of which is optimal for a man's hand, is designed to defeat the enemy with fragments of a metal body that explodes a few seconds after being thrown.

Photo of an F-1 combat grenade

The history of the creation of the F-1 grenade

The history of the creation of the F-1 combat grenade began in the 20s of the last century.

By 1922, the Red Army was armed with various types of foreign-made defensive grenades. Among them were the reliable English Mills grenades and the French F-1 grenades, which were distinguished by their well-thought-out shape and the dubious quality of the fuse, which detonated it immediately after impact, without delaying the deceleration time.

F-1-A training split grenade with Koveshnikov fuse

In 1925, the Artillery Directorate of the Red Army identified a critical shortage of hand-held defensive ammunition in its warehouses and for the first time thought about developing and producing a perfect grenade with good lethality and a high-quality fuse.

As a result, the French F-1 was equipped with an F.V. system fuse. Koveshnikov and in 1928, after several tests and amendments, the Soviet F-1 grenade was adopted by the Red Army. The military quickly dubbed her “the lemon.”

There are two versions of the origin of this “nickname”:

• according to the first, the pomegranate received it due to its external resemblance to a lemon;
• according to the second, “lemons” were slang names for the grenades of the English designer Edward Kent-Lemon, which were used in the Russian army along with the French F-1s; gradually the sonorous nickname passed on to them, and then “migrated” to the Soviet F-1s.

this year the USSR will launch its own production of F-1

At the initial stage, for the production of the lemon, the hulls were borrowed from foreign F-1s, but by 1930 the USSR had launched its own production.

Since 1939, under conditions of the increasing threat of war, the development of the defense industry of the USSR has accelerated significantly. At this time, Soviet engineers developed new models of military equipment and ammunition and improved existing ones.

Modernization has not spared F-1 either:

• in 1939 engineer Khrameev F.I. rationalized the grenade body by removing the lower window and replaced the simple cast iron used for its manufacture with steel, thereby increasing the destructive power of the ammunition;
• in 1941 designers Viceni E.M. and Bednyakov A.A. converted the F-1 by developing a cheaper fuse, which reduced the explosion delay time from 6 seconds to 3.5 - 4.5. It was called UZRG (unified fuse for hand grenades), and in the post-war years it was improved again.

Since then, F-1 grenades, in which the principle of explosion was changed, have been widely used in various military campaigns and despite the fact that they are outdated, and more modern hand grenades have been supplied to the army for a long time, “lemon grenades” have not disappeared from use to this day. her arsenal.

Device

The F-1 grenade is equipped with:

• housings;
• explosive (bursting charge);
• fuse (fuse).

F-1 design

The body of the “lemon” is cast from steel cast iron in the shape of an oval hollow vessel. Its outer surface is corrugated, i.e. divided into segments by longitudinal and transverse grooves.

This shell design:

• designed to facilitate crushing of metal during an explosion;
• has an ergonomic function, improving the grip of the grenade by hand;
• during installation of the guy line, the “ribs” prevent the cord from slipping when tying the ammunition to the support.

Through a hole in the top part, an explosive is placed into the body and the fuse is screwed in.

The modernized UZRG (UZRGM) differs from its predecessor in the shape of the trigger lever and the design of the impact mechanism, which makes it possible to reduce the number of ammunition misfires.

UZRGM grenade fuse

The main elements of the fuse include:

• safety pin - a ring that prevents an accidental explosion; the pin is protected from falling out by the wire ends that secure it to the fuse;
• striker - a metal rod with a pointed end, held by the trigger lever and loaded with a spring;
• trigger lever - a metal plate, after removing the pin, in a position pressed against the body, blocks the firing pin, and at the moment of throwing it releases it;
• igniter primer;
• powder explosion retardant;
• detonator capsule with a detonating mixture.

F-1 design

Technical characteristics of the F-1 grenade (TTX)

Diameter	55 mm
Case height	86 mm
Height with fuse	117 mm
Total weight	600 gr
Explosive weight	60 gr
Explosive options	TNT, trinitrophenol, pyroxylin mixtures
Throw range	50 - 60 m
Explosion deceleration time	3.2 - 4.2 s
Average number of fragments	290 - 300 pcs
Average weight of fragments	1 - 2 g
Initial speed of dispersion of fragments	700 -730 m/s
Maximum radius of scattering of fragments	200 m
Estimated radius of destruction by fragments	50 - 60 m
Estimated radius of shock wave damage (70-80kPa)	Up to 0.5 m

The operating principle of the F-1 grenade is based on the detonation of the fuse. To use F-1 for its intended purpose and activate the explosive mechanism, you must:

• take the grenade in your “working” hand, firmly pressing the lever to the body with your fingers;
• bend the ends of the pins;
• Without releasing the lever, remove the pin by the ring with the other hand;
• swing, throw ammunition at the target and take cover to avoid getting hit by fragments.

Activation of the explosive mechanism

The general scheme for triggering a grenade fuse is as follows:

• until the lever is held by hand, the “lemon” will not explode and it is possible to set the pin to its original position, which allows it to be neutralized; this feature also allows you to approach the enemy as close as possible;
• after the throw, the spring releases the lever, which, in turn, releases the striker;
• the sharp end of the striker pierces the igniter, and it ignites the moderator;
• the moderator burns out within 3.2-4.2 seconds, after which the detonator charge ignites and an explosion occurs.

Trigger diagram for a grenade fuse

Throwing a grenade should be carried out from cover, because the damaging radius of spread of fragmentation parts exceeds the average throw range.

The closer the enemy is to the epicenter of the explosion, the higher the probability of his defeat. The damage range is affected by the size of the fragments; large fragments can cause harm at a distance of 70 - 100 meters.

meters - range of destruction by large fragments

Live grenades are extremely effective indoors because... they completely cover the area with a radius of spread of fragments that begin to ricochet against walls and other obstacles. At the same time, the high-explosive effect is greatly enhanced, causing shell shock to the enemy.

F-1 is also convenient for use in stretch marks, because... can remain in unfavorable conditions for a long time, while maintaining the combat properties and characteristics of the grenade.

Marking and storage of grenades

Color marking is required to identify combat and training grenades. The outer side of combat grenades is covered with dark green paint, but it is not applied to the lever.

Training grenades are black in color; they have two intersecting white stripes in the center, the pin ring and the lower part of the lever are scarlet.

F-1 grenade markings (photo)

To preserve the combat operational properties of the F-1 for a long time, in order to avoid corrosion of metal parts, oxidation of the explosive mixture and spontaneous explosion, they are stored disassembled, packed in wooden boxes. The empty cases placed there are screwed with a plastic plug. The fuses are placed in hermetically sealed cans and stored in the same boxes.

Loading should only be done before combat. The grenade parts are preliminarily inspected. Corroded, clogged or dirty, cracked - not suitable for use. After the activities have been carried out, unused ammunition is again dismantled.

Video about the F-1 grenade

Review of F-1 grenades from different years of production:

Operating principle of the fuse:

Assembly and throwing:

F-1 explosion in a car:

Stretch Explosion:

The performance characteristics and design of the F-1, RGD-5, RGO, RGN grenades and UZRGM, UDZ fuses are given.

Hand fragmentation grenades are designed to destroy enemy personnel with shrapnel in close combat (in open areas, in trenches or communication passages, when fighting in a populated area, in a forest or mountains). Depending on the range of scattering of fragments, grenades are divided into offensive (RGD-5, RGN) and defensive (F-1, RGO).
Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with UZRGM (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) and UDZ (impact-remote fuse) fuses.

F-1 hand fragmentation grenade

The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy manpower primarily in defensive combat. You can throw a grenade from various positions and only from behind cover, from an armored personnel carrier or a tank (self-propelled artillery unit).

Characteristics of the F-1 fragmentation grenade
Grenade type – Defensive Grenade weight - 600 g Ignition type - UZRGM The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments is 200 m Radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 7 m
F-1 grenade device
The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse. The body of the grenade serves to house the explosive charge and fuse, as well as to form fragments when the grenade explodes. The grenade body is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves. In the upper part of the body there is a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying the grenade, a plastic plug is screwed into this hole. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.

RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade

The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy personnel in offensive and defensive situations. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier (vehicle).

Characteristics of the RGD-5 fragmentation grenade
Grenade type: offensive Grenade weight - 310 g Bursting charge weight - 60 g Ignition type UZRGM Moderator burning time - 3.2-4.2 seconds The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments is 25 m Radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 5 m
Design of the RGD-5 grenade
1 - igniter tube with cuff 2 - cap with liner 3 - tray with liner

The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, a bursting charge and a fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to house the explosive charge, the fuse tube, and also to form fragments when the grenade explodes. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap liner. An igniter tube is attached to the upper part using a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the explosive charge in the body. To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic plug is screwed into it. When preparing a grenade for throwing, instead of a plug, a fuse is screwed into the tube.
The lower part of the housing consists of an outer shell, called the pan, and a pan liner. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.

F-1 and RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with a modernized unified fuse for hand grenades (UZRGM).

Unified hand grenade fuse modernized UZRGM

The UZRGM grenade fuse (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) is intended to explode a bursting charge.

The impact mechanism serves to ignite the igniter primer. It consists of a hammer tube, a connecting sleeve, a guide washer, a mainspring, a firing pin, a firing pin washer, a trigger lever and a safety pin with a ring.

The impact mechanism tube is the basis for assembling all parts of the igniter.
The connecting sleeve serves to connect the fuse to the grenade body. It is placed on the bottom of the impact mechanism tube.
The guide washer is a stop for the upper end of the mainspring and directs the movement of the firing pin. It is fixed in the upper part of the impact mechanism tube.

UZRGM device
It consists of a striking mechanism and the fuse itself.

In official use, the striker is constantly cocked and held by the trigger lever fork. The trigger lever is connected to the percussion mechanism tube by a safety pin. Before throwing a grenade, the plastic plug is turned out and the fuse is screwed in its place.

When throwing a grenade, take it in your hand so that the trigger lever is pressed with your fingers against the body of the grenade. Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, with your free hand you compress (straighten) the ends of the safety pin, which is pulled out of the fuse by the ring with your finger. After pulling the pin, the position of the fuse parts does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the firing pin. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, pierces the igniter capsule. A beam of fire from the primer ignites the moderator and, after passing through it, is transmitted to the detonator primer. The explosion of the detonator capsule initiates the detonation of the explosive charge. The explosion of the explosive charge crushes the grenade body into fragments.

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RGO fragmentation grenade

Characteristics of the RGO fragmentation grenade
Grenade type – Defensive Grenade weight - 530 g Bursting charge weight - 92 g Fuse type - UDZ The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments is 150 m Radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 12 m Average throw range - 20-40 m
The device of the RGO grenade
1 – glass with cuff 2 – upper outer and inner hemispheres 3 - lower outer and inner hemispheres

RGN fragmentation grenade

Characteristics of the RGN fragmentation grenade
Grenade type - Offensive Grenade weight - 310 g Bursting charge weight - 114 g Fuse type - UDZ Moderator burning time - 3.3-4.3 seconds The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments is 24 m Radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 8 m Average throw range - 30-45 m
RGN grenade device
1 – glass with cuff 2 – upper hemisphere 3 - lower hemisphere

Hand-held fragmentation grenades RGO and RGN are equipped with a shock-remote fuse UDZ

Impact-remote fuse UDZ

Interaction of parts and mechanisms

Initial position
In the initial position, the striker with the sting (3) and the plug with the igniter primer (7) are held by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the igniter body by a safety pin. The engine (11) with the igniter capsule (10) is offset relative to the tip (13) and is held by the powder fuses stoppers (9), its spring (12) is in a compressed state. The bushing (16) under the influence of the spring (14) presses the load (17).

Position of parts and mechanisms in official circulation

When preparing a grenade for throwing, the trigger lever is pressed tightly with your fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pin are straightened with the fingers of your free hand, then it is pulled out by the ring, while the position of the fuse parts does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with the sting (3) and the bar (6). The plug (7) with the igniter capsule comes out of the igniter housing socket. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring (4), pierces the igniter primer (8) with its sting. The fire beam ignites the powder press-fit fuses (9) and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator moderator (18). After 1-1.8 seconds. The powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers, under the influence of springs, disengage with the engine (11). The engine, under the influence of the spring (12), moves into the firing position. The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from being detonated if it accidentally falls from the hand.

Interaction of parts and mechanisms when throwing and meeting a grenade with an obstacle (surface)