Russian poet, literary figure.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province (now in Ukraine), where at that time the regiment of his father, Major Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), was quartered.
N.A. Nekrasov's childhood years were spent on his father's estate - a village in the Yaroslavl district of the Yaroslavl province (now in). In 1832-1838 he studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium.
In 1838, N.A. Nekrasov was sent to military service, but against the will of his father, in 1839 he decided to enter St. Petersburg University. Having failed the entrance exams, in 1839-1840 he was registered as a volunteer student and attended lectures at the Faculty of Philology. Deprived of his father’s financial support, N.A. Nekrasov led the life of a semi-homeless metropolitan poor man.
The first poetic experiments of N. A. Nekrasov appeared in print in 1838. In 1840, he published a collection of still immature poems, Dreams and Sounds, which was met with harsh reviews. The author bought out most of the book's circulation and destroyed it.
In the 1840s, N. A. Nekrasov began energetic literary and journal activities. He wrote stories, novels, plays, theatrical reviews, feuilletons. The vaudevilles he wrote under the pseudonym “Perepelsky” were staged on the stage of the Alexandria Theater.
Since 1841, N. A. Nekrasov began collaborating with Literaturnaya Gazeta and Otechestvennye Zapiski. In 1842-1843 he became close to his circle.
In 1843-1846, N. A. Nekrasov published a number of collections: “Articles in verse without pictures”, “Physiology”, “April 1”, “Petersburg collection”. The last one was particularly successful, in which the novel “Poor People” by F. M. Dostoevsky was published.
N. A. Nekrasov’s publishing business went so well that at the end of 1846 he, together with I. I. Panaev, purchased the Sovremennik magazine from the publisher P. A. Pletnev. In this magazine, N. A. Nekrasov managed to unite the best literary forces of his time. During the years of leadership of Sovremennik (1846-1866), his talent as an editor and organizer of literary forces was most fully revealed.
In the mid-1850s, N. A. Nekrasov became seriously ill and was intensively and quite successfully treated in Italy. His recovery and return to Russia coincided with the beginning of the era of reforms, which was marked by an unprecedented flowering of Russian public life. A period began in the work of N. A. Nekrasov that brought him to the forefront of literature: he became a poet-citizen par excellence, his poems were filled with social content. The main figures of Nekrasov's Sovremennik at this time were N. G. Chernyshevsky and N. A. Dobrolyubov.
At the turn of the 1860s, N. A. Nekrasov’s talent as a people’s poet and satirist, an exposer of the “tops” and a defender of the oppressed, unfolded. During these years, such works as “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Reflections at the Main Entrance”, “Song to Eremushka”, “About the Weather”, “The Cry of Children” came out from his pen. In 1856, a collection by N. A. Nekrasov was published
“Poems” was perceived by the reading public as a manifesto of advanced Russian literature, openly calling for civic activity.
In the years 1859-1861, the theme of the village deepens in the poetry of N. A. Nekrasov. His poems “Duma”, “Funeral”, “Kalistrat” and the poems “Peasant Children” (1861), “Peddlers” (1861), “Frost, Red Nose” (1863) enriched Russian literature not only with a number of things that are striking in their cruel truthfulness paintings of rural poverty and grief, but also a series of bright paintings from the life of the peasantry, a gallery of large, courageous folk characters.
In 1866, Sovremennik was closed. Since 1868, N. A. Nekrasov acquired from A. A. Kraevsky the right to publish the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, which he placed at the same height as Sovremennik. The last ten years of the poet’s life were associated with its publication. During these years, he worked on the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1866-1876), wrote poems about the Decembrists and their wives “Grandfather” (1870) and “Russian Women” (1872-1873). N. A. Nekrasov also created a series of satirical works, the pinnacle of which was the poem “Contemporaries” (1875-1876).
The last years of N. A. Nekrasov’s life, spent in intense creative work, caring for the magazine, and in social activities, were overshadowed by a serious illness (cancer). At this time, he created a cycle of poems, “Last Songs,” in which he summed up his life with extraordinary poetic power.
N. A. Nekrasov died on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878). His funeral at the cemetery of the St. Petersburg Novodevichy Convent took on the character of a spontaneous popular demonstration. They became the first precedent in history of a nationwide giving of last honors to a writer.
Biography and creativity of N.A. Nekrasov.
Childhood.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on October 10 (November 28), 1821 in Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.
Nekrasov's father, Alexey Sergeevich, was a small nobleman and an officer. After retiring, he settled on his family estate, in the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province (now the village of Nekrasovo). He had several serf souls, whom he treated quite harshly. His son observed this from an early age, and it is believed that this circumstance determined the formation of Nekrasov as a revolutionary poet.
Nekrasov's mother, Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, became his first teacher. She was educated, and she also tried to instill in all her children (of whom there were 14) a love of the Russian language and literature.
Nikolai Nekrasov spent his childhood years in Greshnev. At the age of 7, the future poet already began to write poetry, and a few years later - satire.
1832 – 1837 – studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov is an average student, periodically conflicting with his superiors over his satirical poems.
Petersburg.
1838 - Nekrasov, having not completed the course at the gymnasium (he only reached the 5th grade), leaves for St. Petersburg to join the noble regiment. My father dreamed that Nikolai Alekseevich would become a military man. But in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov, against the will of his father, tries to enter the university. The poet fails the entrance exams, and he has to become a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology.
1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg University. Having learned about this, his father deprives him of financial support. According to Nekrasov’s own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet is part of the literary and journalistic circle of St. Petersburg.
In the same year (1838) Nekrasov’s first publication took place. The poem “Thought” is published in the magazine “Son of the Fatherland”. Later, several poems appear in the “Library for Reading”, then in the “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”.
Nikolai Alekseevich will describe all the difficulties of the first years of life in St. Petersburg later in the novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.” 1840 - with his first savings, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection, which he does under the signature “N.N.”, despite the fact that V.A. Zhukovsky dissuades him. The collection “Dreams and Sounds” is not successful. Frustrated, Nekrasov destroys part of the circulation.
1841 - Nekrasov begins to collaborate in Otechestvennye zapiski.
During the same period, Nikolai Alekseevich earned his living by doing journalism. He edits the “Russian Newspaper” and runs the columns “Chronicle of St. Petersburg Life” and “Petersburg Dachas and Surroundings”. Collaborates in “Notes of the Fatherland”, “Russian Disabled Person”, theater “Pantheon”. At the same time, under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky writes fairy tales, ABCs, vaudeville, and melodramatic plays. The latter are successfully staged on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.
Collaboration with Belinsky.
1842-1843 Nekrasov became close to V.G. Belinsky’s circle. In 1845 and 1846, Nekrasov published several almanacs that were supposed to create an image of “grassroots” St. Petersburg: “Physiology of St. Petersburg” (1845), “Petersburg Collection” (1846), “First of April” (1846). The almanacs included works by V.G. Belinsky, Herzen, Dahl, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.S. Turgenev, D.V. Grigorovich. In 1845-1846 Nekrasov lived in Povarsky Lane no. 13 and in no. 19 on the embankment of the Fontanka River. At the end of 1846, Nekrasov, together with Panaev, acquired the Sovremennik magazine from Pletnev, to which many employees of Otechestvennye Zapiski transferred, including
including Belinsky.
Creation.
In 1847-1866 Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and actual editor of Sovremennik, on whose pages the works of the best and most progressive writers of that time were published. In the mid-50s, Nekrasov had serious problems with his throat, but treatment in Italy was beneficial. In 1857 N.A. Nekrasov, together with Panaev and A.Ya. Panaeva, moved to an apartment in building 36/2 on Liteiny Prospekt, where he lived until the last days of his life. In 1847-1864 Nekrasov was in a civil marriage with A.Ya. Panaeva. In 1862 N.A. Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he came every summer. In 1866, the Sovremennik magazine was closed and in 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski (together with M.E. Saltykov; directed in 1868-1877)
Last years of life.
1875 - the poem “Contemporaries” was written. At the beginning of the same year, the poet became seriously ill. The then famous surgeon Billroth came from Vienna to operate on Nekrasov, but the operation did not produce results.
1877 - Nekrasov publishes a cycle of poems “Last Songs”. December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov dies in St. Petersburg from cancer. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Nekrasov was buried in St. Petersburg.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov- Russian poet, occupying a special place among realist writers of the 19th century, publicist. Sympathetic to his people, sensitive to all injustice and the pain of others. A writer who portrayed a diverse and truthful picture of the daily life of ordinary people. All this perfectly characterizes Nekrasov, a talented literary figure known to us. He used folklore, prose and song intonations in his poetry, showing all the richness of the simple peasant language.
The future poet was born in the small beautiful Ukrainian town of Nemirov (not far from Vinnitsa) on November 28, 1821. Even in early childhood, the family moved to their father’s family estate, to the village of Greshnevo, in the Yaroslavl province. Nekrasov's father, a former officer and a wealthy landowner, was a tough and even despotic man by nature. Both the serfs and the whole family suffered from it. Mother, on the contrary, was an educated and sensitive woman. She instilled in her son a love of literature. In 1832, Nekrasov was sent to study at a gymnasium. At this time he began to write his first essays. But science was not very good for the boy, and he also clashed with teachers.
After five years of study, his father decided to send Nikolai to a military school. And in 1838 the young man went to St. Petersburg to enlist in military service. But instead, violating the will of his father, the young man tries to enter the university. But the attempt was unsuccessful; Nekrasov could not pass the entrance exams. Therefore, he began attending classes as a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology. Having learned about such willfulness of his son, Nekrasov the father deprived him of his financial support. And the future poet was forced to look for income by working in various publications in low-paying jobs.
In 1840 The first collection of poetry, “Dreams and Sounds,” was published, and was not very favorably received by critics. From that time on, a period of persistent, hard work began in the poet’s life. Nekrasov writes stories, theater reviews, plays, feuilletons. At this time, he begins to understand that he needs to write about the real life of the people. In 1841 The writer works for Otechestvennye zapiski. And 1845-1846. were marked by the publication of two almanacs - “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection”.
Since 1847 and until 1866 Nekrasov was the editor of Sovremennik, the magazine of the democratic forces of that time. As a talented organizer and an outstanding writer, Nekrasov attracted Turgenev, Belinsky, Herzen, Chernyshevsky and others to work in the magazine. At the same time, a new direction of the poet’s work was being formed. It touches on pressing social problems of ordinary people and realistically depicts pictures of everyday hard life. A special place in his work is given to the role of women in society and her difficult fate. All these themes are revealed in the poems “On the Street”, “Railroad”, “Peasant Children”, “Frost, Red Nose”, etc. The democratic influence of the magazine on the minds of people was so great that in 1862. the government suspended its activities. And in 1866 The magazine was closed completely.
In 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski. His work in the last years of his life was also connected with this magazine. At this time, the works “Who Lives Well in Rus',” “Russian Women,” and “Grandfather” were published. Satirical works were also created, including the poem “Contemporary,” which exposed bourgeois bureaucrats and hypocrites. Nekrasov is also overcome by elegiac moods, which is largely due to his illness, loss of friends, and encroaching loneliness. This period of the poet’s work was marked by the appearance of the poems “Morning”, “Elegy”, “Prophet”. The last composition was the cycle of poems “Last Songs”.
On December 27, 1877, the poet died in St. Petersburg. The loss of the talented writer was so great that his funeral turned into a kind of public manifesto.
N. A. Nekrasov (1821-1877)
Poet is enthusiastic and passionate
Nekrasov's noble origins left an indelible imprint on his development as a poet. His father, a retired officer and famous Yaroslavl landowner, took the family to Greshnevo (family estate), where the patriotic poet spent his childhood, who, it was no coincidence, fell in love with Russian nature. Among the apple trees of a wide-spread garden not far from the deep Volga, which the young poet liked to call his cradle, the first years of his life passed.
Nekrasov always had vivid memories of the famous Sibirka, which he reluctantly recalled: “Everything that traveled and walked along it was known: postal troikas or prisoners chained in chains, accompanied by cruel guards.” This served as food for children's curiosity. A huge family (13 sisters and brothers), lawsuits on the estate, and neglected cases forced Nekrasov’s father to hire a police officer.
Having entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium in 1832, Nekrasov studied 5 classes, but studied satisfactorily and especially did not get along with the gymnasium leadership because of his sharp satirical epigrams, and since his father always dreamed of a military career for his son, the 16-year-old poet went to be assigned to a regiment St. Petersburg. The matter was almost settled, but Nekrasov met his gymnasium friend Glushitsky, who aroused in the poet an unknown thirst for learning: he even ignored his father’s threats to leave him without support. So Nekrasov enters the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student.
However, his path was thorny: the poet suffered terrible poverty and hunger. There were times when he went to a restaurant where it was possible to read newspapers, pulled up a plate of bread and ate. Living from hand to mouth, Nekrasov fell ill and owed money on the room he rented from a soldier, after which he sent him to the street. The beggar took pity on the sick man and offered him shelter: here young Nekrasov found a living, for the first time writing a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.
Over time, things went uphill: he took up teaching, wrote articles in magazines, published in the Literary Gazette, composed fairy tales and ABCs in verse for popular print publishers, and even staged light vaudeville on stage under the pseudonym of Perepelsky. The first savings appeared, after which Nekrasov decided to publish a collection of poems in 1840 under the name “Dreams and Sounds.”
The best representative of the “muse of revenge and sadness”
As a passionate person, women always liked Alexey Sergeevich. The Warsaw resident Zakrevskaya, the daughter of a wealthy possessor, also fell in love with him. The parents flatly refused to marry their daughter, who had received an excellent education, to a mediocre army officer, but the marriage still took place without parental blessing.
Nekrasov always spoke of his mother as a victim of a harsh environment and an eternal sufferer who drank Russian grief. The bright image of the mother, who brightened up the unattractive environment of childhood with its nobility, was reflected in the poem “Mother,” “Last Songs,” and “A Knight for an Hour.” The charm of memories of his mother in Nekrasov’s work was reflected in his special participation in the difficult lot of women. Hardly any of the Russian poets could do as much for mothers and wives as this stern and supposedly callous folk poet.
At the dawn of the 40s, he became an employee of Otechestvennye Zapiski. Here Nekrasov meets Belinsky, who was imbued with the poet’s work and appreciated his bright mind. But Vissarion Grigorievich immediately realized that Nekrasov was weak in prose and that nothing would come of him except as an ordinary magazine scribbler, but he loved his poems, especially noting “On the Road.”
Poet-prophet
His “Petersburg Collection” gained special fame; “Poor People” by F. M. Dostoevsky also appeared in it. His publishing business was going so well that, in tandem with Panaev, he acquired Sovremennik by 1846. The first poem “Sasha” became a magnificent lyrical introduction and was a song of joy in returning to the homeland. The poem received high praise in the 40s. “Peddlers” is written in the folk spirit in a special, original style. Kuchelbecker was the first to call the poet a prophet.
Nekrasov’s most seasoned and famous work is “Red Nose Frost.” Representing the apotheosis of peasant life, the poet exposes the bright sides of Russian nature; however, there is no sentimentality here thanks to the filigree honing of the stately style. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is written in the original size (over 5000 verses).
Nekrasov's poems, along with poems, for a long time provided him with one of the significant places in Russian literature. From his works one can compose a large work of highly artistic merit, the significance of which will not perish as long as the great Russian language lives.
About the purpose of the poet
Polevaya dedicated laudatory reviews to Nekrasov’s lyrics, Zhukovsky treated his poems with trepidation and reverence, even Belinsky was incredibly happy about the appearance of Nekrasov as a unique phenomenon in Russian literature. The magnificent style in the work “When from the darkness of delusion I called out to a fallen soul” was noted even by critics Apollo Grigoriev and Almazov, who were averse to Nekrasov.
The poet died from a serious illness in the last days of December 1877. Several thousand people, despite the severe frosts, escorted his body to the place of eternal rest in the Novodevichy cemetery. F. M. Dostoevsky said a few farewell words at the grave, putting the name of Nekrasov in a row with Pushkin and Lermontov.
Loading...
