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Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - a public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft constitution for the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.
For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes and was expelled from Moscow.
Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a teacher of physics, author of a well-known problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - the daughter of a hereditary military Greek origin Alexei Semyonovich Sofiano - a housewife. Grandmother on the mother's side Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano - from the kind of Belgorod nobles Mukhanovs.
The godfather is the famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.
Childhood and early youth were spent in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school to study from the seventh grade.
After graduating from high school in 1938, Sakharov entered the Physics Department of Moscow State University.
After the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 he tried to enter the military academy, but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.
Scientific work
At the end of 1944 he entered the FIAN graduate school (supervisor - I. E. Tamm). An employee of the FIAN them. Lebedev remained until his death.
In 1947 he defended his PhD thesis.
In 1948 he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 worked in the development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called "Sakharov's puff". At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on a controlled thermonuclear reaction in 1950-1951. At the Moscow Power Engineering Institute he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest academician in history at the time of his election (after S. L. Sobolev). The recommendation accompanying the nomination for academicianship was signed by Academician I. V. Kurchatov and Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. B. Khariton and Ya. - played a role nationality:
In 1953, at the suggestion of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, I was elected a member of the correspondent. He also proposed to elect Andrey Dmitrievich as a member of the correspondent, but he was immediately elected to the academicians. Why? They needed a hero - a Russian. There were enough Jews: Khariton, Zeldovich, your interlocutor. I will say that there are no misunderstandings: I am not at all jealous of Sakharov, I am not going to cast a shadow on him, but, speaking in historical terms, he was greatly inflated along the military line - for nationalist reasons. He is a national hero, very much, however, later let everyone down.
“He lived too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about the events in the country, about the lives of people from other sectors of society, and about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” said Roy Medvedev.
In 1955, he signed the "Letter of Three Hundred" against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.
According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, in an attempt to stop a ruinous arms race, proposed a project to deploy super-powerful nuclear warheads along the American maritime border:
A.D. Sakharov generally proposed not to serve the Washington strategy of ruining the Soviet Union with an arms race. He advocated the deployment of nuclear charges of 100 megatons each along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. And in case of aggression against us or our friends, press the buttons. He said this before a quarrel with Nikita Sergeevich in 1961 over disagreements over testing a 100 megaton thermonuclear bomb over Novaya Zemlya.
Human rights activities
“All people have the right to life, liberty and happiness.
A. D. Sakharov. Constitution (Draft). Art. 5. "
From the late 1950s, he actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty on the prohibition of tests in three environments. A. D. Sakharov expressed his attitude to the question of the justification of possible victims of nuclear tests and, more broadly, human victims in general in the name of a more optimal future:
“... Pavlov [general of state security] once told me:
- Now in the world there is a life-and-death struggle between the forces of imperialism and communism. The future of mankind, the fate and happiness of tens of billions of people throughout the centuries depend on the outcome of this struggle. To win this fight, we must be strong. If our work, our trials add strength in this struggle, and this is the case in the highest degree, then no victims of trials, no sacrifices at all, can matter here.
Was it crazy demagogy or was Pavlov sincere? It seems to me that there was an element of both demagogy and sincerity. More important is something else. I am convinced that such arithmetic is fundamentally wrong. We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every deed, both “small” and “big”, must proceed from concrete moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history. Moral criteria categorically dictate to us - do not kill! »
From the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.
In 1966, he signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, L. I. Brezhnev, against the rehabilitation of Stalin.
In 1968 he wrote the pamphlet Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries.
In 1970 he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Committee of Human Rights (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).
In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a Memorandum.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, he went to the trials of dissidents. During one of these trips in 1970 in Kaluga (the trial of B. Weil - R. Pimenov), he met Elena Bonner, and in 1972 he married her. There is an opinion that the departure from scientific work and switching to human rights activities occurred under her influence. He indirectly confirms this in his diary: “Lucy told me (the academician) a lot that I otherwise would not have understood and would not have done. She is a great organizer, she is my think tank.”
In the 1970s - 1980s, campaigns against A. D. Sakharov were carried out in the Soviet press (1973, 1975, 1980, 1983).
On August 29, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a letter from members of the USSR Academy of Sciences condemning the activities of A. D. Sakharov (“Letter from 40 Academicians”).
In September 1973, in response to the campaign that had begun, mathematician Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I. R. Shafarevich wrote an “open letter” in defense of A. D. Sakharov.
In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR.
In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World". In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Soviet newspapers published collective letters of scientists and cultural figures condemning the political activities of A. Sakharov.
In September 1977, he addressed a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world.
In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were printed on the front pages of Western newspapers.
On January 22, 1980, he was detained on his way to work, and then, together with his wife Elena Bonner, was exiled without trial to the city of Gorky. At the same time, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was not deprived). In Gorky, Sakharov held three long hunger strikes. In 1981, together with Elena Bonner, he endured the first, seventeen-day period - for the right to travel to her husband abroad L. Alekseeva (the daughter-in-law of the Sakharovs).
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (published in 1975) and then in the encyclopedic reference books published before 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase "In recent years, he has moved away from scientific activity." According to some sources, the wording belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Skryabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed the letter "When honor and conscience are lost" condemning A. D. Sakharov.
In May 1984, he held a second hunger strike (26 days) in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) for the right of E. Bonner to go abroad for heart surgery. During this time, Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time was forcibly on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his announcement of the end of the hunger strike (July 11), he was discharged from the hospital; after its resumption (July 25), he was again forcibly hospitalized two days later) and forcibly fed (tried to feed, sometimes succeeded). During the entire time of A. Sakharov's exile in Gorky, a campaign was going on in his defense in many countries of the world. For example, the area five minutes walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy in Washington was located, was renamed "Sakharov Square". Since 1975, Sakharov Hearings have been regularly held in various world capitals.
Liberation and final years
He was released from Gorky's exile with the beginning of perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M. S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public speaking, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases”, if his wife’s trip for treatment would be allowed) promising to end his social activities (with the same stipulation). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during the entire exile), before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, MS Gorbachev really rang, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow.
Arkady Volsky testified that, as General Secretary, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, in Volsky's statement: "Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky, provided that he writes a statement and asks about it himself ... But Sakharov [refused] flatly:" In vain Andropov hopes that I will ask him for something. No repentance." Later, when Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov's number ... ". Academician Isaak Khalatnikov wrote in his memoirs that Andropov told Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was busy about Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, that this exile was the most "mild" punishment, when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures.
On December 23, 1986, Sakharov returned to Moscow with Elena Bonner. After his return, he continued to work at the Physical Institute. Lebedev.
In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (he met with Presidents R. Reagan, George W. Bush, F. Mitterrand, M. Thatcher).
In 1989 he was elected a people's deputy of the USSR, in May-June of the same year he participated in the I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, where his speeches were often accompanied by clapping, shouting from the hall, whistling from some of the deputies, who were later the leader of the MDG, historian Yuri Afanasiev and the media characterized it as an aggressively obedient majority.
In November 1989, he presented a "draft of a new constitution", which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union)
December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov's last speech in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).
He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.
Awards and prizes
Nobel Prize - 1975 Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
Hero of Socialist Labor - 1954 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1956 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1962
Order of Lenin - 1954
Jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor (For Military Valor). In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
30 years of victory rib.png
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "Veteran of Labor"
Medal "For the development of virgin lands"
Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Vytis Cross
Lenin Prize - 1956 Stalin Prize - 1953
Prediction of the development of the Internet
In 1974 Sakharov wrote:
“In the future, perhaps later than 50 years, I envision the creation of a world information system (WIS) that will make available to everyone at any moment the contents of any book, ever and anywhere published, the contents of any article, any reference. VIS should include individual miniature interrogating receivers-transmitters, control rooms that control information flows, communication channels, including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the WIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike television, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, WIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity. A. Sakharov »
The Internet became a socially significant phenomenon in the early 1990s, after Sakharov's death, but much earlier than 50 years after the article was written.
The medical report was compiled by Yakov Rapoport:
“The first stages of the autopsy of Andrei Dmitrievich’s body were somewhat“ disappointing ”, which did not meet the expectations of pathologists to find sharp lesions of vital organs, for example, severe sclerosis of the main arteries and their rupture with fatal bleeding, or extensive heart damage from an old or fresh heart attack, or blood clots vital arteries, or aspiration (the introduction of vomit into the respiratory system causing instant suffocation), etc. None of this set of causes of sudden death was found in a frank form. ”,“ Above expectations, the relative morphological well-being of the arteries of the coronary system of the heart was found. ”,“ Pathologists did not meet the expectations of detecting a typical pathology of a chronic disease with its ending in the form of obstruction of the lumen of a large branch of the coronary heart systems. If these expectations were justified, the question of the causes and mechanisms of Andrei Dmitrievich's sudden death would be quickly and exhaustively resolved. This, however, did not happen.", "We expected clearer and more distinct morphological documentation from the sudden death."
Based on the published results of the autopsy, an experienced doctor Viktor Topolyansky concludes that it is impossible to clinically understand the cause of Andrei Dmitrievich’s death and suggests that arterial hypertension (hypertension) with inadequate treatment and a sudden rise in blood pressure could have become the cause of Sakharov’s death and played a fatal role.
Thus, sorting through all the materials available today about the death of Andrei Dmitrievich, as well as the official conclusion of pathologists about his death (http://www.sudmed.ru/index.php?showtopic=16373), one has to assume that Sakharov is a middle-aged man , not very healthy and, no doubt, after the meeting of the Supreme Council, who was in a state of stress, could die a natural death.
Grigoryants.ru›sovremennaya…gibel-saxarova/
The purpose of this article is to find out how the death of the outstanding SCIENTIST and CITIZEN ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV from a heart attack is embedded in his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
18 19 41 42 59 74 77 78 92 97 114 120 130 135 148 158 177 194 204 210 213 223 247
S A KH A R O V A N D R E J D M I T R I E V I C
247 229 228 206 205 188 173 170 169 155 150 133 127 117 112 99 89 70 53 43 37 34 24
1 15 20 37 43 53 58 71 81 100 117 127 133 136 146 170 188 189 211 212 229 244 247
A AND R E I D M I T R I E V I C S A KH A R O V
247 246 232 227 210 204 194 189 176 166 147 130 120 114 111 101 77 59 58 36 35 18 3
SAKHAROV ANDREY DMITRIEVICH = 247 = DIED SUDDENLY.
247 \u003d 130 - DIE FROM ... + 117 - ATTACK.
247 \u003d 223- \ 93-INFARCTION + 130-LIFEless \ + 24-IN \ heart attack \.
223 - 24 = 199 = END OF LIFE FROM INF \ arcta \.
247 \u003d 120-END OF LIFE + 127-FROM INFARCTION \ a \.
247 = DIES AFTER HEART.
135 = DIED FROM...
_______________________
117 = ATTACK
135 - 117 \u003d 18 \u003d C \ heart \.
244 = HEART ATTACK
18 = C \ death \
244 - 18 \u003d 226 \u003d 170 - LIFE IS ENDED + 56 - DIED.
100 = DIED FROM I \\ heart attack \ = PRISTU \ n \
166 = MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
136 = DIED FROM INFA\ rkta \
_____________________________
114 = DIED OF IN \\ heart attack\
170 = 70-LIFE + 100-END
__________________________________
101 = DEAD
170 - 101 = 69 = END.
194 = SUDDEN HEART
______________________________
70 = HEARTS
194 - 70 = 124 = END OF LIFE.
For my regular readers, to whom I am grateful, I show how to quickly sort out all this "digital mess":
170-ANDREY DMITRIEVICH, WORRYED, LIFE IS ENDED - 77-SUGAROV = 93 = HEART.
130 = SAKHAROV ANDREY DYING FROM ... - 117 DMITRIEVICH, ATTACK = 13.
93 - 13 \u003d 80 \u003d FROM INFA \ rkta \\ \u003d PRIST \ y \.
194-DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV, \ 93-MID + 101-DEAD \ - 53-ANDREY \u003d 141 \u003d ENDED LIFE \ b \.
141-ENDED LIFE \ s \ + 13 \u003d 154 \u003d 93-MID + 61-DIES\ no \.
141 - 93 \u003d 48 \u003d DEATH \ em \.
80-FROM INFA \ rkta \ + 48-DEATH \ em \ \u003d 128 \u003d FROM HEART.
247 \u003d 93-INFARCTION + 154-\ 93-INFARCTION + 61-DIED (et) \.
247 \u003d 154-END OF LIFE FROM ... + 93-MIDDLE \ a \.
That is, we clearly see that the "scenario" of the FULL NAME code contains precisely a heart attack.
Reference:
Nazdor.ru›topics/improvement/diseases/current/…
A heart attack or myocardial infarction is irreversible damage to the heart muscle. "Myo" means muscle, "karda" refers to the heart...
DATE OF DEATH code: 12/14/1989. This = 14 + 12 + 19 + 89 = 134 = SUDDENLY DIED.
134 \u003d 45-\ 14 + 12 + 19 \-INF (arkt) + 89-DEATH.
247 = 134-SUDDENLY DIED + 113-AFTER INFA \ rkta \.
252 = 135-DIED FROM... + 117-ACCESS.
Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = 252-FOURTEENTH OF DECEMBER + 108-FROM INFARK (ta) -\ 19 + 89 \-\ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \ = 360.
360 - 247-\ FULL NAME code \ = 113 = END = AFTER INFA \ rkta \.
Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261.
261 = SUDDENLY DIES FROM INFAR\kta\.
Look at the column in the table below:
20 = Y \ die \
__________________________________________
232 = 177-SIXTY + 55-EIGHT
232 - 20 \u003d 212 \u003d 116-ATTACK + 96-DIE.
In 1975, "for the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among peoples and for the courageous struggle against abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity," Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Andrei Sakharov's father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889–1961; was the fourth child; there were six children in the family), was a well-known physics teacher, author of textbooks and popular science books. In 1907 he graduated with a silver medal from one of the best gymnasiums in Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, but in 1908 he transferred to the mathematical department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics with a degree in physical geography. In March 1911, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov was expelled from the university for participating in student meetings, but in May he was reinstated and in the spring of 1912 he graduated with a diploma of the 1st degree. In the same year he entered the Pedagogical Institute. Shelaputin, founded in 1911 at the expense of the industrialist and well-known philanthropist Pavel Grigoryevich Shelaputin, specifically to prepare university graduates for teaching. In 1914 he completed his studies, and after the outbreak of the First World War he went to serve in the army as an orderly (until August 1915). He began teaching in 1912 at the women's gymnasium E.N. Dyulu: he taught mathematics. He began teaching physics in 1917 at the P.N. Popova gymnasium, and in 1921 at the Communist University. Ya.M. Sverdlov (until 1931). In 1925, the first book by D.I. Sakharov (“The Struggle for Light. How Lighting Techniques Developed and What Achieved”) was published in print. During the Great Patriotic War, remaining in Moscow, he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. degree of Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences in the specialty "Physics" (dissertation topic "Collection of Problems in Physics for Pedagogical Institutes"). Sakharov for the degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences "without defending a dissertation, according to the totality of his scientific and methodological works, which have a significant impact on the development of Soviet methods of physics. " "My father made me a physicist, otherwise God knows where I would have gone!" - Andrei Dmitrievich did not write these words, but repeated them more than once. After the death of Dmitry Ivanovich, both of his sons, Andrei and Georgy, who extremely loved and respected their father, tried to continue his work. In the years when the name of the disgraced Andrei Sakharov was hushed up or denigrated in every possible way, The name of his father also fell into oblivion.D. I. Sakharov's books were no longer republished, his name was not mentioned in connection with the consideration of the history of the national methods of teaching physics. A man of high culture, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov was not a narrow specialist for whom there was only one physics. He knew literature and art well, and especially deeply loved music. Possessing absolute pitch, he, having studied for some time at the Musical Pedagogical School named after E. and M. Gnesins, did not become a professional musician, but played a lot and willingly “for himself”, for friends, during the years of the civil war he earned a living by playing in silent movies. Favorite composers were Beethoven, Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Grieg, Scriabin.
Andrei Sakharov's mother is Ekaterina Alekseevna (before her marriage, Sofiano). She received her education at the Noble Institute in Moscow, a privileged educational institution that provided more education than education. After graduating from it, for several years she taught gymnastics in one of the educational institutions in Moscow. Andrei Sakharov's maternal grandfather, Aleksey Semyonovich Sofiano, was a professional military man and artilleryman. After the Japanese war, he retired with the rank of major general. Russified Greeks were among his ancestors.
Andrei Sakharov's childhood "was spent in a large communal apartment, where, however, most of the rooms were occupied by the families of our relatives and only a part by strangers. The traditional spirit of a large strong family was preserved in the house - constant active industriousness and respect for labor skills, mutual family support, love for literature and science. For me, the influence of the family was especially great, since I studied at home for the first part of my school years." (AD Sakharov, "Autobiography") In 1938, Andrei Sakharov graduated from high school with honors and entered the Physics Department of Moscow University. In 1942, being evacuated to Ashgabat, he graduated with honors from Moscow State University.
In the summer of 1942 he worked in logging in the remote countryside near Melekess. In September 1942 he was sent to a large military plant in Ulyanovsk, where he worked as an engineer-inventor until 1945, becoming the author of a number of inventions in the field of product control. In 1945, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov entered the graduate school of the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. P.N. Lebedev, in November 1947 he defended his thesis, and in 1948 he was included in the research group for the development of thermonuclear weapons, led by Igor Evgenievich Tamm. In 1950, together with I.E. Tamm became one of the initiators of work on the study of a controlled thermonuclear reaction. In 1953, the first test of the Soviet hydrogen bomb took place, and Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
"In 1953-1968, my socio-political views underwent a great evolution. In particular, already in 1953-1962, participation in the development of thermonuclear weapons, in the preparation and implementation of thermonuclear tests, was accompanied by an increasingly acute awareness of the moral problems generated by this." (AD Sakharov, "Autobiography") Since the late 1950s, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, who was considered the "father" of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, actively advocated an end to nuclear weapons testing. In 1961, in connection with his speeches for limiting nuclear tests, a conflict arose with Khrushchev, in 1962 - with Slavsky, Minister of Medium Machine Building. HELL. Sakharov was one of the initiators of the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of tests in three environments (in the atmosphere, in water and in space), in 1967 he participated in the Committee for the Protection of Baikal. Three times A.D. Sakharov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor: in 1954, 1956 and 1962.
The first appeals of A.D. Sakharov in defense of the repressed appeared in 1966-1967, and in 1968 the article "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom" appeared. “This speech was a turning point in my entire future destiny. In the Soviet press, “Reflections” were hushed up for a long time, then they began to be mentioned very disapprovingly. Many, even sympathetic, critics perceived my thoughts in this work as very naive, projectile. Since July 1968 , after the publication of my article "Reflections" abroad, I was suspended from secret work and "excommunicated" from the privileges of the Soviet "nomenclature". Since 1970, the protection of human rights, the protection of people who have become victims of political reprisal, has come to the fore for me. Since 1972 years, the pressure on me and my relatives increased more and more, repressions grew all around. (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography") In 1970 A.D. Sakharov became one of the founders of the Moscow Committee for Human Rights, spoke out on the problem of environmental pollution, for the abolition of the death penalty, for the right to emigrate, against the forced treatment of "dissenters" in psychiatric hospitals.
Bonner first met Elena Georgievna in the fall of 1970. “In October 1971, Lucy and I decided to get married. Lucy had serious doubts. She was afraid that the official registration of our marriage would jeopardize her children. But I insisted on it. Concerning her doubts I believed that the preservation of the state of an unregistered marriage was even more dangerous. It is difficult to say which of us was right, there is no "control experiment" in such things. Attacks on Tanya, and then on Alyosha, followed ... Official registration in the registry office took place on January 7 1972." Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov called his wife "Lyusya, what was her name in childhood and what is her name all her present friends and relatives" (A.D. Sakharov, "Memoirs").
In 1975, "for the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among peoples and for the courageous struggle against abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity," Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. "It was a great honor for me, recognition of the merits of the entire human rights movement in the USSR." (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography")
In December 1979, immediately after the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, Sakharov repeatedly condemned the aggression of the USSR; Sakharov not only condemned the actions of the USSR government, but also spoke out in support of the boycott of the Moscow Olympics in connection with the invasion of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, saying that "According to the ancient Olympic status, wars stop during the Olympics. I believe that the USSR should withdraw its troops from Afghanistan, this is extremely important for the world, for all mankind, otherwise the Olympic Committee should refuse to host the Olympics in a country that is at war." (A.D. Sakharov, "Memories")
On January 8, 1980, a Decree was adopted to deprive Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov of all government awards of the USSR (the Order of Lenin, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes) "in connection with the systematic commission of Sakharov A.D. actions discrediting him as a recipient, and taking into account the numerous proposals of the Soviet public". This was announced to Sakharov on January 22 and sent to the city of Gorky (because the city was closed to foreigners). “Unfortunately, my colleagues in the USSR again, just like in the case of Yuri Orlov and many others, did not show themselves in any way (not to mention such as Academician Fedorov and Academician Blokhin, who publicly attacked me, probably directly fulfilling the instructions they received). in the country as a whole. At the same time (and this is also important), nothing would threaten these people: not only expulsion or arrest, but also the loss of a job, a change in their position in the scientific hierarchy. their trips abroad would be limited. And nothing more! Absolutely incommensurable huge possible positive consequences for the whole country, including for science, its authority, for the personal prestige of those who dare to do this, and the minimum risk. One there were no such people in the scientific elite of the USSR today. Why - I do not know, but it is a fact, and extremely shameful and sad. Is it possible that our intelligentsia has been so crushed since the time of Korolenko and Lebedev?" (A.D. Sakharov, "Memoirs", 1983) In Gorky, he was in conditions of almost complete isolation and under round-the-clock police surveillance. In protest against the illegal actions of the authorities in relation to Sakharov went on hunger strike to his relatives twice - in 1984 and in 1985.
In December 1986, by order of MS Gorbachev, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was returned to Moscow. The last years of his life, Sakharov was actively engaged in human rights activities. In March 1989, Sakharov was elected a People's Deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences, becoming one of the leaders of the group of the most radical deputies. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died on December 14, 1989 in Moscow.
Among the works of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov are works on elementary particle physics, magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics,
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, a world-famous scientist and public figure, was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. His parents are Sakharova Ekaterina Alekseevna and Sakharov Dmitry Ivanovich, a teacher of physics, author of a number of textbooks and problem books on physics, as well as many popular science books. Subsequently, Dmitry Ivanovich was an assistant professor in the department of general physics at the physics department of the Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.
In 1938 he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University. In 1941, after the start of the Great Patriotic War, he was called up, but did not pass the medical commission and was evacuated together with Moscow State University to Ashgabat, where in 1942 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics. He was asked to remain in the department and continue his education. Andrei Dmitrievich refused this offer and was sent by the People's Commissariat of Armaments to work in Ulyanovsk at a defense plant. During the war, Andrei Dmitrievich made inventions and improvements to control the quality of armor-piercing cartridges. The control method he proposed was included in a textbook called Sakharov's Method. While working as an engineer, A.D. Sakharov was also independently engaged in scientific research and in 1944-1945 completed several scientific papers. In January 1945, he entered the graduate school of the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where Academician I. E. Tamm was his supervisor. He graduated from graduate school, having defended his thesis in November 1947, and until March 1950 he worked as a junior researcher. In July 1948, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, he was involved in the work on the creation of thermonuclear weapons. Andrei Dmitrievich began research on the nuclear problem against his will. Later, having already entered the work, he came to the conclusion that this problem needed to be dealt with. In the United States, similar studies were already being carried out with might and main, and A. D. Sakharov believed that a situation should not be allowed in which the United States would become the monopoly owner of thermonuclear weapons. In this case, the stability of the world would be threatened. The problem of creating Soviet thermonuclear weapons was successfully solved, and A. D. Sakharov played an outstanding role in creating the thermonuclear power of the USSR. He held a number of leadership positions - in recent years, the position of deputy scientific director of a special institute. While working on the creation of thermonuclear weapons, A. D. Sakharov simultaneously put forward and developed, together with his teacher I. E. Tamm, the idea of using thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In 1950, A. D. Sakharov and I. E. Tamm considered the idea of a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which formed the basis of work in the USSR on controlled thermonuclear fusion.
A.D. Sakharov three times (in 1953, 1956 and 1962) was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, in 1953 he was awarded
State Prize of the USSR, and in 1956 - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was then 32 years old. Few were elected academicians so early. Subsequently, A.D. Sakharov was elected a member of a number of foreign academies. He is also an honorary doctor of many universities.
While working on the creation of hydrogen weapons, A. D. Sakharov, at the same time, realized the great danger that threatens humanity and all life on Earth if this weapon is used. Even the test explosions of nuclear weapons, which were then carried out in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth and in water, posed a danger to mankind. For example, atmospheric explosions led to contamination of the atmosphere and radioactive fallout at great distances from the test site. In 1957-1963, A. D. Sakharov actively opposed nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in water and on the surface of the earth. He was one of the initiators of the Moscow International Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Three Environments. In the early 1970s, the mass media in our country began a massive campaign against A. D. Sakharov. His statements were distorted, slanderous materials were published about him and his wife. Despite this, A. D. Sakharov continued his social activities. In 1975 he wrote the book "About the Country and the World". In the same year he was awarded
Nobel Peace Prize. In the Nobel lecture "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", outlining his views, he noted that "the only guarantee of peace on Earth can only be the observance of human rights in every country." The award of the Nobel Peace Prize to AD Sakharov was accompanied by a new wave of misinformation and slander against him.
In 1979, immediately after the entry of troops into Afghanistan, A. D. Sakharov
issued a statement against the move, saying it was a tragic mistake. Shortly thereafter, he was stripped of all government awards and on January 22 of the same year he was exiled without trial to the city of Gorky. He spent 7 years in exile without a few days. Access to it during these years was reduced to a minimum; it was isolated from the Soviet and world public. During his exile in Gorky, A. D. Sakharov held three hunger strikes, physical measures were applied to him, and during the hunger strikes he was even isolated from his wife. Despite the colossal difficulties, A. D. Sakharov continued his scientific research and social activities in Gorky. He writes statements in defense of political prisoners in the USSR, articles on the problems of disarmament, on international relations.
In December 1986, A. D. Sakharov returned to Moscow. He speaks at the international forum "For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind", where he proposes a number of disarmament measures aimed at moving forward negotiations with the United States (these proposals were implemented, which made it possible to conclude an agreement with the United States on the destruction of intermediate and shorter range missiles) . He also proposes concrete steps to reduce the army in the USSR and effective measures to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants. Then A. D. Sakharov worked at the Physical Institute. P.N. Lebedev of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR as chief researcher. He was elected a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, continues to actively participate in public life. In the autumn of 1988, A. D. Sakharov was informed from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR that the question of returning to him government awards, which he had been deprived of in 1980, was being considered. HELL. Sakharov refused this until the release and full rehabilitation of all those who were convicted for their
beliefs in the 70s and 80s. He was elected honorary chairman of the public council of the All-Union Society "Memorial".
His social activities were aimed at ensuring that perestroika was carried out actively and consistently, without delay, and that it would become irreversible. In 1989, after an election campaign of unprecedented duration and intensity, A. D. Sakharov became a People's Deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was one of the founders and co-chairs of the largest parliamentary group - the inter-regional deputy group, which unites the most active, progressive-minded deputies. It can be said without exaggeration that as a result of his parliamentary activity, he became one of the main political figures in our country. In the last months of his life, he prepared a draft of a new Constitution of the USSR, based on the principles of democracy, respect for human rights, and the sovereignty of nations and peoples. A.D.
Sakharov is the author of many bold political ideas, often ahead of their time, and then gaining more and more recognition. Sakharov died on December 14, 1990, after a busy day at the Congress of People's Deputies. Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.
The first meetings of A.I. Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov and Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn met for the first time on August 26, 1968, a few days after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries.
Academician, three times Hero of Socialist Labor and "father of the hydrogen bomb" A.D. Sakharov only recently, in May 1968, acted as a dissident, promulgating his first large memorandum "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom" calling for the development of democracy and pluralism. This performance quickly brought Sakharov fame, both in the Soviet Union and in the West. But he still had almost no connections, not only with dissident groups, but even with writers and scientists outside the large but closed group of atomic scientists.
Solzhenitsyn, on the other hand, gained world fame much earlier, at the end of 1962, after the publication in Novy Mir of the famous story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the first truthful book about the Stalinist camps published in the USSR. This publication was part of the “de-Stalinization” policy pursued after the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, and at meetings of party leaders with cultural figures, not only Nikita Khrushchev, but also Mikhail Suslov shook Solzhenitsyn’s hand and warmly welcomed the appearance of “Ivan Denisovich.” Solzhenitsyn entered the path of open opposition to the regime only in May 1967, publishing an “Open Letter to the 4th Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers” protesting against censorship and political persecution of Soviet writers. At the same time, Solzhenitsyn's great novel In the First Circle was sent to the West for translation and publication. Solzhenitsyn, unlike Sakharov, had many friends and acquaintances among writers, but he kept to himself and avoided any dissident circles.
The occupation of Czechoslovakia was a great shock not only for dissidents, and now, at the end of August 1968, both Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov, not wanting to remain silent, decided to somehow unite their efforts. The idea of a meaningful protest that could be supported by a few dozen of the then most famous figures of the intelligentsia, as they say, was in the air.
An unexpectedly very emotional and deep text was offered by film director Mikhail Ilyich Romm. Sakharov was ready to join him, but did not want his signature to come first. Late in the evening of August 23, Academician Igor Tamm signed this document, and several other scientists followed his example. Sakharov wanted to go to Tvardovsky, but, as it turned out, Alexander Trifonovich did not even appear in those days even at the editorial office of Novy Mir, did not meet with anyone, and then Andrei Dmitrievich asked his friends about Solzhenitsyn, who, as it turned out, was also looking for meetings.
Solzhenitsyn arrived in Moscow from Ryazan on the evening of August 24 to get acquainted with the situation and support the general protest. He devoted the next day to meetings with various people, and on August 26, observing all the rules of secrecy, he met and had a long one-on-one conversation with Sakharov. Of course, this meeting could not be completely hidden from the KGB:
Sakharov at that time was not only a secret, but also a protected scientist, back in the early 1960s he resolutely refused open protection, but he could not prevent covert escort. However, apparently, the "authorities" learned little about the content and nature of the conversation, and only much later did both Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov write about this important meeting for them in their memoirs.
“I met Sakharov for the first time at the end of August 1968,” Solzhenitsyn recalled, “shortly after our occupation of Czechoslovakia and after the publication of his memorandum. Sakharov had not yet been released from the position of a top-secret and specially protected person. From the first sight and from the very first words, he makes a charming impression: tall, perfectly open, bright, soft smile, bright look, warm-throated voice. Despite the stuffiness, he was old-fashioned and caring in a tightened tie, tight collar, in a jacket, only unbuttoned during the conversation - from his old Moscow intellectual family, obviously inherited. We sat with him for four hours in the evening, already quite late for me, so I did not think well and did not speak in the best way. The first sensation was also unusual - here, touch it, in the bluish jacket sleeve - lies the hand that gave the world a hydrogen bomb. I was probably not polite enough and too persistent in my criticism, although I figured it out later: I did not thank, did not congratulate, but criticized, refuted, disputed his memorandum. And it was in this bad two-hour criticism of mine that he conquered me! - he was not offended by anything, although there were occasions, he did not persistently object, he explained, smiled weakly perplexed - and he was not offended even once, not at all - a sign of a big, generous soul. Then we tried on whether we could somehow speak at the expense of Czechoslovakia - but we did not find anyone to gather for a strong performance: all the eminent ones refused.
And here is what Sakharov wrote: “We met at the apartment of one of my friends. Solzhenitsyn, with lively blue eyes and a reddish beard, a temperamental speech of an unusually high timbre of voice, contrasting with calculated, precise movements, he seemed to be a living lump of concentrated and purposeful energy. I basically listened attentively, and he spoke passionately and without any hesitation in his assessments and conclusions. He sharply formulated what he did not agree with me about. There is no convergence to speak of. The West is not interested in our democratization, it is confused with its purely material progress and permissiveness, but socialism can finally destroy it. Our leaders are soulless automata, they have seized their power and blessings with their teeth, and without a fist they will not open their teeth. I downplay Stalin's crimes and needlessly separate Lenin from him. It is wrong to dream of a multi-party system, a non-party system is needed, because any party is violence against the convictions of its members for the sake of the interests of the bosses. Scientists and engineers are a huge force, but there must be a spiritual goal at the core, without it, any scientific adjustment is self-deception, a way to suffocate in the smoke and burning cities. I said that there was a lot of truth in his remarks, but my article reflected my beliefs. The main thing is to point out the dangers and a possible way to eliminate them. I count on the good will of the people. I do not expect a response to my article now, but I think that it will influence minds.
In terms of protesting against the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the meeting ended inconclusively; it was not possible to prepare any common document; strong pressure was exerted on Igor Tamm, and he withdrew his signature. After that, everything fell apart. But the controversy that had begun continued.
A little later, Solzhenitsyn put his comments on the memorandum "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom" in writing and handed them over personally to Sakharov, but did not let him into samizdat. It was a lengthy "letter, spanning more than twenty pages, and beginning with the highest praise for Sakharov, whose fearless and honest speech is "a major event in modern history." Solzhenitsyn did not like, however, that Sakharov in his treatise condemned only Stalinism, and not all communist ideology, because "Stalin was, although very mediocre, but very consistent and faithful continuer of the spirit of Lenin's teachings. " No, according to Solzhenitsyn, there is no "world progressive community" to which Sakharov addressed. There is no and cannot be "moral socialism ": "Sakharov is even excessive in exalting socialism." All this is "hypnosis of a whole generation." Sakharov misses the importance in our country of "living national forces and the vitality of the national spirit", and reduces everything to scientific and technological progress. The hopes for convergence are absurd : this prospect is “rather bleak: two societies suffering from vices, gradually approaching and turning one into the other, what can they give? -- a society that is immoral in a cross way. Intellectual freedom will not save Russia either, just as it did not save the West, which "choked on all kinds of freedoms and appears today in weakness of will, in darkness about the future, with a torn and lowered soul." Criticizing Sakharov, Solzhenitsyn, however, offered nothing. “They will reproach,” he wrote at the end of his letter, “that in criticizing the useful article of Academician Sakharov, we ourselves did not seem to offer anything constructive. If so, we will consider these lines not a frivolous end, but only a convenient beginning of a conversation.
But Sakharov did not respond to Solzhenitsyn in the same way as to some other well-known dissidents and public figures of the West, who decided to express their comments and wishes to the author in writing. memorandum. In 1969, a serious illness, and then the death of the first wife of the scientist, Claudia Alekseevna, unsettled him for a long time. He hardly dated anyone.
Sakharov returned to both scientific and social activities at the beginning of 1970, he actively participated in many actions of the human rights movement, and met many of its leaders. At the beginning of May of that year, a new, very lengthy meeting with Solzhenitsyn also took place.
This time, Sakharov's new large memorandum, a letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union L.I. Brezhnev, A.N. Kosygin and N.V. Podgorny, devoted to the problems of democratization of Soviet society, became the subject of discussion. Solzhenitsyn, according to Sakharov, gave this document a "much more positive and unconditional" assessment than "Reflections"; "He rejoiced that I had firmly embarked on the path of opposition." However, Solzhenitsyn resolutely refused to participate in campaigns to protect people subjected to political repression. “I asked him,” Sakharov recalled, “if anything could be done to help Grigorenko and Marchenko. Solzhenitsyn snapped: “No! These people went to the ram, they chose their fate themselves, it is impossible to save them. Any attempt can harm both them and others.” I was seized with a cold from this position, which is so contrary to direct feeling.
Nevertheless, already in June 1970, both Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn, independently of each other, publicly and resolutely protested against the forced psychiatric hospitalization of Zhores Medvedev, whom both of them had known since the autumn of 1964. It was a short but very intense and successful public campaign.
In the autumn of 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the fourth for Russian literature after Ivan Bunin, Boris Pasternak and Mikhail Sholokhov. Solzhenitsyn was inspired, but at the same time extremely concerned about the scale of the newspaper and political campaign launched against him, which extremely complicated his life and everyday contacts. He decided to cancel his trip to Stockholm for the award ceremony and for some time did not know how to behave and what to do. His fame in the world grew, but Solzhenitsyn himself later called 1971 "the passage of an eclipse, an eclipse of determination and action"5. He refused to sign a letter compiled by Sakharov to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the abolition of the death penalty in our country, stating that participation in such collective actions would interfere with the fulfillment of those tasks for which he felt responsible. After that, Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn did not meet or talk to each other for more than a year.
The great Soviet scientists are known all over the world. One of them is Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, a physicist. He was one of the first to write works on the implementation of a thermonuclear reaction, therefore it is believed that Sakharov is the "father" of the hydrogen bomb in our country. Sakharov Anatoly Dmitrievich is an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. In 1975 he received the Nobel Peace Prize.
The future scientist was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. His father was Sakharov Dmitry Ivanovich, a physicist. For the first five years Andrei Dmitrievich studied at home. This was followed by 5 years of study at the school, where Sakharov, under the guidance of his father, was seriously engaged in physics and conducted many experiments.
Education at the university, work at a military plant
Andrei Dmitrievich entered the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University in 1938. After the outbreak of World War II, Sakharov, together with the university, went to evacuation to Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei Dmitrievich became interested in the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. In 1942 he graduated from Moscow State University with honors. At the university, Sakharov was considered the best student among all who have ever studied at this faculty.
After graduating from Moscow State University, Andrei Dmitrievich refused to remain in graduate school, which Professor A. A. Vlasov advised him to do. A. D. Sakharov, having become a specialist in the field of defense metallurgy, was sent to a military plant in the city and then Ulyanovsk. The conditions of life and work were very difficult, but it was during these years that Andrei Dmitrievich made his first invention. He proposed a device that made it possible to control the hardening of armor-piercing cores.
Marriage to Vihireva K. A.
An important event in Sakharov's personal life took place in 1943 - the scientist married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva (years of life - 1919-1969). She was from Ulyanovsk, worked at the same factory as Andrey Dmitrievich. The couple had three children - a son and two daughters. Because of the war, and later because of the birth of children, Sakharov's wife did not graduate from the university. For this reason, later, after the Sakharovs moved to Moscow, it was difficult for her to find a good job.
Postgraduate, Ph.D. thesis
Andrei Dmitrievich, having returned to Moscow after the war, continued his studies in 1945. He to E. I. Tamm, who taught at the Physical Institute. P. N. Lebedeva. AD Sakharov wanted to work on the fundamental problems of science. In 1947, his work on nonradiative nuclear transitions was presented. In it, the scientist proposed a new rule according to which selection should be carried out by charge parity. He also presented a method for taking into account the interaction of a positron and an electron during pair production.
Work at the "facility", test of the hydrogen bomb
In 1948, A. D. Sakharov was included in a special group led by I. E. Tamm. Its purpose was to test the hydrogen bomb project made by Ya. B. Zel'dovich's group. Andrei Dmitrievich soon presented his bomb project, in which layers of natural uranium and deuterium were placed around an ordinary atomic nucleus. When an atomic nucleus explodes, ionized uranium greatly increases the density of deuterium. It also increases the rate of the thermonuclear reaction, and under the influence of fast neutrons, it begins to divide. This idea was supplemented by V. L. Ginzburg, who suggested using lithium-6 deuteride for the bomb. From it, under the influence of slow neutrons, tritium is formed, which is a very active thermonuclear fuel.
In the spring of 1950, with these ideas, Tamm's group was sent almost in full force to the "object" - a secret nuclear enterprise, the center of which was in the city of Sarov. Here, the number of scientists working on the project has increased significantly as a result of an influx of young researchers. The group's work culminated in the testing of the first hydrogen bomb in the USSR, which was successfully carried out on August 12, 1953. This bomb is known as "Sakharov's puff".
The very next year, on January 4, 1954, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov became a Hero of Socialist Labor, and also received the Hammer and Sickle medal. A year earlier, in 1953, the scientist became an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
New test and its consequences
The group, headed by A. D. Sakharov, further worked on the compression of thermonuclear fuel using radiation obtained from the explosion of an atomic charge. In November 1955, a new hydrogen bomb was successfully tested. However, it was overshadowed by the death of a soldier and a girl, as well as injuries to many people who were at a considerable distance from the site. This, as well as the mass eviction of residents from nearby territories, made Andrei Dmitrievich seriously think about the tragic consequences that atomic explosions could lead to. He wondered what would happen if this terrible force suddenly got out of control.
Sakharov's ideas that laid the foundation for large-scale research
Simultaneously with work on hydrogen bombs, Academician Sakharov, together with Tamm, proposed in 1950 the idea of how to carry out magnetic plasma confinement. The scientist made fundamental calculations on this issue. He also owns the idea and calculations for the formation of superstrong magnetic fields by compressing the magnetic flux with a cylindrical conductive shell. The scientist dealt with these issues in 1952. In 1961, Andrei Dmitrievich proposed the use of laser compression in order to obtain a thermonuclear controlled reaction. Sakharov's ideas laid the foundation for large-scale research carried out in the field of thermonuclear energy.
Two articles by Sakharov on the harmful effects of radioactivity
In 1958, Academician Sakharov presented two articles on the harmful effects of radioactivity from bomb explosions and its effect on heredity. As a result, as the scientist noted, the average life expectancy of the population is decreasing. According to Sakharov's estimate, in the future, each megaton explosion will lead to 10,000 cases of cancer.
Andrei Dmitrievich in 1958 unsuccessfully tried to influence the decision of the USSR to extend the moratorium announced by him on the implementation of atomic explosions. In 1961, the moratorium was broken by the testing of a very powerful hydrogen bomb (50 megatons). It was more political than military. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov on March 7, 1962 received the third Hammer and Sickle medal.
Social activity
In 1962, Sakharov entered into sharp conflicts with state authorities and his colleagues over the development of weapons and the need to ban their testing. This confrontation had a positive result - in 1963, an agreement was signed in Moscow prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons in all three environments.
It should be noted that even in those years Andrei Dmitrievich's interests were not limited exclusively to nuclear physics. The scientist was active in social work. In 1958, Sakharov spoke out against the plans of Khrushchev, who planned to shorten the period of secondary education. A few years later, together with his colleagues, Andrei Dmitrievich freed Soviet genetics from the influence of T. D. Lysenko.
In 1964, Sakharov made a speech in which he spoke out against the election of the biologist N. I. Nuzhdin as an academician, who did not eventually become one. Andrei Dmitrievich believed that this biologist, like T. D. Lysenko, was responsible for the difficult, shameful pages in the development of domestic science.
The scientist in 1966 signed a letter to the 23rd Congress of the CPSU. In this letter ("25 celebrities"), famous people opposed the rehabilitation of Stalin. It noted that "the greatest disaster" for the people would be any attempt to revive intolerance of dissent - a policy pursued by Stalin. In the same year, Sakharov met R. A. Medvedev, who wrote a book about Stalin. She markedly influenced the views of Andrei Dmitrievich. In February 1967, the scientist sent his first letter to Brezhnev, in which he spoke out in defense of four dissidents. The harsh response of the authorities was the deprivation of Sakharov of one of the two posts that he held at the "object".
Manifesto article, suspension from work at the "object"
In June 1968, an article by Andrei Dmitrievich appeared in the foreign media, in which he reflected on progress, intellectual freedom and peaceful coexistence. The scientist spoke about the dangers of ecological self-poisoning, thermonuclear destruction, dehumanization of mankind. Sakharov noted that there is a need for convergence between the capitalist and socialist systems. He also wrote about the crimes committed by Stalin, about the lack of democracy in the USSR.
In this manifesto article, the scientist advocated the abolition of political courts and censorship, against the placement of dissidents in psychiatric clinics. The reaction of the authorities followed quickly: Andrei Dmitrievich was suspended from work at a secret facility. He lost all posts, one way or another connected with military secrets. A. D. Sakharov's meeting with A. I. Solzhenitsyn took place on August 26, 1968. It was revealed that they have different views on the social transformations that the country needs.
Death of his wife, work at FIAN
This was followed by a tragic event in Sakharov's personal life - in March 1969, his wife died, leaving the scientist in a state of despair, which later gave way to mental devastation that stretched for many years. I. E. Tamm, who at that time headed the Theoretical Department of FIAN, wrote a letter to M. V. Keldysh, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. As a result of this and, apparently, sanctions from above, on June 30, 1969, Andrei Dmitrievich was enrolled in the department of the institute. Here he took up scientific work, becoming a senior research fellow. This position was the lowest of all that a Soviet academician could receive.
Continuation of human rights activities
In the period from 1967 to 1980, the scientist wrote more than 15. At the same time, he began to conduct an active public activity, which increasingly did not correspond to the policy of official circles. Andrei Dmitrievich initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists Zh. A. Medvedev and P. G. Grigorenko from psychiatric hospitals. Together with R. A. Medvedev and physicist V. Turchin, the scientist published the Memorandum on Democratization and Intellectual Freedom.
Sakharov came to Kaluga to participate in the picketing of the court, where the trial in the case of dissidents B. Weil and R. Pimenov was being carried out. In November 1970, Andrei Dmitrievich, together with physicists A. Tverdokhlebov and V. Chalidze, founded the Human Rights Committee, whose task was to implement the principles laid down by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Together with Academician M. A. Leontovich, in 1971, Sakharov spoke out against the use of psychiatry for political purposes, as well as for the right of the Crimean Tatars to return, for freedom of religion, for German and Jewish emigration.
Marriage to E. G. Bonner, campaign against Sakharov
The marriage to Bonner Elena Grigoryevna (years of life - 1923-2011) took place in 1972. The scientist met this woman in 1970 in Kaluga when he went to the trial. Having become a comrade-in-arms and faithful, Elena Grigoryevna focused the activities of Andrei Dmitrievich on protecting the rights of individuals. From now on, Sakharov considered program documents as subjects for discussion. However, in 1977, the theoretical physicist nevertheless signed a collective letter addressed to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which spoke about the need to abolish the death penalty, about an amnesty.
In 1973, Sakharov gave an interview to W. Stenholm, a radio correspondent from Sweden. In it, he spoke about the nature of the then existing Soviet system. The Deputy Prosecutor General issued a warning to Andrei Dmitrievich, but despite this, the scientist held a press conference for eleven Western journalists. He denounced the threat of persecution. The reaction to such actions was a letter from 40 academicians, published in the Pravda newspaper. It was the beginning of a vicious campaign against the public activities of Andrei Dmitrievich. On his side were human rights activists, as well as Western scientists and politicians. A. I. Solzhenitsyn proposed to award the scientist the Nobel Peace Prize.
The first hunger strike, Sakharov's book
In September 1973, continuing the struggle for the right of everyone to emigrate, Andrei Dmitrievich sent a letter to the US Congress in which he supported the Jackson amendment. The following year, R. Nixon, President of the United States, arrived in Moscow. During his visit, Sakharov held his first hunger strike. He also gave a TV interview to draw public attention to the fate of political prisoners.
E. G. Bonner, on the basis of the French humanitarian award received by Sakharov, founded the Fund for Assistance to the Children of Political Prisoners. Andrei Dmitrievich in 1975 met with G. Bell, a famous German writer. Together with him, he made an appeal aimed at protecting political prisoners. Also in 1975, the scientist published his book in the West called "On the Country and the World." In it, Sakharov developed the ideas of democratization, disarmament, convergence, economic and political reforms, and strategic balance.
Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
The Nobel Peace Prize was deservedly awarded to the academician in October 1975. The award was received by his wife, who was being treated abroad. She read out Sakharov's speech, which he had prepared for the presentation ceremony. In it, the scientist called for "genuine disarmament" and "true detente", for a political amnesty throughout the world, as well as for the widespread release of all prisoners of conscience. The next day Sakharov's wife delivered his Nobel lecture "Peace, Progress, Human Rights". In it, the academician argued that all three of these goals are closely related to each other.
accusation, reference
Despite the fact that Sakharov actively opposed the Soviet regime, he was not formally charged until 1980. It was put forward when the scientist sharply condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On January 8, 1980, A. Sakharov was deprived of all the government awards he had received earlier. His exile began on January 22, when he was sent to Gorky (today it is Nizhny Novgorod), where he was under house arrest. The photo below shows the house in Gorky, where the academician lived.
Sakharov's hunger strikes for the right of E. G. Bonner to leave
In the summer of 1984, Andrei Dmitrievich went on a hunger strike for the right of his wife to travel to the United States for treatment and to meet with her relatives. It was accompanied by painful feeding and forced hospitalization, but did not bring results.
In April-September 1985, the last hunger strike of the academician took place, pursuing the same goals. Only in July 1985 was E. G. Bonner granted permission to leave. This happened after Sakharov sent a letter to Gorbachev promising to stop his public appearances and concentrate entirely on scientific work if the trip was allowed.
Last year of life
In March 1989, Sakharov became a People's Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The scientist thought a lot about the reform of the political structure in the Soviet Union. In November 1989, Sakharov presented a draft constitution based on the protection of individual rights and the right of peoples to statehood.
The biography of Andrei Sakharov ends on December 14, 1989, when, after another busy day spent at the Congress of People's Deputies, he died. As the autopsy showed, the academician's heart was completely worn out. In Moscow, at the Vostryakovsky cemetery, lies the "father" of the hydrogen bomb, as well as an outstanding fighter for human rights.
A. Sakharov Foundation
The memory of the great scientist and public figure lives in the hearts of many. In 1989, the Andrei Sakharov Foundation was established in our country, the purpose of which is to preserve the memory of Andrei Dmitrievich, promote his ideas, and protect human rights. In 1990, the Foundation appeared in the United States. Elena Bonner, the wife of the academician, was the chairman of these two organizations for a long time. She passed away on June 18, 2011 from a heart attack.
In the photo above - a monument to Sakharov, installed in St. Petersburg. The area where he is located is named after him. The Soviet Nobel Prize winners are not forgotten, as evidenced by the flowers brought to their monuments and graves.
| tombstone | ||
| Memorial plaque in Yekaterinburg | ||
| Memorial plaque in Moscow (on the house where he lived) | ||
| Monument in Saint Petersburg | ||
| Memorial plaque on a house in Sarov | ||
| Annotation board in Moscow | ||
| Bust in Yerevan | ||
| Bust in Nizhny Novgorod | ||
| Memorial plaque in Nizhny Novgorod |
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich - Soviet physicist and public figure, one of the authors of the first works on the implementation of a thermonuclear reaction (hydrogen bomb) and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Born May 21, 1921 in Moscow in the family of physicist Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889-1961) and Ekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano (1893-1963). Russian. For the first five years he studied at home. In the next five years of study at the Sakharov school, under the guidance of his father, he studied physics in depth and made many physical experiments.
In 1938, Sakharov entered the Faculty of Physics at Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU). After the start of the Great Patriotic War, he, together with the university, was evacuated to Ashgabat (Turkmenistan); seriously engaged in the study of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. After graduating with honors from Moscow State University in 1942, where he was considered the best student who ever studied at the Faculty of Physics, he refused the offer of Professor A.A. Vlasov to remain in graduate school. Having received the specialty "defense metallurgy", he was sent to a military plant, first in the city of Kovrov, Vladimir Region, and then in Ulyanovsk. Working and living conditions were very difficult. However, Sakharov's first invention appeared here - a device for controlling the hardening of armor-piercing cores.
In 1943, Sakharov married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919-1969), a native of Ulyanovsk, a laboratory chemist at the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and a son. Because of the war, and then the birth of children, Klavdia Alekseevna did not complete her higher education, and after the family moved to Moscow and later to the “object”, she was depressed that it was difficult for her to find a suitable job.
Returning to Moscow after the war, in 1945 Sakharov entered the graduate school of the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute to the well-known theoretical physicist I.E. Tamm to deal with fundamental problems. In his Ph.D. thesis on nonradiative nuclear transitions, presented in 1947, he proposed a new charge parity selection rule and a way to take into account the interaction of an electron and a positron during pair production. At the same time, he came to the conclusion (without publishing his research on this problem) that the small difference in the energies of the two levels of the hydrogen atom is caused by the difference in the interaction of the electron with its own field in the bound and free states. A similar fundamental idea and calculation were published by the American physicist H. Bethe and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1967. The idea proposed by Sakharov and the calculation of the muon catalysis of a nuclear reaction in deuterium saw the light of the day and were published only as a secret report.
Apparently, this report became the basis for the inclusion of Sakharov in 1948 in the special group of I.E. Tamm to verify the specific project of the hydrogen bomb, which was worked on by the group of Ya.B. Zel'dovich. Sakharov soon proposed his own bomb project in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around a conventional atomic charge. During the explosion of an atomic charge, ionized uranium significantly increases the density of deuterium, increases the rate of a thermonuclear reaction, and is divided under the action of fast neutrons. This "first idea" - ionization compression of deuterium - was significantly supplemented by VL Ginzburg with the "second idea", consisting in the use of lithium-6 deuteride. Under the influence of slow neutrons from lithium-6, tritium is formed - a very active thermonuclear fuel. With these ideas in the spring of 1950, the group of I.E. Tamm, almost in full force, was sent to the "object" - a top-secret nuclear enterprise with a center in the city of Sarov, where it increased markedly due to the influx of young theorists. The intensive work of the group and the entire enterprise ended with the successful testing of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.
"For exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government" Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 4, 1954 Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
In 1953 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Subsequently, the group led by Sakharov worked on the implementation of the collective "third idea" - the compression of thermonuclear fuel by radiation from the explosion of an atomic charge. The successful test of such an advanced hydrogen bomb in November 1955 was overshadowed by the death of a girl and a soldier, as well as serious injuries to many people who were away from the test site. This circumstance, as well as the mass evacuation of residents from the test site in 1953, forced Sakharov to think seriously about the tragic consequences of atomic explosions, about the possible exit of this terrible force out of control.
In parallel with his work on bombs, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, put forward the idea of magnetic plasma confinement (1950) and carried out fundamental calculations of installations for controlled thermonuclear fusion. He also owns the idea and calculations for the creation of superstrong magnetic fields by compression of the magnetic flux by a conducting cylindrical shell (1952). In 1961, Sakharov suggested using laser compression to obtain a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas marked the beginning of large-scale research into fusion energy.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 11, 1956, for exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government, he was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".
In 1958, two articles by Sakharov appeared on the harmful effect of the radioactivity of nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a result, a decrease in average life expectancy. According to the scientist, each megaton explosion leads to 10 thousand victims of cancer in the future. In the same year, Sakharov unsuccessfully tried to influence the extension of the moratorium declared by the USSR on atomic explosions. The next moratorium was broken in 1961 by the testing of a super-powerful 50-megaton hydrogen bomb, more political than military.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 7, 1962, for exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government, he was awarded the third gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".
Contradictory activities to develop weapons and ban their tests, which in 1962 led to sharp conflicts with colleagues and state authorities, had a positive result in 1963 - the Moscow Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Weapons Tests in Three Environments.
Even then, Sakharov's interests were not limited to nuclear physics. In 1958, he opposed N.S. Khrushchev’s plans to reduce secondary education, and a few years later, together with other scientists, he managed to save Soviet genetics from the influence of T.D. Lysenko. In 1964, Sakharov successfully spoke at the Academy of Sciences against the election of the biologist N.I.
In 1966, he signed the letter "25 celebrities" to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of I.V. Stalin. The letter noted that any attempt to revive the Stalinist policy of intolerance towards dissent "would be the greatest disaster" for the Soviet people. Acquaintance in the same year with R.A. Medvedev and his book about I.V. Stalin significantly influenced the evolution of Sakharov's views. In February 1967, he sent the first letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of four dissidents. The response of the authorities was to deprive him of one of the two positions held at the "object".
In June 1968, a large article appeared in the foreign press - Sakharov's manifesto "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom" - about the dangers of thermonuclear destruction, ecological self-poisoning, dehumanization of mankind, the need for convergence between the socialist and capitalist systems, Stalin's crimes and the lack of democracy in the USSR . In his manifesto, Sakharov called for the abolition of censorship, political trials, and against keeping dissidents in psychiatric hospitals. The reaction of the authorities was not long in coming: Sakharov was completely suspended from work at the "object" and dismissed from all posts related to military secrets. On August 26, 1968, he met with AI Solzhenitsyn, which revealed the difference in their views on the necessary social transformations.
In March 1969, Sakharov's wife died, leaving him in a state of despair, which then gave way to a long spiritual devastation. After a letter from I.E. Tamm (at that time head of the Theoretical Department of FIAN) to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh and, apparently, as a result of sanctions from above, Sakharov was enrolled on June 30, 1969 in the department of the institute, where his scientific work began , to the position of senior researcher - the lowest that a Soviet academician could hold.
From 1967 to 1980, he published more than 15 scientific papers: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe with the prediction of proton decay (according to Sakharov, this is his best theoretical work that influenced the formation of scientific opinion in the next decade), on cosmological models of the Universe, on the relationship of gravity with vacuum quantum fluctuations, about mass formulas for mesons and baryons.
In the same years, Sakharov's public activity intensified, which was increasingly at odds with the policy of official circles. He initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists P. G. Grigorenko and Zh. A. Medvedev from psychiatric hospitals. Together with the physicist V. Turchin and R. A. Medvedev, he wrote the Memorandum on Democratization and Intellectual Freedom. I traveled to Kaluga to take part in the picketing of the courtroom, where the trial of dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Weil was taking place. In November 1970, together with physicists V. Chalidze and A. Tverdokhlebov, he organized the Human Rights Committee, which was supposed to embody the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with Academician M.A. Leontovich, he actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and at the same time - for the right to return the Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence, and, in particular, for Jewish and German emigration.
In 1972, Sakharov married Elena Georgievna Bonner (1923-2011), whom he met in 1970 at a trial in Kaluga. Becoming a true friend and ally of her husband, she focused Sakharov's activities on protecting the rights of specific people. Program documents were now considered by him as a subject for discussion. Nevertheless, in 1977 he signed a collective letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on amnesty and the abolition of the death penalty, in 1973 he gave an interview to the Swedish radio correspondent U. Stenholm about the nature of the Soviet system and, despite the warning of the Deputy Prosecutor General, held a press conference conference for 11 Western journalists, during which he denounced not only the threat of persecution, but also what he called "détente without democratization." The reaction to these statements was a letter published in the Pravda newspaper by 40 academicians, which provoked a vicious campaign condemning Sakharov's social activities, as well as speeches on his side by human rights activists, Western politicians and scientists. AI Solzhenitsyn proposed to award Sakharov the Nobel Peace Prize.
Intensifying the struggle for the right to emigrate, in September 1973 Sakharov sent a letter to the US Congress in support of the Jackson Amendment. In 1974, during the stay of President Richard Nixon in Moscow, he held his first hunger strike and gave a television interview to draw the attention of the world community to the fate of political prisoners. On the basis of the French humanitarian award received by Sakharov, E.G. Bonner organized the Fund for Assistance to the Children of Political Prisoners. In 1975, Sakharov met with the German writer G. Bell, together with him wrote an appeal in defense of political prisoners, in the same year he published in the West the book "On the Country and the World", in which he developed the ideas of convergence, disarmament, democratization, strategic balance, political and economic reforms.
In October 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which was received by his wife, who was being treated abroad. E.G. Bonner read out Sakharov's speech to the audience, which contained a call for "true détente and genuine disarmament", for "general political amnesty in the world" and "liberation of all prisoners of conscience everywhere." The next day, E.G. Bonner read her husband's Nobel lecture "Peace, progress, human rights", in which Sakharov argued that these three goals "are inextricably linked with one another", demanded "freedom of conscience, the existence of informed public opinion, pluralism in system of education, freedom of the press and access to sources of information”, and put forward proposals for achieving détente and disarmament.
In April and August 1976, December 1977 and early 1979, Sakharov and his wife traveled to Omsk, Yakutia, Mordovia and Tashkent to support human rights activists. In 1977 and 1978, the children and grandchildren of E.G. Bonner, whom Sakharov considered hostages of his human rights activities, emigrated to the United States. In 1979, Sakharov sent a letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of the Crimean Tatars and the removal of secrecy from the case of the explosion in the Moscow metro.
Despite open opposition to the Soviet regime, Sakharov was not formally charged until 1980, when he strongly condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On January 4, 1980, he gave an interview to The New York Times about the situation in Afghanistan and its correction, and on January 14, an ABC television interview.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 8, 1980 "in connection with the systematic commission of A. D. Sakharov of actions discrediting him as a recipient of awards, and taking into account the numerous proposals of the Soviet public, ... medals and honorary titles of the USSR ” Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich was deprived of all government awards, including the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor, and on January 22, without any trial, he was exiled to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), closed to foreigners, where he was placed under house arrest.
At the end of 1981, Sakharov and Bonner went on a hunger strike for the right of E. Alekseeva to travel to the United States to her fiancé, Bonner's son. The departure was allowed by L.I. Brezhnev after a conversation with the President of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Aleksandrov. However, even those close to Sakharov believed that "personal happiness cannot be bought at the cost of the suffering of a great man." In June 1983, Sakharov published in the American journal Foreign Affairs a letter to the famous physicist S. Drell about the danger of thermonuclear war. The reaction to the letter was an article by four academicians in the newspaper Izvestia, depicting Sakharov as a supporter of thermonuclear war and an arms race and sparking a noisy newspaper campaign against him and his wife. In the summer of 1984, Sakharov held an unsuccessful hunger strike for his wife's right to travel to the United States to meet with her family and receive medical treatment. The hunger strike was accompanied by forced hospitalization and painful feeding. Sakharov reported the motives and details of this hunger strike in the fall in a letter to A.P. Aleksandrov, in which he asked for assistance in obtaining permission for his wife's trip, and also announced his withdrawal from the Academy of Sciences in case of refusal.
April-September 1985 - Sakharov's last hunger strike with the same goals; re-hospitalization and force-feeding. E.G. Bonner's permission to leave was issued only in July 1985 after Sakharov's letter to M.S. Gorbachev with a promise to concentrate on scientific work and stop public performances if his wife's trip was allowed. In a new letter to Gorbachev on October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and exile of his wife, again promising to end his social activities. On December 16, 1986, M.S. Gorbachev announced to Sakharov by telephone that the exile was over: "Go back and start your patriotic activities." A week later, Sakharov, together with E.G. Bonner, returned to Moscow.
In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum "For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind" with a proposal to consider the reduction in the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI, the reduction of the army, the safety of nuclear power plants.
In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989, a people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Thinking a lot about the reform of the political structure of the USSR, in November 1989 Sakharov presented a draft of a new constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood.
Sakharov was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and an honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.
He died on December 14, 1989, after a busy day of work at the Congress of People's Deputies. His heart, as shown by the autopsy, was completely worn out. He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow (plot 80). Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.
Sakharov was never reinstated in the awards he was stripped of in 1980. He categorically refused this, and Gorbachev did not sign the corresponding Decree.
He was awarded the Order of Lenin (01/04/1954), medals, foreign awards.
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1956), Stalin Prize (1953), Nobel Peace Prize (1975).
In 1988, the European Parliament established the Andrei Sakharov International Prize for humanitarian work in the field of human rights.
Streets in Dubna, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Sarov, Lvov, Odessa, Riga and Sukhumi, an avenue in Moscow and squares in St. Petersburg, Barnaul and Yerevan are named after Sakharov. In Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and the city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region, memorial plaques were installed on the houses in which he lived, as well as on the buildings of the Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and the Research Institute of Experimental Physics in Sarov.
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