Presentation on the topic of Cenozoic era biology. Presentation on biology "Cenozoic era". Neogene period. Vegetable world

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PROBLEM ISSUES

• Ice Age - regression or progress? (THEORY)
• How did man appear in the animal world? (PRACTICE)

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Tasks and goals

• Study the main features of the development of life in the Cenozoic era and determine how long its last period - the Anthropocene - will last.
• Be able to compile and analyze a geochronological table.
• Explain the reason for the change in the direction of evolution.
• Reveal the reasons for the diversity of plant and animal species.

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Cenozoic era

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Tertiary period

• The Paleocene-Paleocene marked the beginning of the Cenozoic era. On land, the age of mammals began. New species of flowering plants and the insects that pollinate them continued to spread.
• Eocene - During the Eocene, the main land masses began to gradually assume a position close to that which they occupy today.

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• The Oligocene climate on Earth became cooler, and herbivorous mammals began to flourish.
• Miocene - a number of grandiose cataclysms occurred.

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• The Pliocene climate of the Earth became even cooler. Herbivorous ungulate mammals continued to rapidly reproduce and evolve.

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Quaternary period

• Pleistocene is the era of the great glaciation. Many large mammals began to disappear from the face of the Earth.
• The Holocene began 10,000 years ago. Many animal species became extinct.

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Neogene period

• Second period of the Cenozoic.
• It began about 25 million years ago.
• Ran out of 2 million. years ago.
• Mammals master the seas and air.
• The fauna becomes similar to modern ones.

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Neogene period. Animal world

• Changing climatic conditions led to the formation of vast steppes, which favored the development of ungulates. Giraffes lived in forest-steppe zones; hippos, pigs, and tapirs lived near lakes and swamps. Rhinoceroses and anteaters lived in the dense bushes. Mastodons and elephants appear. Lemurs and great apes live in trees. Dolphins, walruses, seals, and also predatory animals appear: saber-toothed tigers, hyenas.

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Neogene period. Vegetable world

• In the middle of the Miocene, palm trees and laurels grew in the southern regions; in the middle latitudes, conifers, poplars, alders, oaks, birches predominated; in the north, spruces, pines, birches, sedges, etc.
• During the Pliocene period, laurels and palm trees still remained in the south, and ash and poplar trees were found. In northern Europe there are pines, spruces, birches, and hornbeams. At the end of the Pliocene, tundra formed.

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Neogene period

• Miocene - An era that began 23 million years ago and ended 5.33 million years ago. Many animals moved from continent to continent. Horses are moving to Europe and Asia.

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• The Pliocene era began 5.3 million years ago and ended 1.8 million years ago. Hornless rhinoceroses, antelopes, saber-toothed tigers, and tapirs are settling in. The climate has become cool, bulls and bears appear.

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The Anthropocene is not forever

• In 5 million years, the Earth will again be at the mercy of glaciers.
• A huge ice shell will cover the entire Northern Hemisphere of temperate latitudes, and the ice sheet of Antarctica will also grow.
• Only the most unpretentious animals can survive in such conditions.

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Flon's forecast

• The Greenland Ice Sheet will collapse to its minimum critical level somewhere between 2020 and 2050, at which time the New Ice Age will break out.

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How to avoid a glacial catastrophe?

• We propose to create a hydraulic structure in the Bering Strait that can regulate water exchange between the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans.

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Conclusion

• The Cenozoic era is the flowering of insects, birds and mammals. The Cenozoic is divided into three periods - Paleogene, Neogene, Anthropocene, which are the shortest periods in the history of the Earth.
• After various climatic and geological transformations, about 10 thousand years ago, the “Neolithic revolution” began in the warm temperate regions of the Earth. A huge role in the dispersal of species and subspecies formed during the Pleistocene and Holocene. These and many other transformations occurred precisely during the Cenozoic period.

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Information sources

D. K. Belyaev “General Biology”. Moscow “Enlightenment” 2002

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PLANT WORLD: More and more new species of flowering plants and the insects that pollinate them continued to spread. PLANT WORLD: More and more new species of flowering plants and the insects that pollinate them continued to spread. Paleocene era Animal world Animal world The age of mammals began on land. Rodents and insectivores, “gliding” mammals and early primates appeared. There were also large animals among them, both predators and herbivores. In the seas, marine reptiles were replaced by new species of predatory bony fish and sharks. New varieties of bivalves and foraminifera emerged. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During this era, the continents were still in motion as the "great southern continent" Gondwana continued to break apart. South America was now completely cut off from the rest of the world and turned into a kind of floating “ark” with a unique fauna of early mammals. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During this era, the continents were still in motion as the "great southern continent" Gondwana continued to break apart. South America was now completely cut off from the rest of the world and turned into a kind of floating “ark” with a unique fauna of early mammals. From 65 to 55 million years ago

Eocene epoch ANIMAL WORLD: Bats, lemurs, tarsiers appeared on land; ancestors of today's elephants, horses, cows, pigs, rhinoceroses and deer; other large herbivores. Other mammals, such as whales and sirenians, have returned to the aquatic environment. The number of freshwater bony fish species has increased. Other groups of animals also evolved, including ants and bees, starlings and penguins, giant flightless birds, moles, camels, rabbits and voles, cats, dogs and bears. ANIMAL WORLD: Bats, lemurs, and tarsiers appeared on land; ancestors of today's elephants, horses, cows, pigs, rhinoceroses and deer; other large herbivores. Other mammals, such as whales and sirenians, have returned to the aquatic environment. The number of freshwater bony fish species has increased. Other groups of animals also evolved, including ants and bees, starlings and penguins, giant flightless birds, moles, camels, rabbits and voles, cats, dogs and bears. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During the Eocene, the main land masses began to gradually assume a position close to that which they occupy today. Much of the land was still divided into giant islands of sorts, as the huge continents continued to move away from each other. South America lost contact with Antarctica, and India moved closer to Asia. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During the Eocene, the main land masses began to gradually assume a position close to that which they occupy today. Much of the land was still divided into giant islands of sorts, as the huge continents continued to move away from each other. South America lost contact with Antarctica, and India moved closer to Asia. PLANT WORLD: Lush forests grew in many parts of the world, and palm trees grew in temperate latitudes. PLANT WORLD: Lush forests grew in many parts of the world, and palm trees grew in temperate latitudes. approximately 19 million years.

The Oligocene Epoch lasted 16 million years. ANIMAL WORLD: With the spread of the steppes, herbivorous mammals began to appear. Among them, new species of rabbits, hares, giant sloths, rhinoceroses and other ungulates arose. The first ruminants appeared. ANIMAL WORLD: With the spread of the steppes, herbivorous mammals began to appear. Among them, new species of rabbits, hares, giant sloths, rhinoceroses and other ungulates arose. The first ruminants appeared. PLANT WORLD: Tropical forests decreased in size and began to give way to temperate forests, and vast steppes appeared. New grasses spread quickly, new types of herbivores evolved GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During the Oligocene era, India crossed the equator, and Australia finally separated from Antarctica. The climate on Earth became cooler, and a huge ice sheet formed over the South Pole. To form such a large amount of ice required equally significant volumes of sea water. This led to lower sea levels across the planet and an expansion of land area. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During the Oligocene era, India crossed the equator and Australia finally separated from Antarctica. The climate on Earth became cooler, and a huge ice sheet formed over the South Pole. To form such a large amount of ice required equally significant volumes of sea water. This led to lower sea levels across the planet and an expansion of land area.

Miocene era PLANT WORLD: Inland areas became colder and drier, and they became more and more widespread GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: Throughout the Miocene, the continents were still “on the march”, and a number of grandiose cataclysms occurred during their collisions. Africa "crashed" into Europe and Asia, resulting in the appearance of the Alps. When India and Asia collided, the Himalayan mountains rose up. At the same time, the Rocky Mountains and Andes formed as other giant plates continued to shift and slide on top of each other. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: During the Miocene, the continents were still “on the march”, and during their collisions a number of grandiose cataclysms occurred. Africa "crashed" into Europe and Asia, resulting in the appearance of the Alps. When India and Asia collided, the Himalayan mountains rose up. At the same time, the Rocky Mountains and Andes formed as other giant plates continued to shift and slide on top of each other. ANIMAL WORLD: Mammals migrated from continent to continent along newly formed land bridges, which sharply accelerated evolutionary processes. Elephants moved from Africa to Eurasia, and cats, giraffes, pigs and buffaloes moved in the opposite direction. Saber-toothed cats and monkeys, including anthropoids, appeared. In Australia, cut off from the outside world, monotremes and marsupials continued to develop. From 25 to 5 million years ago

Pliocene Epoch PLANT WORLD: As the climate cooled, steppes replaced forests. PLANT WORLD: As the climate cooled, steppes replaced forests. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: A space traveler looking down on the Earth at the beginning of the Pliocene would have found continents in almost the same places as today. A galactic visitor would see the giant ice caps in the northern hemisphere and the huge ice sheet of Antarctica. ANIMAL WORLD: Herbivorous ungulate mammals continued to rapidly reproduce and evolve. Towards the end of the period, a land bridge connected South and North America, which led to a huge "exchange" of animals between the two continents. Intensified interspecific competition caused the extinction of many ancient animals. Rats entered Australia, and the first humanoid creatures, Australopithecus, appeared in Africa. ANIMAL WORLD: Herbivorous ungulate mammals continued to rapidly reproduce and evolve. Towards the end of the period, a land bridge connected South and North America, which led to a huge "exchange" of animals between the two continents. Intensified interspecific competition caused the extinction of many ancient animals. Rats entered Australia, and the first humanoid creatures, Australopithecus, appeared in Africa.

Pleistocene era PLANT WORLD: Ice gradually crawled from the poles, and coniferous forests gave way to the tundra. Further from the edge of the glaciers, deciduous forests were replaced by coniferous ones. In the warmer regions of the globe there are vast steppes. PLANT WORLD: Ice gradually crawled from the poles, and coniferous forests gave way to the tundra. Further from the edge of the glaciers, deciduous forests were replaced by coniferous ones. In the warmer regions of the globe there are vast steppes. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: At the beginning of the Pleistocene, most continents occupied the same position as today, and some of them required crossing half the globe to do so. A narrow land bridge connected North and South America. Australia was located on the opposite side of the Earth from Britain. GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: At the beginning of the Pleistocene, most continents occupied the same position as today, and some of them required crossing half the globe to do so. A narrow land bridge connected North and South America. Australia was located on the opposite side of the Earth from Britain. ANIMAL WORLD: Some animals managed to adapt to the increased cold by acquiring thick hair: for example, woolly mammoths and rhinoceroses. The most common predators are saber-toothed cats and cave lions. This was the age of giant marsupials in Australia and huge flightless birds, such as moas and apiornis, that lived in many areas of the southern hemisphere. The first people appeared, and many large mammals began to disappear from the face of the Earth. ANIMAL WORLD: Some animals managed to adapt to the increased cold by acquiring thick hair: for example, woolly mammoths and rhinoceroses. The most common predators are saber-toothed cats and cave lions. This was the age of giant marsupials in Australia and huge flightless birds, such as moas and apiornis, that lived in many areas of the southern hemisphere. The first people appeared, and many large mammals began to disappear from the face of the Earth.
Holocene era from 10 thousand years to the present day GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: The Holocene began years ago. Throughout the Holocene, the continents occupied almost the same places as they do today; the climate was also similar to the modern one, becoming warmer and colder every few millennia. Today we are experiencing one of the warming periods. As the ice sheets thinned, sea levels slowly rose. The beginning of the time of the human race GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: The Holocene began years ago. Throughout the Holocene, the continents occupied almost the same places as they do today; the climate was also similar to the modern one, becoming warmer and colder every few millennia. Today we are experiencing one of the warming periods. As the ice sheets thinned, sea levels slowly rose. The time of the human race began. PLANT WORLD: With the advent of agriculture, peasants destroyed more and more wild plants in order to clear areas for crops and pastures. In addition, plants brought by people to new areas sometimes replaced indigenous vegetation. PLANT WORLD: With the advent of agriculture, peasants destroyed more and more wild plants in order to clear areas for crops and pastures. In addition, plants brought by people to new areas sometimes replaced indigenous vegetation.

Cenozoic era
Prepared by:
11B grade student
Zhurilenko Anastasia

Cenozoic era (from the Greek kainós - new and zoe - life)
The last era of the geological history of the Earth, the time of development of modern fauna and flora. During this era, mammals, birds, bony fish, insects and flowering plants received maximum development.

Periods of the Cenozoic era
Geologists divide the Cenozoic into two periods: Tertiary and Quaternary. Of these, the first is much longer than the second, but the second - quaternary - has a number of unique features; this is the time of ice ages and the final formation of the modern face of the Earth.

Tertiary period
The duration of the Tertiary period is estimated by experts at 63 million years;
it is divided into five eras:
Eocene Paleocene
Oligocene
Miocene Pliocene

VEGETABLE WORLD:
New species of flowering plants and the insects that pollinate them continued to spread.
Paleocene era
Fauna The age of mammals began on land. Rodents and insectivores, “gliding” mammals and early primates appeared. There were also large animals among them, both predators and herbivores. In the seas, marine reptiles were replaced by new species of predatory bony fish and sharks. New varieties of bivalves and foraminifera emerged.
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE:
During this era, the continents were still in motion as the "great southern continent" Gondwana continued to break apart. South America was now completely cut off from the rest of the world and turned into a kind of floating “ark” with a unique fauna of early mammals.
From 65 to 55 million years ago

Nummulites are the largest of single-celled organisms.
Smilodon
varieties of bivalve mollusks
Foraminifera

Eocene epoch
ANIMAL WORLD:
Bats, lemurs, and tarsiers appeared on land; ancestors of today's elephants, horses, cows, pigs, rhinoceroses and deer; other large herbivores. Other mammals, such as whales and sirenians, have returned to the aquatic environment. The number of freshwater bony fish species has increased. Other groups of animals also evolved, including ants and bees, starlings and penguins, giant flightless birds, moles, camels, rabbits and voles, cats, dogs and bears.
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE:
During the Eocene, the main land masses began to gradually assume a position close to that which they occupy today. Much of the land was still divided into giant islands of sorts, as the huge continents continued to move away from each other. South America lost contact with Antarctica, and India moved closer to Asia.
VEGETABLE WORLD:
Lush forests grew in many parts of the world, and palm trees grew in temperate latitudes.
approximately 19 million years.

The dodo, or dodo, is an extinct flightless bird
wild Horse
mammoths are the ancestors of today's elephants

Oligocene Epoch
Lasted 16 million years.
ANIMAL WORLD:
With the spread of the steppes, herbivorous mammals began to appear. Among them, new species of rabbits, hares, giant sloths, rhinoceroses and other ungulates arose. The first ruminants appeared.
PLANT WORLD: Tropical forests decreased in size and began to give way to temperate forests, and vast steppes appeared. New grasses quickly spread, new types of herbivores developed
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE:
During the Oligocene era, India crossed the equator and Australia finally separated from Antarctica. The climate on Earth became cooler, and a huge ice sheet formed over the South Pole. To form such a large amount of ice required equally significant volumes of sea water. This led to lower sea levels across the planet and an expansion of land area.

Giant sloth
Rabbit
Baluchitherium - giant hornless rhinoceros

Miocene era
PLANT WORLD: Inland areas became colder and drier, and more and more widespread
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE:
During the Miocene, the continents were still “on the march”, and during their collisions a number of grandiose cataclysms occurred. Africa "crashed" into Europe and Asia, resulting in the appearance of the Alps. When India and Asia collided, the Himalayan mountains rose up. At the same time, the Rocky Mountains and Andes formed as other giant plates continued to shift and slide on top of each other.
ANIMAL WORLD: Mammals migrated from continent to continent along newly formed land bridges, which sharply accelerated evolutionary processes. Elephants moved from Africa to Eurasia, and cats, giraffes, pigs and buffaloes moved in the opposite direction. Saber-toothed cats and monkeys, including anthropoids, appeared. In Australia, cut off from the outside world, monotremes and marsupials continued to develop.
From 25 to 5 million years ago

Saber-toothed cat
Epicamelus or Picamelus is a prehistoric camel with only a slight protuberance on its back instead of a hump.

Pliocene Epoch
VEGETABLE WORLD:
As it cools
climate change
steppes came to the forests.
ANIMAL WORLD:

Pliocene Epoch
VEGETABLE WORLD:
As it cools
climate change
steppes came to the forests.
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE: A space traveler looking down on the Earth at the beginning of the Pliocene would have found continents in almost the same places as today. A galactic visitor would see the giant ice caps in the northern hemisphere and the huge ice sheet of Antarctica.
ANIMAL WORLD:
Herbivorous ungulate mammals continued to rapidly reproduce and evolve. Towards the end of the period, a land bridge connected South and North America, which led to a huge "exchange" of animals between the two continents. Intensified interspecific competition caused the extinction of many ancient animals. Rats entered Australia, and the first humanoid creatures, Australopithecus, appeared in Africa.

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