This lesson will focus on transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves don't go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive from intransitive verbs in this lesson.
Subject: Verb
Lesson: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
1. The concept of transitive verbs
Actions that denote verbs can go directly to the subject to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.
You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or what?(questions of the accusative case without a preposition):
Write ( what?) letter
See ( whom?) boy
With intransitive verbs, the action does not go directly to the subject.
From intransitive verbs, you can ask any questions, except for questions of the accusative case without a preposition:
Study ( how?) sports
Understand ( in what?) in muses ke
Refuse ( from what?) from help
It is important to correctly find the word to which the action indicated by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries a noun or pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb calls:
See boy
See their
There are cases when, despite the fact that nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of an action called verbs.
Stand up hour
Wait week
Transition / intransition the verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one sense, the verb can be transitive, and in the other - intransitive:
Teach at school.
The verb “to teach” in the meaning of “to teach” is intransitive.
Teach children.
The verb "to teach" in the meaning of "to teach" is transitive.
Editor governs manuscript.
The verb “rules” in the meaning “corrects” is transitive.
The world governs the man himself.
The verb “rules” in the meaning “controls” is intransitive.
3. Sentences with transitive verbs
Transitive sentences can be either positive or negative. True, with negation, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by a genitive.
He's a fly will kill .
In this case, with the transitive verb will kill noun fly stands in the accusative case.
Compare the same sentence, though with a negative meaning.
He flies won't kill .
The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.
However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.
Often in the store we can hear such phrases:
Please weigh me the sugar.
Cut off that cheese over there.
R. p. Form with transitive verbs, it is used so that we understand that it is only about a part of the subject, and not about the subject as a whole.
In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:
Please weigh me a pear.
Cut that piece over there.
And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the R.p. form.
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L. D. Chesnokova - M .: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M .: Bustard, 2010.
- Determination of the transitivity of the verb ().
Homework
1. Exercise 1.
Designate transitive verbs, emphasize subject and predicate.
Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy getting ready for winter. They look for warm shelter and animals, stock up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog has made a mink in dry leaves, a squirrel has brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.
2. Exercise 2.
Write out phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs from this text in two columns, determine the case of the noun.
1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birches when they were in school.
2. The penetrating dampness is no longer felt in the air.
3. The noise of the street burst into the open window.
4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.
5. He stood by the fence and kept the dog on a leash.
3. Exercise 3.
Designate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.
1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards, mice and do not hunt monkeys. Here a little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs a tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.
2. Look for Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when you leave the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription "Seal Island". This is the famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, comes there every spring..
The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult verbal differences in Russian to understand. Therefore, we will try to analyze it in many ways. What is a transitive and intransitive verb is the main topic of our material. Let's start by defining the basic concept.
What is transitivity?
In this context, transitivity is one of the grammatical features of verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. By those that designate an active object - a person, an animal, an inanimate object, etc.
From here the transitive and intransitive form of the verb is isolated. Let's get to know each group in detail.
Transitive verbs
We begin to define what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's take a look at the first category.
A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is directed to a specific object, passes to it. The main feature is that such verbs control a non-sentence noun, a pronoun in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.
If the form of the verb is negative, then the noun, the pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also typical for the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.
Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -i- and the prefix: green, whiten and so on.
To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:
- Invite relatives.
- Experience joy.
- Read a newspaper.
- Get paid.
- Drink some juice.
Features of transitive verbs
Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the first that passive participles can be formed.
Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:
- Creation, change, destruction of something, material and intangible, moving ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
- Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
- Impact on something that does not change this object ( thank mom, scold the student, pet the puppy).
- Expressing your emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the Motherland, prefer fruits).
Intransitive verbs
We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.
An intransitive verb denotes an action that does not transfer to an object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it does not combine with accusative nouns without a preposition.
Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:
- Sit on the chair.
- Go to the shop.
- Live with you.
- Enjoy the new day.
Features of intransitive verbs
In lexical terms, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:
- The story of the mental, physical condition, position in space ( lie on the couch, feel sad about the house, get sore throat).
- Existence, movement ( walk the road, be yourself, come to the office).
- Description of an occupation, properties of a person, an object ( teaching at school, messing around in the garden).
- The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain sign ( blush up to ears, decrease in weight).
Intransitive verbs also highlight the following:
- Many have suffixes -s, -sy ( meet, get carried away, light up).
- They are also characterized by the suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, - ( become exhausted, greedy, capricious).
- A considerable part of them are returnable (
Traditionally, the verb as part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and the repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.
This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students to distinguish between the forms of the nominative and accusative cases, not to mix direct objects with subjects, to form participles and participles correctly.
Let's try to explain to students in an accessible way what a transitive or intransitive verb is.
It is usually established whether a verb is combined with an accusative noun without a preposition. Transitive verbs require the accusative (who? What?) To express the direct object in affirmative sentences: But I felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened her trousers herself.
But students, when they meet the same verb in different sentences, often ask: "Which verb is this - transitive or intransitive?"
Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence the verb “writes” is attributed to the subject, in the second sentence the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility potential, and in the second sentence real... Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Do not forget that the verb category of transitivity / intransitivity is a constant feature and is always determined during morphological analysis.
Let's get back to the question: can a transitive verb be considered if there is no direct object in the sentence without a preposition? Of course, it all depends on the context. In context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that make it intransitive: I can hear well(that is, I have a good ear). Petya draws well, plays the guitar(that is, he can draw pictures, play music).
In such cases, verbs have the meaning "to be able to do what is expressed by the verb," that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs, there is no and cannot be an addition, otherwise the indicated shade will disappear.
If the conditions of the context allow not to name the object to which the action is transferred, then the substitution of the noun in the accusative case is possible without changing the meaning: I listened to (his, father's, story) and did not understand anything... Remember that in the context of a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.
The transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of an object ( build a house, fry meat, burn straw). This presupposes the presence of a “tool” that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of the action. A body, an active part of the body, a human-made instrument can act as a tool: I dig the earth with a shovel, brush my teeth.
A small group of transitive verbs has the meanings of recognition, feeling, perception, endowing an object with a sign, opening / closing, establishing contacts, possessing, familiarizing ( find out the news, love music, hear singing, dress brother, open coat, glue sheets, steal money, pluck an apple).
The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when indicating a part of the subject or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; did not read newspapers, did not receive money.
Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require completion only in indirect cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend... Usually intransitive verbs denote movement and position in space, physical or moral state: fly, hurt, suffer... A distinctive feature of intransitive verbs suffixes -СЯ, -Е-, -NICHA - (- ICHA-): make sure, become exhausted, be greedy.
Will the verbs WEIGHT, LIE, LIVE transient in examples: weighs a ton, lay for a minute, lives for a week? We argue this way: nouns are in the Accusative case without a preposition, but they are not direct additions, but circumstances of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.
Some prefixes (re-, pro, from-, obes- / obes-) are able to turn intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in an office - process a part, harm a neighbor - neutralize a neighbor.
To test your understanding of the topic, try a few tasks.
Exercise 1.
Choose dependent nouns for verbs and determine their case:
Spill ______, learn ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, give out ______, belittle ______, get carried away with ______, shudder ______, get annoyed ______, teach ______, expose ______, consume ______, combine ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump out ...
Which of these verbs are combined with a noun in Vin. without an excuse?
Task 2.
Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above the transitive verbs, and the letter N. above the intransitives.
To see a wolf is to be afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; ask a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to win against an opponent; to know the rules - not to know the rules - to adhere to the rules; want water - drink water; to pick up mushrooms - not to notice the mushroom - to love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure depth - beware of depth - dive into depth.
Task 3.
Convert the phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect objects into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects, following the pattern: take the elevator - use the elevator.
Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, acquire pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.
How did you manage to do this?
Task 4.
Correct the mistakes in the use of nouns:
insist on a review of the case, call for help, resign to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.
Task 5.
Correct mistakes in the use of verbs:
I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students only got to know the new teacher during class. Mom cleaned the room and did her laundry. The kids played on the playground.
Literature
1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic "Transitional and intransitive verbs" in the VI grade / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.
2. Shelyakin M.A. Reference book on Russian grammar. - M .: Russian language, 1993.
- stroking the cat;
- looking for keys;
- wrote down the recipe, etc.
- fell asleep while standing;
- jump;
- fly.
Transitive verbs are those, the action of which is transferred to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, paint, watch, warm, and so on.
Intransitive verbs are those that do not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, practice, fly, develop, and so on. Everything is very simple!
Transitive verbs, examples:
I read a magazine
watching a movie,
did not drink tea,
collected a collection,
ironing linen,
to love life,
foamed soap.
Intransitive verbs, examples:
thought about life,
gathered for a visit,
get the flu
wave a flag
staring at the fire.
You can identify transitive verbs by conjugation, these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to the subject, and on this basis, transitive verbs differ from intransitive ones, which denote an action in itself. On the tables, there are definitions and examples of two types of verbs.
Transitive are verbs, after which you need to write an addition, a clarification. And intransitives are verbs independent .
Examples of transitive verbs:
- Girl writes writing.
- The boy is already saw This movie.
Examples of intransitive verbs:
- Old man fell.
- The bus finally I arrived.
Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).
Some examples of intransitive verbs are: dress, have fun, be happy.
Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another subject. Transitive verbs are the verbs that govern the accusative case of a noun without a pretext and genitive case with negation, with the designation of a part of a whole or, on the contrary, a large number of objects by a noun.
Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked up mushrooms, did not learn the rules.
All other verbs are intransitive and returnable too.
For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking his fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.
Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.
It is necessary after the verb to ask the question who? or what? . If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive, if not, then intransitive.
For example: I see (what?) A tree,
know (what?) the rule
I'm making (what?) soup.
BUT I admire (the question WHAT? Cannot be asked),
I come (you also cannot ask such a question).
There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the accusative noun next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stupidly substitute the birch. I look at the birch- watch intransitive, because the accusative noun comes with a preposition. I see a birch verb to see transition because the noun got up in the wine. pad. without an excuse. And stuff like that. Very easy and simple.
The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case, the word birch, and in the text any) can be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2) before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.
The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sy or -s in a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transients than intransitives.
Verbs can be transitional and not transient... In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.
This may be, firstly, when the verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.
Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when before the transitive verb a negative particle not (watched TV - did not watch TV), as well as when the action extends to a part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part of things).
Other verbs are not transitive: to get involved in (what?) Football.
If we take into account the transitivity / non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: to stand for an hour (in the queue), - the noun in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.
I think the above rule is more than understandable. Based on nm, we will now try to find a list of transitive verbs:
and intransitive verbs:
). Grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- the grammatical category of the verb, expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:
I grow potatoes- the verb "to grow" is transitive, that is, it requires the attachment of the patient (the object of the action). Without such an action is impossible (as a rule, "something" is grown).
The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (the object of the action) are separated, I perform the action with something.
I go- the verb is intransitive, since attaching the patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).
The meaning of intransition is that the agent and the patient are connected - roughly speaking, "I force myself to act."
Often, however, it happens that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.
I run - I'm runing(intransitive verb).
I run a company - i run the company(the same verb in transitive form).
Transition is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for the rare plan of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.
In semantic terms, transitive are many verbs with the meaning of the direct influence of the subject on the object ( beat, caress), sensual attitude ( be in love, hate), etc. Verbs with the meaning of displacement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.
The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the word form, since its feature is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not passive verbs and reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont”, incorrectly: “Vasya was saved by Dorimedont”, “Vasya was saved by Dorimedont”. This is because the passive verb describes the state of the object, and not the actions of the subject in relation to it. Reversibility marks the direction of the subject's action on himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.
Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally labeled. for example, in Russian it is considered uncultured to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object, if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “Bue”); although there are exceptions ("What are you doing?" "Yeah"). At the same time, some transitive verbs used without a corresponding noun acquire an additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It's wonderful that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes ... The verb to drink is also itself equal to the verb to drink” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M , 1988).
see also
Literature
- Beloshapkova V.A.Modern Russian language. (any edition).
- Grammar of the modern Russian language. M, 1970.
- Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 vols. M, 1980.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a "transitive verb" is in other dictionaries:
For the verb as a part of speech in the languages of the world, see the article "Verb". In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of the verb is considered the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (in the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb. ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). The verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions of what to do? what to do? what did (a, u, o) do ?. The verb can be ... ... Wikipedia
verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing a change or state (he is asleep. He fell asleep. Turns white). participle. gerunds. bunch. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). inclination: ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
transition- I B / and A / pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (intended for transition to another place, to another class, to another course, cf .: transition / th and transition / tunnel / tunnel, transition / e and transition / transition exams) II A / pr ; 109 see Appendix II ... ... Dictionary of Russian stresses
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