Task formulation - 2019
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) counter..gra, disinfection, without..initiative
2) start..hustle, monkey, ed..edible
3) pr..overcome, pr..tensions, pr..turn
4) be..finite, ra..awakened, and..draw
5) pick up, right..slow down, right..image
Formulation of assignments from previous years
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter:
s..is, p..esa,
ro..cherk, not..deshny
pr..hustle, pr..brought
up..small, behind..trawl
o..stroked, on..rate
Correct answer: collected, played
Task 10 (formerly task 9) changed in 2019: to complete it you need to determine the spelling of 15 words and select those lines in which you need to insert the same letter in all three words.
In response, we write down not words, but line numbers.
An important feature of the 2019 task is that there can be more than two answers (from 2 to 4). This is how the principle of indefinite plurality of answers is implemented. According to the compilers of exam options, this principle eliminates the use of guessing when completing a task and helps to more accurately determine the level of knowledge of the graduate.
If not all numbers are written down in the answer or at least one extra one is written down, the task is scored 0 points. For correct completion of the task, 1 point is given.
What you need to know to complete the task correctly:
Spelling of unchangeable prefixes;
Spelling of variable prefixes RAZ-/PAC- and ROZ-/ROS-;
Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 and -C;
Spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-;
Spelling I, Y after prefixes;
Spelling of separating signs b and b.
1. Spelling of changeable and unchangeable prefixes
Immutable prefixes
1. The prefixes OVER-, UNDER-, OB-, OT-, PRED-, BLIZ- are always written the same way:
FILE, CONFIRM, SPRAY, TRIM, PENULTIMATE, NEAR SITTING
2. The prefixes ZA-, NA-, NAI- are always written with the letter A:
TAKE, POUR, BIGGEST
3. The prefixes PO-, DO-, NOT DO- are always written with the letter O:
BLOW, SWIM, OVERLOOK
4. In the Russian language there is no prefix 3-, but only the prefix S-, which is written both before voiceless and voiced consonants of the root:
KNOW, SQUEEZE, BEND
If you see a prefix consisting of one letter in a word and choose between S- and 3-, feel free to write S, since there is no prefix 3- in the Russian language:
Let no one ever forget:
3 was not and never will be a prefix!
Note:
Sometimes in words the prefix C- can appear after the prefix NOT-: INCOMPLETE, UNBENDABLE, UNRESTRAINTABLE.
5. You should remember words in which the letter 3 is not a prefix, but part of the root:
HERE, HERE, HEALTH, GET HEALTHY, BUILDING, NO ZGI visible, HELLO.
Changeable prefixes
1. Spelling of prefixes ending in 3 and C:
ONCE- / RAS-, WITHOUT- / BESN-, FROM- / IS-, WHO- / VOS-, VZ- / VS-, NIZ- / NIS-, THROUGH- / THROUGH-, THROUGH- / THROUGH-,
depends on the deafness - the sonority of the subsequent sound.
The prefix ends in -3:
1) if the first consonant of the root is voiced: TASTELESS, OVERCOME;
2) if the root begins with a vowel: RECOGNIZE.
The prefix ends in -С:
if the first consonant of the root is unvoiced: COLORLESS, SILENT.
Note:
1) All voiceless consonant sounds can be remembered by the following phrase: FOKA, DO YOU WANT TO EAT CHEEK?
If you delete all the vowels in this sentence, then only voiceless consonants will remain.
2) All voiced consonant sounds can be remembered by the following phrase: OH, WE DID NOT FORGET ABOUT EACH OTHER!
If you delete all the vowels in this sentence, then only voiced consonants will remain.
2. The following words are written with the letter C:
TOO, DISAPPEAR, DISAPPEAR
3. The spelling of foreign language prefixes DEZ-, DIS-, DIS- is subject to a special rule:
1) the prefixes DEZ-, DIS- are written before vowels and before b:
DISINFECTION, DISORGANIZATION, DISASSOCIATION, DISUNCTION;
2) the prefix DIS- is written before consonants:
DISHARMONY, DYSFUNCTION, IMBALANCE.
4. In the prefixes RAZ-/RAS- and ROZ-/ROS-, the letter O is written under the accent, and the letter A is written without the accent.
RAW - PLAY WANTED - LOOK FOR SIGN - SIGN
Exception: WANTED (from WANTED)
Note:
1) When prefixes ending in a consonant (S-, UNDER-, OB-, OT-, OVER-, RAZ-, etc.) are followed by two consonant sounds, an additional vowel may appear at the end of the prefix (this is always the letter O) : COMPLETE, UNDERMINE, GO AROUND, TEAR, TEAR, DISCOVER.
2) The prefix PRA- is written in those cases when it adds to the words the meaning “original, primordial, ancient” (ancestral motherland, proto-language, proto-slavs, ancestral memory); “degree of relationship” (great-grandmother, great-grandfather, great-great-granddaughter.); “relating to the ancestors” (FORDFATHERS, FOREMORTHERS, PARENTS).
Note: in other cases the prefix PRO- is written: PROMOBER, PRO-RECTOR, SEER, etc.
2. Spelling of changeable and unchangeable prefixes PRE- and PRI
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The prefix PRI stands for |
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1) Accession, addition: ATTACH, STICK, ADD. |
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2) Approximation: SAIL, RUNN, FLY. |
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3) Incomplete action (= SLIGHTLY): OPEN, BURN, THINK. |
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4) Spatial proximity PRIMORSKY, SCHOOL, ROADSIDE. |
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5) Related action CHORUS, DANCE, SENTENCE. |
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6) Completeness, exhaustion of the action (bringing it to the end) TAME, TRAIN, SHOOT. |
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List of words with the prefix PR for memorizing: |
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FICIOUS (= slightly harmful) PICKY WONDERFUL (= close to a miracle) IMPRESSABLE (you won’t take an attack) PRIMITIVE (three letters I are written in a row in this word) UNWANTED (without whims) ATTRACTIVE DILIGENT SUITABLE PRIGOZHIY (day) NICE PRIVILEGE (inalienable right) PRIORITY (advantage) ADVENTURE GHOST ADHEREER (one who joins something) OATH, SWEAR ORDER, ORDER PRESENT TIMING CARP CLAIM LEVEL OF CLAIMS CANDID ADDITION DRIMA DONNA (= actress performing first roles) PRIVATE (=private) PRIVATIZATION HATE JOKE DEPLORABLE with regret without embellishment MULTIPLY |
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The prefix PRE stands for |
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1) The highest degree of quality, action (the prefix PRE- can be replaced with the words “VERY”, “VERY”): WISE, PRE-INTERESTING, SUCCESS. |
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2) Same as the prefix PERE-: |
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BARRIER (= BLOCK), INTERRUPT (= take a BREAK), BREAK THE LAW (= CROSS THE LAW). |
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There are words in which the similarity of the prefixes PRE- and PERE- can be explained by other words that are similar in meaning: |
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STOP = STOP CONVERT = RENOVATE TRANSFORM = CHANGE appearance OVERCOME = OVERCOME yourself and PERFORM OVERCOME = OVERCOME yourself and PERFORM TEACH = TRANSFER knowledge PRESENT FLOWERS = TRANSFER BATTLE = INTERRUPT STOP = make someone STOP TRADING = something that is passed on from mouth to mouth UNCONDITIONALLY = DO NOT CONSIST CONTINUOUSLY = WITHOUT Ceasing MANDATORY = cannot be CHANGED |
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List of words with the prefix PRE- for memorizing: |
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NEGLECT (there are three E's in this word) NEGLIGENCE ADORABLE (evoking very flattering words) REVEREND (very righteous) CHASE REPEATE THE PRESIDENT LET OBSTACLE (obstacle) PREMIERE CLAIM CONTENDER A DRUG SINS ADVANTAGE PREAMBLE (= introductory part) LIMIT OF PATIENCE STUMBLING STONE (cause of quarrel) VICTICISM OF DESTINY PUNCTUATION MARKS PRESTIGIOUS BOUNDLESS NOTORIOUS (very well known to everyone) PRESENTATION PREROGATIVE (exclusive right) Endure PREVAIL (prevail) PREFECTURE PRECEDENT (similar case in the past) EXaggerate |
Particular attention should be paid to homophones (“phonetic twins”) - words with the prefixes PRE- and PRI-, which are pronounced the same but spelled differently depending on their meaning.
Prefixes PRE and PRI - “phonetic twins”
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STAY IN THE FRESH AIR (= be) |
ARRIVE IN MOSCOW (= arrive) |
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STAY IN THE CITY (= being) |
ARRIVAL IN CITY (= arrival) |
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MAKE YOUR DREAMS COME TRUE (= make it come true) |
CLOSE THE DOOR (= close) |
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COME INTO LIFE (= incarnate) |
PRETEND TO BE SLEEPING (= take on a different appearance and mislead) |
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BREAK THE LAW (= break) |
START WRITING AN ESSAY (= start) |
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ADOZE TALENT (= admire, treat with great respect) |
BEND TO THE GROUND (= bend over) |
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BETRAY A FRIEND (= tell his secret to others) |
GIVE MEANING TO THE WORDS (= add) |
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ANCIENT TRADE (= legend) |
GIVING MORE SIGNIFICANCE (= adding) |
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SUCCESSOR OF THE PRESIDENT (= successor; the one who takes over power) |
BUY A RECEIVER (= a device for receiving radio broadcasts) |
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TRANSIENT SUCCESS, FAME (= temporary that come and go) |
Nanny (= one who comes and sits with the child) |
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INVERTERMEANING (= one that is reinterpreted) |
GATEKEEPER IN THE CASTLE (= porter) |
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LIMIT TO PATIENCE (= limit) |
SIDE CHAIR IN THE CHURCH (= extension) |
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DESPITE THE ENEMY (= to hate, to treat without respect) |
HELP AN ORPHAN (= shelter) |
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THE IMMUNE TRUTH |
APPENDIX TO EXAMINATION TICKETS |
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ESSENTIAL CONDITION |
APPLY RULE |
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TO SUFFER HARDSHIP (= to endure courageously) |
GET GETTED TO CAPTIVITY (= get used to) |
3. Spelling of the letters Y, I after prefixes
The letter s is written
After Russian prefixes ending in a consonant (S-, IS-, RAZ-, Bez-, PRED-, UNDER-, etc.), the letter Y is written instead of I:
PLAY + C = PLAY
SEARCH + TIMES = SEARCH
HISTORY + PREV = BACKGROUND
INTERESTING + WITHOUT = NOT UNINTERESTING
Note:
after the Russian prefixes BETWEEN and SVERH- the letter I is retained:
INTERESTING - EXTREMELY INTERESTING REFINED - EXTREMELY REFINED INSTITUTIONAL - INTER-INSTITUTE
The letter is written
1) after foreign language prefixes DEZ-, CONT-, POST-, SUB-, SUPER-, TRANS-, PAN- ending in a consonant:
DISINFORMATION, DISINFECTION, SUPERGAME, COUNTERGAME, PAN-ISLAMISM, POST-IMPRESSIONISM,
TRANSIRANIAN.
2) after prefixes ending in a vowel:
TRUE + ON = TRUE PLAY + ON = PLAY
3) in the word COLLECT is written I.
4) in compound words in the second root:
PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE, SPORTS GAMES, SPORTS EQUIPMENT
5) in compound words after TWO-, THREE-, FOUR-:
TWO-NEED, THREE-PULSE.
For example:
The mind cannot play the role of the heart for a long time (La Rochefoucauld). Examples:
War imposes tribute equally on both men and women; but only from some he takes blood, from others - tears (Thackeray).
Even when speaking first at a meeting, he joined the previous speaker (E. Krotky).
At first the dog doesn’t like the cat, but later looks for arguments (Yanina Ipokhorskaya).
4. Separating marks b and b
Kommersant is written:
1) after Russian prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters E, E, Yu, I: TOUSSED
SHOOTING, ANNOUNCEMENT, PRE-ANNIVERSARY, INTERTIER, SUPERNATURAL
2) after all foreign language prefixes ending in a consonant (AD-, IN-, KON-, CONT-, OB-, SUB-, TRANS-, PAN-, etc.),
before the letters E, E, Yu, I:
ADJUTANT, INJECTION, CONJUNCTURE, CONJUNCTIVITIS, OBJECTIVE, SUBJECT, TRANS-EUROPEAN, PAN-EUROPEAN
3) before the letters E, E, Yu, I in compound words, the first part of which is formed by the numerals TWO, THREE, FOUR: -
BI-TIER, TRI-LANGUAGE
4) in the middle of the borrowed word FELDJEGER
5) in words
IMMENSE, ESSENTIAL, Flaw
ь is written:
1) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I inside the word (not after prefixes):
BARRIER, SERIOUS, Blizzard, Zealous, Nightingales
2) in some foreign words before the letter O:
COMPANION, BATTALION, PAVILION, POSTMAN, MEDALLION, BROTH
3) in words
CLEANMAN, SECRETARY, PEDESTAL, WEEDS, INTERIOR, REARGARD, ARSENIC
Note:
1) Ъ is not written after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters A, O, U, E: SAVE, PRE-OLYMPIC training, PRE-EXAMINATION essay, COUNTERATTACK, PREDICT.
2) Ъ is not written in compound words:
CHILDREN, FOREIGN ACHIEVEMENT, CHIEF MANAGER, ORGEDINISTA.
The adoption of foreign words into Russian ones has been going on for several centuries. This is due to the conquest and unification with new territories during the times of Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, etc. As a result of foreign borrowings, along with other words, we received foreign prefixes that have their own meaning. Foreign prefixes in the Russian language are found as often as parts of Russian origin. Most often they come from Greek or Latin.
The following foreign prefixes are often used: extra-, ex-, ultra-, trans-, super-, sub-, proto-, post-, pan-, counter-, infra-, inter-, dis-, dis-, dis- , de-, hypo-, hyper-, archi-, anti-, a-.
For a simpler understanding of these components of the word, it is necessary to establish their scope and meaning.
Extra-
Console extra- has a meaning similar to Russian out- And above- :
extra thin, extra ordinariness, extra polishing, extra sense, extra fashionable.
The psychic suggested that in this house there had previously been many ghosts that frightened the residents and instilled fear in them.
Prefix ex-
The prefix ex- indicates the predecessor, past tense:
the ex-spouse, the ex-continent, the ex-chairman, the ex-Prime Minister.
The ex-husband of the TV star made a very loud statement that he did not love his wife and married her for money.
Ultra-prefix
Console ultra- means further, more, beyond:
ultra sound, ultra revolution, ultra centrifuge, ultra microscopic, ultra violet.
Ultrasound is used in an ultrasound machine, which allows you to examine different tissues in the human body and, based on what you see, make an accurate diagnosis.
Prefix trans-
Console trance - has two meanings. The first is moving in space, the second is being located outside the boundaries of something:
trance agency, trance aggressive, trance probe, trance plantation, trance letter, trance arctic.
The Transatlantic Alliance is a trade association of Western countries led by the United States of America.
Super console
Console super- has the meaning above, above, and is used to denote the ultimate quality or parameter:
super position, super aviation, super giant, super fashionable, super quartermaster, super series.
The Super Series is a significant event in American football that is attended by a large number of people.
Sub-prefix
Foreign language prefixes sub- used as often as Russian sub-, they have the meaning of a non-predominant feature:
sub stratosphere, sub rent, sub ordination, sub marina.
Sublease is the operation of renting an object that is already rented.
Prefix re-
Console re- can be used in two meanings. The first is to reproduce, repeat an action:
re vaccination, re fast, re translator
The second is in contrast:
re adaptation, re gress, re master, re emigrant re organizational, re innovative.
Prefix proto-
Proto- indicates a predecessor, source, highest, major or senior degree:
proto star, proto type, proto story, proto plasma.
A prototype is a kind of mock-up of a future product, which, after careful development, will be put into mass production.
Post-fix
Fast- similar to the Russian part of the word after-:
fast volcanic, fast apocalyptic, fast qualification, fast position, fast modernism.
A post-volcanic island formed in the ocean, on which many trees, shrubs and some representatives of the animal world immediately appeared.
Prefix pro-
Pro- indicates commitment to a certain point of view, involvement in someone’s interests:
about Soviet, about American, about rector, about imperialist.
Prefix pan-
Pan- indicates comprehensiveness:
pan Americanism, pan Arabism, pan Germanist, pan psychism, pan theism, pan thehistorical.
Prefix counter-
Counter- has a synonymous meaning to the Russian particle against-:
counter offensive, counter intelligence service, counter argument, counter-admiral, counter revolution.
A counteroffensive is a retaliatory offensive by troops that is designed to break the enemy’s offensive.
Prefix inter-
Console inter- used instead of the Russian part of speech between- , or used instead "inside" :
inter nationalism, inter prettified, inter puncture, inter No, inter face, inter position, inter granule.
Prefix dis-, dis-
Console dis- is used before consonants, and design - vice versa. They indicate the opposite and carry a negative meaning:
diz Uria, dis harmonious, dis skilled, dis proportional, dis functional.
Prefix de-
Console de- used before consonants, dez- placed before vowels. Indicates cancellation, destruction and negation:
de mobilization, de carbonation, de qualify, de ratification, de orientation, de information, de organization, de deactivation.
Infrastructure attachment
Infra- similar to the Russian part of speech under-:
infra structure, infra sound, infra microbiology.
Prefix hypo-
Hypo- is an antonym of a foreign language prefix hyper- , and denotes a decrease in the norm:
hypo vitaminosis, hypo kinesia, hypo tonia, hypo glossal.
Prefix hyper-
Console hyper- has the same meaning as the Russian prefix above- , which means excessive:
hyper function, hyper secretion, hyper market, hyper trophy
Hypersonic speed is a speed above the speed of sound, due to which an object can reach the desired point in much less time.
Arch prefix
Console arch- indicates the highest degree of an adjective or noun, has a qualitative meaning:
archi scammer, archi scientific, archi bishop, archi Mandrit.
Anti-prefix
Console anti- has a similar meaning to the Russian part of speech contra-, used to indicate the opposite meaning of a word:
Prefix a-
Console A- is intended to give a negative meaning to adjectives and nouns, it does not carry a qualitative meaning:
- symmetrical - A symmetric;
- moral - A moral;
- normal - A normal.
Prefix over-
Along with foreign language prefixes, the Russian part is also used above- , which denotes the highest degree of qualitative assessment of an object, is used with adjectives and adverbs with a sign of action. It consists of two parts: attachments With- and adverbs top , is an analogue of a foreign language super- :
above smart, above long, above spicy, above private, above power, above exactly, above profit, above lesson.
These small rules will make it easier for you to understand the use of negative prefixes, but, unfortunately, there are many exceptions that you just need to remember. If you have the opportunity, it is best to look up each individual case in the dictionary.
1. Il- used with words starting with the consonant l:
Logical – illogical (logical – illogical); legible - illegible (legible about handwriting - illegible).
2.Ir- used with words starting with the consonant r:
Responsible - irresponsible (responsible - irresponsible); replaceable - irreplaceable (replaceable - irreplaceable).
3. Im- usually used before adjectives starting with the consonant r:
Polite – impolite (polite – impolite); personal – impersonal (personal – impersonal).
4. In- most often used:
Before the combination of letters ac: accurate – inaccurate (accurate – inaccurate); active – inactive (active – inactive). HO unacceptable - unacceptable.
Before a consonant with: coherent – incoherent (connected – incoherent); capable – incapable (capable – incapable).
Exceptions: informal - informal; inarticulate - inarticulate.
5. With a prefix un- you can form the largest number of words with the opposite meaning, and it is also the main one in the formation of negation in verbs. Unfortunately, there is no clear rule about when and where it should be used. Therefore, words with this prefix just need to be remembered. But there are some special cases that may help you:
Most often used before vowels in adjectives and participles: useable – unusable (suitable – unsuitable); attractive - unattractive (attractive - unattractive).
Before consonants: bearable - unbearable (bearable - unbearable); daunted - undaunted (frightening - undaunted); welcoming – unwelcoming (friendly – unfriendly); natural – unnatural (natural – unnatural).
Verbs with un- most often do not have a negative meaning, but the opposite: do – undo (fasten – unfasten); chain – unchain (to fetter – to free).
6. Prefix dis- can create a little confusion in the use of negative prefixes, since dis- can be used before vowels, just like some other prefixes. In the case of dis-, you just need to remember when to use it:
Adjectives and participles: advantageous – disadvantageous (preferential – disadvantageous); organized - disorganized (organized - unorganized).
Words starting with a pronounced h: harmonious – disharmonious (harmonious – inharmonious); heartened - disheartened (inspired - sad).
With some words starting with a consonant: passionate – dispassionate (passionate – impassive); respectful - disrespectful (respectful - disrespectful).
With nouns and verbs: dissatisfy – not to satisfy; disabuse - to remove from delusions; disability - disability.
7. In order to better remember the bailiff mis- associate it with something “wrong”, “erroneous”, because most often it is used in this meaning, mis- works only with nouns, verbs and participles:
Misfortune - failure; misdial – dial the wrong number; misleading - misleading.
8.Last prefix non- used quite rarely, it comes from the particle no, sometimes it can replace other prefixes (for example un-):
Unprofessional – nonprofessional (unprofessional); nonrecoverable – unrecoverable (not recoverable).
DIS..., DIS... (prefix) DIS..., DIS... (prefix)
DIS..., DIS... (Greek dys..., Lat. dis...), a prefix meaning difficulty, disturbance, disorder, division, loss of something (eg, disproportion); before vowels - dys... (for example, dysuria (cm. DYSURIA) ).
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
See what "DIS..., DIS... (prefix)" is in other dictionaries:
- (Greek dys...; Latin dis...), a prefix meaning: difficulty, disturbance, disorder, division, loss of something (for example, disproportion); before vowels diz... (for example, dysuria) ... Modern encyclopedia
Dis..., dis... (Greek dys..., Lat. dis...), a prefix meaning difficulty, disturbance, disorder, separation, loss of something (for example, disproportion); before vowels diz... (for example, dysuria) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Dis...Dis- (Greek dys) – a prefix meaning division, separation, negation ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
DIS..., DIS... [gr. dys..., lat. dis...] prefix denoting division, separation, negation; conveys a negative or opposite meaning to the concept to which it is attached (for example, “disharmony”, “disqualification”). Dictionary of foreign... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
DIS... DIS... (Greek dys..., Lat. dis...), a prefix meaning difficulty, disturbance, disorder, division, loss of something (eg, disproportion); before vowels dis... (e.g., dysuria) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Prefix (see dis...). Used instead of “dis...” before vowels, for example: disassociation... Small academic dictionary
Dis, before the vowels dis (from Greek dys, Latin dis) a prefix denoting difficulty, disturbance, disorder, division, loss (for example, dissociation, disharmony, disproportion, dysuria, disqualification) ... Wikipedia
Prefix denoting division, separation, negation; corresponds in meaning: once..., not..., conveys a negative or opposite meaning to the concept to which it is attached, for example: disharmony, disqualification. [lat. dis, Greek δυς] … Small academic dictionary
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