1. Usually, are isolated(separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.
For example: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, soaked in dark water, rushed low over the sea(Paust.).
2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after an indefinite pronoun, are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun.
For example: Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine. something like hope (Lermontov).
But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition that follows it is less close and a pause is made when reading after the pronoun, then isolation is possible.
For example: And someone sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store... (V. Panova)
3. Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, but are closely adjacent to it.
For example: IN everything published in the book factual data has been verified by the author; IN this forgotten by people I rested in the corner all summer; Your handwritten the lines were hard to read.
But if the attributive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial phrase has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.
For example: All, railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, dear to me, human...(Bitter).
Often sentences with agreed upon definitions allow for variations in punctuation.
Compare: That middle one plays better than the others (That– definition for a substantivized word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than others(substantivized word That– subject, with it a separate definition average ).
The common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun.
For example: Nobody qualified for the Olympics did not solve the last problem; Can't compare to these dishes nothing served under the same name in vaunted taverns (although such designs are very rare).
4. Two or more consistent single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.
For example: . ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).
In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are isolated or not, depending on the author's intonation and semantic load, as well as their location (definitions that stand between the subject and the predicate are isolated).
Compare:
1) ...I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and was silent...(Gladkov);
2) Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble (Lermontov); I walked along a clean, smooth path, but didn’t follow(Yesenin); He moved his bow across the old gypsy violin lean and gray (Marshak).
5. The agreed single (non-extended) definition is isolated:
1) if it carries a significant semantic load and in meaning can be equated to a subordinate clause.
For example: The caretaker, sleepy, appeared at his cry.(Turgenev);
2) if it has additional circumstantial meaning.
For example: It is impossible for a young man in love not to spill the beans, but I confessed everything to Rudin(Turgenev) (Compare: “ if he's in love»); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Chekhov);
3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined.
For example: Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(Turgenev);
4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning.
For example: And about five minutes later it was pouring heavily,(Chekhov).
6. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary).
For example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of a cargo fist, At first Bulanin staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to our own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult situation; Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(Turgenev); Well-versed in real village life, Bunin literally flew into a rage at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of mom's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Confused, Mironov bowed to his back(Bitter).
7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined).
For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and pants were drying...(V. Panova); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid (Fedin) (several separate definitions, often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).
8. Agreed definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition.
For example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paustovsky); From him, the jealous one, locked in a room, you, lazy one, will remember me with a kind word(Simonov).
Definitions for personal pronouns are not separated:
a) if the definition is meaningfully and grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate.
For example: We went away happy with their evening (Lermontov); He's coming out of the back rooms already completely upset... (Goncharov); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged(G Nikolaeva);
b) if the definition is in the accusative case (this construction, with a hint of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case).
For example: I found him ready to hit the road(Pushkin) (compare " found it ready...»); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); See also: And when she’s drunk, the police hit her on the cheeks(Bitter);
c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!
9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns(usually with a preposition) in artistic speech they are usually isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized.
For example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L. Tolstoy); Some plump woman with sleeves rolled up and apron raised, stood in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in only vests, were playing...(Goncharov).
In a neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions.
For example: Teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets- permanent inhabitants of underground passages.
Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined.
For example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat., the general was returning from lunch, alone(Turgenev).
Typically, such inconsistent definitions are isolated (the isolation of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):
a) if they refer to your own name.
For example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.N. Tolstoy); Light brown, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Chekhov);
b) if they refer to a personal pronoun.
For example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L. Tolstoy); ...Today she, in the new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful(Bitter);
c) if separated from the defined word by any other members of the sentence.
For example: After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common noun); On his ruddy face, with a straight big nose, bluish eyes shone sternly(Bitter);
d) if they form a series of homogeneous members with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions.
For example: I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard (Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of water, he was a funny figure(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed in).
Inconsistent definitions are often identified when naming persons based on degree of relationship, profession, or position held. etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message.
For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L. Tolstoy).
Isolating an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject.
For example: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(Turgenev); Painter, drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter).
Compare also: ...It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the entire yard, with buildings, rose and walked silently towards the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, combination with buildings would not play the role of definition).
10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective are separated if the defined noun is usually preceded by an agreed definition.
For example: Force, stronger than his will, threw him out of there(Turgenev); Short beard slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as much, was called the hall...(Chekhov).
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated.
For example: But at other times there was no more active person than him(Turgenev).
11. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, before which the words “namely” can be placed without prejudice to the meaning.
For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die (Bryusov).
If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides.
For example: . ..Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay- for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya).
But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.
For example: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).
See next page
In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.
Definition
So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.
Agreed Definitions
An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.
Inconsistent definitions
Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.
Which definitions are not excluded?
In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:
- In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
- Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
- If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
- If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
- If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)
Punctuation marks
When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:
- If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
- If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
- If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
- If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
- A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)
How to find isolated definitions in a sentence
In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.
Exercises for consolidation
To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.
Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.
Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (PREVENTED ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .
Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.
Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.
Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.
1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:
Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.
2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:
Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.
Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.
This rule has three notes:
1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:
Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)
2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:
He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).
3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:
In the end of January, covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).
Exercise
- Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
- Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
- In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
- The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
- I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
- Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting, and remove the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
- Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
- My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
- Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
- But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
- Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
- The fields, all the fields, stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, and ravines dotted with sparse and low bushes... (Turgenev).
- One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
- The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).
They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).
Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).
The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).
Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).
The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).
In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.
And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).
The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.
His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.
He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.
Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.
But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).
A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).
Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. A flash appeared on his face something similar to a smile.
Notes
1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - It is impossible for a young man, if he is in love, not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).
2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.
However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before the main word or after it).
For example:
1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.
2) The attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction ( and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.
The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.
In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.
The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.
Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.
In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.
Definition
So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.
Agreed Definitions
An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.
Inconsistent definitions
Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.
Which definitions are not excluded?
In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:
- In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
- Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
- If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
- If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
- If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)
Punctuation marks
When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:
- If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
- If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
- If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
- If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
- A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)
How to find isolated definitions in a sentence
In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.
Exercises for consolidation
To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.
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