Attitudes towards civil marriage among modern youth, presentation. The attitude of modern youth to civil marriage. List of references………………………………………………………47

Young people's attitudes towards marriage and family

The topic of this sociological survey, “Young people’s attitudes toward marriage and family,” was not chosen by chance. The study of family and marriage is one of the most important tasks facing sociology. The concept of “family” should not be confused with the concept of marriage. The family is a more complex system of relationships than marriage, because... it unites not only spouses, but also their children and other relatives. The family can be considered as a small social group, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on the marital union and family ties, that is, on numerous relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and leading a common household; and marriage is a form of relationship sanctioned and regulated by society between a man and a woman, defining their rights and responsibilities towards each other and towards their children. .

Family relationships and marriage have always been an important moment in people's lives. In any type of society, virtually every member is raised in a family, and in any society the vast majority of adults are, or have been, married. Marriage is one of the social institutions that has become very widespread. It is in marriage that the foundations of morality, spirituality and tolerance are laid. Generations of people change through the family, a person is born into it, and the family continues through it. So the most important functions of the family are: reproductive, economic and consumer, educational, etc.

The attitude to love of each generation reflects the features of the time and psychology of people, bears the imprint of living conditions and moral and aesthetic principles that have developed in a given society. Currently, there are a lot of problems relating to the institutions of family and marriage. Experts note that a significant part of young people either do not receive information about the family or receive it insufficiently, which negatively affects both the functioning of the family and the stability of marriages. The number of divorces has increased, the birth rate has decreased, and hence the demographic crisis in the country. It is estimated that more than a third of divorces occur in families who have lived together for one to three years. Among the reasons for divorce there is such as disappointment in a partner and loss based on this initial feeling of love. This danger lies in wait, first of all, for those spouses whose acquaintance before the wedding was short (from three to six months). .

Most of the divorces occur due to reasons arising from living together.

The largest number of dissolved marriages occurs at the age of 25-30 years, when the spouses become quite independent in material terms, have had time to get to know each other’s shortcomings well and are convinced of the impossibility of living together. At the same time, they are young enough to create a new full-fledged family and have children. Also, a large number of divorces occur at the age of about 40 years. This is due to the fact that the children have grown up, and there is no need to save the family for their sake, and one of the spouses actually has another family.

The maximum proportion of divorces falls in the first five years of married life. The presence of children in the family directly affects the strength of the marriage. In large families, where the number of children is more than three, the divorce rate is below average.

The problem of “cohabitation” or “actual marriage” is also relevant in our time. This concept is often confused with the term “civil marriage,” which, on the contrary, means a marriage formalized by the relevant government authorities. Half of Russians (55%) have a positive attitude towards the fact that young people are increasingly living together without getting married; among young people this figure is 77%, among pensioners - only 30%. There are more disadvantages to actual marriage than advantages, and it is the woman who is most at risk: a separate problem of civil marriage, especially for the mother - children together. In the event of a breakup, the woman does not receive any rights to alimony and there is a risk of remaining in poverty. Legal insecurity is the second and main disadvantage. Children born in a civil marriage risk becoming “fatherless”, as well as losing material assistance from their father and possible inheritance. Such a family is actually deprived of support from the state. Children born in such a marriage, when they grow up, begin to think that such relationships are absolutely acceptable, which means they are unlikely to want to get married... And this is a small part of the negative consequences that a marriage without registration brings with it..

It is also worth thinking about the problem of increasing the number of early marriages in our country. According to statistics, almost 13-15% of the total number of marriages are early. An early marriage is considered to be a marriage entered into before the age of marriage (18 years in Russia) with special permission from administrative bodies. It is interesting that often marriages entered into at the age of 18-20 are also considered early. Early marriage is a very controversial issue. The causes and consequences of such marriages are being investigated by psychologists and sociologists.

The main reason for getting married at an early age is expecting a child. Currently, many young people get married after receiving a professional education, and after getting married, they are in no hurry to have children, preferring to pursue a career in order to ensure material well-being for the family and the future child.

A young family has a number of characteristics. They are associated with an objectively insufficient level of material and financial security. Today, the average per capita income of a young family is 1.5 times lower than the national average, 69% of them live below the poverty line. Sociological research shows that early marriage is an important factor influencing satisfaction with family relationships.

When studying successful and unsuccessful marriages, it turned out that in the group of successful families, only 43% got married before the age of 21, and 69% of unsuccessful ones. A successful marriage presupposes a high level of social and psychological maturity of people, since it requires stable attitudes, certain knowledge and skills, which are sometimes absent in adolescence. Young people often get married thoughtlessly. Various reasons push them to take this step. Statistics show that early marriages in most cases have no future - 90% of them end in divorce.

The French educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote: “The most ancient of all societies and the only natural one is the family. Thus, the family is, if you like, a prototype of political societies...” A family in which relationships are registered is a full-fledged family, a unique building block, the basic unit of our society. Social relations in general, as well as the level of cultural development of society, directly depend on its forms and functions.

Naturally, the higher the culture of each family, the higher the culture of society as a whole. Therefore, the study of this problem is very important at the present stage of development of society.

In order to study this problem in more depth, I conducted an interview on the topic: “The attitude of student youth to marriage and family.” Among the 13 respondents, students of the PPI named after. Belinsky, Penza State University, Faculty of Pedagogy, Psychology and Social Sciences, 1st year students studying in the direction of “Sociology”, including 10 girls and 3 boys, aged 17-18 years.

Respondents were asked the following questions:

1. How do you feel about marriage?

2. What do you think should be the values of a family?

3. What do you think the so-called. civil marriage?

4. How do you feel about civil marriage?

5. Do you think it’s normal to get married while studying at a university?

6. At what age do you think you should get married?

7. How do you feel about marriage at an early age (before 18)?

8. What is your most important reason for getting married?

9. Do you want to get married at all?

10. Will you be planning a grand celebration or a modest reception?

11. What can cause a family to break up?

12. Do you have married friends?

13. Do you approve of their action?

14. Do you have friends who do not marry, but cohabit?

15. Why, in your opinion, do some couples not register their relationship?

16. What, in your opinion, are the trends in family development in modern society?

The majority of respondents have a positive attitude towards marriage (84.6%), the rest have not yet thought about their attitude towards marriage (15.4% - mostly male).

Students identified trust, understanding, respect, love and children as family values.

In answering the third question, the majority of students were mistaken, giving an incorrect definition of civil marriage, which indicates little awareness of the majority of respondents about such a social institution as marriage (only 15.4% answered correctly).

Only 23% of respondents had a negative attitude towards the so-called “civil” marriage; the rest of the students were in favor of “civil” marriage, arguing that before registering a marriage, it is necessary to live together and get to know each other better. It can be assumed that a “civil” marriage is a “rehearsal” for family relationships.

54% of respondents believe that it is normal to get married while studying at a university, from which we can conclude that modern youth have little idea of the full weight of the responsibility of marriage, especially if you combine it with study and work, and raising children.

Students considered the most favorable age for marriage to be 20-25 years old (mostly girls - 61.5%) and 27-30 (mostly males - 38.5%).

All respondents had a negative attitude towards marriage at an early age (before 18 years of age), only 15% had a positive attitude if it is really necessary (most often this necessity at such an early age is a child).

Young people consider children and love to be the main reason for getting married.

All respondents have a desire to get married in the future, only 8% are not sure that they want to get married.

69% of students are planning a magnificent celebration, this suggests that marriage is not the last place in the lives of young people; they strive to maintain traditions, remember this day, and take it seriously.

Many people believe that a family can fall apart due to betrayal, mistrust, and dissimilarities in character.

46% of students have married friends. To the question: “Do you approve of their action?” only 38.5% responded positively.

54% of respondents have friends who do not register their marriage, but simply cohabit. It is noteworthy that the reasons that interfere with registering a marriage were cited by respondents as: different nationalities, poor relationships with parents, uncertainty about their feelings, financial problems, fear of burdening themselves with worries, various kinds of responsibility, independence of partners from each other (“It’s easier to leave later” ). Girls also call testing of feelings as a fundamental component of cohabitation, and interpret this by saying that partners should get to know each other better, preparing for family life.

To summarize, we should pay attention to the common mistake of young people that, when planning to start a family, they rely only on the strength of their feelings. Young people do not develop true respect for the institution of family; they are served as examples by the unsuccessful marriages of relatives, friends and acquaintances. The majority of students have no idea what a civil marriage is, the legal risk of an unofficial marriage does not worry a single student, and this indicates the legal illiteracy of young people, and requires fundamental changes and transformations in the field of legal counseling and premarital education of students.

Thus, a sociological study conducted with students speaks eloquently about the relevance of the problem of civil marriage among young people, which requires new approaches to solving it.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

family marriage divorce marital

1. Antonov, A.I., Medkov, V.M. Sociology of the family. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2006.

2. Grebennikov, I.V. Fundamentals of family life: a textbook for students of pedagogical institutes. - M.: Education, 2001

3. Alexandrov, I.F. Family as a primary unit and as a subject of law 2003.

4. Bestuzhev-Lada, I.D. Steps to family happiness, M.: “Mysl”, 2005.

5. Danilova, E.A. Family as the most important value of youth 2007

6. Zapesotsky, A.I. Youth in the modern world. M, - 2006.

7. Sterkin, F.I. What is more profitable - legal marriage or cohabitation? // Social Security. 2005. No. 4.

8. Filyukova, L.F. Modern young family. M. 2008

9. Shchukina A.S., Bogdanova L.P. Civil marriage in the modern demographic situation // Sociological Research, No. 7, 2003.

10. Electronic encyclopedia: www.Wikipedia.org

higher professional education

Siberian State Aerospace University

named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev

Department of History and Humanities

Sociology test

The attitude of modern youth to family and marriage

Completed: student gr. IEZU-01

Shnitova Yu. V.

Checked: Gavrin D.A.

Krasnoyarsk, 2012

Introduction

The topic “Attitude of students to marriage” was not chosen by chance. Considering the course that the state has chosen to solve demographic problems, increase the birth rate, and public health, studying the attitude of young people to marriage and family is of great interest.

The attitude to love of each generation reflects the features of the time and psychology of people, bears the imprint of living conditions and moral and aesthetic principles that have developed in a given society. According to experts, the fragility of modern marriages is largely determined by the fact that young people do not develop true respect for the institution of family. In addition, the common problem of young people is ignorance in matters of marriage, and the common mistake is that, when creating a family, they rely only on the strength of feelings.

The stability of marital and family relations depends on the readiness of young people for family life, where readiness for marriage is understood as a system of socio-psychological attitudes of the individual that determines an emotionally positive attitude towards the family lifestyle.

The most important social function of the modern family is the education of the future family man, that is, the preparation of the younger generation for marriage and family relations. This is due to increasing negative processes: the degradation of the family way of life, the spread of alternative forms of marriage and family relations, the decline in family prestige, the need to have children, the increase in divorces and intra-family violence. The position of youth in society, trends and prospects for its development are of great interest and practical importance for society, primarily because they determine its future. Here, a significant place is occupied by the attitude of young people to marriage and family as the main unit of society.

In most parts of the world, the average age of marriage is rising, and fewer marriages are now occurring during adolescence worldwide than a decade ago.

Significant changes are currently taking place in family relationships. There is considerable variation in family patterns and there is no evidence that a single pattern of family relationships is emerging. In many countries, a new type of relationship is becoming increasingly widespread - unregistered marriage. However, a registered marriage is considered ideal, during which the spouses jointly decide on the number of children.

However, research into the value orientations of young people shows that family remains the main value for young people.

Young people look for support and support in the family of their parents in the process of socialization, and they are ready to build their future family on the basis of humanistic and moral principles, but at the same time they experience a huge lack of psychological knowledge and skills.

Family as a social institution of society

1.1 The concepts of “family”, “marriage”, “civil marriage” and marital relations

Identifying the substantive side of the attitude of modern youth to family life involves, first of all, turning to the analysis of such basic concepts as “family”, “marriage”, “family functions”, as well as consideration of the phenomenon of “civil marriage”.

There are many approaches to interpreting the term “family”. So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” S.I. Ozhegov, the word “family” means “an association of persons related by family or marriage” 1. The Philosophical Dictionary defines “family” as “a type of social community, the most important form of organization of personal life, based on marital union and family ties, that is, on numerous relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and leading a common household.” A.G. In his research, Kharchev considers the family as “a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance” 2 .

In recent years, the family is increasingly called a specific small socio-psychological group, thereby emphasizing that it is characterized by a special system of interpersonal relationships, which are more or less governed by laws, moral norms, and traditions. Foreign researchers recognize the family as a social institution only if it is characterized by three main types of family relationships: marriage, parenthood and kinship; in the absence of one of the indicators, the concept of “family group” is used.

“The family is the most important form of organization of personal life, a type of social community, a small group based on a marital union, kinship or adoption, i.e. on multilateral relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers, sisters, other relatives living together and leading a common household. The family as a social group cannot be understood based on knowledge of its members taken individually. The family is an open, constantly developing system with significant adaptive capabilities. Changes in one element of the system, for example in the relationship between spouses, affect the entire family. Individual dysfunctions of family members are a reflection of systemic disorders” 3.

“Marriage and family are two of the most important concepts in our lives, the definitions of which are very, very many. Depending on the culture of a particular place, these concepts may differ, but one thing is clear - family and marriage in their main meaning imply close relationships, in most cases the ultimate goal of which is the birth of a child” 4 . Why in its main meaning? Because spouses can also not live with each other, and, nevertheless, be married, or a family can exist, even if one of the spouses has to leave for a long time for work. Marriage, throughout the history of its existence, has gone through certain stages of development - from polygamy to monogamy. The word “marriage” itself in Russian comes from the verb “to take”. But with all the diversity of relationships between people, marriage unions can be easily classified (Diagram 1.1).

Diagram 1.1 Typology of marriage

The family created in marriage itself strengthens the institution of marriage, along with the mores that regulate property relations. Other potential factors for the stability of a marriage include dignity, vanity, chivalry, duty, and religious beliefs. However, while marriages may or may not be divinely approved, they are hardly made in heaven. The human family is a distinctly human institution, an evolutionary development. Marriage is a social, not a church institution. Of course, religion should have a tangible influence on marriage, but it should not try to subject it to its exclusive management and control. Family relationships and marriage have always been an important moment in people's lives.

1.2 Readiness of young people for family life

The need to solve the problem of preparing young people for marriage and family relations is due to the historical situation itself, which developed at the beginning of the third millennium and is characterized by an awareness of a new system of values, a new strategy and tactics of human behavior, and, consequently, new approaches to its education. The following trends in the development of society seem to us to be the most important.

Firstly, the modern stage of social life is accompanied by increased demands from the social environment for the flexibility of human thinking and behavior, for independence and responsibility for one’s own fate and the fate of other people, for the meaningfulness of life’s journey, understanding and resolving the contradictions of modern human existence in its various spheres, including marriage and family.

Secondly, in the current conditions, a family experiencing material and spiritual-psychological difficulties cannot always guarantee the full performance of its functions, which is a necessary condition for maintaining the continuity of generations, the development of the individual and society as a whole, social stability and progress, and therefore education should support the individual during the period of conscious and responsible search for life ideals. It is necessary to consider the modern educational process at a university as an interaction between a student and a teacher, aimed at achieving a specific goal and leading to a positive transformation of the student’s properties and qualities, intended by the teacher and accepted by the student.

Thirdly, there is the question of changing attitudes towards the family, namely, the need to consider the family as an intrinsic value. At the same time, the moral and ethical qualities of partners, the problem of marital satisfaction, and the requirements of spouses for each other are brought to the fore. The success of marriage and family stability primarily depend on the personal readiness of individuals entering into marriage, their ability for self-development and self-improvement.

Compatibility of young people getting married is an important condition for creating a stable and prosperous family 5 .

Among the factors that determine the stability of young families, the readiness of young people for marriage also stands out. This is a system of social and psychological attitudes of the individual, which determines the emotional and psychological attitude to the lifestyle and values of marriage. Readiness for marriage is an integral category that includes a whole range of aspects:

1) Formation of a certain moral complex - the readiness of the individual to accept a new system of responsibilities in relation to his marriage partner and future children. The formation of this aspect will be related to the distribution of roles between spouses.

2) Preparedness for interpersonal communication and cooperation. The family is a small group; its normal functioning requires consistency in the rhythms of the spouses’ lives.

3) The ability to be selfless towards a partner. The ability for such a feeling includes the ability for corresponding activity, based primarily on the qualities and properties of altruism of a loving person.

4) The presence of qualities associated with penetration into the inner world of a person - an empathy complex. The importance of this aspect is due to the fact that marriage becomes more psychological in nature due to the sophistication of a person as an individual. In this regard, the role of the psychotherapeutic function of marriage increases, the successful implementation of which is facilitated by the development of the ability to empathize and understand the emotional world of the partner.

5) High aesthetic culture of personal feelings and behavior.

6) The ability to resolve conflicts in a constructive way, the ability to self-regulate one’s own psyche and behavior. E.S. Kalmykova believes that the ability to constructively resolve interpersonal conflicts and use them to develop interpersonal relationships between spouses plays a decisive role in the process of mutual adaptation of newlyweds.

Numerous studies by sociologists, psychologists, and teachers indicate that a stable family can be created with a certain readiness of young people for family life. A.N. Sizanov argues that the concept of “readiness for family life” includes socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness, as well as sexual readiness” 6.

Social and moral readiness for family life presupposes civic maturity (compulsory secondary education, profession, level of moral consciousness, age), economic independence, and health. The developed moral consciousness of boys and girls is one of the important conditions for readiness to start a family. It is manifested in young people’s understanding of the social significance of the family, in a serious attitude towards marriage, in choosing a life partner, in a sense of responsibility for the family they are creating, in deep respect for the future spouse, representatives of the older generation and other family members, in sensitivity and tact in communicating with them. Developed moral consciousness presupposes the presence of a minimum of legal knowledge about the family, familiarity with the basics of family law, namely: the rights and obligations of spouses, parents, children, legal norms governing relations in marriage and family. You can start a family at the age of 18, but the most favorable age for marriage from a medical point of view is 20-22 years for a woman, and 23-28 years for a man, because... The male body reaches full maturity later than the female. This age is favorable for the birth of healthy children. By this time, many young people have acquired a profession, and a certain economic independence appears. From a demographic point of view, it is important to increase the time for having several children, since after 30 years, not every woman will dare to give birth to a second or third child.

“Psychological readiness to start a family presupposes the presence of communication skills with people, unity or similarity of views on life in general and family life in particular, the ability to create a moral and psychological climate in the family, stability of character and feelings, and developed volitional qualities of the individual” 7 . The culture of communication develops throughout the entire life of young people before marriage. Many boys and girls certainly master it and know that it is the ability to listen to each other, delve into the content of the conversation, and organize meaningful leisure time. The rules of communication require a careful, respectful attitude towards a girl or woman. It is believed that if a person under the age of 16 has not learned the basic rules of behavior in society, then he will have a difficult time in his relationship with his loved one. Unity as the similarity of views on the world and family life is the psychological foundation of the family. The psychological climate of the family is built on it, the psychological compatibility of the spouses is formed. The disunity of these views is often the cause of divorce. The stability of the character and feelings of young people is also important. An objective assessment of one’s character, understanding of the character traits of the future spouse, and emotional restraint largely contribute to the creation of a favorable psychological climate. Tolerance and fairness are especially important in assessing the actions of family members. It is also important to feel the state of the other person and anticipate his emotional reaction. Of course, character traits at the time of marriage are an important, but far from decisive factor in the stability of the family. The fact is that in the course of family life, adaptation occurs (with mutual desire, of course) of spouses to each other, their mastery of marital and parental roles. The possibility of such adaptation is provided by the plasticity and flexibility of the human nervous system and psyche. A person can compensate for the insufficient development of his own character traits by the intensive development of others; for example, an indecisive person most often develops intensive attachment to people. Family life requires a person to have developed strong-willed qualities: the ability to manage oneself, determination, independence, determination, perseverance, endurance and self-control, self-discipline. Developed volitional qualities are the result of a person’s self-education. They manifest themselves in vitality, endurance, and, if necessary, courage.

Considering the readiness of young people for family life as the goal of upbringing and one of the goals of education, it is advisable to single out from the diverse functions of a family man those that are of the most general nature, inherent in every family, and determine the stability and success of the family. When building a model of young people’s readiness for family life, one must proceed from the fact that this readiness is not a set of mental functions, but an integral system of personality traits. The educational process is designed to form a holistic personality, and readiness for family life is the result of the action of diverse factors of its development. The very role of a family man or family activity acts as a function of a holistic personality, the success of which depends on the readiness to perform other functions: labor, moral, collectivist, intellectual, cognitive, etc. The versatility of a family man’s responsibilities determines the inclusion of multi-level personality characteristics in readiness: from elementary practical and applied knowledge and skills to the core qualities of the individual, such as her attitude towards the family as a social and personal value, value orientations that regulate the fulfillment of the role of a family man, family and marital needs, motives for family behavior, etc.

Numerous studies by sociologists, psychologists, and teachers indicate that a stable family can be created with a certain readiness of young people for family life. The concept of “readiness for family life” includes socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness. A stable, prosperous family can function only with certain preparation of young people for joint family life. Young marriages are characterized by the initial entry into each other’s world, the distribution of labor and responsibilities in the family, the solution of housing, financial and problems related to the general household and everyday life, the entry into the roles of husband and wife, the further formation of personality, the process of acquiring life experience, growing up and maturing. This period of married life is the most difficult and dangerous from the point of view of family stability.

2. The attitude of modern youth towards family and marriage

Issues of marriage and starting a family are always relevant among young people. Family is one of the most important values of human life. However, in modern times, the value attitude towards family and marriage is changing, especially among young people.

2.1 Value orientations in the field of family and marriage relations

Currently, one of the main places in sociological and demographic research is occupied by the problem of family value, since it is the main agent of socialization of the younger generation, forming the primary value orientations and attitudes of young people, giving a sense of unity, security, and providing emotional and material support to family members.

“Value is what people’s feelings dictate to recognize as superior to everything and to which they can strive, contemplate and treat with respect, recognition, reverence” 8. In fact, value is not a property of any thing, but an essence, a condition for the full existence of an object.

The family is a priority value of any modern state interested in preserving its population, strengthening its international status and all sociocultural institutions. The situation of the family, the trends characterizing its condition, are indicators of affairs in the country and its prospects for the future. The study of the ideas of modern youth about their future family is most relevant due to the fact that it is young people who turn out to be the most sensitive and receptive to the ongoing social changes in the state.

Adolescence is a period of life and professional self-determination of an individual. This period of a person’s life is characterized by the active formation of personality, the emergence and development of significant psychological new formations involved in all manifestations of cognitive and emotional attitudes towards the world - in assessing reality and the people around them, in predicting one’s social activity, in planning the future and self-realization, in the formation own ideas about the world and about oneself.

Family values of young people develop into a certain system, which has three main directions:

Social-structural orientations and plans;

Plans and orientations towards a certain way of life in the family;

Human activity and communication in the sphere of various social institutions, including the family.

They are an essential component of the personality structure. Along with other socio-psychological formations, they perform the functions of regulators of behavior and manifest themselves in all areas of human activity.

In general, family remains a significant value for modern Russian youth. Conscious loneliness and familyless life are not welcomed by the majority of the young Russian population. The majority of young Russians traditionally consider children and the emotional and spiritual closeness of marriage partners to be the main values of family life.

“The family and marital values of an individual, connecting her inner world with the surrounding reality, form a complex multi-level hierarchical system, occupying a borderline position between the motivational-need sphere and the system of personal meanings” 9. Accordingly, a person’s value orientations perform dual functions. On the one hand, the system of value orientations acts as the highest control body for the regulation of all motivators of human activity, determining acceptable ways of their implementation, on the other hand, as an internal source of a person’s life goals, expressing, accordingly, what is most important for him and has personal meaning . The system of value orientations is thus the most important psychological organ of self-development and personal growth, simultaneously determining its direction and methods of its implementation. According to their functional significance, an individual’s family values can be divided into two main groups: terminal and instrumental, acting, respectively, as personal goals and means of achieving them. Depending on the focus on personal development or the preservation of homeostasis, values can be divided into higher (development values) and regressive (preservation values). At the same time, terminal and instrumental, higher and regressive, internal and external in origin, values can correspond to different levels or stages of personal development.

Thus, value orientations are special psychological formations that always represent a hierarchical system and exist in the structure of the personality only as its elements. It is impossible to imagine a person’s orientation towards a particular value as some kind of isolated formation that does not take into account its priority, subjective importance relative to other values, that is, not included in the system. The regulatory function of a person’s value orientations covers all levels of the system of incentives for human activity.

The overwhelming majority of boys and girls believe that a marriage partner should have equal educational status, and only a small part of girls are ready for a marriage partner to be more educated than themselves. But the majority believe that this does not matter, as long as there is a worthy and interesting person. Young people have approximately the same ideas regarding the equality of partners at the cultural level.

As for material status, young people demonstrate rather traditional, stereotypical views: men see themselves, first of all, as breadwinners, responsible for the material well-being of the family, and girls as homemakers.

Two-thirds of girls believe that their future marriage partner should be better off than themselves, while others believe that they should be equal in material status. Young men's opinions on this issue are more differentiated. Most of them believe that the material level of partners does not matter for marriage and family relations or that it should be equal.

When choosing forms of marriage and family relations, more than half of boys and girls choose registered marriage, a third prefer unregistered cohabitation - civil marriage, and only a small part prefer to live alone. Girls also indicate other options for developing relationships with a partner: initially living in a civil marriage with subsequent registration of the relationship. Young men also believe that the choice of the form of marriage and family relations depends on life circumstances. From the point of view of boys and girls, civil marriage guarantees greater freedom of relationships, fewer obligations and responsibilities, makes it possible to separate without unnecessary problems and at the same time provides an opportunity to get to know each other better.

Most girls and boys see the advantages of a legal, legally registered marriage in greater confidence, stability, reliability, responsibility for each other, a sense of peace, constancy, and the opportunity to have children.

Of great interest are the opinions of young Russians about the parental family, its main values and material wealth. Their totality makes it possible to predict with sufficient certainty the future family and marital behavior of young people. According to research, 28% of boys and girls consider their parental family a model for themselves. At the same time, a significant number of respondents indicate that they would not like their families to be like their parents’. This is not surprising, since modern youth live in completely different conditions and a significant part of parental values ceases to be relevant for them. It is typical that girls are the most radical, while boys have more traditional views on family and its value.

Thus, the family represents an important life value for modern youth. Young people's ideas about the family are variable and are more related to the psychological aspects of marriage and family relations than to its social and everyday orientation.

In modern conditions of total social changes, social progress and democratization of gender relations, the psychological and pedagogical problem of the formation and development in adolescence of a value-orientation system of an individual’s ideas about the family becomes relevant, since it is this period of personal development that is characterized by the need to comprehend the social and intimate experience gained, knowledge acquired in the process of interaction with the outside world.

The influence of parents on the attitude of young people towards family

The family plays a huge role in raising a future family man. The family is the primary institution for the socialization of the younger generation, the transfer of experience of family life; its educational impact on a child is difficult to overestimate. For a child and his moral and mental development, the family acts as the social environment of his immediate environment. In the family, the child receives initial knowledge about the world, here his character, needs, interests, moral ideals and beliefs, the foundations of humanistic and altruistic feelings are formed, in it he learns moral values, social norms, forms his attitude and attitude towards other people. The direct experience of the parental family largely determines the process of personal self-determination, established attitudes and value orientations in the sphere of family life.

The behavior of parents, their life together, marital relations in the parental family create children’s idea of family and marriage and have a significant impact on the formation of children’s attitudes towards gender issues and their attitude towards the opposite sex.

“Raising a future family man largely depends on the lifestyle and behavior of the parents. The nature of upbringing in the parental family largely determines the appearance of the future family and children. At the same time, the structure of the family, material and living conditions, personal qualities of parents, the nature of relationships in the family, and the spiritual and moral interests of its members are of great importance for the formation of the qualities of a family man. The internal atmosphere of the family is of particular importance" 10
etc.................

1 MAIN FEATURES OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.1 THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.2 PROS AND CONS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.3 ATTITUDE OF YOUTH TO CIVIL MARRIAGE

2 PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

2.1 LEGAL PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

2.2 SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPLICATION

Introduction

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that family relationships and marriage have always been an important moment in people's lives. Every person, one way or another, strives to start a family. In light of the problems of modern society and changes in value systems, the phenomenon of civil marriage has become widespread. The existence of this form of relationship gives rise to conflicting views and opinions, which indicates the relevance of the problem. As a result, I would like to study this problem in more detail.

The problem at work lies in the attitude of young people towards civil marriage.

The Westernization of the family lifestyle, widely promoted by the media, has led to some degradation of interpersonal relationships among young people and the rejection of established norms of social behavior. Based on materials from Denisenko M., Dalla Zuanna J-P., among young Russians today, sexual relations before marriage are the norm.

In recent years, there has been a tendency that de facto marriages are becoming a new stage in the family life cycle among young people, which immediately precedes a legally registered marriage. Scientists give the following explanation for these processes: in recent years, early psychophysiological development of young people has been observed; there are no special restrictions on the transmission of these ideas in the media; in most families there is a weakening of sexual control over adolescents; there are no social programs for sexual and family education and training for youth.

The subject of the study is youth.

The object of the study is the attitude of young people towards civil marriage

The purpose of the work is to consider young people and their attitude towards civil marriage.

Job objectives:

1) consider the main features of a civil marriage;

2) study the concept of “civil marriage”;

3) consider the pros and cons of civil marriage;

1 Main features of civil marriage

1.1 The concept of civil marriage

The concept of “civil marriage” appeared a long time ago - in those days when both registration with government bodies and a wedding in a church were mandatory (most often this happened on the same day: the newlyweds went first to the mayor’s office, then to the church). State registration (it was called a civil marriage) without the blessing of the priest was rare and was condemned by the public. And a wedding without an appropriate registration in the registry office is impossible these days just as it was in those days.

Of course, marriage is good. Few people argue with traditions. And yet, if you weigh the pros and cons, you can find good reasons to refrain from the generally accepted.

Sometimes those who do not want to get married do not refuse to start a family at all. But it is precisely this kind of family that causes surprise and misunderstanding. Two people live together. A year, two, three... The question from relatives and friends “when will you sign?” becomes as common as asking questions about health or the weather. And I also don’t want to answer it.

Having some experience of what is called the ugly word “cohabitation”, I often ask myself: what prevents us from officially uniting into a “unit of society”?

Not a drawn-out attempt to attract attention, that’s for sure. And not the desire to challenge the supposedly dying institution of marriage (it will apparently die for many more centuries). I would like to think that what keeps us together is not the notorious stamp in the passport, but mutual obligations that come from within, from trying to be needed. In addition, it is scary to forget the feeling of “grooming”: we do not belong to each other, like property. Hence the caution, the fear of hurting someone by accident... It often happens: while the bride and groom are flowers, kisses, “my darling”, “my sweetheart”... Where does all this disappear with the appearance of a blue blotch in the passport? With Mendelssohn’s march, it’s as if some important mechanism jams, allowing you to see your loved one as the best person in the world. “Pre-family” advantages become familiar, and some of them even turn into disadvantages. And a new attitude arises towards your life partner - like furniture. You can kick it sometimes if it bothers you.

What we call “civil marriage” is called “de facto family” or “cohabitation” in legal language. Historically, the concept of “civil marriage” arose as an alternative to church marriage, that is, sanctified by the church. From the point of view of current legislation and the explanatory dictionary, a civil marriage is just an official marriage, registered with the state civil registry office (ZAGS). This is where the confusion arose. So, when we say “civil marriage,” we actually mean a de facto family, cohabitation.

“Let’s live for our own pleasure,” the woman and the man decide and, bypassing the registry office, begin to live together under one roof. “If we like it, we’ll live,” they reason, “if we don’t like it, we’ll run away in no time.” And such a “marriage is not forever” becomes a kind of experimental testing ground where you can afford almost anything. The wife, in particular, should not iron her husband’s shirts and not try too hard in the kitchen, not adjust, not hold back, go on vacation with her beloved friend and generally live her own life, which legal spouses are often deprived of.

Indeed, a civil marriage with a loved one is good because it does not impose such serious obligations as an official one... And we are not just talking about obligations of a domestic nature. Knowing that you have the right to choose and can change your life at any moment gives you a certain psychological independence and a sense of inner freedom. But, by the way, not all “common-law spouses” use these wide possibilities of choice. As life shows, a civil marriage, just like an official one, blocks new relationships with other partners, because there is already someone to wait for you in the evenings, there is someone to take care of. It is not uncommon for couples who have decided to live with each other for some time to spend their entire lives together.

1.2 Pros and cons of civil marriage

Once upon a time, the term “civil marriage” meant family relationships that were not sanctified by the sacrament of wedding. Today, the definition has extended to family unions that are not recognized not only by the church, but also by the state. In such families, husband and wife are bound exclusively by love and an oral agreement. Are legal formalities really that important in this case?

A union is considered a civil marriage if the couple lives in the same territory and maintains a common household for a month.

In our country, many copies have been broken regarding civil marriages. Traditionally, society has condemned them. Under socialism, a person in a civil marriage could hardly count on a serious position. Now we have all become much more tolerant, just remember the Kursk governor Alexander Rutsky: he did not register his union with Irina Popova for several years, and this did not affect his political career in any way.

Civil marriage is not so much a psychological problem as a legal one. Something as small as a stamp in a passport protects the property and other rights of spouses and their children. If tomorrow your common-law husband gets hit by a car, you won’t even be able to keep his photograph: all jointly acquired property will go to official relatives.

From a legal point of view, civil marriage is a pointless risk. It's like getting to your office on the fifth floor through a drainpipe, because it's more interesting. If you love a person, you will inevitably want to provide him with financial security. If you do not want to enter into a legal marriage, then, obviously, you are not yet one hundred percent sure of your chosen one. Maybe you should look for a better partner?

dress rehearsal

So, in what cases is civil marriage an unconditional benefit?

The most common option is an informal union as a rehearsal for family relationships. You met an amazing person - don’t immediately drag him to the registry office! It’s a good idea to live together for a while, find out if you can tolerate his snoring, and he can tolerate your habit of lying in the bathroom for an hour and a half in the evenings. Mutual love and sexual attraction do not guarantee everyday compatibility. It is likely that everyday habits will turn out to be so different that it will be easier to break up than to condemn yourself to family life.

Civil marriage is prescribed for young people: students, cadets, young professionals, yesterday's schoolchildren who have barely reached adulthood - everyone whose desire to love and be loved many times exceeds their financial viability. In a civil marriage, boys and girls will certainly gain invaluable experience, learn to respect the space of someone else's life and appreciate their own destiny. Such relationships are extremely common in the West (however, there people under thirty-five fall under the category of “young man”): they are much more profitable than early marriages, which for the most part break up after six or seven years.

Civil marriage can be a temporary form of personal life - for the period of study, a long business trip or internship. Such relationships very rarely turn into stable family ones - they are initially created as temporary ones, and a partner for them is selected according to completely different criteria than for a family. For example, for the period of study, a student can choose an excellent student or a shirtless guy, the most cheerful and sociable, as her close friends. It is clear that one should look for a husband not so much as an intellectual or a joker, but simply as an attentive, loving, affectionate, reliable person.

Civil marriage is sometimes chosen by people with an already established biography, for whom a change in marital status is associated with a break in their usual image. American singer Madonna appears in society with a new boyfriend every six months. For a shocking singer, who is also a millionaire, this is quite normal. After all, marriage would require her to radically change her image, and it remains to be seen how this would affect the business.

“New Russians” who are getting married for the second and third time also vote with both hands for civil marriage. All property (apartments, dachas, bank accounts, etc.) are already registered in the name of the first spouse. A new divorce is fraught with too much financial difficulties for entrepreneurs, so they are trying not to bring the situation to the point of another divorce - to a wedding. But children born in new informal marriages are nobly registered in their names.

The relationship that has developed after all these manipulations cannot be called cloudless: the man has to maneuver between his former (legal) and new (common-law) wives, one of whom is hurt by his betrayal, the other by his cowardice (does not want to marry her). Only very strong-willed people can withstand such a triangle.

Civil marriages have their psychological advantages. Unions that are not burdened by a stamp in the passport are not burdened by social stereotypes about family life - such, for example, as “a woman is a housewife, a man is a breadwinner”, “the budget should be shared”, “not a step to the left”, “you need to please to all relatives of the spouse." A civil marriage is maximally open to experimentation and creativity; husband and wife easily agree to other roles: she is the breadwinner, he is the housewife.

In an official marriage, on the contrary, people tend to perceive the “other half” as their property. As the American Ambrose Bierce said: “In marriage, sincerity is often replaced by diplomacy, trust is replaced by manipulation, and feelings are replaced by habit.”

How to calculate the time when a civil marriage should give way to a legal one? In the West, this divide is easily determined: spouses are officially registered when they decide to have a child.

Costs of freedom

As you know, you have to pay for freedom. People in a civil marriage do not have a sense of the inviolability of their position or the seriousness of the relationship. They are also deprived of a certain social status. The parents of the husband and wife usually actively object to this form of marriage. So, if you want to go to your mother-in-law for pancakes, it is better to formalize the marriage with your daughter quite officially.

The main enemy of civil marriages is public opinion, which considers such experiments too extravagant and frivolous. To make a political career, you will not only have to get an official wife, but also be more strict about your informal personal life. As the sad experience of Clinton and Skuratov shows, the fact of adultery can easily be used by your enemies as a weapon of blackmail.

I repeat once again: unofficial family relationships are a huge legal risk. If something happens to one of the spouses, the other will instantly lose all real estate and property

Children also react painfully to the precarious status of parents, especially if someone in the yard or at school makes fun of them about this.

There is only one piece of advice here (if you do not want to become a legal husband and wife): teach your child to be proud that his family is not like others - this will not be the last situation in his life when it is important to value his differences, not his similarities.

Civil marriages become evil when one of the spouses (usually a woman) obeys the wishes of the partner against his will. She loves him and is afraid of losing him, but he uses her emotional, sexual, and possibly material dependence, leaving himself room for maneuver. He categorically refuses to marry, but she either plays along with him, claiming that the main thing is feelings, not formalities, or creates scandals, or suffers in secret. This precarious situation can last for years. Psychologically it is very traumatic.

Changing the concept of “civil marriage”Changing the concept of “civil marriage”
”
1 Civil marriage - a form of marriage
alternative to church; unmarried relationships;
a marriage union created without the participation of the church.
2 Civil marriage – marriage registered
in the registry office (records of acts of civil
state).
3 Civil marriage - the term disappears,
is replaced by the concept of official marriage,
since this form of relationship becomes
the only legitimate and approved one.
4 Civil marriage - cohabitation
men and women without state
registration of relations.

Male and female views in the understanding of “civil marriage” in modern Russia.

For women, it is rather an imaginary attractiveness
similar phenomenon. Often women "civilian"
marriage" is advertised as a completely acceptable form
relationship, while for themselves they are it
they don't count.
For men, marriage registration as stabilization
relationships is less significant than for women. They're in
to a greater extent relative to women, they are distinguished
such a criterion in registering a marriage

Analysis of research results

10 people aged from
14 to 17 years old. Young men and women took part in the survey
girls.
1) Most students (84%) accept modern
interpretation of the term “civil marriage” as a family
union not recognized by church and state, the rest
lean towards the outdated concept of civil marriage:
family relationships not consecrated by the sacrament
weddings
2) 73.1% consider this form of marriage relationship
acceptable to yourself.
3) The most common reason for imprisonment
civil marriage students consider an attempt at rehearsal
family relationships to check household compatibility
(87%)
4) In a civil marriage you can purchase:
life experience -66%
the ability to respect the space of someone else’s life - 10%
ability to value one’s own freedom - 24%\

5) 54% of respondents consider it possible to have a child
in a civil marriage.
6) To the question “When should a civil marriage give way?
place for legal marriage? students responded:
when partners decide to have a child – 12%
when financial situation allows - 48%
when partners are convinced of the strength of the union – 32%
when partners have lived together for many years – 2%
never – 6%
7). The majority of students (92%) do not take into account
public opinion regarding civil marriage.
8) . To the question “What will you do if you are already ready for
entry into legal marriage, and your partner, from whom you
emotionally, sexually or financially dependent,
categorically refuses? students answered

the main thing is feelings, not formalities - we will live in civil
married – 44%
I’ll cause a scandal – 3%
I will suffer secretly – 6%
I will break up with my partner – 47%.
9) To the question “What are the disadvantages of civil marriage?
significance for you? students responded:
people in a civil marriage have no social status -
32%
people in civil marriages have no sense of seriousness
relationships - 23%
people do not have a sense of the inviolability of their position – 2%
this is a huge legal risk – 0%
My parents usually actively object to this form of marriage.
and my partner - 41%
civil marriage has no disadvantages – 2%
10) And yet, half of the students (50%) believe that there will be happiness
only in marriage.

Conclusion

The results of the study allow us to conclude: the attitude
Society is becoming more and more loyal to civil marriage. Young
people view civil marriage as a trial one. It is assumed that
that when entering into marriage, partners undertake certain obligations
relative to each other. And, importantly, this is done before a significant
authority - before God (in church), before the law (in the registry office), and before
people - “witnesses” (although now the participation of “witnesses” in marriage
ceremony is not necessary). That’s why it’s so sweet to people who are tired of
obligations, or afraid of them for an unknown reason, unassuming
and a calm “civil marriage”. Its advantages lie in
freedom of relationships. Such unions, not burdened by a stamp in the passport,
are not burdened by social stereotypes about family life.
Civil marriage is as open as possible to experimentation and creativity. Then
how often, in an official marriage, people tend to perceive the “second
half" as your property. "In marriage, sincerity is often replaced by
diplomacy comes, trust is replaced by manipulation, and feelings
are replaced by habit."
The work I did was very interesting to me. Data received in
result of sociological research, practically coincide with my
opinion.
marriage option. The work was added to the site website: 2015-10-25

Order writing a unique work

INTRODUCTION

1 MAIN FEATURES OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.1 THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.2 PROS AND CONS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

1.3 ATTITUDE OF YOUTH TO CIVIL MARRIAGE

2 PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

2.1 LEGAL PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

2.2 SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF CIVIL MARRIAGE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPLICATION

Introduction

The problem at work lies in the attitude of young people towards civil marriage.

The subject of the study is youth.

The object of the study is the attitude of young people towards civil marriage

The purpose of the work is to consider young people and their attitude towards civil marriage.

Job objectives:

1) consider the main features of a civil marriage;

2) study the concept of “civil marriage”;

3) consider the pros and cons of civil marriage;

1 Main features of civil marriage

1.1 The concept of civil marriage

Of course, marriage is good. Few people argue with traditions. And yet, if you weigh the pros and cons, you can find good reasons to refrain from the generally accepted.

Having some experience of what is called the ugly word “cohabitation”, I often ask myself: what prevents us from officially uniting into a “unit of society”?

1.2 Pros and cons of civil marriage

A union is considered a civil marriage if the couple lives in the same territory and maintains a common household for a month.

dress rehearsal

So, in what cases is civil marriage an unconditional benefit?

How to calculate the time when a civil marriage should give way to a legal one? In the West, this divide is easily determined: spouses are officially registered when they decide to have a child.

Costs of freedom

I repeat once again: unofficial family relationships are a huge legal risk. If something happens to one of the spouses, the other will instantly lose all real estate and property

Children also react painfully to the precarious status of parents, especially if someone in the yard or at school makes fun of them about this.

1.3 Young people’s attitude towards civil marriage

In recent decades, negative trends in marriage and family relations among young people have been clearly visible: the moral and psychological climate in youth families is deteriorating; the number of divorces and the number of single mothers is growing; moral and sexual standards of young people are deteriorating; there is a denial by the majority of young families, including student families, of the principles of cohabitation of the older generation; there is a predominance of professional and career values over family values; There is a proliferation of various forms of marriage: legally registered, guest marriage, remarriage, actual marriage, swinging, group marriage, etc.

During the formation of the economic structure in Russia, clearly visible changes in family attitudes and family values are visible.

One part of young people believes that civil marriage is
stage for creating family relationships. And the other part thinks that civil marriage is not needed to create family relationships. Most young people are supporters of civil marriage, and it can be assumed that civil marriage is a “rehearsal” for family relationships, and is necessary so that partners get to know each other and think about whether they should end their civil marriage with a wedding. Thus, we can conclude that most official relationships are preceded by a civil marriage.

It is impossible not to note some problems in the formation and development of a nuclear family. So, if a young family lives with their parents, then the latter take on part of the household chores. As a result, young spouses have more time to get an education, improve their intellectual level, and spend leisure time. Due to this, there is a reduction in psychological stress, there is no division of household responsibilities only between young spouses, and there is a less intense and emotional nature of the relationship between family members. At the same time, the constant communication of a young couple with their parents can create numerous reasons for conflicts, since there may be inconsistency in the views of generations on life values and on the fulfillment of family roles. Therefore, to maintain a healthy moral and psychological climate, both in the extended and in the nuclear family, more culture, endurance, and tact are required.

Many, fearing divorce, plan to be childless or want to have only one child. Negative family experiences lead to the fact that about half of divorcing spouses potentially become supporters of extramarital relationships for some time and refuse to remarry.

Divorcing spouses, as studies have shown, are characterized by differences in life interests, aesthetic tastes, ideas about forms of leisure, lifestyle, and moral standards.

In recent decades, there has been a trend towards an increase in the divorce rate under the influence of socio-economic factors. Moreover, among people with a high level of education and income, the divorce rate is higher than among representatives of other groups. As can be seen from empirical studies conducted in our country and abroad, the likelihood of divorce increases in the following cases: if one of the spouses or both spouses grew up in a single-parent family; if before marriage the spouses had too short or too long a premarital period; if there was a premarital pregnancy, etc.

In connection with the above, among all student families, families with children deserve special attention. They are the ones who face the greatest difficulties, including such as combining studies with the problems of organizing family life and raising children. It should be noted that among family respondents according to our study, only 39.6% have children. Part-time students are twice as likely to become parents. This can be explained by the fact that among correspondence students, the majority of family respondents are in a legally registered marriage. The latter once again confirms that the trend of postponing the birth of children continues until family relationships are formalized. In addition, part-time students are older in age than full-time students, which also explains the presence of children in their families. Almost identical indicators were obtained when considering this issue depending on the gender of the respondents: 58.0% of both male and female respondents did not have children in their families at the time of the survey. At the same time, data was obtained on an approximately equal ratio between Samara and Moscow students with children (45.5% and 41.3%, respectively). If two out of three respondents are helped by parents, acquaintances, and friends to care for their children, then one third copes on their own. Similar data are seen in a number of other studies (3; 26). The presence of children in a family leads to a number of additional social difficulties: “... it is the presence of a family, and especially children, that causes additional financial difficulties for students and increases the need to earn money.”

As noted above, postponing marriages, for whatever reason, is not accompanied by a postponement of sexual relations among young people. The latter often leads to unwanted pregnancy, which usually ends in abortion, increased cases of infertility, abandonment of born children, etc. Thus, there are signs of family disorganization among students. And this leads to a weakening of feelings of family duty, weakening of family traditions, weakening of attitudes of marital and family fidelity.

2 Problems of civil marriage and ways to solve them

2.1 Legal problems of civil marriage

Until recently, spouses living in a civil marriage were a rarity. But now the situation has changed dramatically. As statistics show, today many young people in our country prefer either not to formalize their family relationships at all, or to live for some time without registering their marriage. This form of living together can be approached in different ways. Some consider this debauchery, while others, on the contrary, see civil marriage as a panacea for many family problems. In any case, civil marriage has taken a strong place in the system of family relations, and psychologists, lawyers, and sometimes even politicians have to take this into account.

Note that in most Western countries the problem of civil marriage does not exist at all. In the legislation of many European countries, the actual residence of a man and a woman constitutes marriage, and registration, which is often carried out only by religious organizations, is considered solely as a tribute to tradition. In our country, from the first years of Soviet power, the state took upon itself the function of registering marriage relations, which in some cases complicates the legal status of participants in a civil marriage.

Every lawyer who advises on family law issues regularly encounters problems in one way or another related to the living of spouses in a civil marriage. Unfortunately, often a misconception about civil marriage gives rise to a lot of problems that are sometimes impossible to solve. In this article we will try to consider the most important legal issues related to civil marriage in order to explain its essence, legal consequences, and perhaps warn against rash actions.

First of all, it should be understood that the phrase “civil marriage” is not a legal term, but a purely everyday concept, which is usually used to designate the cohabitation of a man and a woman without state registration of their relationship by the civil registry office. The law recognizes only a marriage that is properly formalized, and any other form of relationship is not considered a marriage (Article 10 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation). Often people who have not lived together for a long time and know nothing about each other, if their marriage is not dissolved, are considered from the point of view of the law as husband and wife, and, on the contrary, a man and woman who have lived for many years “without a stamp in their passport” are not such are.

Most of the issues related to living in a civil marriage are related to alimony obligations after the termination of relations between the “common-law” spouses. So, you should know that children born to parents who were not in a registered marriage have exactly the same rights as those born in an official marriage. Therefore, alimony obligations, in accordance with Article 53 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, arise in a similar way. However, it should be noted that in a civil marriage there is no presumption of paternity of the spouse, i.e. rules according to which the father of a child born to a woman in a registered marriage is recognized as her husband. Here, to establish paternity, recognition of paternity by the father is also required, which is done by submitting a personal application to the registry office. If the child’s father is recorded only from the words of the mother, then it is quite possible that paternity will have to be proven in court.

The judicial procedure for establishing paternity, according to Art. 49 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, is provided for those cases when the parents were not in a registered marriage and the child’s father denies his paternity. Mom, as well as any other interested party (for example, a grandmother or grandfather) “has the right to file a claim for recognition of paternity and collection of alimony. Due to the popularity of civil marriage, unfortunately, there are a great many such cases in Russian courts today.

There are several problems with such disputes. As a rule, it is extremely difficult for a young mother to participate in litigation and pay for the expensive services of lawyers. In addition, to completely confirm paternity, a forensic genetic examination is required, the cost of which is also quite high. There are examples when, due to the lack of money for an examination, cases of this nature are considered for several years, but there is still no decision, and accordingly, there is no alimony or financial assistance to the child. This seems to be one of the main disadvantages of civil marriage. In fact, due to the fact that the parents have not formalized their relationship, the child suffers.

However, it should be pointed out that in a civil marriage it is possible to conclude an agreement on the payment of child support. This agreement can stipulate the amount, terms, and conditions for paying alimony, as well as other forms of child support (for example, the provision of any property). If such an agreement is notarized, then there is no need to go to court to enforce it, because it has the legal force of an additional sheet and is subject to execution by bailiffs. At the same time, the agreement on the payment of alimony, in accordance with Art. 103 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, should not worsen the child’s situation in comparison with the guarantees established by law, i.e. The amount of alimony should not be lower than the amounts usually assigned.

Many are also interested in property relations between spouses in a civil marriage. Living together does not entail legal consequences in terms of the emergence of jointly acquired property (Article 36 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation). It turns out that until the marriage is registered, each spouse has their own personal property, and if a dispute arises, it is very difficult to prove that something was purchased with jointly earned money and is common property.

In an official marriage, it does not matter to whom this or that property is registered. If it was acquired during marriage (with the exception of gifts and inheritance), it is considered joint marital property, which is divided in half or in another proportion depending on with whom the child remains to live after the divorce (Article 39 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation).

Living in a civil marriage, you cannot conclude a marriage contract. More precisely, this agreement will not be considered a marriage contract and will come into force only from the moment of state registration of the marriage (Article 41 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the Civil Code does not prohibit citizens from entering into agreements on the use of common property and its division under certain circumstances. Such agreements, unlike a marriage contract, are not subject to notarization, which to some extent facilitates their conclusion. However, in our country, a marriage contract, and, moreover, an agreement on the property rights of spouses living in a civil marriage, is still very rare.

Very often, people in a civil marriage are concerned about housing issues. So, for example, does the right of residence in an apartment arise for a person who moves into the apartment of his “common-law” spouse and is he subject to eviction in the event of termination of the marriage relationship? It should be said here that the current housing legislation needs significant adjustments in connection with the changes that have occurred in recent years. Thus, during the Soviet period, the right to use residential premises arose only if a person was registered in this residential premises. In all other cases there was no right to housing.

Back in 1995, the country's Constitutional Court recognized such a practice as not complying with the norms of international law and the new Constitution of Russia of 1993. Since then, the court, when considering a dispute about the recognition of the right to use residential premises (including the claim of a former “common-law” spouse), is obliged to establish , whether the person actually moved into the residential premises or not. If occupancy has taken place, then the right to use the residential premises is considered to have arisen and is subject to judicial protection. Thus, if the civil marriage is terminated, and the move-in has taken place, then you can claim the right to live in the apartment.

If the apartment belongs to the state or municipal housing stock, then, on the basis of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, citizens who are moved into this residential premises by the tenant acquire an equal right to use the residential premises with him and other family members living together, unless otherwise agreed upon in the agreement resettlement of these citizens. In the case where you wish to “stipulate otherwise”, you should enter into a written agreement, because It is almost impossible to prove an oral transaction.

If the apartment is owned, then it should be noted that Art. 292 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides the right to use the owner’s residential premises only to members of his family. At the same time, there are several interpretations of the term “family”: according to some experts, a family arises only after the registration of marriage, however, judicial practice shows that in such situations it is possible to achieve recognition of the right to use residential premises.

In some cases, there is a need to confirm the fact of marriage with a particular person. This usually happens when one of the persons in a civil marriage dies, and the second one claims to inherit. Here it is necessary to seek the establishment of marital relations in court. This is done at the request of the interested person on the basis of any evidence, including witness statements, documents and others.

So, in general, we can say that civil marriage is outside the right field. However, relationships between those who prefer not to interfere with the law in their personal lives nevertheless give rise to certain legal consequences. A civil marriage undoubtedly has its pros and cons. Therefore, when making your choice, it is necessary to take into account the legal aspect.

2.2 Social problems of civil marriage

First, let's conduct a thought experiment: imagine that you, say, went out into the street and asked passers-by what they thought the phrase “civil marriage” meant. Surely nine out of ten will say that this is a life together between a man and a woman without official registration of marriage. Those who begin the background of their problems with the words “we lived in a civil marriage” also think the same way. But from the point of view of the Russian language and common sense, alas, it often turns out that they did not live in a civil marriage!

After all, a “civil marriage” is not a “union without registration” at all. Once upon a time, a civil marriage was precisely a marriage registered with the CIVIL registry office - as opposed to a church marriage. Let's turn to the same dictionaries: The Great Russian Encyclopedia defines civil marriage as “a marriage formalized in the relevant government bodies without the participation of the church,” and the Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron adds: “The struggle between the church and the state led to the establishment of civil marriage in most European countries.” forms of marriage, according to which the marriage is concluded without the participation of the clergy by state authorities." And what today is often called a civil marriage is an unregistered marriage, or rather, not a marriage at all. Precisely because in such a union no one, as a rule, TAKES special obligations in relation to the one with whom he lives. And he doesn’t sign such responsibility to anyone.

Thus, what is commonly called a “substitution of concepts” occurred. This is generally not difficult to explain. When the forcible denial and prohibition of church rituals began, civil marriage (that is, not formalized in the church) became synonymous with something unreliable, short-lived - perhaps it is precisely because of such associations that many cling to this definition, for any union in which no one bears no responsibility, as a rule, is caused by a feeling of insecurity...

Although, as it has already turned out, registering a marriage also does not give much confidence in life. It’s not for nothing that the procedure for legitimizing marriage relations is called REGISTRATION! That is, it makes sense to start this procedure when, in fact, there is already something to register. When, at a minimum, there is someone for whom you want to take responsibility (and there is someone who voluntarily takes responsibility for you). That is, by “receiving a stamp” the creation of a marriage union should not begin, but end.

And if you start with this, it’s clear that not everyone wants to play such “marriage roulette”: maybe it’s impossible to live with a potential husband (wife) under the same roof, in a year or two you’ll want to run away, but you can’t - you’re bound by law (namely, by law, and not by common obligations, not by mutual feelings, not by a mutual desire to “live, live together and make good things happen...” And it is not surprising that many are not drawn to register SUCH a marriage - after all, they actually have to register something that does not exist (and it is unknown whether there will be further) !

Here it is necessary to kindly remember such a phenomenon as a “trial marriage”. It seems that this is also an “unregistered cohabitation” - however, it has its own psychological rules, and each participant has their own rights and responsibilities (which is why I took the liberty of calling such cohabitation a MARRIAGE). And if these rules are not followed, then this is no longer a trial marriage, but an unregistered one: the relationship is “stuck”, it is unclear who is responsible for what, and deep down in the soul of at least one (or even both) the desire is not today -tomorrow run away (precisely run away!) from your partner...

By the way, it is precisely this fact - the opportunity to supposedly "remain free" - that most often attracts supporters of "civil marriage" (however, at least here we will call it by its proper name - cohabitation). Like, how good it is - here you have the advantages of being together, and at the same time the coveted freedom (this means “freedom” is personal, economic, and sexual - who, as they say, what hurts...) But alas, this is just an illusion freedom: in society, any person is free to the extent that his actions do not infringe on the freedom of others - this is the first thing. Secondly, living together also limits both of their freedom: personal (at least partially your schedule will be subordinate to the schedule of your partner), economic (both will still have to finance food and daily life), and sexual (at least taking into account the rampant sexually transmitted diseases way). And third: such “suspended” relationships, when both are unlikely to say with certainty whether they will be together tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, limit both in increasing their social status - at a minimum, it is not known whether they should buy, for example, a new car or big apartment? And in general, is it possible to make any significant investments if it is unknown which of them will own all this tomorrow and whether, after some time, purchases and profits will have to be shared with a scandal?
In the same way, cohabitants are not free to resolve the “children’s issue,” although they often do not think so. How many times has this situation been talked about: a man and a woman lived together, they believed that they were living in a marriage (at least one of them thought, which happens more often). Then the man told the woman - I want a child, she did not object and became pregnant, and when problems associated with expecting a child began (both psychological and material), the man said “now I don’t want to” - and disappeared. And no one can tell him, because, excuse the pun, he didn’t sign his will.

Yes, in such a situation, first of all, the woman who was left to decide the fate of the child alone is not free (especially if the physiological deadlines no longer provide much freedom for decisions). But the man is not free either - even if he has completely escaped: he is not free from public censure (in some places this is still significant), from possible problems with the relatives of this woman, or even from a lawsuit for recognition of paternity...

And this is just one of the conflict situations in cohabitation, which is in no way a marriage, a family, much less a marriage - and not so much in law, but in essence! This means that in such a “union”, it is at least naive to hope that your cohabitant, when making some decisions (especially if they affect your mutually exclusive interests), will take your needs into account. And it is equally naive to make claims that this person behaved one way and not another - in most cases, alas, he does not owe you anything, and is free to do as he (she) pleases!

Actually, this is the answer to all those who make claims like “why do you consider only the one that is recorded in the dusty registers of the registry office to be a marriage, and call the rest cohabitation?”

It is not I who consider an unregistered marriage to be cohabitation, but our administrative and legal norms. As for me as a specialist, I recognize as marriage (that is, a union in which both TAKE certain mutual obligations) what my opponents recognize as such. If you specifically consider each other to be husband and wife, then count on your health, who’s going to argue with you! The main thing is that in such cases both you and your partner have a common opinion. And it often happens that one considers himself a family man, and the other - free...

And even if you passionately object that you don’t need all these mutual obligations, because “we love each other and that’s enough!” - also your right: if you don’t need it, you don’t need it. However, firstly, do not forget that there is no unambiguous definition of love yet, and everyone is free to understand it in their own way. But differences in assessments of this feeling can lead to serious disagreements and disappointments. And secondly, it’s not without reason that the old wish for newlyweds, which has survived to this day, sounds like this: “Advice and love!” Please note - love is in second place here, and first of all, young people want to “live in council,” that is, to be like-minded people, the same spouses who are “one Satan.” So, alas: for a full-fledged marriage and family relationship, no matter how cynical it sounds, love alone is not enough.

Therefore, let’s still not use the concept of “civil marriage” “irrelevantly”.

If we are talking about “a civil marriage possible in our conditions” (when all registrations are civil and there are no church registrations), then such a model could be proposed. If we consider the concept of “civil marriage” as “a marriage performed bypassing official registration methods,” then we can assume that there is, for example, he and she who mutually and sincerely want to start a family, consider themselves husband and wife and intend to marry each other certain marital obligations. But for some reason they cannot officially register. Then they can go, say, to a notary and write there something like a marriage agreement: “We, such and such, of sound mind and sound memory, call each other husband and wife with all the ensuing rights and responsibilities.”

Conclusion

Summing up the research done, I would like to note that, in our opinion, a huge disadvantage of civil marriage is that it is the destructive force that can finally destroy the institution of the family. All family values, the concept of “family hearth” may disappear.

We also note that a civil marriage, or rather people living in a civil marriage and children who may be born in it, all of them do not have legal protection.

For today's law, it makes no difference whether you are registered or free. True, if you are not married, registering a child takes a little longer and is more troublesome, because it requires the presence of both parents. In the application for establishing paternity, the father writes in his own hand that this is really his child, then the mother agrees with him (also in writing). After this, the parents together choose the child’s last and patronymic names. Such a family is “competent” in the eyes of the law - in which case the spouses will argue in court, divide the child, saw furniture and count spoons in the same way as they do when receiving a divorce certificate. The only difference is that a “legal” divorce is doomed to trial, but for a “civil” one there is an alternative - to fall apart in an amicable way, without statements, subpoenas and witnesses in court.

At all times there have been staunch opponents of legalized relations. Among them is the famous dancer Isadora Duncan: “...How can a woman marry a man who, in her opinion, is so vile that in the event of a disagreement he will not even support his own children? If she thinks he is such a person, why should she marry him? I believe that truth and mutual trust are the first principles of love." Gifted in everything, not excluding love, who gave birth to three children, Isadora married only once - to Sergei Yesenin. This happened in Soviet Russia in 1922. “One of the best measures of the Soviet government,” she wrote, “was the abolition of marriage. There, two people sign a book, and under the signature is printed: “This signature does not impose any liability on either party and can be canceled at the request of either of them.” Such a marriage is the only agreement to which any freedom-loving woman can agree, and the only form of marriage to which I would ever put my signature."

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Application

Should couples living together formalize their relationship?

yes, everything should be like people, according to the law
yes, if at least one of them needs it
yes, but only if they have children
yes, this will help avoid legal difficulties in the future
no, everyone is free in some way
no, we must first live and get to know each other better
no, it's just a formality that doesn't change anything

What does a “stamp in a passport” change?

Why don't you get married?

I'm already married
I'm happy with civil marriage
partner does not offer

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