The concept of the category of mood. The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of a statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.

Mood category- this is the Civil Code in the verb system, which determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relationship of action to reality. Expresses the relationship of action to reality established by the speaker. In the Russian language there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Indicative expresses an action that is conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually occurring in time (present, past and future): Ural is goodserves, servedAndwill serveour Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if he had stepped, as if he had changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms.

Subjunctive mood expresses the action of a verb, which the speaker thinks of as desirable or possible, but dependent on some condition: Without you II wouldn't have gotten thereto the city andI would freezeon road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense form of the verb with the particle would. Particle would can occupy different places in a sentence. A morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, person can be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by gender ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and desirability of an action.

Imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Heart friend, desired friend,come, come: I am your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - an inducement to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.

The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:

a) with final j after vowels (pure base): build, come on, don't spit;

b) with the ending -And after consonants: carry, cut, repeat;

c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard one and And w(clean base): leave, save, provide, anoint, eat.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I pour, I drink form shapes drink, hit, lay, vey; verb I'll go to bed has an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with the verb I'm going imperative forms are used go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by adding the affix -te to the singular form: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by affixes -xia(after a consonant and th) And -s(after -And And -those):don't be stubborn, get in shape, get your hair cut, get your hair cut.

In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms expressing the action of the 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let, let, yes with the form of the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let it burnface like dawn in the morning(Ring); Let him serve and pullstrap(P.); Long live the muses, long liveintelligence!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed by the 1st person plural form of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of invitation: Let's get started, perhaps(P.). Attaching this form of affix -those expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a hint of politeness: You, my brothers, are blood friends,let's kissYeslet's hugfor the last parting(L.).

Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, for example, impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see, hear), with state value ( rot, become ill).

In the designation of persons, the imperative form is distinguished by great diversity. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Twist it, don't twist it(verbal). If there are different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lose my cart(government); If they had arrived earlier, nothing would have happened.

Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don't take it awayyou are my will, dear(A. Ost.); Don't break it, Look(T.); Go and see, old woman, visit my daughter-in-law(Nick.).

Present tense shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: Henceforth II seebirth flows(P.) - visual perception of flows ( I see) occurs at the very time when the poet talks about it.

Past tense denotes the action preceding the moment of speech: I ran for many hours...(L.) - verb form ran expresses an action that was performed by the speaker before the speech began.

Future expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech: It seemed to me... that she would die soon(M.G.).

Time expressed in verbal forms in relation to the moment of speech is called absolute time.Relative time verb form is the time determined in this form not by the moment of speech, but by the relationship with the time of another action, for example: wrote that it works(the present tense of the verb works indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb wrote).

Meanings and uses of tense forms . Present tense. Present tense forms have the following types of meaning and use: a) the meaning of a specific action that is carried out at the moment of speech and has a limited duration: There are the masonspavingstreet(A.N.T.); b) the meaning of an action of indefinite duration, constantly occurring:

Verbsconjugate, and nounsbow down, or actions ordinary, characteristic of a person or thing - ...Poetsings, scientistthinks, painter, sculptor, architectcreateAndare based, artisanworks(P.). The present tense form is used to pictorially depict events of the past, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past imperfect and the past perfect and is called the historical present: Getting acquaintedthey, thenmake friends, then they can’tbreake downand wholecarry outdays together(Kr.). The present tense form of verbs of motion sometimes expresses action in the near future: We're leavingtomorrow at sea.

Past tense. Features of the meaning of past tense forms are associated with their belonging to the perfective or imperfective form. The past tense of imperfective verbs expresses action as a fact of the past and is used when describing: Throughout the first half of Maywalkedrains(Garsh.). The past tense of perfective verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited: a) completion of an action in the past: DiedPoet! - slave of honor -fellslandered by rumor(L.); b) the sequence of completed actions, the replacement of one such action by another: Prince Bagrationsuspendedhis horse, recognizing Prince Andrei,noddedhis head(L. T.); c) saving in the present the result of a completed action: Look how dark it is in the depths of the valleyslay down(Polonsky).

Special cases of expressing the past tense include: a) repetition of an action with a connotation of prescription (“long past tense”): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here with himhad lunchin winter the late Lensky, our neighbor(P.); b) repetition of action: It happenedwrotewith her blood in the albums of tender maidens...(P.); c) an action started but interrupted: Here he iswas out, but stopped at the door...(P.); d) sudden-instant action, expressed by interjective verbs (such as sniff, grab, slap and etc.): Lighter than a shadow Tatyanajumpto the other entrance(P.); e) instantaneous voluntary action: I put him on the table to perform the operation on him, and hetake itAnddieI'm under chloroform(Ch.).

Future. The forms of the future tense differ both in formation and in meaning. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed by combining the future tense forms of the auxiliary verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb ( I will wear) and is called future complex. The future tense of perfective verbs has the same endings as the present tense and is called the future simple ( I'll carry it).

The complex future is homogeneous in meaning: it always denotes an action that will occur after the moment of speech: HowmanageYouyou willunder a thunderstorm,stewmutiny,entangletreason?(P.).

The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is to designate the result of an action regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp crosses the Lithuanian borderwill move, a crowd of madmen approaches himwill attractDemetrius resurrected name(P.). In this productive meaning, the future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: You'll get hungry, and get breadyou'll guess(verbal). In addition to the main meaning, the future simple can denote an action related to the present or past time. The synonymy of the future simple with the forms of the present tense is more often observed in descriptions when a number of forms of the present and future tense are used: Storm hazy skycovers, whirling snow whirlwinds. The way she is like a beastwill howl, Thatwill crylike a child(P.). To denote actions performed in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasimlooked, looked, but howlaughsall of a sudden(T.), and also with the particle it happened and the particle as (in an exclamatory sentence): But mother used towill coverblue eyes yeswill startsong to great heights(M.G.); Like a queenwill jump away, yes, like a penwill swing, yes, just like in the mirrorwill slam, like a heelwill stomp(P.).

History of past tense forms in the Russian language.

In the DRY, past tense forms were divided into simple (aorist, imperfect) and complex (perfect and plusquaperfect). The existence of 4 forms was explained by the presence of differences in the system of these forms.

Meanings: Aorist – action in the past. Imperfect is a long repeated action in the past (emphasis on the circumstances of the action). Perfect – past in the present (result. Very different from all tenses – denotes a state). Plusquaperfect is a thing of the past.

Simple forms were formed from the stem of the infinitive + connecting vowel + suffix + connecting vowel + ending.

The imperfect and the aorist were lost (first the imperfect). Remnants of the aorist are considered: particle would, chu, some forms in phraseological units. The loss of forms was accompanied by their confusion and semantic indistinction. The loss of the imperfect led to the development of new verb forms with the meaning of repetition: from the 14th century. - they say bullshit; from the 16th century - he used to say.

The perfect was formed using the verb BE in the present tense + elic participle. In the written period, the perfect became the only past tense form with the meaning SV/NV. Lost contact with the present tense due to the proliferation of personal pronouns as subjects. The participle became a personal verb form, which lost its gender distinctions in the plural. The perfect was preserved in dialects.

N. R. Dobrushina, 2014

Mood– an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, expressing the speaker’s attitude to the content of the utterance and/or the attitude of the situation to the real world (its reality, unreality, desirability), that is, various modal values(cm. Modality).

The inclination is grammatical a means of denoting modal meanings. The same meanings can also be expressed lexically (for example, using modal verbs): cf. expressing the desired meaning using the subjunctive mood ( I wish I could lie in the sun!) or using a verb want (I want to lie in the sun).

1) indicative mood (indicative);

2) subjunctive mood (conditional, conditionalis, subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive), see the corresponding article in this collection;

3) imperative mood (imperative), see the corresponding article in this collection.

The indicative mood is sometimes called direct, Unlike indirect– subjunctive and imperative.

1. Morphology

1.1. Ways to Express Moods

Indicative is expressed by a special set of indicators with the meaning of number and person/gender. For example, in the form leaves (he leaves in an hour) ending -it has the following meanings: indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person, singular.

Imperative mood expressed using indicators that are attached to the present basis: -And(those) (leave/care-and-those) or -Ø (those) (pei-Ø/drink-Ø-te). Individual verbs also have a special form of call to joint action with indicators -eat or -im-those (let's go eat). There are also a number of forms and structures with the meaning of an incentive to joint action ( Let's(those)let's go to,let's walk) and urges to the 3rd person ( let/let him go). .

1.2. Mood and other grammatical categories

1.2.1. Time

Grammatical contrast time exists only in indicative forms. The imperative and subjunctive moods do not distinguish between tenses. The situation denoted by the subjunctive mood can, in its meaning, refer to the past, the present, and the future. The shape of the inclination does not change: if only I had yesterday/Today/tomorrow they offered me a million, I would refuse. The situation denoted by the imperative mood always refers to the future.

1.2.2. Person, number and gender

IN indicative mood in the present and future tense the meanings of person and number are expressed ( I'm leaving/are you going/He's leaving,I'm leaving/We are leaving), in the past – gender and number ( I left/she left/it's gone/They left).

IN subjunctive mood on - l(as in the past tense indicative) meanings are expressed gender and number (I would leave/she would have left/it would go away/they would leave).

IN imperative mood forms are expressed numbers ((You) go away/ (You)go away). The imperative mood itself expresses an impulse to the 2nd person; some verbs also have a special form of an impulse to joint action: let's go,let's go(this form is sometimes called the gortative or 1st person plural imperative). Other faces of the imperative are expressed by unspecialized forms and various constructions that relate to analytical imperative forms:

a) 1st person plural: let's sing, Let's(those)let's sing And Let's(those)sing;

b) 3rd person singular and plural: let him sing,let them sing.

1.2.3. Finiteness

Moods, unlike tenses, are more typical for finite verb forms. TOHowever, the subjunctive mood can also include combinations of particles would with non-finite forms: with infinitive ( I wish I could run away quickly), with predicates, nouns, participles and gerunds (see subjunctive mood).

1.2.4. Semantics

1.3. Meanings expressed by the indicative mood

Indicative, typically describes the situation as belonging to the real world.

Past tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as having taken place before the moment of speech:

(1) Had arrived he arrives shortly before dinner, put banner in the corner, stripped off overcoat and, jingling with orders, went with gifts to a neighbor. [IN. Voinovich. Monumental Propaganda (2000)]

Present tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as taking place at the moment of speech:

(2) - And I don’t worried“,” he said quickly. [IN. Aksenov. Mysterious Passion (2007)]

FutureThe indicative mood describes a situation as one that will take place after the moment of speech. Since the future situation fundamentally cannot belong to reality, the future tense is sometimes considered as belonging to the system of indirect moods, and not to the indicative (for the special status of the future tense, see Modality / clause 2.3. Indicative mood and sublated affirmative).

(3) I I will walk until the morning, and when it’s night will become finish, I'll go up the hill and meeting dawn... [S. Kozlov. Is it true that we will always be there? (1969-1981)]

The indicative mood can have a figurative meaning, for example, it can act as an imperative mood:

(4) There is fish in the freezer / pull it out/ let it thaw / then Barsik give it. [Home conversation // From materials of Ulyanovsk University (2007)]

1.4. Meanings expressed by the subjunctive mood

Subjunctive mood denotes a situation that does not belong to the real world. The meaning of the subjunctive mood depends greatly on whether it is used in an independent predication or in a subordinate clause. In independent predication, the subjunctive mood has either a counterfactual meaning, that is, denoting a situation that, according to the speaker, belongs to an alternative, imaginary world, or a desirable meaning. In subordinate clauses, the meaning of the subjunctive mood depends on the semantics of the conjunction, the relationship between the main clause and the subordinate, and other factors.

The subjunctive mood thus has three main types of uses:counterfactual(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.1),desirable(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.2) and use in subordinate predications. In a figurative meaning, the subjunctive mood can be used for pragmatic purposes, in order to soften the message about the speaker’s communicative intentions (for more details, seeSubjunctive mood / clause 2.3).

a) Counterfactual meaning subjunctive mood: the situation, from the speaker’s point of view, obviously belongs not to the real, but to an alternative world.

(5) They could neither stop nor leave the stone - this would a disaster for everyone. [IN. Bykov. Stone (2002)]

(6) If I myself did not have a permanent address, I would lead behave more modestly. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

b) Desired value subjunctive mood: the situation does not belong to the real world, but seems desirable to the speaker.

(7) If only He knew how heavy my soul is! [YU. Trifonov. House on the Embankment (1976)]

(8) I would like to lie down, look to the sea and drink cold wine. [IN. Craid. Georgy Ivanov in Hyères (2003)]

c) Pragmatic use subjunctive mood: purpose –soften the message about the speaker's intentions or reduce the categoricalness of the statement.

(9) – I I would like to contact With one request,” he said quietly and even somehow pressed his hands to his chest. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(10) “Yes, of course,” answered the young man, easily meeting his radiant, clear eyes mi with Stern’s gaze suddenly growing heavier. - But now I would recommend Peace to Georgy Matveevich. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(11) Viktor Astafiev wrote: if would millions of peasants alone spat towards Moscow, her would be washed away together with the Kremlin and the Gori monkey. [D. Dragunsky. Of Slaves and Free (2011)]

(12) Briefly speaking, What would I neither did, my wife Always repeats : – God, before what You similar on his father!.. [S. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

(13) All on light must take place slowly And wrong, so that he couldn't get proud Human, to Human was sad And confused [IN. Erofeev. Moscow-Petushki (1970)]

(14) And the polar explorers dragged their things, and mother began to scream, to Alyoshka walked home to get dressed. [A. F. Chlenov. How Alyoshka lived in the North (1978)]

(15) If someone was praised, Valka immediately looked for the reason that I would do undeserved praise. [A. Aleksin. Signalmen and Buglers (1985)]

1.5. Meanings expressed by the imperative mood

a) Order:

(16) – Set sail tomorrow, at dawn! - Mr. Beluga ordered. [A. Dorofeev. Ele-Fantik (2003)]

b) Permission:

(17) – Kuri, - the grandfather allowed. – What kind do you smoke? [IN. Shukshin. Viburnum red (1973)]

c) Advice:

(18) – Dont be upset, Nina, don't waste your nerves,” he advised. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

d) Request:

(19) – be happy, Margarita Nikolaevna! - She nodded her head to the master and again turned to Margarita: “I knew everything where you were going.” [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

The imperative mood can also have figurative uses, used to express condition (20), concession (21), obligation (22), to indicate surprise (23), (24), etc. (see Imperative mood / clause 4.8) In this case, the imperative mood often does not refer to the 2nd person.

(20) He was taking his wife from the maternity ward of the district hospital, she was holding a child in her arms, and it seemed to him that live he will not forget this day for a thousand years. [IN. Grossman. Everything flows (1955-1963)]

(21) Sometimes it grabs you so much that at least lie down And die. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(22) Vasya will drink whatever he gets, and I spin and spin on your salary. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(23) The dog and the cat lived and lived with their owner and grew old. It's an everyday thing, it can happen to anyone. And their owner take it and calculate it. [E. L. Schwartz. Two Maple Trees (1953)]

(24) ... A woman was walking along the veranda, casually picked a flower, carelessly put it in her hair, and he have to in place! [IN. Astafiev. Jolly Soldier (1987-1997)]

2. Frequency

In terms of frequency in the Subcorpus with homonymy removed, the moods are distributed as follows:

indicative mood – 580 thousand uses;

imperative mood – 29 thousand uses;

subjunctive mood (particle would(b)+ so that(s)) – 25.5 thousand uses.

3. Basic literature

• Bondarko A.V., Belyaeva E.I., Biryulin L.A. and others. Theory of functional grammar. Temporality. Modality. L.: Science. 1990.
• Grammar 1980 – Shvedova N.Yu. (Ed.) Russian grammar. M.: Science. 1980. pp. 1472–1479.
• Palmer F.R. Mood and Modality. 2nd edition. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
• Plungian V. Irrealis and modality in Russian and in typological perspective // ​​Hansen B., Karlik P. (Eds.) Modality in Slavonic languages. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. 2005. P. 135–146.
• Hansen B. Mood in Russian // Rothstein B., Thieroff R. Mood in the Languages ​​of Europe. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2010. P . 325–341.

Each part of speech has some of its own morphological features that characterize its grammatical properties. Knowing these distinctive features will allow you not only to use word forms correctly, but also to write them correctly. The characteristics influence, for example, the choice of suffixes for participles and gerunds and personal endings for nouns. To describe a verb, aspect (perfect and imperfect), reflexivity, transitivity, tense, number, person, gender and mood are used. The last characteristic helps to determine other unstable properties of this part of speech and makes it possible to find out whether one or another form of the verb can be formed. What are the subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods? What is their role?

Definition

First, you need to understand what inclination is. According to dictionaries, this is a grammatical category denoting the relationship of action to reality. In the Russian language there are three, as mentioned above, moods. It's a complicated formulation, isn't it? Let's try it simpler.

Each of the three moods is responsible for a specific situation. For example, to describe a possibility, an unreal, hypothetical action, the subjunctive mood is used (“I would go”, “I would read”, “I would draw”), which can be recognized by the particle “would”. In order to order something, there is an imperative mood ("tell me", "go away", "breathe"). The indicative mood of the verb allows you to report any action that occurred in the past, present and future - this is precisely the advantageous difference between this type of mood and others.

A little more theory

Let's move on to the times. As already mentioned just above, the indicative mood can exist in any tense of the Russian language, only the form of the verb will change from this ("read - read - will read", "wrote - will write"). But there is one clarification here, noticeable already in the examples: for verbs of the imperfect form, both past, present, and future tenses are available, while the perfect form forms only past and future forms. Try forming the present tense for the verb “to speak.” And make sure that you can do this only when its appearance changes. Thus, the form of the indicative mood allows you to understand what form a given verb has (easier to say, does it answer the question “what to do?” or “what to do?”).

Other moods

A useful clarification: not only the indicative mood allows us to talk about the tense of the verb. In the case of the subjunctive (by the way, it is also called conditional), everything is simple: exclusively past, formed with the help of the suffix “l” (“I would read”, “I would go”, “I would rest”, “I would knit”). Consequently, words have only number and gender, no person. The particle “would”, which serves as a kind of beacon of this type of mood, can appear both before and after the verb, and, in principle, can be found in any part of the sentence.

The indicative and imperative moods have person and number, but in the case of the latter one cannot talk about gender: for “orders” only the second person (“you/you”) is available in the singular and plural (“refuse/refuse”, “pour/pour” , "leave/leave"). By the way, there is one caveat here: using the particle “let” or “yes” you can translate any verb in the third person (“he, she, it, they”) into the imperative mood (“let him return,” “long live”).

Nuances

Sometimes it happens that the indicative mood of a verb can be used in the imperative sense. Some researchers note that we can talk about the transition of one mood to another in the case when an order is expressed that does not tolerate objections (“will you go”, “will you say”), or to indicate an incentive for joint action (“let’s start”, “let’s go” ). In the latter case, the particles “come on”/“let’s” and intonation emphasis on the verb are also used, explaining its meaning in context. Compare: “Tomorrow we will go to the mountains” and “Let’s go for a ride!” - the same word, but the shades of meaning are different.

Repetition

Now let's try to consolidate information about all types of inclination.

Subjunctive (also conditional) is a hypothetical action, a possible situation. It is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense verb, has no person, changes only in numbers and gender: “would have said”, “would have drunk”, “would have thrown”.

Imperative - order or instruction. Verbs of the second person singular and plural are used, but sometimes the third person with the particle “let” is allowed: “speak”, “refuse”, “let him sing”, “long live”.

The indicative mood is a description of an event that was happening at any moment. Exists in the past, present and future tense, in all persons, numbers and genders (for imperfective verbs, for the perfect - only in the past and future tense). Under certain conditions, it can transform into other types of inclination. For repetition, we will use a table that shows all forms of the verb “read”.

	Past	The present	Future

As you can see, everything is very simple. In fact, the mood of verbs is one of the simplest topics in the Russian language, so remembering all its nuances will not be difficult at all.

And in French there are subjunctives in some types of sentences).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change according to tenses: I am engaged (present tense), I was engaged (past tense), I will be engaged (future tense).

Verbs in the conditional mood do not denote actual actions, but desired, possible ones. Forms of the conditional mood are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) using the suffix -l- (followed by the ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and the particle would (b) (which can appear before the verb, after it, or may be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

In the conditional mood, verbs change according to number and gender (in this mood there is no tense or person): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an inducement to action (request, order), that is, they do not denote an actual action, but a required one. In the imperative mood, verbs change according to numbers and persons (there is also no tense in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. number is formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using the suffix -i- or without a suffix (in this case the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold, work (stem of the present tense - work-eat), rest (rest), remember (remember), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using the ending -te: speak-\te\, hold-\te\, remember-\te\, etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed with the help of particles let, let, yes + forms of 3rd person units. or more numbers of the indicative mood: let him go, let him go, long live, long live, etc.: May the descendants of the Orthodox of their native land know the past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed with the help of particles come on, let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play) or the 4th form of the 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden - amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, let’s quickly trample, let’s trample the rest of the five-year days... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and the indicative mood (2): 1) If it weren’t for God’s will, they wouldn’t have given up Moscow (M. Lermontov); 2) Just tell him: “I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

A verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! let's go, let's go, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, today we will stand up for Mother Empress and prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you should talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

There is also a point of view according to which in the Russian language there are only two morphological moods - imperative and non-imperative, and the phrase with the particle would synchronously is no longer an analytical construct.

In other languages

• Imperative - as in Russian, expresses a request, order, advice.
• Prohibitive - expresses the speaker’s request that the action not be implemented.
• Optative - serves to express desire “in its pure form”, exists in the languages ​​of Eurasia (for example, in Georgian, ancient Greek and Sanskrit).
• The subjunctive is a reduced form of the subjunctive mood in French. Not used in conditional constructions. There is a special form for this - conditionalis. Conditionalis is used only in the main part of a conditional sentence. In many other languages ​​of the world, such a conditional is more common, which is used in the dependent part to indicate a condition (for example, in Tatar it replaces the conditional conjunction).
• Subjunctive is a mood in German, close in meaning to the Russian subjunctive.
• Irrealis is a form of the irreal mood in complex sentences in many Native American and Pacific languages. Sometimes used in simple sentences for a situation that near or almost realized.
• Paraphrase is a mood in the Latvian language, used to convey foreign words.

see also

Notes

Links

• Referovskaya E. A. Inclination // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: SE, 1990. - P. 321-322.

Morphology
Basic Concepts	Morpheme Root Affix: suffix, prefix (prefix), circumfix, infix, transfix, disfix inflection Zero affix Formative Morphemics Word formation Inflection Formation Grammatical form Grammatical meaning Grammatical category: aspect, voice, actant derivation, tense, person, mood, taxis ; definiteness, animacy, case, concordant class, gender, nominal class, number Gramme Paradigm Lexeme Word form Part of speech
Personalities	F. F. Fortunatov J. Grinberg I. A. Melchuk A. A. Zaliznyak
Related Topics	Levels of language Grammar Syntax Grammatical semantics Morphonology Linguistic typology
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See what “Mood (linguistics)” is in other dictionaries:

- (conjunctive, subjunctive, lat. modus conjunctivus or subjunctivus) a number of special forms of the verbal mood of most Indo-European languages, expressing through a subjective attitude possible, conjectural, desirable or ... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus imperativus; also imperative) a form of mood expressing expressions of will (order, request or advice). For example: let's go, let's go, talk. Contents 1 Meaning 2 Morphological characteristics ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus indicativus) expresses the presence or absence of an unconditioned (objective) action, within one time or another, as if in contemplation of an action; various relations of the subject to this action are not determined by him and... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. Optativus), as an expression of the desire (more or less persistent) of the speaker, was quite common in the Proto-Indo-European language; from it it passed into later languages, in which it gradually disappeared, leaving only in some... ... Wikipedia

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Modality. This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Taxis (meanings). Taxis is the connection between two predicative units in terms of mood, person, tense. If in a phrase the infinitive is indicated after the verb of motion, then they coincide in ... ... Wikipedia

Mood the verb expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to reality. There are three types of inclination:

1. indicative mood, which is also called “indicative”. This form means that the action has happened, is happening, or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future.

For example: thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search

And for the perfect form there are only two: the past and the simple future.

For example: I came up with - I'll come up with done - I'll do it, found it - I'll find it.

In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the infinitive stem disappears in some cases.

For example: hear - hear, see - see.

2. imperative, which is also called “imperative”. This form means a request, advice, order, or encouragement to action. Verbs in the imperative mood are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have a zero ending in the singular and a “-te” ending in the plural. They also do not change over time. The imperative mood is formed using a verb stem in the present or simple future tense, to which is added the suffix “-and-” or in some cases a zero suffix.

For example: Remember, you must do this! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!

3. conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called “subjunctive”. This form means that the action did not actually happen, but is only desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be realized when some necessary conditions are met.

For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's thoughts. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.

Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of a past tense verb (that is, the base of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-”), as well as the particle “would” or “b”. These particles can be found both before and after the verb, and can also be separated from it by other words.

For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but they never change by person and, as already stated, by tense.

For example: I would look, I would look, I would look.

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