What is the name of the rocket after the poplar m. Intercontinental ballistic missile "Topol-M." Testing of combat equipment

	Mobile ground-based missile system 15P158 “Topol” with intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58.
	Customer index: complex	15P158
	Customer index: rockets	15Zh58
	INF Treaty designation	RS-12M
	Designation DIA	SS-25
	NATO designation	Sickle
	Rocket manufacturer:	Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant
	Complex developer:	MIT, OKB A.D. Nadiradze.
	Launcher manufacturer:	Factory "Barricades", Volgograd, RSFSR.

The RS-12M is designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges.

The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.

One of the most successful modern Russian complexes was considered to be the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental-range missile, put into service after almost two decades of unsuccessful attempts made by various design organizations.

2.

Development

Development of a strategic mobile complex " Poplar»( RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on ICBMs 15Zh58 on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 ton) was launched July 19, 1977 year at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Alexandra Nadiradze V 1975 year. After death A. Nadiradze(was director and chief designer of MIT 1961-1987 gg., died in 1987 year), work continued under the leadership Boris Lagutin(general designer of MIT 1987-1993 gg.). The mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau at the Volgograd Barikady plant.

3 - 8. Self-propelled launcher (15U168) 9. Self-propelled launcher (15U128.1)

RT-2PM missile

Rocket 15Zh58 made according to a scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.

10. 11.

All three stages are equipped with Solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main stage Solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.

12. First stage

13. Second stage

14. Third stage

15. Tail compartment

16. Combat stage of the RS-12M rocket

The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ– detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the housing. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.

An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.

The head part is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deflection ( KVO) 400 m (this is what our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar» equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.

The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.

The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.

Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.

Launcher and equipment

17..

During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), placed in a transport and launch container ( TPK).

The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.

A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1), later – MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.

Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukova(later the association was headed by Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Victor Protasova. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.

Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “ Upon receipt of the order to launch ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy APU» .

note– the closest suitable one, which means predetermined and having certain coordinates, plus previously prepared in engineering and plotted on the route map. For this purpose, periodically in accordance with plans NS And ZBU Reconnaissance of field positions and patrol routes is carried out, during which a list of works is determined, where what should be cut down, leveled, added or strengthened. This is practically what is called from any point. [Ed.]

In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).

Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP. For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.

Initially the roof was retractable, andon the locking device, which did not allow cables with loads -concrete counterweights -at the end (like a weight on a chain on a walker) the fall was installedsquibs.At the start command (in the mode cyclogram« Start"), a command was issued to activate the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.

In harsh winter conditions, such a scheme proved to be negative (it was impossible to determine the exact mass of the counterweight due to snowfall; the average reading led to either jamming or falling off the guides; in addition, without shooting it is not possible to determine the condition of the squib). Therefore, the squibs were replaced with older and more reliable ones (compared to Pioneer electromechanical drives have been improved. [Ed.]

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. To do this, in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.

Launch type – artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched.

Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental unit).

For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:

Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle

Unit 15В179– communication machine 1

Unit 15B75– communication machine 2

Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.

One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.

APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.

18.		19.
20.		21.
22.		23.
24.		25. SPU takes the field combat training starting position (PUBSP)
26. Loading equipment onto platforms to send av arsenal.		27. SPU exit from the structure 15U135 (Krona).
28. Missile division on the march.		29. SPU at the field position.
32. Example of the location of structures at the starting position		31.
30.		32. 1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2
32. 2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2		32. 3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

Testing and deployment

33. 34. 35. 36. 37

On October 27, 1982, as part of the first stage of LKI-1, the first and only launch of the 15Zh58 rocket took place from the Kapustin Yar test site.

IN February 1983 year PGRK " Poplar» entered flight tests. The first flight test of the rocket at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk was carried out February 8, 1983(here it should be clarified - according to other sources, this launch took place 18th of Febuary) This and two subsequent launches were made from converted stationary missile silos RT-2P. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987 In total, more than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.

IN 1984 year, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for mobile missile systems began. Poplar» in positional areas removed from duty ICBM RT-2P And UR-100 located in silo OS. Later, the arrangement of position areas removed from service under the treaty was carried out RIAC medium-range complexes.

The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system.

The first series of tests was successfully completed by the middle 1985 (during April 1985 15 test launches took place).

It was decided in order to gain operating experience of the new complex RT-2PM (15P158) in military units, deploy it in one of the units.This was done and July 23, 1985 G. in the area of ​​Yoshkar-Ola, a complex consisting of 9 launchers was first put on combat duty in the 779th missile regiment of the PGRK (commander - Lieutenant Colonel V.V. Dremov). And in November 1985, the regiment went out for combat duty to field positions for the first time.

At the same time, the development of the combat control system obviously continued.

WITH 1985 In 2009, serial production of missiles was located at the plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and the mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".

In parallel, in 1985 based on the second and third stages of the rocket 15Zh58 a medium-range mobile soil complex was developed " Speed" The first and only launch of the 15Zh66 rocket of the Speed ​​complex took place on March 1, 1985. The maximum firing range of this complex was greater than that of the Temp-S front-line complex and shorter than that of the Pioneer complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the missile, which ensured acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable for “riding” around the territory of Eastern European countries. Thus, the question of flight time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed. For political reasons, the adoption of this complex for service did not take place.

The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post (PKP "Barrier"), was put on combat duty only April 28, 1987(near Nizhny Tagil).

Part of PGRK " Poplar"was deployed in newly created position areas. After signing in 1987 of the INF Treaty, for basing the complexes " Poplar"Some positional areas of the dismantled medium-range PGRK began to be re-equipped" Pioneer».

Test launches of missiles, as previously mentioned, have been completed December 23, 1987 g., however, the complete testing of the mobile complex, and not just the missile, ended only in December 1988 g., therefore the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. more than three years after the start of trial operation.

May 27, 1988 The first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (PKP Granit, near Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.

At the time of signing the Agreement START-1 V 1991 The city of the USSR had 288 missile systems " Poplar" After signing START-1 the deployment of these complexes continued.

Missile divisions " Poplars"were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.

As of the end 1996 the city of the Strategic Missile Forces had 360 PGRK " Poplar».

One missile test launch is carried out annually " Poplar» from the Plesetsk training ground. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.

November 29, 2005 a combat training launch of an ICBM was carried out RS-12M « Poplar» mobile based from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.

Reduction

According to the agreement on START-2(signed in January 1993 by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin) 360 units of the missile system " Poplar" before 2007 years were shortened. This was not prevented by the delay in ratification and the subsequent virtual abandonment of the treaty.

After the collapse of the USSR, part of " Poplars"remained on the territory of Belarus. August 13, 1993 year, the withdrawal of the Strategic Missile Forces group began Poplar" from Belarus, November 27, 1996 year it was completed.

As of July 2006 years, 243 missile systems were still on combat duty " Poplar» (Teykovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.

An interesting fact is that the complex " Poplar“- the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in the Soviet press, in an article refuting the American side’s accusations that Russia was allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the existing arms reduction treaty.

In order to use the released missiles of the complex " Poplar"To launch satellites, a launch complex for a space launch vehicle was developed" Start" From 1993 to 2006 Only 7 launches took place. There were two versions of launch vehicles:

« Start» – four stages (launch and three propulsion) + RB-4 upper stage (high-altitude stage). Moreover, the first stage (launch) of the complex is similar to the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket. The second and third (flight) are the second stage of the 15Zh58. The fourth (flight) is the third stage of 15Zh58.

« Start-1» – three stages + accelerating block.

The space complex did not receive development and the program was frozen...

Still at the end 1980s years, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal ICBM dual-based - mine and mobile installation. At MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991 year, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering. Headed the design Boris Lagutin, and after his retirement 1997 year - academician Yuri Solomonov, appointed general designer of MIT.

But that is another story...

Composition of the complex

PGRK 15P158.1 “Topol”– APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, in this configuration the Topol complex was deployed as part of the Strategic Missile Forces at the initial stage.

PGRK 15P158 “Topol”– APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis, standard equipment of the Topol complex.

The complex also includes:

– 15В148 / 15В231 combat duty support vehicles (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis for resting personnel on combat duty;

– 15B78 tropospheric radio communication station from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis;

– combat control vehicle (MCV);

– 15U135 unit “Krona” - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position;

– a driver training vehicle on the MAZ-7917 chassis.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol complex

Time to prepare for launch, min	2
Thermonuclear charge power, Mt	0,55
Firing accuracy (FA), m	900/200*
Area of ​​the combat patrol area, km 2	125000
Launcher	7-axle chassis MAZ-7310
Guaranteed shelf life of the missile in the TPK, years	10 (extended to 15)
Launcher type	mobile, group launcher with mortar launch
Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
Firing range, km	10500
Number of steps	3 + dilution stage combat blocks.
Engine	Solid propellant rocket engine
Start type	ground from TPK due to PAD
Length:
– full, m	21,5
– without HS, m	18,5
– first stage, m	8,1
– second stage, m	4,6
– third stage, m	3,9
– head part, m	2,1
Diameter:
– first stage housings, m	1,8
– second stage housings, m	1,55
– third stage housings, m	1,34
– TPK (transport and launch container), m	2,0
Starting weight, T	45,1
Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, T	27,8
Head part	monobloc detachable
Weight of the head part, kg	1000
Control system	autonomous, inertial with on-board computer
Autonomous launcher (APU)
Number of missiles on launcher	1
Base – wheeled	MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917
Wheel formula	14x12
Weight:
– launcher without TPK, T	52,94
Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK):
- length, m	19,520/22,303
- width, m	3,850/4,5
- height, m	3,0/4,5
Engine	diesel V-58-7 (12V)
Power, hp	710
Fuel reserve, l	825
Speed, km/h	40
Power reserve, km	400
Time to transfer to combat position, minutes	2
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD)
Weight, kg	43500
dimensions:
- length, m	15,935
- width, m	3,23
- height, m	4,415
Power, hp	525
Power reserve, km	850
Speed, km/h	40
Combat escort vehicle (BMS)
Weight, kg	103800
dimensions:
- length, m	23,03
- width, m	3,385
- height, m	4,35
Power, hp	710
Power reserve, km	400
Speed, km/h	40
Permanent structure for ground mobile launchers
Type	garage with sliding roof
Purpose	for storing one SPU
Built, units	408
Dimensions:
- length, m	30,4
- width, m	8,1
- height, m	7,2
Composition of connections and parts
Missile division	3-5 missile regiments (KP and 9 SPU in each).
Regimental command post	stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M).
Division composition:
– preparation and launch group, PC.	3
– combat control and communications group

* – according to Russian/foreign sources

List of launches

1.

Most of the launches were carried out in the Kura test site area.

date	Rocket	Polygon	Note
29.09.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
30.10.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
25.08.1982	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
27.10.1982	15Zh58	Kapustin Yar	LKI-1(stage 1) – First and only launch 15Zh58 from the Kapustin Yar training ground
18.02.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-1(stage 2)
05.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-2
31.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-3
10.08.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-4
25.10.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-5
20.02.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-6
27.03.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-7
23.04.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-8
23.05.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-9
26.07.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-10
10.09.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-11
02.10.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-12
20.11.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-13
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-14
29.01.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-15
21.02.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
22.04.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 79th rp (military unit 19970)
14.06.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 107th rp
06.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
28.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
04.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 308th rp (military unit 29438)
25.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
18.04.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.11.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
25.12.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
11.02.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.05.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
30.06.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
14.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
31.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-16 – End of LCI
29.04.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.08.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.09.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.10.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.12.1988	–	–	PGRK 15P158 “Topol” adopted
09.12.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.03.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
15.06.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.10.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.03.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
24.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
31.07.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.08.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
01.11.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.12.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.04.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.06.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 189 rp (military unit 11466)
20.08.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 479 rp 35 rd
02.10.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 346 rp 32 rd
25.02.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.07.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – Command post exercise
22.06.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
23.09.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
10.11.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.04.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.11.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.04.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.11.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1997	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
16.09.1998	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.10.1999	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
11.10.2000	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.02.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
12.10.2002	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.03.2003	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 235th rp (military unit 12465)
18.02.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 307th rp (military unit 29532) Exercise "Safety-2004"
02.11.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2005	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. First launch of 15Zh58E with testing ground "Kapustin Yar"
29.11.2005	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.08.2006	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
18.10.2007	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
08.12.2007	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
28.08.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. First launch of 15Zh58E from Plesetsk
12.10.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. Exercise "Stability-2008"
10.04.2009	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.12.2009	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
28.10.2010	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – extension of service life complex up to 23 years
05.12.2010	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
03.09.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.11.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
07.06.2012	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
19.10.2012	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2013	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.12.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
04.03.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
08.05.2014	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
20.05.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
11.11.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
22.08.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2015	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.11.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment
24.12.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment

* – unsuccessful launches are marked in red.

Intercontinental ballistic missiles, which include the Topol models, are designed to destroy enemy ground and sea launchers of ICBMs, government and armed forces control centers, strategic military and economic facilities, large land and sea formations of the enemy’s armed forces.

In total, there are three Topol models with modifications - together, in terms of the number of missiles and warheads placed on them, they form the basis of the ground component of the Russian nuclear forces. “Topol” is not missiles themselves, but strategic missile systems in mobile (mobile ground) and silo-based versions, using three-stage solid-fuel ICBMs (based on RT-2PM), which were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering - in fact, the only one currently in Russian ICBM developer:

1) the original “Topol” is a mobile ground-based strategic missile system using the RS-12M monoblock ICBM (SS-25 Sickle, or “Sickle”, in NATO classification). First flight test in February 1983, adopted for service in 1985. Warhead power 550 kt, firing range 10,500 km, missile launch weight 45 tons. The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. In 1998, 369 Topol complexes were in service. At the beginning of 2017, 36 mobile systems remained on combat duty in the Barnaul area. The number of Topols is decreasing due to the expiration of their service life. By 2021, “Topol” must be completely withdrawn from service and destroyed, which is being carried out step by step.

2) “Topol-M” (RS-12M2, SS-27) - an analogue of “Topol”, however, with significantly higher characteristics in a number of indicators and new capabilities, including:

The ICBM itself is given the ability to maneuver during the active phase of the flight;

the total flight time to the target has been significantly reduced by increasing the rocket's acceleration speed and the warhead's flight speed;

the missile is equipped with a complex of missile defense breakthrough means with active and passive decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead;

a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion has been ensured, which has increased the survivability of the missile;

the infrared “footprint” of the mobile complex has been reduced;

increased cross-country ability and maneuverability of the complex, including on soft ground;

The radar signature of the complex has been reduced due to special coatings on its surfaces.

Topol-M is the first ICBM that the Russian Federation began to develop. First flight test in December 1994. The modernized complex was put into service in April 2000. Warhead power 550 kt, firing range 11,000 km, launch weight 47.1 tons. There are 60 missiles in the silos, and 18 mobile complexes. The deployment of additional systems has been discontinued in favor of the Yars.

3) a modification of the Topol-M complex is the Yars complex (RS-24, SS-29). A distinctive feature of the missile is its multiple independently targetable warhead (MIRV), capable of carrying 4 maneuvering warheads, which further increased the ability to break through the missile defense of the intended enemy. First flight test in May 2007, on combat duty since the summer of 2010. Warhead power 150-250 depending on their number, firing range 12,000 km, launch weight 49.6 tons. At the beginning of 2017, there were 84 Yars mobile complexes on combat duty. and 12 missiles in silo launchers, and a total of 384 warheads, or 40% of the warheads of ground-based nuclear forces.

To be honest, I haven’t heard that Yuzhmash (you mean it?) has anything to do with Topol. RT-2PM was developed by MIT on the basis of RT-2, which was previously created by Korolev OKB-1. There was fierce competition between the missile design bureaus, the general designers hated each other, there were set-ups and there was a desperate behind-the-scenes struggle for the right to make a new rocket. Therefore, I doubt that they would attract a competitor for a contract.

Ukrainian enterprises could participate at the production stage in separate units. After all, not only one missile was created, but a whole complex, which included both a tractor and the construction/reconstruction of a silo launcher. There, hundreds of enterprises took part in this matter.

Answer

Regarding "Topol", it seems that you are right. Yuzhmash did not participate. From Ukraine - only the Kiev Arsenal (and, naturally, not in the development of a rocket as such).

The following structures were involved in the development and production of combat and training equipment of the Topol complexes:

Missile targeting system - Central Design Bureau "Arsenal" (development) and PA "Plant "Arsenal", Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR (production);

As for Topol-M - together with Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. But this is the same Dnepropetrovsk (now Dnieper).

This development work was called “Universal”, the complex being developed was designated RT-2PM2. The development of the complex was carried out jointly by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau.

In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex based on developments under the Universal program (in April, Yuzhnoye ceased its participation in work on the complex).

Answer

Comment

Complex RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"(code RS-12M2, according to NATO classification - SS-27 Sickle "Sickle") - a Russian strategic missile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the late 1980s - early 1990s on the basis of the RT-2PM "Topol" complex .

The first intercontinental ballistic missile developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Adopted into service in 1997. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).

Rocket of the Topol-M complex is solid fuel, three-stage. Maximum range - 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt. The missile is based both in silo launchers (silos) and on mobile launchers. The silo-based version was put into service in 2000.

Stationary complex "Topol-M" includes 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles mounted in silo launchers, as well as a command post.

Main characteristics:

Number of steps - 3
Length (with warhead) - 22.55 m
Length (without warhead) - 17.5 m
Diameter - 1.81 m
Launch weight - 46.5 t
Throwing weight 1.2 t
Type of fuel - solid mixed
Maximum range - 11000 km
Head type - monoblock, nuclear, detachable
Number of combat units - 1 + about 20 dummies
Charge power - 550 Kt
Control system - autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK
Method of basing - mine and mobile

Mobile complex "Topol-M" is a single missile placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container (TPK), mounted on an eight-axle MZKT-79221 cross-country chassis and is structurally practically no different from the silo version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons. Six pairs of eight wheels are swivel, providing a turning radius of 18 meters.

The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck. Engine V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford is up to 1.1 meters.

When creating systems and units of the mobile Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol complex. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability.

"Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage, both against optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar signature).

Intercontinental missile consists of three stages with solid propellant propulsion engines. Aluminum is used as fuel, ammonium perchlorate acts as an oxidizing agent. The step bodies are made of composites. All three stages are equipped with a rotating nozzle to deflect the thrust vector (there are no lattice aerodynamic rudders).

Control system– inertial, based on the on-board central heating system and a gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic devices has improved accuracy characteristics. The new BTsVK has increased productivity and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Aiming is ensured through the implementation of autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using a ground-based complex of command instruments located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of on-board equipment are ensured.

Launch method - mortar for both options. The rocket's sustaining solid-propellant engine allows it to gain speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This makes it much more difficult for missile defense systems to intercept it during the active phase of the flight.

The missile is equipped with a detachable warhead with one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt of TNT equivalent. The warhead is also equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The complex of means for overcoming missile defense consists of passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. Several dozen auxiliary correction engines, instruments and control mechanisms allow the warhead to maneuver along the trajectory, making it difficult to intercept it at the final part of the trajectory.

False targets indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar). False targets make it possible to simulate the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight trajectory of missile warheads, and are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser. For the first time, decoys have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars.

In connection with the termination of the START-2 treaty, which prohibited the creation of multi-charge intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering is working on equipping Topol-M with multiple independently targetable warheads. Perhaps the result of this work is. A mobile version of this complex, placed on the chassis of an eight-axle MZKT-79221 tractor, is currently being tested.

/Based on materials rbase.new-factoria.ru And en.wikipedia.org /

RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" is a strategic missile system, work on the creation of which began in the Soviet period, but fine-tuning and mass production were already carried out by Russian enterprises. Topol-M is the first example of an ICBM created after the collapse of the USSR. Today, the Russian army is armed with silo-based (15P165) and mobile (15P155) missile systems.

"Topol-M" was the result of the modernization of the Soviet strategic missile system "Topol", surpassing its predecessor in almost all main characteristics. Currently, Topol-M forms the basis of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. It was developed by designers from the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).

Since 2011, the Russian Ministry of Defense has stopped purchasing new Topol-M systems; resources have been directed to the creation and deployment of Yars RS-24 intercontinental ballistic missiles.

From the very beginning, the creators of the Topol-M missile system were given quite serious restrictions concerning, first of all, the overall characteristics of the missile. Therefore, the main emphasis in its development was on increasing the survivability of the complex in the face of enemy nuclear strikes and on the ability of the warheads to overcome the enemy missile defense system. The maximum firing range of the complex is 11 thousand km.

According to a number of experts, the Topol-M missile system is not an ideal option for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. It had to be created due to the lack of other alternatives. The disadvantages of ICBMs are largely related to the characteristics of the Topol complex, on the basis of which it was created. And although the designers managed to improve many parameters, they, of course, could not perform a miracle.

History of creation

Work on a new intercontinental ballistic missile with solid propellant engines began in the mid-80s. The project was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. The designers were tasked with creating a universal rocket for stationary and mobile missile systems. The only difference between them was the engine of the warhead propagation stage: the designers planned to install a liquid engine on silo-based missiles, and a solid fuel engine on mobile systems.

In 1992, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ceased participation in the project, and the completion of development fell entirely on the shoulders of the Russian side. At the beginning of 1993, a presidential decree appeared that regulated further work on the missile system, and guarantees of further funding were also given. MIT was appointed as the lead enterprise for this project.

The designers needed to develop a universal missile, suitable for various types of deployment, with high accuracy, flight range, and capable of overcoming the enemy’s missile defense system.

Topol-M was created as a modernization of the Soviet Topol missile system. At the same time, the SVN-1 Treaty clearly defined what exactly was considered modernization and what characteristics of the complex should be changed. The new ballistic missile had to differ in one of the following characteristics:

• number of steps;
• type of fuel of at least one of the stages;
• the length of the rocket or the length of the first stage;
• diameter of the first stage;
• the mass that the rocket could throw;
• starting mass.

Based on the foregoing, it becomes clear that the designers of the missile system were initially very limited. Therefore, the tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) of the Topol-M missile could not differ significantly from its predecessor. The main differences were the missile's flight characteristics and its ability to overcome enemy missile defense.

Improved solid-fuel engines of the three stages of the rocket made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the active phase of the rocket’s flight, which seriously reduced the likelihood of it being hit by anti-missile systems. The missile guidance system has become much more resistant to electromagnetic radiation and other factors of a nuclear explosion.

State tests of the new missile began in 1994. The Topol-M was successfully launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. Then several more launches were carried out, and in 1997 serial production of the Topol-M complex began. In 2000, the silo-based Topol-M missile system was put into service, and in the same year testing and launches of the mobile complex began.

The deployment of silo-based Topol-M began in 1997 in silos that were previously used for UR-100N missiles. At the end of 1998, the first missile regiment entered combat duty. The Topol-M mobile systems began to enter service en masse in 2005, at which time a new state rearmament program was adopted, according to which the Ministry of Defense planned to purchase 69 new ICBMs by 2019.

In 2005, the Topol-M missile with a maneuvering warhead was launched. It became part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces program to create means to overcome the American missile defense system. A warhead with a ramjet hypersonic engine was also tested.

From 1994 to 2014, sixteen launches of the Topol-M ICBM were carried out, of which only one launch was considered unsuccessful: the missile deviated from its course and was eliminated. Launches were carried out both from silo-based installations and from mobile missile systems.

In 2008, a decision was announced to install multiple warheads on the Topol-M ICBM. The first such missiles began to enter service with the troops in 2010. A year earlier, it was announced that the production of the Topol-M mobile complexes would be stopped and work would begin on a complex with higher characteristics.

Complex structure

The basis of the Topol-M mobile and stationary missile system is the 15Zh65 ICBM.

The missile has three stages and a warhead expansion stage, all of which are equipped with solid propellant engines. Each stage has a one-piece body made of composite materials (“cocoon” type). Rocket engine nozzles are also made of carbon-based composite materials and are used to control the flight of the rocket. Unlike its predecessors, the Topol-M2 ICBM does not have lattice rudders and stabilizers.

The missile is launched from both complexes by mortar launch. The launch weight of the projectile is 47 tons.

The missile warheads have a special coating that reduces their visibility on radar screens, and can also release special aerosols - sources of infrared radiation. The rocket's new propulsion engines make it possible to significantly reduce the active portion of the flight, where it is most vulnerable. In addition, in this part of the flight the missile can maneuver, which makes its destruction even more problematic.

A high level of resistance of the missile and warheads against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion was achieved through a whole range of measures:

• coating the rocket body with a special composition;
• application in creating a control system of an elementary base that is more resistant to electromagnetic pulses;
• the control system equipment is placed in a separate sealed compartment, coated with a special composition of rare earth elements;
• the rocket's cable network is reliably shielded;
• When the cloud of a nuclear explosion passes, the rocket makes a so-called program maneuver.

The power of the solid propellant charges of all rocket engines is significantly higher than that of its predecessors, which allows it to gain speed much faster.

The probability of overcoming the American missile defense system for Topol-M ICBM warheads is 60-65%, work is underway to increase this value to 80%.

The missile control system is inertial, based on a digital computer and a gyro-stabilized platform. “Topol-M” can successfully launch and complete its mission even in the event of high-altitude blocking nuclear strikes on the area where the complex is deployed.

It should be noted that the Topol-M ICBM was created using developments and technologies obtained in the manufacture of the Topol ICBM; this significantly reduced the time it took to create the missile, and also reduced the cost of the project.

The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units was carried out using existing infrastructure, which also made it possible to significantly reduce economic costs. This was especially important for the late 90s, when the Russian economy was going through hard times.

To install silo-based Topol-M missiles, silos of missiles removed from combat duty were used. The silo installations of Soviet heavy ICBMs were converted to use Topol. At the same time, an additional five meters of concrete were poured into the base of the shaft, and some additional transformations were carried out. Most of the mine equipment was reused, which significantly reduced the cost of deploying the complex and also speeded up the work.

Each stationary Topol-M missile system consists of ten missiles in launchers and one high-security command post. It is located in a special shaft on shock absorbers, which makes it less vulnerable to enemy strikes. The missile is enclosed in a special metal transport and launch container.

The mobile-based Topol-M is mounted on an MZKT-79221 all-terrain chassis with 8 axles. The missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container. Structurally, the missiles of the mobile and silo complexes are no different. The weight of one launcher is 120 tons, and its length is 22 meters. Six pairs of wheels can turn, which provides the mobile complex with a minimum turning radius.

The specific pressure of the mobile unit's wheels on the ground is less than that of a conventional truck, which provides it with high maneuverability. The unit is equipped with a 12-cylinder engine with an output of 800 hp. With. It can ford a depth of 1.1 meters.

When creating the mobile complex, previous experience in creating similar machines was taken into account. High cross-country ability and maneuverability significantly increases the survivability of the complex, allowing it to leave the zone of a probable enemy strike in the shortest possible time.

The launch can be made from any ground, from any point of deployment of the complex, equipped with camouflage means against various detection means (optical, infrared, radar).

Serial production of launchers has been established at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".

In 2013, missile units armed with Topol-M mobile launchers received thirteen special camouflage and engineering support vehicles. Their main task is to destroy traces of missile systems, as well as create false positions that would be visible to the reconnaissance means of a potential enemy.

Performance characteristics

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

Maximum firing range, km	11000
Number of steps	3
Launch weight, t	47,1 (47,2)
Throwing mass, t	1,2
Rocket length without head, m	17,5 (17,9)
Rocket length, m	22,7
Maximum body diameter, m	1,86
Head type	monoblock, nuclear
Warhead equivalent, mt	0,55
Circular probable deviation, m	200
TPK diameter (without protruding parts), m	1.95 (for 15P165 – 2.05)
MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922)
Wheel formula	16×16
Turning radius, m	18
Ground clearance, mm	475
Weight in running order (without combat equipment), t	40
Load capacity, t	80
Maximum speed, km/h

The Topol intercontinental ballistic missile is the most important component of a mobile ground complex, which has become the basis of our state’s nuclear shield for many decades.

In response to the improvement in the tactical characteristics of high-precision weapons systems of NATO countries, it was necessary to create a unique type of weapon. The most important requirement was the high survivability of the complex, which is achieved through maneuverability and speed of deployment.

History of creation

July 19, 1977 a decree was issued to begin work. However, the implementation of the project, the head of which Alexander Nadiradze was appointed, began at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering a little earlier - in 1975.

1979 was marked by the beginning of factory testing of charges for the 2nd and 3rd stages of the rocket engine by specialists from the Pavlograd Chemical Plant.

October 27, 1982 The first field tests began. The main task was to test the launch and launch system of the rocket engine. The launch was unsuccessful, but the results obtained were carefully studied and taken into account in further work.

December 23, 1983 The next stage of design tests began, the results of which demonstrated the high performance characteristics of the Topol M. Only once did the testers fail.

From 1984 to 1988 Serial production of the new Topol missile system was launched. Self-propelled guns were manufactured at the Barrikady plant in Volgograd, and the missile itself became the “brainchild” of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.

July 23, 1985 To generalize military experience, a military unit of the missile forces was created near the city of Yoshkar-Ola.

In 1987, after the death of the chief designer, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.

Boris Lagutin, missile designer

December 1, 1988 The Topol ICBM was adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces. In just 3 years, 288 new missiles were deployed.

Description of the Topol ballistic missile

RT-2PM "Topol" (according to NATO classification - "SS-25 "Sickle", GRAU-15Zh58) is a strategic complex with a solid fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile.

Despite its appearance, the Topol ballistic missile is classified as light. The launcher is mobile and ground-based, and the control system has its own on-board computer (on-board computer).

Thanks to the on-board computer and the use of the latest type of solid fuel for each stage, the designers managed to increase the target firing range. In this case, the possible deviation will be only 150-200 m.

1. Head part.
2. Transition compartment.
3. 3rd stage rocket propulsion engine.
4. Connection compartment 2 stages.
5. Main engine 2nd stage rocket.
6. 1st stage connection compartment.
7. 1st stage rocket propulsion engine.
8. 1st stage tail section.

Performance characteristics (TTX)

As previously mentioned, the Topol M rocket is a three-stage missile. Its length together with the head part is 22.7 m, and the diameter is 1.8 m. The complex itself is ready for launch within 2 minutes after setting the task. Other characteristics of the Topol M rocket are reflected in the table.

Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)

Autonomous launcher (APU)

Weight

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD)

Now, along with the systems of earlier versions, the Topol-M ICBM is entering service. In connection with international agreements of Russia, significant changes in flight and tactical characteristics (performance characteristics of the Topol M) became outside the legal framework.