TOPIC: Typical errors in word usage. The use of words in a meaning that is unusual for them. Violation of the boundaries of lexical compatibility.

Workshop

1. Indicate in which phrases the rules of word compatibility are violated:

Deep resistance, establish the causes of the fire, give hints, confessed fear, miss home, find out the possibility of translation, self-confidence, voice a point of view, figuratively paint a picture of the battle, put on a fur coat, a memorable souvenir, be surprised at the child’s abilities, huge rain, note noticed shortcomings, vote for the Prime Minister, provide a service, a long period of time, master moral standards, play not the last word in something, increase the level of knowledge, have consequences, take into account the circumstances.

2. For each word of the first group, select one or more words from the second group and write down the resulting phrases.

Armada, legion, cohort, galaxy, crowd, gathering, flock, herd, herd, heap, mass, multitude, lot, gathering, myriads.

Ships, planes, tanks, numbers, information, motorcycles, revolutionaries, doctors, facts, friends, books, extremists, papers, documents, geese, horses, cows, stars, liars, sailors, people.

3. Make up phrases with wordsmarket, bazaar; annual, annual. What determines the possibility/impossibility of combining these words with other words?

Words for reference: urban, central, indoor, Christmas tree, book, world, outdoor, vegetable, bird; cycle, vacation, meeting, income, assessment, stock.

Indicate in which examples the lexical meaning of the word is incorrect, give the correct interpretation:

Baroque - architectural detail on the facade of the building.

To flaunt (something) is to noisily express approval.

Synchronous - happening at the same time.

A layman is an expert in some field.

Minaret is a type of Muslim clothing.

Brave, courageous and dashing.

A confidant is a cap placed on a finger when sewing.

To lean over is to cover yourself with something from above your head.

Coryphaeus is a type of plant used as a spice.

Competent - knowledgeable; eligible.

Demagogue - the founder of a philosophical or political movement.

Colorful - nutritious.

Respectable - venerable, solid.

Missionary is the academic title of a teacher in religious educational institutions.

Beta is a letter of the Greek alphabet.

5. Find and explain factual errors in the following sentences:

1) Hand, squeeze the sting of the dagger (V. Mayakovsky). 2)Goddess of the sea, formidable Athena, Take off the mighty stone shell (O. Mandelstam). 3) He rents eighty dessiatines from some of the Khlynovskys (residents of the village of Khlynovo) and one hundred and twenty from ours; these are as many as one and a half hundred dessiatines (I. Turgenev). 4) And the Terek, jumping like a lioness with a shaggy mane on her back (M. Lermontov). 5) The naked month rises Under the azure moon... The sounds soar half asleep. Sounds caress me (V. Bryusov). 6) There in the distance the Tiber is silvering; The cypress trees leaned over him mysteriously. Oscillating with silvery sheets (I. Turgenev). 7) Do you remember the daring troika, Flashes of bright lightning, Your tired pose, The rustle of long eyelashes (“Golden-domed Moscow”). 8) With the awarding of the Hero of Russia star, he also had more stars on his shoulder straps - he became a major (TV show).

6. Correct sentences in which the word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it.

The production of Hamlet was new this season.

His yellow skin clearly indicated his Chinese or Vietnamese race.

When the music started playing, an officer approached Anna and invited her to dance with him.

Fruit salad of pineapples, oranges and grapefruits is my favorite treat.

As soon as we get ready to go into nature, some kind of natural collision will definitely happen.

A circus performance traditionally began with an impromptu performance by aerialists.

And our birches stand in their wedding shroud.

I know that A.S.’s ancestors are still alive. Pushkin.

In the 18th century, several printing houses were closed in Leningrad.

With good care, each animal can produce 12 kg of milk.

7. Find logical errors and explain what they are.

The commission found that the entire cow carcass was put into storage, with the exception of the front legs, which went to the left.

Investigate the anonymous letter and report the results to the author.

The room is a cube of 5 by 9 meters.

Peskarev had two absences and also visited the sobering-up center several times.

At first he gave the impression of a closed, unsociable person. Then it became known that he had a secondary technical education.

The blow was caused by a blunt, hard object, possibly the head.

8. Find speech errors in these sentences and correct them. Determine what is causing these errors.

1) An elegant ring and a tacky scarf testified to the artist’s impeccable taste. 2) Dejection, isolation and the accompanying constant ecstasy of my companion did not allow penetration into his soul. 3) The road led me to a comfortable casemate made of white brick. 4) Aesthetics determines the norms of behavior and moral principles that members of society adhere to. 5) After much thought, he accepted two alternatives: staying in his hometown and never getting involved in the business. 6) He everyone is absorbed in this matter. 7) Granny picked nettles and lay in ambush. 8) By 12 o'clock all voters had fulfilled their civic duty. 9) Notre Dame Cathedral was soon put into operation.

The workbook is intended for teaching the discipline “Russian language and speech culture” to students of all specialties of secondary vocational educational institutions. The manual will assist students in self-education and self-control in preparation for tests. The manual presents training tasks for all sections of the course, aimed at developing skills in the normative use of units of different language levels. The workbook is built in accordance with the program of the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech", which determines its content and compositional features. It contains material devoted to the most difficult issues of this course.

The workbook includes the basic concepts of speech culture and expands the understanding of the Russian language and its capabilities. In addition, the manual implements the idea of ​​an integrative and distance approach, which allows it to be used both in classroom classes and in distance learning.

This manual is published in the form of a workbook, which allows you to complete the proposed tasks and exercises directly on its pages.

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Regional state professional educational budgetary institution

"Kamchatka Industrial College"

Workbook

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

Study guide for students

secondary specialized educational institutions

Developed by a teacher

Russian language and literature

Lyubich Olga Alexandrovna

Vilyuchinsk, 2015

Explanatory note

The workbook is intended for teaching the discipline “Russian language and speech culture” to students of all specialties of secondary vocational educational institutions. The manual will assist students in self-education and self-control in preparation for tests. The manual presents training tasks for all sections of the course, aimed at developing skills in the normative use of units of different language levels. The workbook is built in accordance with the program of the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech", which determines its content and compositional features. It contains material devoted to the most difficult issues of this course.

The workbook includes the basic concepts of speech culture and expands the understanding of the Russian language and its capabilities. In addition, the manual implements the idea of ​​an integrative and distance approach, which allows it to be used both in classroom classes and in distance learning.

This manual is published in the form of a workbook, which allows you to complete the proposed tasks and exercises directly on its pages.

Topic 1. The concept of speech culture. Speech is correct. Speech is good.

A culture of speech - the use of literary Russian in official and everyday speech in accordance with its rules.

The task of speech culture:preservation and improvement of the literary language.

Signs of a literary language:

1) written recording of oral speech: the presence of writing influences the nature of the literary language, enriching its means of expression and expanding its scope of application;

2) normalization;

(a) the composition of the dictionary is carefully selected; b) the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and formation of grammatical forms follow a generally accepted pattern;

c) changes occurring in the language are reflected in new versions of the norm that were previously unacceptable).

3) the universality of norms and their codification;

4) branched functional-stylistic system;

5) dialectical unity of book and colloquial speech;

6) close connection with the language of fiction.

Correct speech is a speech in which all STANDARDS literary language.

Exercise 1 . Fill the table.

Exercise 2. Define the qualities of good speech:

Richness of speech - this is an indicator of the degree of diversity of speech and linguistic means that are used in a particular communication situation. The richness of speech is determined by 1) a large vocabulary; 2) knowledge and ability to use synonyms and antonyms, ambiguous words, neologisms and outdated words, phraseological units, etc.; 3) possession of word-formation resources; 4) mastery of a variety of syntactic structures and figures (forms of syntactic organization of words in the text).

Purity of speech - absence of slang words, dialects, vernacular, bureaucracy, words that offend morality.

Logicality - ______________________________________________

Accuracy - __

Expressiveness - ________________________________

Relevance - _

Exercise 3. Indicate which form of the national Russian language the following characteristics correspond to:

Compulsory for all educated people _____________________________________;

Prevalence in a certain area ________________________________;

Availability of a system of functional styles ________________________________________________;

Attachment to certain groups of people ________________________________;

Standardization (fixed in dictionaries) ___________________________________;

Attitude to the speech of poorly educated people ___________________________________;

Traditionality and sustainability ________________________________________________;

Rapid change ______________________________________________________________;

Model form of language ______________________________________________________________;

The most ancient form of language is ___________________________________________________;

The presence of oral and written forms of existence ______________________________.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct answer.

1. Literary Russian language isa) the language of fiction; b) strictly standardized form of language; c) book version of the Russian language.

2. In a broad sense, the term “modern Russian literary language” impliesa) language from Lomonosov to the present day; b) language from Pushkin to the present day; c) language from Tolstoy to the present day.

3. The main sphere of functioning of a territorially limited forma) scientific field; b) everyday communication; c) media.

4. Professional dialect– this is a) professional jargon; b) territorially limited form of language; c) professional terms.

5. In the sentence “It’s time shoes change on the car" the underlined word refers to

a) to the local dialect; b) to a professional dialect; c) to professional jargon.

6. Pronouncing the words “calls”, “contract”, “catalog” isa) normative, literary; b) slang; c) colloquial.

7. Does not apply to non-normative forms of languagea) territorially limited form; b) literary language; c) socially limited forms.

Topic 2. Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms are norms for the pronunciation of words.

Exercise 5. Underline the words in which a soft consonant is pronounced before [e].

Tempo, trend, overcoat, French, jurisprudence, term, cream, academy, session, dean, dean's office, press, brunette, sandwich, adequate, business, computer, detective, cafe, coffee, sweater, resume, decade, compartment.

Accentology studies the norms of stress placement.

Exercise 6. Rewrite with emphasis.
♦ Why is no one calling me? Don't have real estate? Without your care (not guardianship ) he can’t even take a step. Let there be as many bonus employees as possible. A voice from behind the door. If you want to buy goods in bulk, go to the wholesale market.
♦ What beautiful blinds. Contact a glazing company (not glazing ) balconies. Are you already uncorking a jar of cucumbers? That's right, uncork it. Will you have beetroot soup? Won't you? It's a pity. Beets are a useful thing. What about sorrel? Sorrel is also very useful. There are no Teflon pans in the store. Where is your garbage disposal? In which quarter is the house we need? Can you imagine, I slipped (not slipped ) near the house!
♦ I spoil my daughter, you spoil your son, we spoil our children, our children are completely spoiled. The selection of scarves in the store is huge. You must have a reservation for tickets here. We will call you ourselves. From these agreements it follows... We offer wholesale quantities of goods. I want to work with the catalogue. When will the lights finally be turned on?

Accent functions

Climax featureaccent - main; the role of emphasis is toensure “the unity and separateness of the word in syntagmatic and paradigmatic terms».

Significative functionaccents are hisability to discriminate(with appropriate highlighting)grammatical forms, words and their lexical-semantic variants: big - big, teachers- teachers, clear up - clear up, bellows - bellows, flour - flour and etc.

Exercise 7. Note how the placement of stress depends on the meaning of the word. Make up phrases that explain the meaning of the words.

Atlas_______________________________________________________________________

Vision_____________________________________________________________________

Armor_______________________________________________________________________

Conscript________________________________________________________________

Image__________________________________________________________________________

Naked_________________________________________________________________________

Clubs______________________________________________________________________________

Iris____________________________________________________________________

Horns___________________________________________________________________

Arrows_______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8. Place emphasis in words.

Apartheid, reflection, orphans (plural), carpenter, customs, dancer, tolika, deceased, phenomenon, hatred, libel, transmitted, cirrus clouds, mold, handrails, funeral, honor, nap, cruelly, enviably, loan, ringing , clog, rust, call, exhaust, quarter, confessor, heretic, blinds, regular, spoiled, hysteria, catalogue, rubber, pantry, cooking, masterfully, monologue, obituary, provision, depreciate, facilitate, encourage, intercede, owners, cement , chain, seamstress, tyranny, deepen, Ukrainian, language (sausage), wholesale, uncork, inform, cheer up, pullover, dowry, force, funds, statue, cakes, litigation, forum, chaos, sleek, hundredweight, draw, excursion, agent, long-standing, prettier, flint, self-interest, ache, hunk, maneuvers, ordeal, cash on delivery (payment), intention, backhand, real estate, guardianship, sheet, sheet, centimeter, orphan, condolences, alcohol, increase, interest, shell, driver , sorrel, expert, aristocracy, asymmetry, bourgeoisie, veterinary medicine, invention, glimpse, management, publican, haircut, obliquely, anatomist, arrest, unrestrained, block, fear, exorbitant prices, ironing, aggravate, cleaning, pizzeria, teenage, in the morning, anticipate, sentence, carried out, August, genesis, despot, conspiracy, significance, iconography, impulse, gradually, pickling, flounder, lay, kitchen, marketing, beets, case, savvy, drug, bent, remedy, boast, whooping cough, nettle, newborn, normalize, promised, fill, bonus, bonus, acquisition, overpass, sanitation, concentration, aggravate, form, Christian, language (problems), alphabet, alcohol, apostrophe, pamper, perspective, confession, mark, medicine, cousin, hyphen , extraction, absolutely, leisure, bureaucracy, gastronomy, democracy, department, despotism, dialogue, dispensary, contract.

Exercise 9. Underline the words that correspond to the norm of the literary language.

colander - colander, debt - debt, put - lie, fever - fever, lie - lie,

I will lie down - I will lie down, long-distance - intercity, purring - purring, soft - soft, reward - reward, splash - splash, baking sheet - baking sheet,

Topic 3. Monologue, dialogue, polylogue as varieties of oral speech

Exercise 10. Distribute the words below into three columns in terms of their function in speech.Agitation, reprimand, newspaper, dialogue, discussion, report, information, book, counter-propaganda, lecture, monologue, notation, controversy, propaganda, conversation, interview, exam.

Forms of oral statements

Exercise 11. Write down definitions for the following concepts:

Message _________________________________________________________________________

Report _____________________________________________________________________________

Dispute or discussion_____________________________________________________________

Thesis __________________________________________________________________________________

Arguments ____________________________________________________________________________

Refutation ___________________________________________________________________________

Persuasiveness __________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 12. Find the thesis and arguments in the following arguments. Evaluate correctnessargumentation. If the argument is incorrect, indicate why.

A. All Africans want happiness. Residents of North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, and researchers of Antarctica also want the same thing. This means that all people on Earth want happiness.

________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Without personal labor, a person cannot move forward; cannot stay in one place, but must go back. The body, heart and mind of a person require work, and this demand is so urgent that if for some reason a person does not have his own personal work in life, then he loses the real road and two others open before him, both equally disastrous: the road tireless dissatisfaction with life, gloomy apathy and bottomless boredom, or the road of voluntary, imperceptible self-destruction, along which a person quickly descends to childish whims or bestial pleasures. On both roads, death takes possession of a person alive because work - personal, free labor - is life. (K. Ushinsky). _________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 13. You are the moderator of the discussion. Prepare to formulate your topic. To dataFor theses, find and write down the antithesis. For example:

Topic 4. Lexical norms

As a result of incorrect word usage, the following typical speech errors arise:

1. Using a word without taking into account its lexical meaning.

2. Lexical incompatibilityis the inability of words to fit together.

3. Speech failureis an accidental omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought. Speech impairment is often a consequence of missing a word.

4. Speech redundancy- this is verbosity, the inability to accurately and concisely express a thought.

A) idle talk - reasoning that does not represent informational value, repeated transmission of the same thought (the machine park was updated with new machines);

B) pleonasm - the use of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary in speech (the main essence, valuable treasures). Pleonasms arise as a result of the combination of synonyms (long and continuous), the stylistic negligence of the author;

B) tautology - a type of pleonasm that occurs when repeating words with the same root (tell a story, ask a question);

G) hidden tautologyarises when combining a foreign and Russian word that has the same meaning (memorable souvenirs).

5) Mixing paronyms- a semantic error that occurs as a result of the association of a misunderstood word. Paronyms (from Greek para - near + onima, onoma - name) - words with the same root, similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning: aromatic - aromatic - aromatic; banking - banking; hang - hang; serf - serf; yard - courtier; pay - pay, creature - essence; dress - put on; main - capital, etc.

6) Mixing paronomases. Paronomases(from Greek para + onoma) - words of different roots that have somewhat similar sounds and spellings and, as a result, are sometimes mixed up in speech: escalator - excavator; company - campaign; suspect - imply; leaf - petal, etc.

Exercise 14. Find speech errors, indicate the reasons for their occurrence and correct them offers.

1. In the past few days there have been snowfalls and a lot of snow has fallen. _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. I believe that those speakers who will speak will talk about business. _______________

____________________________________________________________________________________

1. Today we have a guest who came from Belarus. ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. In their free time from classes, children study in clubs. _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The essay was copied, and the one who copied does not deny that he copied the essay, and the one who allowed it to be copied even wrote that he allowed the essay to be copied. So the fact of writing off the essay has been established. ____________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Pavel Vlasov purposefully strives for his goal. _________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Nilovna calls on the people to fight for the people's cause. _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Belinsky directed Nekrasov on the right and true path. ______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Nagulnov is devoted to the party, but he has negative shortcomings, and he makes mistakes and blunders. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Now we are busy with the process of constructing new buildings.______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

11. The external appearance of the heroine of the story is very attractive.________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

12. In the further development of the plot, many surprises and interesting surprises await us.

13. Elections for the regional governor are scheduled for the month of June._____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Elections for the mayor of the city were held in the city of Rostov-on-Don._________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

15 . There is a long queue at the store today._______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Over the past weeks, an attempt to control the ship remotely has been tested at the cosmodrome. ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________

17 . Serious defects were discovered in the work of the hospital team._____________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

18. When winter came, he was demobilized to the front. _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Mtsyri wanted to gain will and freedom.__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Pushkin had a whole library of books in Mikhailovsky.___________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

21. The first premiere of this ballet took place on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater. _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 15. Read the text, instead of the highlighted words, select and write down the appropriate onesmeaning synonyms.

For berries.

And now the long-awaited day has come. We wake up early. In the east blushes (____________) narrow strip of dawn. Slowly rising from the horizon red (______________)Sun. And here we are in a wonderful forest clearing. Turn red (_________________) in short grass red (____________) strawberries. Guys pounce on these red (____________) lights; and now in the hand of the most agile girl there is a bouquet of large red (_______________) berries. Our guide, the boy in red (_______________) T-shirt, calls us to go to him quickly. We run out into the forest clearing in a crowd. She is all flooded with the sun, and in its bright golden rays red (____________) the placer is burning with fire red (___________) berries. It seems the whole clearing is flooded red (___________) flame. We stop as if spellbound.

Exercise 16. Lexical compatibility. For each word of the first group, matchthe corresponding one or more words from the second group and write down the formed phrases.

1. Armada, legion, cohort, galaxy, crowd, gathering, flock, herd, herd, heap, mass, lot, multitude, concourse, myriads.

2. Ships, planes, tanks, numbers, information, motorcycles, revolutionaries, facts, friends, books, extremists, papers, documents, geese, horses, cows, stars, liars, sailors.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 17. Underline the word used in an unusual meaning and indicate the correct one in brackets.

1. Our successes in the economy have led to noticeable regression in other areas. (____________________)

2. Three horses with a covered bag rode up to the entrance. (________________________________)

3. The good news put him in a minor mood - he was ready to jump with happiness.

(_________________________________)

4. The landowners treated their courtiers harshly. (_________________________________)

5. During the interval between lessons, the school principal entered the classroom. (__________________________)

6. The interior of our street is very beautiful. (_____________________________________________)

7. The new play attracted the attention of critics with its original plot to the point of banality.

(_________________________________________________________)

8. My brother, a music lover, cannot stand either music or singing. (_____________________________________________)

9. The company started producing goods that were in great demand, so it was now considered bankrupt. (_______________________________________________)

10. The designers of new wheat varieties also received awards. (_________________________________)

11. The truth and only the truth - this is the image of the writer. (__________________________________________)

12. This issue is not part of our mission. (________________________________________________)

13. Bazarov is a young man with a seedy face. (_______________________________________________)

14. Simonov’s poem “Wait for me” became a bestseller. (________________________________)

15. When the curtain parted, an actor stood on the stage in a gilded role. (_______________________)

16. We experience lethargy about the past. (________________________________________________)

17. I think he will make his next career in politics. (________________________________)

18. It is precisely because of such regular retributions that fall on the heads of the peasants that the villagers are horrified by the landowner and his mayor. (_______________________________)

19. The dilemma posed to the team was successfully completed. (______________________)

20. In the summer we took a short cruise: we took the train and went to Moscow. (___________________)

21. The imports of this country consisted of fur products, exported from it in large quantities.

(___________________________________________________)

22. If you study cartography well, you can win a lot of money at poker. (____________________)

Exercise 18. Correct speech errors associated with the use of paronyms.

1. To visit the theater more often, I bought a subscription._____________________________________________

2. The hero is in a suspended state all the time.__________________________________________

3. On this day I heard a lot of offensive words._______________________________________________

4. Any action deserves condemnation.__________________________________________________________

5. Everything around is attractive: both nearby and distant hills._________________________________

6. The student quickly mastered the material.__________________________________________________________

7. My brother is a practical person, he doesn’t throw away old things.___________________________

8. The boy answered the questions with a kind of guilty look.__________________________________________

9. The tallest buildings are located in the new quarters of the city.___________________________

10. She prepared a hearty breakfast.__________________________________________________________

11. Swampy silt is an excellent fertilizer.___________________________________________

12. She came in a flowery dress.__________________________________________________________

13. The neighboring cat walked importantly into the kitchen.__________________________________________________________

14. At the age of ten months the child was switched to artificial feeding._____________________

15. We live in the same house, but on different floors.__________________________________________

16. On a hot day it’s nice to walk along the shady alleys.__________________________________________

17. The earth must be dehydrated.________________________________________________________________

18. In the clearing we saw a high earthen hill.___________________________________________

19. These photographs were kept in the family because my grandmother was very careful.____________

20. Let's find hidden reserves within ourselves and get to the top.__________________________

21. The teacher noted with particular satisfaction the success of the weak student._______________________

22. He was given the opportunity to go to the south.__________________________________________

23. Selective gymnastics competitions were held.__________________________________________

24. A letter came to the radio, the addressee of which characterizes himself as follows: “I’m lonely.”________________

25. He didn’t want to study, so he grew up ignorant._________________________________________________

26. Terrible poverty forced him to eke out a miserable coexistence.__________________________

27. He did not like to work and led a festive lifestyle._____________________________________________

28. Mayakovsky stood at the sources of our poetry.___________________________________________

29. The poet’s early works are understandable and accessible to everyone.________________________________

30. At the end of the book there was a list of recommended literature.__________________________

Topic 5. Morphological norms.

Noun.Declension of names and surnames

Exercise 19. Analyze the names and surnames according to the scheme and fill out the table:

Symphonies by Dmitry Shostakovich, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; poems by Lev Kvitko, Bulat Okudzhava, Heinrich Heine; novels by Oles Gonchar, Charlotte Bronte, Margaret Mitchell; "article by Simon Soloveychik; roles of Elena Solovey, Juliet Mazina; models Annie Burda, Claude Montana; jump of Lyubov Burda; songs by Edith Piaf, Edita Piekha, Claudia Shulzhenko, Adriano Celentano; project by Domenico Trezzini; treatise by Grigory Skovoroda.

Exercise 20. A Analyze the examples and derive the rule for declination of doubles surnames

Paintings by Van Gogh, Petrov-Vodkin, Ostroumova-Lebedeva; Seton-Thompson books.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

B Put the surnames in the initial form.

1. Yesterday I met two friends, Sedoy and Sedov. _____________________________________________________

2. I asked for a book by Tolstoy, but the library gave me some Tolstoy. __________________ _______ 3. I borrowed Gorky’s stories from my friend Gorkov.________________________________

Exercise 21. Form of the instrumental case.

1. The American Mr. Pitkin and our citizen Mr. Pitkin signed up for an appointment with the mayor.Insert into the sentence - the mayor's remark - the words Mister and Mister:

I have an appointment with _________________ Pitkin and _____________ Pitkin.

2. Fill in the missing endings.

The presentation was in full swing. With Mr. Stephen... Christine... was his wife. She was introduced to our banker Stepan... Christine..., the owner of the new store Anton Kvakin... and his wife Elena Kvakin..., as well as his American partner Anthony Kvakin. ..and his daughter Ellen Kvakin...

Gender of nouns

Exercise 22. Parse the sentences into members and explain why the verb in the firstThe sentence is in the feminine form, in the second - masculine.

1. Doctor Ivanova came. 2. The doctor came. This is the well-known Ivanova.

Exercise 23. Fill in the missing endings.

Anna Petrovna Lebedeva is wonderful... trainer. She is an experienced teacher. No one remembers a time when our... coach was... wrong... . Coach Anna Petrovna has always been an example for her students.

Exercise 24. Add the endings.

1. Blooming .. Borneo is located... in Indonesia.

2. Full water .. Congo is the pride of Africans.

3. They moved to Tennessee, which was then prosperous.

4. Oh, this... unforgettable. .. Tiksi!

Use a geographic map to create a continuation of this exercise.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 25. Inanimate common nouns.

Distribute the nouns into 4 columns depending on gender.

Highway, avenue, taxi, sconce, muffler, kimono, manto, aloe, coffee, citro, whiskey, salami, kohlrabi, jelly, meringue, soufflé, popsicle, resume, domino, arioso, soprano, contralto.

Exercise 26. Add the endings.

Noisy.., crowded.. Oslo. On the main.. Avenue there is a cozy.. cafe called “Pink.. Flamingo”. At a table near the wall, where an elegant sconce hangs, a young lady and a shaggy hippie are sitting. The lady is wearing a loose kimono, the hippie is wearing faded jeans, a sweater and a dirty muffler. Both are chewing sandwiches with delicious salami and fresh kohlrabi salad. In front of the lady stands strong.. black.. coffee and apricots.. soufflé, in front of the hippie - no less strong.. whiskey.

Formation of nouns

Endings nominative caseplural of nouns

Exercise 27. Form the form I.p. plural from the following nouns

month, officer, address, tower, silk, anchor, pharmacist, choice, contract, passport, vacation, engineer, doctor, dome, stamp, handwriting, syllable, turner, cake, front, driver, director, inspector

and fill out the table:

Genitive plural

Exercise 28. Form the R.p. shape. plural from the following nouns

Kilogram__________________, gram________________, ampere______________, micron_______________, X-ray_________________________, Armenians_______________, Georgians_______________, Ossetians_______________, Romanians_______________, Tatars______________, Turkmen_______________, Turks_______________, Gypsies_______________; Kazakh_________________, Kyrgyz____________________, Mongol____________, Tajik______________, Uzbek____________, Yakut_______.

Apple___________, melon______________, orange________________, eggplant___________, tomato___________, tomato________________, tangerine_______________________.

Stocking__________, boot____________, tights____________________, sock__________, knee socks____________________, barge_________________, fable_____________, wafer_____________, poker___________, sheet___________, heron____________, saucer____________________, blanket__________, towel____________________, coast____________, outback___________, everyday life___________, manger____________________.

Exercise 29. Form the singular masculine and feminine from the following nouns:

Indians ______________________________________________________________________________

Kazakhs _________________________________________________________________________________

Finns _________________________________________________________________________________

Indians ________________________________________________________________________________

French people ______________________________________________________________________________

Poles ________________________________________________________________________________

Chinese ________________________________________________________________________________

Australians ___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 30. Form ETHNOCHORONYMS (common nouns) from inanimate proper nounsanimate nouns, masculine and feminine, singular and plural):

For example, Moscow - Muscovites, Muscovite, Muscovite.

• Izhevsk - ___________________________________________________________________
• Pskov
• Tomsk - _____________________________________________________________________
• Penza - _____________________________________________________________________
• Saint Petersburg - ____________________________________________________________
• Arkhangelsk - _______________________________________________________________

Exercise 31. Write down the numerals in words.

1. I regretted the 50 _____________________________ rubles spent in vain.
2. I have 60 _________________________ rubles and 8 __________________________ kopecks.
3. To 77_________________________________________________add 2____________________.
4. From 85 ___________________________________________________ subtract 5 ______________.
5. Soldiers were riding in 62 ______________________________________________________________ cars.
6. The teacher was horrified by the 59 ____________________________ mistakes made in the dictation.
7. The acquaintance with 52 _____________________________________________participants of the competition lasted for 52 _____________________________________________hours.
8. About 70 ________________________ kilograms of sweets were distributed to 83 ____________________ _________________kids, after which 82 _____________________________________ ___ of them had stomach ache.
9. Our cat is the mother of 86 ________________________________ kittens! She gave everyone 86 __________________ ___________________ an excellent upbringing, and the owners are proud of everyone 86 ________________________.
10. Of the 80 ___________________________ books in his library, he seriously valued only 20, _______________________, and he treated the remaining 60 ___________________________ coolly and willingly let anyone read any of these 60. __________________________
11. The old raven commanded a flock of 76 ___________________________________birds. It’s not an easy task to command 76 _________________________________________________ravens!
12. The jury was disappointed with 30 ________________________________ out of 85 __________________________________________ clothing models proposed for the competition.

Exercise 32. Give examples with an error in the formation of the word form. Write down the correct option.

Four girls - _________________________________________________

three friends - _____________________________________________________

in the year two thousand and three - __________________________________________

one and a half hundred meters - ________________________________________________

a worse option is _____________________________________________

season two hundred and thirtieth - _____________________________________________________

up to ninety sheets - ________________________________________________

to both neighbors - ___________________________________________________

their notebooks - ______________________________________________________________

a pair of boots - ________________________________________________________________

in two thousand and four - ________________________________________

Exercise 33. Cross out the incorrect ones.

With (five hundred, five hundred) rubles in my pocket

Over (one thousand, thousand, thousand) cases

About (five hundred, five hundred) inhabitants In (one hundred, hundred) meters

House with (fifty, fifty, fifty) rooms

Grind the butter with (two hundred, two hundred) grams of sugar

Exercise 34. Find, classify and correct errors.

1. There is no need to make differences in attitude towards strong and weak students. _______________________
2. You have your hand in your pants. _________________________________________________________________
3. Why do 90% have flasks and half don’t?__________________________________________
4. Hey, you three, come here, both of you!_________________________________________________________
5. Experienced drivers will not allow such violations. ___________________________________
6. My house is one and a half kilometers away. ___________________________________________
7. The mother put new sneakers on the child. ______________________________________________
8. At the meeting, Tanya shook hands with Evgeniy Yakhnis. ___________________________________________
9. For breakfast I drink black coffee without sugar._______________________________________________
10. I learned several fables for the reading competition.__________________________________________
11. We should be more strict with violators. _______________________________________
12. I will need two pairs of socks.__________________________________________________________
13. The maestro canceled the concert. __________________________________________________________
14. Sunny Baku is waiting for guests. ______________________________________________________________
15. Both girls' phones rang. ________________________________________________
16. Sheer tulle decorated the room. ___________________________________________________
17. He's smarter. ___________________________________________________________________
18. Our workshop bakes delicious cakes. _____________________________________________________
19. The news was left without comment. ___________________________________________________
20. Six tomatoes. _____________________________________________________________________
21. I promised to answer by October 5th. ___________________________________________________

PRONOUN

Error No. 1. Omission of a necessary word - the reflexive pronoun SELF or incorrect use.

Exercise 35. Correct any errors or shortcomings, if any.

1. Police officers found the body of an unemployed man in his apartment.

2. The father took the child with him.

3. Friends buried the writer in his homeland.

4. This person is constantly dissatisfied with himself.

5. The mother asked her daughter to take the purchase to her place.

Exercise 36. Insert the missing reflexive pronoun and explain why it is necessary.

1. I behaved poorly in class. (3 diary entry.)

2. How are you feeling today? (Doctor's question.)

3. Now let me move on to the last question. (From the speech of the speaker, who meant the continuation of his own, and not someone else’s, speech.)

4. She has no idea! (Characteristics of a friend.)

5. This film is a comedy.

Mistake No. 2. Pronoun as an extra word

Exercise 37. Find examples in which a pronoun is not needed in a sentence.

1. Grandfather Shchukar, he plays a comic role in the novel.
2. He, grandfather Shchukar, plays a comic role in the novel.
3. The teacher must have a fair attitude towards all children.
4. He, the teacher, must have a fair attitude towards all children.
5. Natasha Rostova, she gives carts to the wounded, she does not think about herself and her family at this moment.
6. Natasha Rostova! ... She gives carts to the wounded, she doesn’t think about herself at that moment.
7. It is she, Natasha Rostova, who gives carts to the wounded.

Error No. 3. Violation of the connection between subject and predicate and violation of agreement with the replaced word.

Exercise 38. Find and explain mistakes made when using pronouns.

1. Enemy... They trampled our land, burned, killed! _____________________________________________

2. Begun after the reform of 1861, the work exposes its true essence. _______________

________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Anyone who has not read this work should definitely get acquainted with it, because it is a wonderful book! _____________________________________________________________________

5. Those who did not have time or did not want to evacuate remained to defend their city. ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Mistake #4: Ambiguity when using pronouns.

Exercise 39. What questions might arise when reading this crime scene report? Count the number of pronouns whose use resulted in ambiguity.

The chest of drawers, according to the owners of the apartment, is in its usual place. There are pieces of torn paper and oil stains on its top cover. They emit an unpleasant, pungent odor. The top drawer of the chest of drawers is locked and there are fingerprints on it. The middle drawer has been taken out and lies on the windowsill, to the right of it is a broken vase, there are also fingerprints on its fragments. The bottom drawer is open and empty, the lock on it is broken. The cabinet has been moved from the wall to the door, there are fresh dark stains on it. The closet door is broken, the mirror on it is broken, and there are also fingerprints on its fragments. The buttons on all coats and fur coats have been cut off. They are thrown at the window. The rest of the things, according to the owners of the apartment, are in their usual places. They were not injured.

Exercise 40. Choose the correct pronoun. Emphasize it.

1. In Gorky’s play “At the Bottom” (every, any, every) character is shown in a unique way.

2. This kid collected (every, any, every) trash.

3. The train stopped at (every, any, every) station.

4. We went for a walk in (every, any, any) weather.

5. (Every, any, every) schoolchild must follow a daily routine.

6. (Every, any, every) student can learn to ski.

7. A strong-willed person will overcome (every, any, any) difficulties.

8. (Every, any, every) day brings us its own joys.

9. (Every, any, every) patriot loves his fatherland.

Formation of verb forms

Errors in the formation of verb forms are varied. The following types can be distinguished:

1) incorrect formation of the verb stem(doze - I doze instead of doze, whisper - I whisper instead of whisper);

2) non-compliance with alternations based on the present tense(guards instead of guards, guards instead of guards);

3) unification of the basics of the infinitive and past tense(hurt instead of hurt; shook out instead of shaken out);

4) deformation of differently conjugated verbs(run instead of run; want instead of want);

5) non-normative formation of imperative forms(go, go instead of go) ;

6) filling empty cells in the paradigm. Some verbs with a stem in D, T, 3 do not have a normative form of the lth person singular present or future tense for phonetic reasons:dare, win, appear, blow, feel, nonsense, outshine, convince, weird, mischief. If it is necessary to use verbs in the lth person form, use the descriptive construction -I'll try to convince, I can win, I want to feel. However, in speech there is also an erroneous formation of the following forms:I never thought I'd find myself in this situation.

Exercise 41. Form the third person singular form of the verbs. If such formsseveral, then explain what caused it.

Splash - __________________________, move - __________________________

To torture - ___________________________, to throw - ___________________________

Whistle - __________________________, meow - __________________________

Purr - _________________________________, drip - ___________________________

Exercise 42. If possible, put the suggested verbs in the form of the 1st person singular present orfuture tense. If this cannot be done, state the reason.

To buzz - __________________

Go green - ________________

chill - __________________

cense – ___________________

cackle -_________________

fly - ___________________

Feel - __________________

win – _________________

Vacuuming - _______________

rust - __________________

creaking -_________________

track - __________________

Judge - ___________________

establish -_________________

weird - ___________________

Exercise 43. Correct speech errors in sentences.

1. Vasya is whispering something to his neighbor. _______________________________________________________
2. Parents create good conditions for their children to study. _______________________________________
3. Drive faster - it's late. __________________________________________________________
4. The hurricane wind broke the ears of corn and carried them away to an unknown location. _______________________________
5. Sit on a chair, place your hand on the table, clench and unclench your fingers. _________________________
6. We saw a horseman galloping in the yard. ________________________________________________
7. I value friends who admit their mistakes. ___________________________________________
8. My parents scold me for being insolent to my teachers, but this is not true. ____________________________
9. Old trees in the park were cut down. _______________________________________________________
10. There is a bouquet of blooming asters on the table. ______________________________________________________________
11. He craves storms and adventure.__________________________________________________________
12. Punctuation errors have disappeared from schoolchildren's work. ____________________________________
13. The boy was not allowed to touch his father's briefcase. _____________________________________
14. The guy seemed honest and promised to get married, but everything turned out completely wrong. _____________________
15. They are driven by the desire to acquire a good education. ________________________________________
16. I will pierce my offender with a spear. ______________________________________________________________
17. The old man advised: “Drive along that road: it is shorter and smoother.”______________________________
18. The hungry bear was locked in the back room. _______________________________________
19. The neighbor's cat is dozing in the corner. ______________________________________________________________
20. I realize that I did wrong. ___________________________________________________________
21. Various clothes were drying on the line. ______________________________________________________________
22. Thank God, I don’t depend on them now. ______________________________________________________________
23. Well, why are you pestering me? ____________________________________________________________
24. I didn't know how long it would take. ______________________________________________
25. Sometimes you get carried away by an interesting book and forget about sleep. ___________________________________
26. The woman became deaf in early childhood. ______________________________________________________________
27. First, let's divide these numbers into 3 and 4. _______________________________________________________

Exercise 44. Analyze the aspectual-temporal relations of verbs.Mark the sentences with errors.

1. In the evening we sit by the fire, and the counselor told We have different stories.

2. When it came December, the weather is harsh changes .

3. When the bear cubs When they grow up, they are put on a chain.

4. Unhappy man crawled to a safe corner and sat there for two or three hours until the bear died down

5. One day, in the cold winter season,

I came out of the forest ; it was bitterly cold.

I see it's slowly going uphill

Horse carrying load of brushwood (N.A. Nekrasov)

6. I saw a horse climbing up the mountain.

7. I see how the horse climbed the mountain.

Exercise 45. Correct speech errors.

1. A squirrel is sleeping, curled up in its nest. _________________________________________

2. After the skating rink, I go home joyful, with cheerful impressions. ____________________________

3. The role of books in a person’s life is great: he must expand his horizons. ____________________

4. Having been to the cinema, I usually think whether I am capable of such actions that the characters in the film do. _____________________________________________________________________________________

5. We do not shine with success. ______________________________________________________________

6. The task set before us has been achieved. _____________________________________________

7. At the demonstration, Sizov joins the revolutionaries. ___________________________________

8. The air is clean. The sun is warming brighter. Breathe fresh. ___________________________________________

9. A group of students came to listen to an optional course of lectures on welding by Associate Professor Yuryev._______ __________________________________________________________________________________________

10. He felt strong hatred towards him. _________________________________________________

11. A dormitory was organized for men and women with iron beds on nets. ______________ ________________________________________________________________________________________

12. The carpenter made this oak shelf with four legs. _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

13. The city public is widely preparing to celebrate the anniversary of the famous writer. _______________ ________________________________________________________________________________________

14. The girl bought brown stockings. ____________________________________________________________

15. We hasten to congratulate you on your anniversary. _____________________________________________

16. She had huge brown eyes. ___________________________________________________

17. The students listened intently to the teacher’s story. _____________________________________________

18. Most of the time was spent on drawing up unnecessary reports. ____________________________

19. This happened in late spring. ______________________________________________________________

20. Documents are being processed over a long period of time. __________________________

21. He was a true friend to me. ______________________________________________________________

22. In these competitions the athlete was defeated. ________________________________________

23. He bowed his head on her shoulder. _______________________________________________________

24. The son knelt before his mother. _____________________________________________________

25. This news pleased her. ___________________________________________________

26. My best friend and I often go to the movies. _______________________________________

Topic 6. Syntactic norms

Exercise 46. In which example wrong Is there a question for the dependent word of the verb?

Make up phrases with the given verbs.

a) be indignant (against what?) ________________________________________________________________

b) lead (who? what?)_________________________________________________________________

c) worry (about whom? about what?)______________________________________________________________

d) promote (who? what?)______________________________________________________________

e) be indignant (with what?)__________________________________________________________________________

e) reproach (what?)_______________________________________________________________________

g) worries (for what? for whom?)______________________________________________________________

h) blame (for what?)_______________________________________________________________________

Exercise 47. In which rows are there no errors in the construction of phrases?

a) according to the proverb, touch a hot stove

b) touch on problems, I miss you

c) distinguish between unions, advantage over me

d) director of the school, head of the pharmacy.

e) criticize for mistakes, pay attention to details

e) note the merits, I miss you

g) pay for travel, based on facts

h) blame the HR department for embezzlement

Exercise 48. Choose the desired option from the words given in brackets.

a) Vanya (told, shared) about his impressions of the trip to Moscow.

b) The teacher (paid a lot of attention, paid a lot of attention) to working with lagging students.

c) Terrible heat (slowed down, interfered with) the normal work of the geological expedition.

d) The girl (handled, treated) books very carefully.

Exercise 49. Make up phrases with the given words.

Exercise 50. Underline the correct use of the preposition, insert the missing letters.

Leave (from, from) the house, go down (from, from) the roof, come (from, from) the Caucasus, come (from, from) England, transfer (from, from) the tram to the bus, come (from, from) the post office, come (from, from) the workshop, distribute to schools..., upon arrival..., approach (to the tree, to the tree), walk (to the tree, to the tree), at the end of... the session, at the end.. .work, stand (near, at) the entrance, go (to, to) mom..., walk (to, to) the forest..., make (to, to) turn..., get (to, to) housing....

Exercise 51. Correct speech errors in sentences. Explain

the reasons for their occurrence.

1. This country, due to its uniqueness and diversity, attracts tourists. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. These facts indicate the impossibility of efficient use of all resources. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. Pupils in the duty class were tasked with observing order during recess. _______________________________________________________________________________
4. While preparing my homework, I was constantly distracted by my phone. _______________________________________________________________________________
5. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family. _______________________________________________________________________________
6. A group of Cossacks wanted to write a letter to the Turkish Sultan. ______________________________________________________________________________
7. You will see majestic cathedrals that will be remembered forever. _______________________________________________________________________________
8. The children were frolicking in the yard in the morning. _______________________________________________________________________________
9. The Dnieper River overflowed its banks this spring. _______________________________________________________________________________
10. Thanks to the efforts of his parents, his son received an excellent education. _______________________________________________________________________________
11. The given examples indicate the possibility of widespread use of this invention. _____________________________________________________________________
12. The artist was awarded a high award. _______________________________________
13. Having squandered his fortune, he had nothing to leave to his children. _________________________________________________________________________________
14. Tired after class, I didn’t read it. __________________________________________
15. Many more columns joined us. ________________________________________
16. Yesterday the experienced therapist Solomina saw patients. ___________________________
17. He has always been an excellent captain of his ship. ___________________________
18. Our teacher organized and leads the “Chemistry in Everyday” club. _____________
19. In his notes, the author describes in detail about his trip to the Caucasus. _______________
20. The stranger sank into a chair and stretched out his hands to the fire that was blazing in the fireplace and which attracted him. _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
21. Teachers who have worked in school their entire lives should, without a doubt, receive a preferential pension. __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
22. When he woke up, he was told that breakfast had already been served. _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
23. Using a calculator, the calculation is done correctly and easily. _________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
24. The delicate acacia tree has become a symbol of the hometown. ___________________
25. The father was always surprised by his son’s hard work. ________________________________________
26. In the capital, tourists went to museums, theaters, and concerts. _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
27. Is it conceivable for parents to be indifferent to the fate of their children? _______________________
28. The sea waves, energetically rolling onto the shore and making an exciting noise, had a magical effect on us. _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
29. The lecture given to students about new advances in medicine aroused great interest. ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
30. Then Sergeev is appointed head of the motor depot, working in this position for a year and a half._______________________________________________ _______________________________
31. Many shops have opened in the city. ________________________________________
32. Thirty-one countries took part in the congress. ____________________________
33. The newspaper "Arguments and Facts" recently published an article about the activities of the new party. __________________________________________________________________________
34. Despite the efforts of the tutors, the boy studied poorly. ____________________________
35. I think that my favorite writer is not far from the truth in some of his works. __________________________________________________________________________
36. Residents of neighboring villages were in dire straits, cut off from the outside world by the flood and fleeing to the roofs of their houses. _______________________________________________________________________________
37. Relatives living in Siberia arrived in Moscow and stayed with us. _______________________________________________________________________________
38. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me. _________________________________________________________________________________
39. Two rays of sunlight penetrate through the cracks in the roof. ____________________________
40. For many centuries the peasantry fought against the landowners. _______________________________________________________________________________
41. The young man was offended by the impolite treatment of a passerby.

__________________________________________________________________________

1. Everywhere - on the streets, squares, parks and gardens - the imminent arrival of spring was felt.

___________________________________________________________________________

43. Chatsky dealt a decisive blow to a society that hated dissent and

which defended serfdom. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

44. A person’s life experience is his true wealth.

___________________________________________________________________________

45. After finishing the tour, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant. ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
46. After the trial, the disgraced writer was sent to Siberia, staying there for many years.

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 52. Correct speech errors in sentences.

1. Focus special attention on ensuring that each publication, thanks to your advice and recommendations, finds its way to readers. _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
2. The government has established new awards. They were awarded to well-known people. _____________________________________________________________________
3. Translations of poems from different years and the Nobel speech of the Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz in the magazine were made by I. Brodsky and V. Britanishsky. ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
4. Has his illness affected his fitness? _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
5. Apparently, the dolphins decided to look towards the shore, looking for food. ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
6. Of course, we didn’t touch it, we didn’t even touch the nest. _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
7. Due to the adoption of a new document, the previous Decree was recognized as no longer in force. ______ _________________________________________________________________
8. Interested in the game, a passerby sat down. ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
9. The language of the poem is filled with colloquial expressions and speech irregularities. ___________________________________________________________________________
10. The poetess wrote this poem in dedication to her husband. __________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
11. For many peoples, a long braid is one of the attributes of female beauty. ______________ ________________________________________________________________________________
12. Among the members of the election commission was a representative of the opposition party E. Mamedova, who vigilantly ensured that no fraud occurred. ____________ __________________________________________________________________________
13. A real man should be kind, gentle, restrained in his emotions, especially in relationships with the fair sex, with loved ones. _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
14. There are a lot of metaphors used. ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
15. An English corporation received this painting from Iran and sold it to an anonymous buyer, with the proceeds they bought the Shahnameh from the owner and transferred the masterpiece to the Iranians. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
16. He needs the ability to convince people to his side. _________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
17. The main reason that helped me choose a profession was this meeting. _____ ______________________________________________________________________________
18. These funds helped to reveal the main theme - love for a woman. ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________
19. In 1949, the creation of a new state, the Federal Republic of Germany, was proclaimed. ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________
20. The tennis player realized that the tactics of the match needed to be changed. _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 53: Correct syntax errors.

1. Eight people entered the innkeeper’s house._________________________________________________

2. Thirty-one students took part in the trip.________________________________________________

3. Most of the houses in this area are made of stone.________________________________________________

4. For centuries, the peasantry fought against the landowners.________________________________

5. The children are grateful to the bosses for the gift.__________________________________________________________

6. The Zhiguli car arrived first.__________________________________________________________

7. Three benches stood against the wall.________________________________________________________________

8. Most of the poet’s works are devoted to the theme of love.__________________________________________

9. Either snow or hail will fall tomorrow._________________________________________________

10. The spaceship is flying to the planet Mars.________________________________________________

11. The flag flew over Mount Kazbek._________________________________________________

12. This will take several months._________________________________________________

13. Which of your friends wrote about this?__________________________________________________________

14. 32 hours saved during loading.__________________________________________________________

15. We are studying messages from the Luna-10 spacecraft._________________________________

16. The telescope was pointed towards the constellation Gemini.___________________________

17. The Dnieper River overflowed its banks this spring.________________________________________________

18. The cheerful kitten Murka made us laugh every day.__________________________________________

19. The kids were frolicking in the yard in the morning.__________________________________________________________

20. Thirty-one countries took part in the congress__________________________________________

Topic 6. Functional styles of the Russian language

Exercise 54. Determine what style the texts below belong to:

1) conversational;

2) artistic;

3) journalistic;

4) official business;

5) scientific.

Text 1.________________________________________________________________

The year 2002 showed: it is time for applied sciences to unite in confronting not only terrorism, but also natural disasters. The World Meteorological Organization admitted that it is not in its power to predict disasters. If previously abnormal weather phenomena occurred only in Africa and Australia, now no continent is immune from them.

Text 2.________________________________________________________________________________

To develop the theory of a unified field, that is, to prove mathematically that there is no separate magnetic field, electric and even biofield, and all these are manifestations of the Unified Energy Field of the Universe, was Einstein’s favorite and unfulfilled dream. I dreamed, but didn't have time...

Text3.__________________________________________________________________________

In response to your request about dividends on shares of the Forum enterprise and on shares of the investment fund, we inform you as follows. In 1999, significant investments (more than 300 million rubles) were aimed at modernizing the enterprise, purchasing new equipment and know-how technologies. In this regard, in 2000, the payment of dividends to shareholders will be temporarily suspended, since all the profits of the Forum enterprise will go to the development of production.

Text 4.______________________________________________________________________________

Autumn freed peasants from agricultural work, rewarding their labor with temporary rest. Generous, rich, she adorned the earth with a golden outfit. The time has come for fun weddings. To test the sharpness, observation, and intelligence of the bride and groom, they very often resorted to a favorite technique among the people - asking riddles. (G. Naumenko).

Text 5.______________________________________________________________________________

The enormous power of pulsed lasers allows laser ranging of the Moon. This helps determine the fundamental parameters of the Earth-Moon system and, on this basis, solve many problems of geodynamics, geodesy, and astronomy.

Text 6. _____________________________________________________________________

The greatest value of a people is its language. The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. He thinks! After all, this means that a person’s entire conscious life flows through his native language. Emotions and sensations only color what we think about or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language. (D.S. Likhachev).

Text 7.______________________________________________________________________________

Receipt

This receipt was given to the library of school No. 12 that I, the head of the 10th grade, Elena Petrova, received 20 (twenty) copies of I. A. Bunin’s books “Dark Alleys” for the class for a period of 10 days.

04/15/2003. E. Petrova

Text 8.______________________________________________________________________________

A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between so-called cumulonimbus clouds or between clouds and the earth's surface, as well as objects located on it. These lightning discharges are accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain, sometimes with hail and strong winds.

Exercise 55. Read an excerpt from V. Shukshin’s story “Crank”. Explain why to the herostory, the text of the telegram had to be rewritten.

At the airport, Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “We have landed. A lilac branch fell on your chest, dear Pear, don’t forget me. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator, a stern, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested: “Make it differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten." - "Why? - asked the Weird.II always write to her like this in letters. This is my wife! ... You probably thought...” - “You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is open text." The weirdo rewrote it. “We landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator herself corrected two words: “landed” and “Vasyatka”. It became: “we’ve arrived”, “Vasily”. - “We’ve landed... What are you, an astronaut or what?” “Okay,” said Chudik. - Let it be so".

Exercise 56. Read the list of features characteristic of the styles of the Russian literary language. Next to the name of the style, mark the numbers of those features that correspond to this functional style.

1) Objectivity; 2) accuracy; 3) logic; 4) conciseness; 5) expressiveness; 6) declarativeness; 7) authorization; 8) imagery; 9) impersonality; 10) standardization; 11) simplicity;

12) generality; 13) expressiveness; 14) specificity; 15) spontaneity; 16) normalization;

17) formality; 18) use of non-standardized language means.

Signs of scientific style: ______________________________________________________________

Signs of formal business style: _________________________________________________

Signs of journalistic style: _____________________________________________

Signs of conversational style: ___________________________________________________

Signs of the style of fiction_______________________________________________

Exercise 57. Determine which of the four styles the word or expression belongs to: scientific style (1); formal business style (2); journalistic style (3); conversational style (4).Following(__); military (__); condensed milk (__); differential(__); boiling temperature (__); take place (__); voyage(__); soda(__); formulate(__); analyze (__); clunker(__); entrusted(__); go on watch (__); roll the ball (__); whim (__); bring to justice (__); in the past year (__); output formula (__); such (__); isothermal(__); too small (__); selfless (__); above(__); skiff(__); aspirations (__); fail (exam) (__); provide assistance (__); record book (__); variance(__); hype(__); reprimand (__); in case of no-show (__); constant value (__).

Scientific style

Exercise58. Complete the sentences:

Scientific speech is distinguished by the following features:

• _________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________________________

The scientific style is used in the following areas.

• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________

There are several substyles of scientific style:

1 classification:

• _____________________________________________

  replica

  educational scientific genre, similar to a thesis, but smaller in volume and with less topic coverage

  graduate work

  briefly expressed provisions of a scientific work

  course work

  scientific work devoted to a deep and thorough study of one topic

  theses

  (academic, educational, popular science) 1) oral systematic presentation of educational material by the teacher; 2) public speaking on any topic

  Research Article

  graduate student research paper

  treatise

  review of scientific work

  review

  an article characterized by a purely scientific presentation of information and a lack of emotionality

  annotation

  research work prepared for public defense of its provisions

  monograph

  a scientific genre that examines a specific issue or problem

  thesis

  brief description of the content of a scientific work

  Exercise 60. Determine which famous Russian proverb is conveyed using scientific style

  1. It is impossible to reach a single representative of the order of rodents with long ears and strong hind legs while chasing a pair of individuals that are representatives of this order of mammals. ____________________________________ _________________________ _________

  2. The expected result is achieved by measuring seven times and moving the scissors once. ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________

  3. Acceleration of the process of formation of coherent speech with the help of the most mobile of the organs of the speech apparatus, consisting of the root, back and tip, should not be highlighted when accelerating the performance of any assigned task. ______ _______________________________________

  4. If you have a negative attitude towards an oral communicative act that has a misinformation goal, it is advisable to interrupt your participation in it as an addressee, and not to prevent its continuation. ________________________________ ______________________________

  Formal business style

  Formal business style isthe language of documents, official papers and business meetings.

  Exercise 61. List the characteristic features of this style. _______________________________

  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 62. Determine which of the definitions below relate to the following genres of the clerical and business substyle:

  act, questionnaire, statement, extract, business letter, power of attorney, agreement, memorandum, note, application, notification, contract, inventory, report, presentation, order, protocol, schedule, order, resolution, certificate, invoice.

  ___________________ - an agreement on the establishment, modification or termination of legal relations.

  ___________________ is a document addressed to management, which sets out any issue with the conclusions and proposals of the compiler.

  ___________________ is a document that indicates the amount of money due for something.

  ____________________ is a document giving authority to its bearer to perform any actions on behalf of the principal.

  ___________________ is a document informing about an upcoming event (meeting, meeting, conference) and inviting participation in it.

  ____________________ is a document that is a stencil text containing questions on a specific topic and a place for answers (or answers) to them.

  _____________________ is a document used for communication and transmission of information at a distance between two correspondents, who can be legal entities or individuals.

  _____________________ is a document containing a description and confirmation of certain facts and events.

  _______________________ is a document containing a consistent record of the progress of discussion of issues and decision-making at meetings, meetings, conferences and sessions of collegial bodies.

  _______________________ - a document containing a proposal for the appointment, relocation or promotion of personnel, as well as a recommendation for certain actions and activities regarding the activities of the institution.

  ________________________ - a document containing a request or offer from a person (persons) to an institution or official, person, for example, for employment, for leave, etc.

  ___________________________ - a document containing information on the preparation, implementation and results of the implementation of plans, assignments, business trips and other events, submitted to a higher institution or official.

  ________________________ is a document drawn up by several persons and confirming established facts and events.

  _________________________ is a document recording agreements between two or more parties.

  _________________________ is a copy of part of a text document.

  ____________________________ - a brief statement of any issue or explanation of the content of any document, fact, event.

  ____________________________ - an announcement about the time, place and sequence of doing something.

  ____________________________ - a list of any data arranged in a certain order.

  ___________________________ - a legal act issued individually by the head, mainly of a collegial government body, in order to resolve operational issues.

  ____________________________ - a legal act issued by the head of a government body (its structural unit), acting on the basis of unity of command in order to resolve the main and operational tasks facing this body.

  ______________________________ - a decision made by a meeting, congress, conference, etc., on the issue under discussion.

  ___________________________ - a legally formalized list of documents.

  Exercise 63. Edit the sentences

  1. The author had to analyze as many regulatory documents on privatization (including laws, decrees, etc.). ______________________________________________________________

  2. Economic policy today should increasingly focus on such goals. ______________________________________________________________________________

  Z. The solution to these problems cannot be achieved except by creating new management systems. ____________________________________________________________________________________

  4. Bank payments began to get stuck for up to three months.______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

  5. Today, the international forum “World Experience and the Russian Economy” opens in the Kremlin Palace. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

  7. Therefore, the threat of mass unemployment is directly related to the possible inconsistency of the processes of release, redistribution and employment. _____________________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 64.Write a business document to the theater (cinema) with a request to allocate tickets to attend a performance (movie). What exactly should you include in this document? Who should it be written in? What will this document be called?

  _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 65.Read the summary. Find errors and edit the text.

  My name is Markova Tatyana, I am 17 years old. At first I studied at one school, but then my parents changed apartments and I moved to another. At first I studied poorly, I often skipped because I had bad friends who also often skipped, but when I moved, I began to study better. I studied especially well in geography. Therefore, I want to work in the field of geography, that is, in your company that creates geographic maps. I love geography because it talks about travel, different countries and continents. I did not enter the pedagogical institute at the Faculty of Geography, but I want to work with you, understand the subject better and enroll again next year. I am very obedient, I can draw and cook delicious food. I like to go to the cinema and read books. I have many girlfriends and friends. I have never worked before, but I think it would be good to be a secretary or something else. I live in Moscow region. Please hire me.

  Markova Tatyana.

  _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  JOURNALISTIC STYLE

  Exercise 66. List the substyles of journalistic style.

  _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 67.Choose suitable definitions for the following genres of journalistic style:

  essay, article, note, essay, pamphlet, proclamation, manifesto, program, feuilleton, interview, report, resolution.

  ____________ - a short story in a newspaper or magazine that reveals a particular topic;

  _______________ - a printed appeal of a propaganda nature, including in the form of a leaflet;

  _______________________ - the genre of presentation and analysis of various facts and phenomena of social life with their direct interpretation by the author;

  __________________ - a work with a topical socio-political exposure with elements of satire;

  _______________________ rally (meeting) - a summary of the final decision of the rally (meeting);

  _____________________ - a satirical or humorous depiction of any phenomenon or person;

  ________________________ - general or preliminary considerations on any subject, which the author presents in a conversational style, showing his individual position;

  _________________________________ - a conversation between a journalist and one or more people on current topics broadcast on television, radio or published in a newspaper or magazine;

  _________________________ - statement of the main provisions and goals of the activities of a political party, organization, government;

  ____________________________________________________ - appeal, declaration, appeal of a public organization, political party, containing the program and principles of their activities;

  ________________________________________ - prompt notification of any event;

  ________________________________________ - a short report in a newspaper on a current topic.

  Exercise 68. Prove or disprove the following statements. Choose 2-3 arguments.

  None of us is fluent in Russian.___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

  Foreigners do not experience difficulties in mastering the Russian language._____________ _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

  The Russian language is going through a deep crisis._____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 69. Restore the original form of the quotation used in a newspaper headline. Indicate the author and work.

  Return of the Caucasian prisoner._____________________________________________

  The folk trail is overgrown.________________________________________________

  And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to sell the Volga to.________________________

  A ray of light in the gray kingdom.________________________________________________

  Where do pistachios come from?_______________________________________________________________

  They transported an elephant on a trailer.________________________________________________

  Sumo and women are submissive._______________________________________________

  Little Fritz.__________________________________________________________

  How a London dandy is dressed._______________________________________________

  I would go to brokers._________________________________________________________

  Art style

  Exercise 70. Reveal the features of the artistic style of speech.

  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  Exercise 71. Define the following genres of artistic style.

  story________________________________________________________________________________

  parable________________________________________________________________________________

  poem__________________________________________________________________________

  story________________________________________________________________________________

  novel________________________________________________________________________________

  fable________________________________________________________________________________

  play________________________________________________________________________________

  fairy tale________________________________________________________________________________

  poem________________________________________________________________________________

  short story________________________________________________________________________________

  Questions for the test in the course “Russian language and culture of speech”

  1. Language and speech. Literary language. Functions of the language.
  2. Ecology of language. Destructive processes in language.
  3. Language norms.
  4. Qualities of good speech.
  5. Speech etiquette.
  6. Principles of communication.
  7. Nonverbal factors of communication.
  8. Oral and written speech.
  9. Types of speech activity.
  10. Orthoepic norms. Accentology.
  11. Lexical norms. Lexical compatibility. Lexical redundancy.
  12. Morphological norms.
  13. Syntactic norms.
  14. Functional styles of language.
  15. Scientific style of language. Genres of scientific style.
  16. Journalistic style.
  17. Official business style.
  18. Art style.
  19. Conversational style.
  20. Spelling and punctuation. Principles of spelling.
  
  

  test

  4. For each word of the first group, select the corresponding one or more words from the second group and write down the formed phrases

  Armada of ships; a legion of extremists; cohort of revolutionaries; galaxy of stars; crowd of friends; a bunch of liars; a flock of geese; a herd of cows (horses); a bunch of numbers; a lot of books; a lot of papers; a lot of papers; a pile of papers; myriads of stars.

  Analysis of the text "Letters of a Russian Traveler" by Karamzin N.M.

  When developing a “new syllable”, Karamzin is guided by the norms of the French language and seeks to liken the Russian literary language to French, which became widespread as the salon spoken language of the highest nobility of Russia...

  Boa (male) - red boa gorono (male) - Leninsky gorono depot (wed.) - Delhi locomotive depot (male) - beautiful Delhi appendage (male) - small appendage of cocoa (wed.) - delicious hummingbird cocoa ( male) - small hummingbird potato (male...

  Culture of speech in Russian

  Aggressiveness - hostility; test - methodology; short test; adaptation - adaptation; genesis - origin; will - conscious regulation; motive - motivation; inclinations - innate characteristics; skill - automatism...

  Lexico-grammatical groups of words in store names

  The linguistic acquisition of objects and phenomena of the external world consists not only of naming them, but also of the desire to classify them. The structuring of the vocabulary of a language occurs on different grounds - strictly linguistic and extra-linguistic...

  Lexico-semantic groups of words in the names of service points in Tolyatti

  Lexico-semantic groups of words in the names of service points in Tolyatti

  Based on the analysis of generic relations, we identified the following thematic groups: Female names: Nadezhda, Clara, Marusya, Sogdiana, Cleopatra. Male names: Karl, Tolyatti. Animal names: hippopotamus, pelican. Names of gods: Hotei...

  Lexico-semantic groups of words in the names of service points in Tolyatti

  Based on the analysis of generic and species relations, thematic groups, the following lexical-semantic groups were identified: Proper names: Karl and Clara, Big Ben, Zhiguli Lights, Rusich, Nadezhda, Cleopatra, Hotei, Sogdiana, Tolyatti, Marusya, Broadway...

  General and specific “movement” of the Russian and English languages ​​in the systemic and structural organization of the thematic group

  One of the most important types of word classes from the point of view of the lexical system are lexical-semantic groups (LSG), understood as “collections of words...

  Paronyms in Russian

  Krasnykh V.V. distinguishes the following groups: full paronyms (having different meanings); incomplete paronyms (which are synonyms in individual meanings); paronyms that are synonyms in all meanings. Paronyms...

  Complex sentences (using examples from Leskov’s work “The Enchanted Wanderer”)

  1) He will walk quietly, because the horse is smart, he feels what kind of person is treating him and what he thinks about her. 2) I began to look at them, these little pigeons, and, in order not to crush them, I took one by the nose and looked, looked at it and became engrossed...

  Modern computer jargon

  The semantics of computer terminological units is very diverse. Let's look at the groups into which, in our opinion, all computer jargon can be divided. 1) Words indicating the names of equipment, parts...

  Comparative typology of the parts of speech system of English and Russian languages

  Structural-lexical-semantic classes of derived verbs based on the material "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova"

  Word classes are the maximum forms of manifestation of lexical paradigmatics. Classes exist in the form of more or less broad associations of words, representing semantic paradigms that are larger and more complex...

  Thematic groups of dialect words in the dialect of the village of Budyumkan, Gazimuro-Zavodsky district

  I. Everyday vocabulary 1) Clothes, their production and use It must be said that clothes are divided into two types: work clothes and weekend and holiday clothes. Moreover, there are many more names of work clothes...

  Telephone culture.

  3. Exercise : For each word of the first group, select one or more words from the second group and write down the resulting phrases.

  1. Armada, legion, cohort, galaxy, crowd, gathering, flock, herd, herd, heap, mass, lot, multitude, concourse, myriads.
  2. Ships, planes, tanks, numbers, information, motorcycles, revolutionaries, facts, friends, books, extremists, papers, documents, geese, horses, cows, stars, liars, sailors.

  Option 7

  Norm is the main feature of a literary language.

  Art style. Specificity.

  3. Exercise: find errors, determine their nature, correct them.

  1. The teacher drew a plan for completing the work on the board.
  2. It was possible to cite a number of figures relating to all aspects of the life of this republic.
  3. Air pollution contributes to lung cancer and other diseases.
  4. Difficult to determine pollution standards due to incomplete and controversial technological and biological information
  5. It is known that Rodion, when he appeared on stage, was a very spoiled child.
  6. Some workers make defects in the operation of machines.
  7. Fashion designers have proposed several new designs for women's dresses.
  8. The city's landscape was enriched with new buildings.
  9. The trust team completed ahead of schedule the construction of a double-track railway bridge across the Volga and planned access communications.

  Option 8

  Functional styles of modern Russian language. General characteristics.

  Plenasm and tautology.

  3. Exercise: determine the meaning of words

  1. Group, faction, clique, gang; assistant, accomplice, accomplice, partner; treaty, pact, deal, convention, agreement; income, rent, dividend, profit.

  2. Make up phrases with the words - market, bazaar; annual, annual, using words for reference. What determines the possibility (impossibility) of combining these words with other words?

  3. Words for reference: urban, central, indoor, Christmas tree, book, world, external, vegetable, bird, cycle, vacation, meeting, income, estimates, stock.

  Option 9

  Scientific style of speech. Specificity.

  2. Synonymy and antonymy.

  3. Exercise: rewrite, adding missing letters (open brackets) and punctuation marks. Explain spelling in writing. .

  1. Continuity, pre...infarction, at least...too...much, m...deacon, envoy...nik, o...g, slavish (submissive) relationship, a looming figure, (n...) to (what) (n...) a similar case, in (application...) to today.

  2. The speaker cited the words of M. Gorky “Every individuality
  is the result of a social grouping” and with this he ended his
  performance.

  3. If it rains, there will be fungi, and there will be fungi, and so will the body.

  4. Without a hat on her head, her face, covered with hair, became small and pitiful.

  5. Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look into the distance at the water of the Danube at the sky in the sun.

  6. Why are you walking, my lonely, lonely son?

  7. Martynov himself once said “You have to love a person, but you have to feel sorry for a Russian, his life is too hard...”.

  8. There are many books that were misunderstood in their time but beautiful.

  Option 10

  Official business style of speech. Scope of operation.

  2. Paronyms.

  3. Exercise: Arrange the synonyms in order of increasing degree of attribute and action.

  1. Unpleasant, repulsive, disgusting, disgusting, disgusting.

  2. Courteous, delicate, courteous, amiable.

  3. Light up, blaze, ignite, flare up, light up, ignite.

  4. To become numb, dumbfounded, petrified, numb, ossified, frozen, frozen.

  5. Laugh, snort, giggle, squirt, cackle.

  Option 11

  Culture of commercial correspondence.

  Phraseologisms. Possibility of their use in speech.

  3. Exercise : Determine which of the given words correspond to the norm of literary speech, and which correspond to common speech.

  I will lie down - I will lie down; I put - I put; if I have a fever, I will have a fever; if I reward, I will reward; I’ll splash - I’ll splash, I’ll splash - I’ll splash; lie down - lie down; put - put; purr - purr, drink - sing; callus – calluses; colander - colander; baking sheet - baking tray; pancake - pancake; shoe - shoes; debt – debt; intercity – intercity; soft - soft; purring - purring.

  Option 12

  The concept of linguistic purism, its negative and positive aspects..

  Principles of Russian spelling and punctuation.

  3. Exercise: determine the role of nouns. Write phrases, choosing an adjective for each word.

  Boa, gorono, depot, Delhi, makeweight, Iwasi, cocoa, hummingbird, Capri, potatoes, muffler, menu, corn, Moscow State University, NATO, status quo, Sukhumi, tulle, taxi, Chile, tsetse, chimpanzee, Yangtze, shampoo, coffee.

  Option 13

  Journalistic style of speech.

  New words and outdated ones. Archaisms.

  3. Exercise: match the phrases with these paronyms:

  1. archaic - archaic;
  2. everyday - everyday;
  3. educational - educational;
  4. elective - selective;
  5. harmonic - harmonious;
  6. democratic - democratic;
  7. diplomatic - diplomatic;
  8. long - long;
  9. voluntary - volunteer;
  10. dramatic - dramatic;
  11. spare - thrifty;
  12. evil - malicious;
  13. executive - performing;
  14. historical - historical;
  15. businessman - business traveler;
  16. critical - critical.

  Option 14

  Speech etiquette.

  Borrowing in language.

  3. Exercise : here are phrases taken from scientific papers, reports, newspaper publications, and radio interviews. Considering the official nature of speech situations: a) indicate cases of “mixing styles”, comment on them; correct the sentences; b) find expressions that relate to “professionalism”. Is it appropriate to use them?

  1. The author had to analyze as many as 33 regulatory documents on privatization (including laws, decrees, etc.)

  2. Economic policy today should increasingly focus on such goals.

  3. The solution to these problems cannot be achieved except by creating new management systems.

  4. Bank payments began to get stuck for up to three months.

  5. Today, the international forum “World Experience and the Russian Economy” opens in the Kremlin Palace.

  6. Do you want to liberate society or have fun on stage?

  8. You can’t squeeze a lot into the budget now!

  9. Therefore, the threat of mass unemployment is directly related to the possible inconsistency of the processes of release, redistribution and employment.

  10. Now it is important to use the human factor as a key factor.

  Progress may appear as early as next year.

  Option 15

  Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties.

  Standard pronunciation and stress.

  3. Exercise: make up phrases with these words. Pay attention to the control features of these words.

  To worry (about someone); worry (about someone); come to terms (with something); superiority (over someone); advantage (over someone); I'm surprised (at something); surprised (by something); to report (on something); to make a report (about something), but: to give oneself an account (of something); pay attention (to); pay attention (to); full (of something); filled with (what); to be surprised (at what); to be amazed (by); warn (about); warn (against).

  Option 16

  “You” – communication, “You” – communication

  Lexical norms.

  3. Exercise: read the sentence, pay attention to the correct pronunciation of the numerals, write it down in words.

  1. Newspapers reported that over the past year more than 580 thousand tons of grain were collected.

  2. More than 2,500 people asked to improve their living conditions.

  3. A train arrived with 287 excursionists.

  4. The circumference of a circle is 422 (centimeter).

  5. Subtract 387 from 596.

  6. The height of the Ostankino tower with a steel tubular antenna is 540 meters 74 centimeters.

  7. The fastest runners in the world reach speeds from 36 to 43 kilometers per hour.

  8. Add 852 to 1778.

  9. 9. Subtract 11090 from 17464.

  10. Of the 1109 most important facilities, only 749 were commissioned.

  11. The estimated cost of the second stage of the canal is more than 455 million.

  Option 17

  Features of the language of business papers and documents.

  Language aphorisms.

  3. Exercise: insert the missing letters. Justify your chosen ending.

  1. Near the shopping center there is a cafe-dining room.

  2. A wicker... rocking chair stood... on the terrace.

  3. O. Tabakov’s theater-studio trained... many talented actors.

  4. With the arrival of the new director, the museum-apartment of A. Akhmatova was replenished with... new exhibits.

  5. A reference book for car enthusiasts was published... and went... on sale.

  6. Architect Serov told...correspondents about the project of a new residential complex on the outskirts of the capital.

  7. The Russian creative intelligentsia, in particular film workers, were... awarded... by government awards.

  8. Everyone, even mom, was... against him today.

  10. Only 7 people came to the exam.

  
  Task 1. GET TO KNOW THE STATEMENTS OF D. S. Likhachev about LANGUAGE. WHY DOES HE CALL LANGUAGE THE BIGGEST VALUE OF THE PEOPLE? WHAT DOES THE AUTHOR SAY ABOUT THE CONNECTION OF LANGUAGE AND THINKING?
  The greatest value of a people is their language, in which they write, speak, and think. He thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the polysemy and significance of this fact. After all, this means that a person’s entire conscious life passes through his native language. Emotions and sensations only color what we think or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all shaped by language.
  In general, it should be remembered: there is no thought outside its expression in language, and the search for a word is, in essence, a search for thought. Inaccuracies in language arise primarily from inaccuracies in thought.
  But here is a thought that you should think about: language is not only the best indicator of general culture, but also the best educator of a person. Clear expression of one’s thoughts, rich language, and precise selection of words in speech shape a person’s thinking and his professional skills in all areas of human activity. It doesn't seem clear right away, but it is true. If a person can accurately name a mistake he made in his work, then he has identified its essence. If he, without getting angry or using rude expressions, clearly pointed out the shortcomings of his comrade, then he knows how to manage the work. Accuracy, correctness and directness without rudeness in language are a moral indicator of work, partnership, family life, and the key to success in learning.
  Task 2, Read excerpts from the works of famous Russian linguists. Determine what each quote says and what YOUR ATTITUDE TO WHAT IS SAID.
  The literary language that we use is a truly precious heritage, received by us from previous generations, most precious, because it gives us the opportunity to express our thoughts and feelings and understand them not only from our contemporaries, but also from the great people of past times ( L.V. Shcherba).
  A high culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and flair for the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity (V.V. Vinogradov).
  Since we are talking about language as a kind of organized structure, as an activity, the problem of language culture comes down to mastering the principles of constructing various types and genres of speech within a given social tradition. This problem will be resolved in practice when each member of the speaking group is as clear about the difference between the linguistic means used in different language genres, as, for example, it is clear to a writer in relation to literary genres. Speech is oral and written, oratorical and colloquial, clerical and poetic, meeting and parliamentary, a memorandum or decree, a conversation with a friend and a diplomatic exchange of pleasantries, language in prose and poetry ~~ all these language tasks, along with other countless divisions that can be continued in each of these types and subtypes, they require their own means of implementation and their own “technique”.
  ... By itself, linguistic knowledge cannot cultivate linguistic taste and linguistic discipline if it is not preceded by the general culture of the speaker. Culture in the general sense of the word is a necessary precondition for conscious love for the OG language. O. Vinokur).
  Only those who have reached the appropriate level of general cultural development can speak impeccably. Anyone who knows what “penates” is (you can’t find this out from a grammar textbook) will never make a mistake in using this word. A schoolboy who understands the word aurora in the text of Pushkin’s poem as the name of the famous cruiser is guilty not of ignorance of the language, but of ignorance and misunderstanding of history, of the absence of correct ideas about life. We learn correct speech to the extent that we learn everything that constitutes the study of our culture.
  You can learn correct speech only along with mastering the enormous content embedded in it.
  Thus, correct speech is not only a sign and condition of high culture, but it is itself conditioned by the latter (G. O. Vinokur).
  The main and greatest part of the ability to say yes
  learned at school. Life adds little comparatively to what was acquired at school. This explains the colossal state-cultural role of teaching the native language in school precisely as a normative subject. Where children intensively learn to speak, there adults do not waste an endless amount of time searching for the main idea in the verbal stream of their interlocutor and do not pour out such streams around their thoughts, there people do not insult each other at every step, because they understand each other better, there people sue less, because they draw up clearer contracts, etc., etc. The ability to speak is the lubricating oil that is necessary for any cultural-state machine and without which it would simply stop if for the communication of people In general, a language is necessary, then for cultural communication a kind of language in a square is necessary, a language cultivated as a special art, a standardized language (A. M. Peshkovsky).
  Practice sometimes extremely easily resolves the question of what is permissible and what is intolerable in language, especially in school, where the first and last critical judge is the teacher, who often himself creates a code of what is approved, permitted and not allowed in the speech of his students. It is more difficult to resolve doubts about the correctness of expressions when one has to criticize the speech of adults who are able to defend their habits and views on theoretical grounds and the example of other educated people or - even better - exemplary writers. A critical attitude towards the latter will turn out to be very difficult and will require a certain knowledge of the language and considerable caution in decisions. First of all, we must admit that stylistic standards and tastes exist for a certain time and change in the same way as language changes (V.I. Chernyshev).
  Task 3- GET TO KNOW AN EXCERPT FROM K.I. Chukovsky’s BOOK “Alive AS Life.” CONVERSATION ABOUT THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE". WHAT TRENDS IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DOES IT TALK ABOUT?
  The vocabulary of each era is changeable and cannot be imposed on later generations. (And who would demand that the word kavardak be perceived today as a “delicious dish” or as a “pain in the stomach.”) The previous semantic meanings of words disappear without a trace, the language moves forward without looking back - depending on changes in the social system, on conquests science and technology and other extremely varied reasons. Every living language, if it is truly alive, is forever moving, forever growing.
  But at the same time, in the life of language there is another extremely powerful tendency of a directly opposite nature, which is just as useful. It consists in persistent and decisive resistance to innovation, in the creation of all kinds of dams and barriers that greatly impede the too rapid and chaotic renewal of speech... Without these dams and barriers, the language would not survive, would turn into chaos, would lose its holistic, monolithic character . Only this beneficial feature of our linguistic development explains the fact that, no matter how the language changes, no matter how new words it acquires, its national laws and norms fundamentally remain stable, unchanged, unshakable.
  Task 4. Explain the meaning of the given APHORISMS and proverbs.
  The obscurity of words is a sign of the obscurity of thought (L.N. Tolstoy). If you want to hear a smart answer, ask smartly (Leonardo da Vinci). By verbally insulting another, you are not taking care of yourself (Leonardo da Vinci). It is not the good speech that convinces, but the one that, persuading, unites (L.N. Tolstoy). They know a donkey by its ears, a bear by its claws, and a fool by its speech (Vl. Dal). Don’t say everything you know, but know everything you say (proverb) - Don’t be afraid of the knife, the tongue (proverb). He who speaks sows, he who listens reaps (proverb).
  Task 5. WHAT FORMS OF SPEECH AND THEIR FEATURES DO A. S. PUSHKIN AND L. N. TOLSTOY WRITE:
  I don't like writing letters. Language and voice are hardly sufficient for our thoughts, and the pen is so stupid, so slow - writing cannot replace conversation (A.S. Pushkin).
  Write 1) in rough form, without thinking about the place and correctness of expression of thoughts, 2) rewrite once, eliminating everything unnecessary and giving the real place to each thought, and 3) rewrite once, correcting incorrect expressions (L.N. Tolstoy).
  Task 6. WHAT FEATURES OF WRITTEN AND ORAL SPEECH ARE TALKED ABOUT IN PROVERBS? WHAT is their meaning?
  What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe. The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.
  Task 7. READ THE TEXT. WHAT PLAN FOR WORK ON THE MANUSCRIPT DOES N.V. Gogol PROPOSE? COMPLETE IT, NAME THE STEPS OF TEXT PROCESSING.
  First you need to sketch out everything as necessary, even poorly, watery, but absolutely everything, and forget about this notebook. Then, after a month, after two, sometimes more (this will tell itself), take out what you have written and re-read it; you will see that a lot is wrong, a lot is superfluous, and some things are missing. Make corrections and notes in the margins - and throw away the notebook again. With a new revision of it - new notes in the margins, and where there is not enough space - take a separate scrap and stick it to the side. When everything is written down in this way, take and rewrite the notebook with your own hand. Here new insights, cuts, additions, and cleansing of the style will appear of their own accord. Between the previous ones, words will appear that must necessarily be there, but which for some reason do not appear right away. And put the notebook down again. Travel, have fun, do nothing, or at least write something else. The hour will come - I will remember the abandoned notebook; take it, re-read it, correct it in the same way, and when it is spoiled again, rewrite it with your own hand. You will notice at the same time that along with the strengthening of the syllable, with the finishing, the purification of phrases, your hand seems to become stronger; the letters are placed more firmly and decisively. This should be done, in my opinion, eight times. For others, perhaps, you need less, and for others, even more. I do it eight times. Only after the eighth correspondence, certainly with one’s own hand, is the work completely artistically completed and reaches the pearl of creation. Further amendments and revisions will probably spoil the matter; what painters say: sketch. Of course, it’s impossible to follow such rules all the time; it’s difficult. I'm talking about the ideal. You will let something else in sooner. A person is still a person, not a machine.
  Task 8. DO YOU THINK THE RATIO HAS CHANGED?
  BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN SPEECH WITH THE ADVENT OF THE COMPUTER, INTERNET, CELL PHONE, VIDEO PHONE, AUDIO CASSETTE? EXPRESS YOUR OPINION IN THE FORM OF A LETTER TO A FRIEND.
  Task 9. SPECIFY THE SITUATION IF NECESSARY
  (WHEN, WHERE, WITH WHOM, ABOUT WHAT) OF THE TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS LISTED BELOW. WRITE IN WHAT CASES ONLY BOOK SPEECH IS APPROPRIATE,
  ONLY CONVERSATIONAL, AND IN WHICH BOTH.
  Public speaking, a lecture, a message, a patient talking to a doctor, a student talking to a teacher, an interview, a conversation between passengers on a bus, a conversation between a buyer and a salesperson, a conversation between friends, a conversation at the dinner table.
  Task 10. WRITE SEVERAL TELEVISION PROGRAM NAMES FOR
  WHICH ARE CHARACTERIZED MAINLY BY BOOK SPEECH, AND TRANSMISSIONS IN WHICH CONVERSATIONAL SPEECH PRESIDATES. WHAT DOES THIS DEPEND ON?
  For information: “News”, “Good morning”, “Travellers Club”, “Today”, “Under sixteen and older”, “However”, “Today”, “On everyone’s lips”, “Details”, “Parliamentary hour” ", "In the animal world", "Man in a mask", "The case is being heard", "Mirror", "Hero without a tie", "Homeopathy and health", "Hero of the day". 1
  Task 11. GIVE EACH SENTENCE A LITERARY FORM AND WRITE IT OUT. DETERMINE WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF EVERYDAY SPEECH.
  I have a headache. For three city rubles. With a dog behind you? Sleeveless is fashionable now. / My granddaughter is jumping through the rope. Lives/retired opposite. At home I forgot what to write with. Did you bring something to sunbathe on? Take something to cover yourself with. Tomorrow I’ll wear a festive one. My brother needs to buy winter clothes. Graduation is coming soon / then commencement / horror! The boy has a fever. If you don't have hearing, you won't be accepted into school. He failed the second one too. We borrowed for a car.
  Task 12. WHAT FEATURES OF ORAL SPEECH ARE INDICATED BY THE COMBINATIONS:
  Speaks as if it were written; says - you can sleep; speaks in a dry language; speaks like a newspaper, expounds like a book; speaks simply.
  Task 13. UNDERSTAND VARIOUS DEFINITIONS
  STANDARDS OF LITERARY LANGUAGE. COMPARE THESE DEFINITIONS. NAME WHICH SIGNS OF THE NORM ARE SPECIFIED IN EACH DEFINITION.
  A language norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication. N. as a set of stable and unified linguistic means and rules for their use, consciously fixed and cultivated by society, is a specific feature of the literary language of the period. In a broader interpretation, N. is interpreted as an integral attribute of language at all stages of its development (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1990. P. 337).
  Norm. The accepted speech use of linguistic means, a set of rules (regulations) that regulate the use of linguistic means in an individual’s speech (S. O. Akhmanova. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. M., 1966. P. 270).
  Norm. The most common of the coexisting ones, entrenched in the practice of exemplary use, and best performing their function are language (speech) variants (Rosenthal D. E., Teleshova M. A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. M., 1985. P. 152).
  A norm is a set of language means that are most suitable (“correct”, “preferred”) for serving society, emerging as a result of the selection of linguistic elements (lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) from among coexisting, existing, newly formed or extracted from the passive stock of the past in the process of social, in a broad sense, assessment of these elements (Ozhegov S.I. Lexicology. Lexicography. Culture of speech. M., 1974. P. 259-260).
  A linguistic norm, a literary norm - the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people (Russian language. Encyclopedia. M., 1997).
  Task 14. Place emphasis in words. In difficult cases, consult a dictionary. Remember the stress in these words:
  a) agent, analogue, argument, alphabet, alcohol, arrest, gas pipeline, fear, recruiter, belief, supper, counterpart, genesis, dispensary, document, production, contract, leisure, confessor, blinds, mouth, regular, conspiracy, reserve, sign, healer, significance, industry, catalog, quarter, cooking," pantry, aches, dyeing, marketing, thinking, dumbness, provision, scoring, familiarization, carpenter, Ukrainian, dowry, symmetry, adolescence, reflection, percentage, pseudonym , pullover, belt, peasant, customs, dancer, strengthening, facsimile, sorrel, electric drive;
  b) August, gross, penny, pear, spongy, brownie, one-time, spoiled, prettier, kitchen, kilogram, wholesale, transitional, bent, sided, plum, brindle, title, spoiled, bonus, teenage;
  c) outright, enviably, long ago, long ago, from afar, from afar, from ancient times, occasionally, from time immemorial, from time immemorial, up, at exorbitant prices;
  d) balance, run, pamper, pamper, excite, cheer up, clog, call, cough, copy, mark, go mad, ease, mold, cheer, force, accept, add, bonus, seal, get angry, speed up, notify, mention, aggravate, shape, draw. A
  Task 15. Pay attention to the preservation or change of the STRESS PLACE DEPENDING ON CHANGES IN THE GRAMMATIC FORM OF THE WORD,
  Form the singular genitive form of the following nouns. Place emphasis. Make up phrases with them.
  Sample: massage - massage.
  Arbitration, bandage, keychain, bulletin, instruction, love, coat of arms, goose, goulash, penny, choice, ring, port.
  Form the comparative degree of the following adjectives. Place emphasis. Make up phrases.
  Sample: true - more correct.
  Long, beautiful, comfortable, fun, sweet, hard.
  Form the short form of the masculine, feminine, neuter and plural form of the following adjectives. Place emphasis.
  Example: cheerful - cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.
  Deaf, dear, friendly, young, right, rare.
  Form the short masculine, feminine, neuter and plural forms of the following passive participles. Place emphasis.
  Sample: taken - taken, taken, taken, taken.
  Started, given, sold, lived, distributed, created.
  Form the masculine, feminine, neuter and plural forms of the following verbs. Place emphasis. Pay attention to verbs that have fixed stem stress.
  Sample: take - took, took, took, took."
  Pamper, take, turn on, drive, live, ask, call, make money, start, drink, send, put, understand, accept, remove, pull, remove.
  Form the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular forms from the infinitives of the following verbs. Place emphasis.
  Sample: twirl - twirl, twirl, twirl.
  To lie down, to doze, to call, to change, to roll, to oscillate, to put down, to play around.
  *
  Task 16. PAY ATTENTION TO THE DEPENDENCE OF THE PLACE OF STRESS on THE MEANING OF THE WORD.
  Place the emphasis in the following words. Make sentences with them.
  Vision (the ability to see) - vision (mirage, ghost), chaos (element) - chaos (disorder, confusion), characteristic (stubborn, wayward, expressive) - characteristic (typical, special).
  Determine the meanings of the following pairs of words. Make sentences with them
  Atdas - atlas, armor - armor, storeroom - storeroom, around - around, mobile - mobile, busy - busy, ugly - ugly, pickaxe.
  Task 17. READ THE COMBINATIONS BELOW. PLEASE NOTE
  PLEASE NOTE THAT SOME ONE-SYLLABLE PREPOSITIONS (MOST OFTEN ON, FOR, UNDER, IJO, FROM, WITHOUT) TAKE Stress, AND THEN THE NOUN FOLLOWING IT IS UNStressed.
  . On: on the water, on the leg, on the mountain, on the arm, on the back, for the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, for a year, on the house, on the nose, on the corner, on the ear, for a day, for a night, a tooth for a tooth, for two, for three, for six, for ten, for a hundred; for: for the factory, for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the ear, for the ears, for the night, for two, for three, for six , for ten, for a hundred; under your feet, under your arms, downhill, under your nose, in the evening; by "by the sea, by the field, by the forest, by the floor, by the nose, by the ear, by twos, by threes, by a hundred, by twos, by threes; from: from the forest, from the house, from the nose, from sight; without : missing, useless, a week without a year;
  Wed. also: hour from hour, year from birth, until night.
  Task 18. Read the words. Check the correct pronunciation of the sound indicated by the letter “g” (see key):
  a) rumble, year, city, goose, guest, leg, arc, extinguish, whistle, thunder, hail, row, clay, could, bend, fire, slide, game;
  b) yeah, wow, ege, gop;
  c) grace, goodness, Lord;
  d) snow, plow, step, pie, boot, shore, syllable, horn, friend, flag, enemy, ravine, lever, raid, hose, flank, biologist, threshold, around, suddenly;
  e) beautiful, dark, great, loud, winter, beautiful, big;
  e) light, soft, lightest, softest.
  Key: a) the letter “g” denotes a voiced plosive posterior lingual sound [g];
  b) p c) the letter “g” denotes the fricative back-lingual sound [u];
  c) the letter “g” denotes a voiceless plosive back-lingual sound
  [To];
  d) the letter “g” means the sound [v];
  e) the combination of the letters “gk” and “gch” sounds [h’k’], ,
  Task 19. Distribute the words below into groups DEPENDING on the pronunciation features of the consonant combination “chp”. [shn] [chi] and [shn] variant pronunciation [chp] bulo[sh]ik krpee[ish]y - kope[chn]y back[chn]ik Bakery, mustard plaster, feverish, summer resident, toy, of course, tiny, brown, milk, Kuzminichna, Nikitichna, Savvichna, night, decent, trifling, cannon, laundry, river, boring, switchman, birdhouse, hat, apple, scrambled eggs, barley.
  Task 20. READ THE WORDS. CHECK THE CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS AT THE END OF WORDS AND BEFORE CONSONANTS (SEE.
  key).
  Grain grower, method, zamzav, dithyramb, consumer goods, sowing, relapse, division commander, standard, active, collective, convocation, feat, boomerang, rally, demagogue, report, social scientist, retrograde, propaganda train, individual, cultural campaign, mirage, timing, arbitration, montage, excitement, instruction, reportage, college, motto, introspection, collective farm, union, synthesis.
  Tube, dove, timid, dexterous, jagged, discuss, rare, sign, hem, inscription, book, piece of paper, low, load, narrow, slippery, enter, yesterday, second, football, run away, burned, request, threshing, guess, cut off, randomly, half-eyed.
  Key: grain[p], sposo[p], zamza[f], difiram[b], shir-lotre[p], pose[f], recidi[f], comdi[f], normati[f], acti [f], collecti[f], sozy[f], movement[k], boomeran[g], migin[g], demago[k], report[t], social science[t], retrogra[t] , agitpoe[st], individual[t], cultpoho[t], world[sh], chronometer[sh], arbiter[sh], monta[sh], excitement[sh], instruction[sh], report [sh], colle [tsh], devi [s], introspection [s], kolho [s], soyu [s], sinte [s].
  Tru[p]ka, naked[p]ka, ro[p]ky, lo[f]ky, jagged sue, re[t]ky, write, write, sew, on [t]write, book[sh]ka, paper[sh]ka, ii[s]ky, labor[s]ka, u[s]ky, how[s]ky, [f]write, [f ]yesterday, [f]mountain, fu[d]ball, o[d]run, [h]burnt, pro- [z']ba, young [d']ba, o[d]guess, o[t] cut, scatter[t], [f]lol- eyes.
  Task 21..Read the words. Check the correct pronunciation of the COMBINATION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS (see KEY).
  Extinguished, frozen, embroidered, uttered, happened, expand, ascend, ruthless, compressed, lifeless, greedily, with noise, unclench, run over, splash, scorched, rattle, leave, miscalculate, subscriber, narrator, carver, defector, account, partly, desperate, emphasized, clean up, alienation, reprimand, thirty, father, well done, passionate, selfish, sympathetic, participant, limestone, indifferent, sad, holiday, famous, envious.
  Key: ug[sh]y, froze[sh]y, ra[sh]itsh, utter[sh]y, passed, ra[sh]dirat, BO[SH]STEVN, merciless, [g]aty, lifeless, [g]adness, [s]um, ra[z]at, na[z']- at, add. come [zh]at, br[zh’]et, extra. fl[zh]et, pro[z’]enny, extra. pro[zh]enny, rattle[zh’]at, additional. rattle[zh]t, go[z’]t, add. go away, pro[sh']itasya, sign [sh']ik, tell [sh'3ik, re[sh']ik, interrupt [sh']ik, [sh']et, o[h' ]hasty, o[h']said, on [fade, on [h']clean, o [h Judgment, o[h']read, th[t]at, o[ts]a, young [ts]a . ik, known, dependent.
  Task 22. Read the words. Check the correct pronunciation of CONSONANT COMBINATIONS (SEE KEY).
  Fraternal, children's, soldier's, naval, factory, suburban, human, master's;
  take, gather, fight, see each other, fight, fear, believe, dream, rush, ask, study, decide, laugh, look, hold on, say, avoid, achieve.
  Key: bra[ts]ky, de[ts]kyy, soldier[ts]kyy, flo[ts]kyy, zavo[- ts]kyy, weak[ts]kyy, ly[ts]kyy, gospo[ts]kyy ;
  bra[ts], collect[ts], boro[ts], see[ts], bi(ts), fight[ts], believe[ts], dream[ts], bear[ts], asking[ts], teach[ts], decide[ts], dare], look[ts], hold[ts], speak[ts] side[ts], finish[ts].
  Task 23. READ THE WORDS, PAYING ATTENTION TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTER E UNDER Stress. CHECK YOUR PRONUNCIATION (see key).
  Scam, faded, being, sparkle, imputed, scoop, above, hire, grenadier, rough-haired, bigamist, plump, gifted, bigamy, scoff, gutter, baked, whitened, bewitched, pharynx, loan, foreign, mockery, harassed, simultaneous, newborn, kiosk, worthless, commonplace, edge, cut off, disabled- . ny, knowledgeable, successor, glider, fable, named, muted, tamed, beet, whitened, filler, philistine.
  Key: a[f!e]ra, b[l'o]kly - b[l'e]kly, beingTse] - beingTso], b[l'o]stka, together[n'o]nnsh, you[ h'e]rpyat, above-welcome [d'o]niy, vnao]m, grena[d!e]r, rude[s]harst, two|zhe]-nets, de[b'e]ly, yes [r'o]ny, double[l'o]nism, swear, [z'o]- forehead, baked, slaughtered, bewitched, [z'e]v, for[ )o]m, foreign[m'ё]ny, from[d'o]vka, known[d'o]n, simultaneous[r'yo]-, simultaneous[m'o]ny, newborn[d' b]ny, kios[k'o]r, nick[hbZmny, ordinary[d'o]nshchina, witty], cut off - cut off, disconnected, aware [lunar - aware, successor, plan[n'o]r - glider, poba[s'6]nka, poi [m'o]- muffled, subdued[sh6]n7 tame[chon]naya, s[v'o]kla, ube [l' o]n-ny, fi[l'o]r, philistine.
  Task 24. DISTRIBUTE THE GIVEN WORDS INTO GROUPS DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT SOUND BEFORE E. CHECK YOURSELF WITH THE DICTIONARY. soft pronunciation variant
  pronunciation solid pronunciation [d "e]magog (dte]po - [de]po [de]ndi 1. Adequate, alternative, anemia, annex, antenna, antiseptic, atheist, atelier, outsider, takes, sandwich, business, hypothesis, dumbbells, grotesque, debate, debut, debit, devaluation, dean; decade, declaration, dumping, demilitarization, demarche, demi-season, depression, de facto, dispensary, game library, integration, identical, index, intervision, interview, code, credo, criterion, compress, consensus, conservation, context, correct, computer, container, coupe, lottery, manager, motel, orchid, patent, pate, purse, project, press, claim, protégé, puree, modern, tribesman, text, pace, theme, trend, term, thesis, tennis, tent, dash, thermos, terror, track, plywood, flannel, brown-haired, trout, humoresque, express, energy.
  Task 25. PLACE THE SYNONYMS IN ORDER OF INCREASING DEGREE OF SIGN AND ACTION.
  Unpleasant, repulsive, disgusting, disgusting, disgusting.
  Courteous, delicate, courteous, amiable.
  Light up, blaze, ignite, flare up, light up, ignite.
  To become numb, petrified, petrified, numb, ossified, frozen, frozen.
  Laugh, snort, giggle, squirt, cackle.
  Task 26. Replace the words in italics with close ones
  within the meaning of.
  The main task, a prominent figure, huge successes.
  Words: important, big, primary, paramount, famous, colossal, outstanding, enormous, relevant, basic, pressing, significant, wonderful.
  Task 27. Make up sentences with the following synonyms.
  Show, describe, portray, outline, represent, characterize, draw, create an image.
  Criticize, condemn, blame, denounce, scourge, brand, pillory.
  Task 28. FROM THE WORDS CLOSED IN BRACKETS, CHOOSE THE RIGHT ONE.
  The hero pronounces a (secret, sacred, cherished, faithful) oath.
  We heard (amazing, wild, frantic) screams.
  You can’t (fear, be frightened, be afraid, be afraid, be afraid, be timid, tremble) of everything in the world, you have to be (brave, courageous, courageous, decisive, daring, fearless).
  Task 29. Make up phrases by connecting these SYNONYMS WITH THE WORDS IN BRACKETS.
  News, message, news, notification (from school, from home, from a telephone exchange, from a lyceum).
  Serene, calm, peaceful, meek (sleep, work, character, person).
  Overcome, conquer, break, overcome, overcome (illness, feeling of fear, enemy, will, obstacle).
  ZO task. SELECT RUSSIAN SYNONYMS (WORDS OR PHRASES) for the WORDS of foreign language ORIGIN:
  a) respondent, investor, prerogative, quota, auditor, alliance, publicity, exclusive, appeal, sequester;
  b) moratorium, mentality, adequate, identical, antagonism, infantile, indifferent;
  c) ambition, analysis, library, verdict, vestibule, vocal, detailed, dialogue, import, lexicon, memoirs, punctual, restoration, fauna, flora, export.
  Task 31. USING EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES, DETERMINE THE MEANINGS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS, THEIR SEMINICAL AND STYLISTIC FEATURES. MAKE SENTENCES WITH THEM.
  Group, faction, clique, gang; assistant, accomplice, accomplice, partner; treaty, pact, deal, convention, agreement; income, rent, dividend, profit.
  Task 32. Make up phrases with the words MARKET, BAZAAR; ANNUAL, annual, using words for reference. What determines the possibility/impossibility of combining these words with
  IN OTHER WORDS?
  Words for reference: urban, central, indoor, Christmas tree, book, world, external, vegetable, bird; cycle, vacation, meeting, income, estimates, stock.
  Task 33. FOR EACH WORD OF THE FIRST GROUP, SELECT THE CORRESPONDING ONE OR SEVERAL LAYERS FROM THE SECOND GROUP AND WRITE THE FORMED PORCH COMBINATIONS,
  Armada, legion, cohort, galaxy, crowd, gathering, flock, herd, herd, heap, mass, lot, multitude, concourse, myriads.
  Ships, planes, tanks, numbers, information, motorcycles, revolutionaries, facts, friends, books, extremists, papers, documents, geese, horses, cows, stars, liars, sailors.
  Task 34. DO YOU THINK, CAN THE CHOICE OF A WORD INFLUENCE THE EMOTIONAL-FIGURARY PERCEPTION OF THE OBJECT OF SPEECH? DESCRIBE
  HOW DO YOU PICTURE THE SUBJECT OF THE ACTION (AGE, PHYSICAL AND MINDAL CONDITION) IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
  a) a man jumped off a horse, a man jumped off a horse, a man got off a horse, a man flopped off a horse, a man fell off a horse, a man slid off a horse;
  b) a man walks down the street, a man wanders down the street, a man trudges along the street, a man walks down the street, a man strides down the street, a man rushes down the street, a man walks down the street.
  Task 35. WHAT EMOTIONAL ATTITUDE OF THE SPEAKER DO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS CONVEY? WHAT EMOTIONAL REACTION CAN THEY CAUSE IN THE ADDRESSEE? DESCRIBE THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH
  THEY ARE APPROPRIATE.
  What are you doing? What are you doing? What have you done? What have you done?
  Where have you been? Where have you been? Where are you wandering? Where have you been? Where do you go?
  What's happened? What happened? What's wrong?
  Task 36. Choose synonyms and antonyms for the adjectives COMMON, INTERESTING, FRESH IN THE FOLLOWING WORD COMBINATIONS:
  a) a normal situation; typical day; ordinary concerns; ordinary appearance;
  b) an interesting film; interesting appearance; interesting writer; interesting story; interesting interpretation;
  c) fresh bread; fresh cucumbers; fresh linen; fresh evening; fresh snow; fresh look; a fresh look.
  Task 37. MAKE WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THE FOLLOWING PARONYMS.
  Pillar - pillar, successful - lucky, understandable - understanding, neighbor - neighboring, master - economic, offensive - touchy, burdensome - burdensome, careful - thrifty.
  Task 38. Determine which of the following words can form paronymic pairs.
  Contritely, Sweden, suspect, refute, Austria, Switzerland, imply, reject, Australia, surprised, crushingly, amazingly, bewilderment, misunderstanding, ideal, courtier, idealistic, serf, courtyard, serf-owner.
  Task 39. Distribute the following words into groups with positive and negative emotional connotations.
  Adventures, exploits, crimes, hustlers, hard workers, deal with, robbery, like-minded person, contact, gathering, invasion, accomplice, commonwealth, tricks, cooperation.
  Task 40. Make up sentences with the following homonyms.
  Wednesday1 (day of the week) and Wednesday2 (environment, society); reason1 (preposition, reason) I reason2 (belt); light1 (radiant energy emitted by any body) and light2 (the globe, the Earth with everything that exists on it).
  Task 41. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING PARONYMS. MAKE SENTENCES WITH THEM.
  Subscription - subscriber; addressee - addressee; carefully - thriftily; statute - status; economical - economical.
  Task 42. FROM THE WORDS CLOSED IN BRACKETS, CHOOSE THE RIGHT ONE.
  1, Our people will never forget the (heroic - heroic) days of the Leningrad siege. 2. The plot of the story was the (dramatic - dramatic) situation that developed in the writer’s family. 3. Registration (for seconded travelers) is carried out in the lobby. 4. Four Moskvich cars can (fit) in the back of a truck. 5. To achieve success, one must (take - take) (effective - effective) measures.
  Task 43. Read the text and say which speaker made a mistake? How should I say it correctly?
  Two friends are going on a trip to the Caucasus. We began to think about preparation. One says: “We need to buy tourist maps and tourist jackets,” “First, let’s develop a tourist route,” suggested another.
  Task 44. Write which of the words (tourist - tourist) is combined with the words: dinner, prospectus, voucher, suit, Hike, EQUIPMENT, DIRECTORY, BUREAU, LUNCH, SEASON, TRAIN, BASE, BACKPACK.
  For reference: tourist is an adjective for the word tourist, and tourist is an adjective for the word tourism.
  Task 45. Edit the text.
  1. At the station there is a notice: “The ticket office for business travelers is on the second floor.” 2. Gentlemen, travellers, receive your travel certificates. 3. First-year students must provide certificates to move into the dormitory. 4. The chairman of the meeting introduced the floor to the speaker. 5. The authors provided the publisher with the manuscript of the book.
  Rats and mice in warehouses and vegetable stores destroy a lot of products. 7. The station can supply energy to a plant with great effect. 8. He was a funny guy; once he starts laughing, you can’t stop him. 9. You can start the meeting: the forum already exists. 10. I have no time to study with my younger brother. I'm very busy today. I. The passenger was reprimanded for inappropriate behavior. 12. The author of the article writes about another JT requirement. N. Tolstoy to language, about the requirement of simplicity and clarity, intelligibility. 13. Not a single injection given by nurse Natasha was painful.
  Task 46. Make up sentences with the following homonyms.
  Share1 (security) and share1 (action aimed at achieving a goal); bonds1 (loan documents) and bonds2 (floating barriers); paper holder1 (owner of securities) and paper holder2 (paper device); fingerboard 1 (bird), fingerboard 2 (long wooden plate for string instruments) and fingerboard 3 (brand, stamp); no time1 (no time) and no time1 (sometime); several1 (a certain amount) and several2 (a little, to some extent).
  Task 47, Open the brackets, choosing the appropriate word. Justify your choice. For references, consult dictionaries.
  The (executive, executive) authorities at the local level must intensify their work. 2. The quality of the refrigerator has been improved due to some (design, structural) solutions. 3. This (planning, scheduling) deadlines for completing the work turned out to be premature. 4. Because of the fire (fire), the street became lighter. 5. Many of our films have received (great appreciation, great recognition) abroad. 6. Builders performed below their capabilities (worked, worked) in December. 7. This person met criticism addressed to him with (great irritability, great irritation). 8. At the end of the book there was a list of (recommended, recommended) literature. 9. (Decision, decisiveness) of his action surprised everyone. 10. There were a lot of people at the (assembly, collection) point, but work had not yet begun. 11 * He (found, gained) respect and good reputation as an innovator, as a man of creative thought*
  Task 48. From the words put in brackets, choose the desired option. Using the explanatory DICTIONARY of the Russian language and the “Dictionary of Foreign Words”, establish the semantic and stylistic similarities and differences between these words.
  1. Achieving this humane goal (is not limited, not limited) either by the state of science and technology, or (resources, capabilities, reserves) of labor and means. 2. Marked signs (heterogeneous, heterogeneous). 3. The (preventive, warning) effect of new drugs is even more striking. 4. Varieties of new crops are more (constant, stable), i.e. they better (transmit, transform) to the offspring such properties as yield, fruit size, taste. 5. In the depiction of a character there must be a (predominant, dominant) feature, which the (writer, author) must (hypostatize, make self-sufficient) based on his own (concept, idea) about (characters, heroes, images).
  Task 49. SELECT SYNONYMIC PAIRS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND RUSSIAN WORDS. ESTABLISH THE SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE IN THE MEANING, LIMITS OF COMPATIBILITY, STYLISTIC COLORING AND SPHERE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THESE WORDS.
  In those sectors of the front from which many units have already left, sappers will begin to imitate animation. Vanya learned to imitate the cries of animals, this complex and subtle art from his grandfather.
  A wide display of the products of our industry and agriculture is the main objective of the exhibition. -- Lectures on the history of Russian and Western art are always accompanied by a demonstration of transparencies.
  Differences within the style of artistic narration are determined by the genre characteristics of literature. - The presence of special chemical terms in chemistry work is determined by the fact that each science operates with specific concepts.
  Task 50. CREATE CONTEXTS FOR EACH OF THE WORDS BELOW.
  1. Industry - industry. 2. Situation - setting. 3. Local - local. 4. Fauna - animal world. 5. Flora - vegetation. 6. Voyage - travel. 7. Directive - instruction. 8. Litera - letter. 9. Symptom - sign. 10. Overture - introduction.
  Task 51. EDIT THE SENTENCES SO THAT EACH WORD IS UNDERSTANDABLE.
  1. My friend recently bought himself a bike. 2. For the artist, tanks and bucks were not the main thing in life. 3. The foreigner paid fifteen pure American greens for the painting. 4. One of the features of a non-market economy is the shortage of goods and services. 5. The government’s task is to contain and curb inflation. 6. The hero of the day was given a fashionable case. 7. After much debate, a consensus was reached at the meeting. 8. It is necessary to give the protest a legitimate form. 9. When you buy an imported item, be sure to study the label(s). 10. Organizers of theatrical performances and all kinds of shows strive to gain not only profit, but also publicity.
  Task 52. DETERMINE WHICH OF THE GIVEN WORDS CORRESPOND TO THE NORM OF LITERARY SPEECH AND WHICH ARE COLLECTIVE.
  I will lie down - I will lie down, I will lay down - I will lay down, I will have a fever - I will have a fever, I will reward - I will reward, I will splash - I will splash, I will throw - I will lay down; lie down - lie down, put it down - put it down, purr - purr, drink - drink; callus - calluses, colander - colander, baking sheet - baking sheet, pancake - pancake; shoe - shoe, debt - debt, intercity - intercity, soft - soft, purring - purring.
  Task 53. FIND ERRORS RELATED TO THE USE OF WORDS
  WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF THEIR SEMANTICS. MAKE STYLISTIC EDITING OF THE SENTENCES.
  1. Planning, calculation of your kitchen, living room, bedroom, children's room, etc. is free. 2. We use new alternatives to increase production. 3. It is too difficult and multifaceted to be responsible for all security. 4. The team of teachers develops educational material in such a way that children quickly learn the material they are learning. 5, Image is an image created to show others the external qualities of a person, his lifestyle, his actions. b. A partner is an accomplice to any action, event, or game. 7. I asked a passerby to describe the road to the station. 8. The teacher drew a plan for completing the work on the board. 9. It was possible to cite a number of numbers relating to all aspects of the life of this republic. 10. Air pollution contributes to lung cancer and other diseases. 11. It is difficult to determine pollution standards due to incomplete and controversial technological and biological information. 12. It is known that Rodion, when he appeared on stage, was a very spoiled child. 13. Some workers make defects in the operation of machines. 14. Fashion designers have proposed several new designs for women's dresses. 15. The landscape of the city was enriched with new buildings. 16. The trust team completed ahead of schedule the construction of a double-track railway bridge across the Volga and the planned access communications.
  Task 54. FIND ERRORS CAUSED BY VIOLATION OF LEXICAL COMBINANCE OF WORDS. MAKE STYLISTIC EDITING OF THE SENTENCES.
  1. In our lyceum there is an in-depth study of major subjects. 2. Emphasis is placed on a more in-depth study of subjects related to the chosen direction.
  We use an individual approach, taking into account the interests and abilities of the child. 4. You must go there yourself. 5. The company traditionally produces jewelry, but can also produce other products. 6. Alexey Vavilov, who has been studying at the University of Stockholm for the second year, is a recognized leader there. 7. On the eve of the cold season, preparation for winter is a matter of particular importance in the city.
  Task 55. DETERMINE WHICH WORDS ARE STYLISTICALLY UNJUSTIFIED. MAKE A STYLISTIC EDIT.
  1. The most modern equipment is working on the fields of the livestock farm. 2. By the end of the year, workers of the capital’s trading network will report. 3. Punishment for carelessness in defense overtook Zenit already in the fourth minute of the first half. 4. The builders promised to erect a new computer center building in September.
  Task 56. FROM WORDS INDICATING THE NAME OF A PROFESSION, FORM THE FEMININE FORM WHERE THIS IS POSSIBLE.
  Artist, doctor, director, proofreader, engineer, pilot, hairdresser, singer, writer, salesman, editor, weaver, technician,
  tractor driver, turner, orderly, mechanic, secretary, athlete, teacher. -
  Task 57. DETERMINE THE GENDER OF NOUNS, WRITE
  COMBINATIONS, SELECTING AN ADJECTIVE FOR EACH WORD,
  Boa, gorono, depot, Delhi, makeweight, Iwasi, cocoa, hummingbird, Capri, potatoes, muffler, menu, corn, Moscow State University, NATO, status quo, Sukhumi, tulle, taxi, Chile, tsetse, chimpanzee, Yangtze, shampoo, coffee.
  Task 58. READ THE SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT
  FORM OF PROPER NAMES.
  1. As a child, he eagerly read Jules... Verne... 2. The theater staged a new play by Jean...-Paul...: Sartre... 3. Fairy tales of Hans... Christian... Andersen... loved by children all over the world. 4. The views of philosophers turned to August... Schlegel... 5. This letter was written by the American girl Samant... Smith... 6. The declaration was signed by Robert... Smith... 7. The meeting took place at the department Professor Gordeychuk... 8. These books were sent for student Gavrilyuk... 9. The artist performed the wonderful advice of Petrarch... 10. The works of Mayborod were performed at the concert... I. These fairy tales were written by the Brothers Grimm... 12. A new work Heinrich., . and Thomas... Mann... was released in a small edition. 13. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt attended the concert of the famous singer. 14. The Clintons. arrived on VACATION to California. 15. Husband and wife Robson... took a trip on a yacht near the west coast.
  Task 59. FORM THE INTERNAL FORMS FROM THE GIVEN WORDS.
  GO PLURAL CASE. MAKE WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THEM.
  Author, address, shore, accountant, bill of exchange, director, contract, doctor, instructor, boat, designer, inspector, proofreader, lecturer, tractor, spotlight, cake, workshop.
  Task 60. FORM THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL FORM FROM THE GIVEN NOUNS.
  Corps... (buildings, military formations) -corps... (torso-, trunk); image... (icons) - image...(artistic and literary*-); order... (insignia) - order... (knightly and monastic societies); reason... (reins) - reason... (motivation).
  Task 61. EXPLAIN THE MEANINGS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
  Belts - belts; passes - passes; current - currents; tones - tones; teachers - teachers; furs - furs.
  Task 62. FORM THE GENTIVE PLURAL FROM THE WORDS BELOW,
  Apricots, pineapples, oranges, eggplants, bananas, young ladies, fables, towers, forms, hectares, Georgians, zrazy, needles, cards, kilograms, tangerines, socks, pancakes, Ossetians, shoulder straps, towels, sheets, boots, shoes, stockings, stockings, apple trees, mangers.
  Task 63. INSERT THE MISSING LETTERS. JUSTIFY THE ENDING YOU CHOOSE.
  1. Near the shopping center there is a cafe-dining room. 2, Wicker... the rocking chair stood... on the terrace. 3. O. Tabakov’s theater-studio trained... many talented actors. 4. With the arrival of the new director, the museum-apartment of A. Akhmatova was replenished with... new exhibits. 5. A reference book for car enthusiasts was published... and went... on sale. 6. Architect Serov told... correspondents about the project of a new residential complex on the outskirts of the capital. 7. The Russian creative intelligentsia, in particular film workers, were... awarded... by government awards. 8. Everyone, even mom, was... against him today. 9. “Figaro” (magazine) published... new information about the kidnapping of a French businessman. 10. Only 7 people came to the exam. 11. The majority voted... for the proposed budget.
  1,
  Task 64. MAKE WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THE GIVEN WORDS. PAY ATTENTION TO THE CONTROL FEATURES OF THESE WORDS.
  To worry (about someone); worry (about someone); come to terms (with something); superiority (over someone); advantage (over someone); I'm surprised (at something); surprised (by something); to report (on something); to make a report (about something), but: to give oneself an account (of something); pay attention (to); pay attention (to); full (of something); filled with (what); to be surprised (at what); to be amazed (by); warn (about); warn (against).
  Task 65. MAKE SENTENCES BASED ON THE FOLLOWING
  PAIRS OF WORD COMBINATIONS USING PREPOSITIONS DUE TO, BECAUSE OF, BY REASON, CONSEQUENTIALLY, IN CONNECTION WITH....
  Failure of deliveries - termination of the contract; unforeseen circumstances - delay in sending goods; effective work of the advertising department - increasing demand for manufactured products; poor harvest - increasing grain prices; introduction of new technology - improving product quality; loss of working time - low labor productivity; equipment repair - shutdown of the workshop.
  Task 66. COMPLETE THE CASE ENDINGS OF THE NOUNS IN THESE SENTENCES.
  1. A new specialist who knows a lot about the forest has arrived in Abramtsevo..., 2. This inconspicuous, but very useful flower grows in the forest..., in its most remote places.-3. Musicians from all continents took part in the International Year of... Chopin. 4. Their seats in the theater were in the third row...
  Task 67. SAY IN WHAT CASES IT IS APPROPRIATE/INAPPROPRIATE
  USE OF THE FORMS PROVIDED.
  In the workshop (book) - in the workshop (colloquial; prof.); on vacation (book, official) - on vacation (colloquial); in the ground (book) - in the ground (simple).
  Task 68. MAKE NUMERAL COMBINATIONS both,
  CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN THE NOMINATIVE AND DATIVE CASE FORMS.
  Sample: Both sons; both sons.
  Tree, road, daughter, thing, bed, bucket, form, vacancy, director, signature, memo, statement, proposal, face.
  Task 69. READ THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, CORRECTLY FORMING CASE ENDINGS OF NUMERALS AND NOUNS CONFORMING WITH THEM.
  1. The dissertation contains an appendix with 65 diagrams... 2. The library is missing 9 books. 3. In a new village of 500 houses... stoves run on natural gas. 4. 24 polar explorers were delivered to Antarctica by plane... 5. The technical school graduated 52 young... specialists...
  Task 70. PAY ATTENTION TO THE USE OF COLLECTIVE AND CARDINAL NUMERALS, COUNTABLE NOUNS -
  nykh. EDIT THE SENTENCES, MOTIVATING CHANGES IN TECH-"
  STE.
  1. Four young workers were assigned the next professional rank. 2. This is how we live: seven in one room. 3. During the break, they continue to argue in the hall. Let's come closer to these three students and listen to what they say. 4. Five researchers are working on this topic, and they will report on the results at the meeting. 5. The certificate was presented to A.F. Osipova: she is turning eighty, b. We made fun of him a couple of times, and he stopped coming to us. 7. We are sitting in an empty house. A table, a stool, a couple of beds. 8. So many journalists, tourists, and guests have entered the capital of the championship that its population will increase by a couple of thousand. 9. The sports club has been in the forefront of the major leagues for a dozen years.
  Task 71. READ THE SENTENCES, PAY ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF NUMERALS.
  1. Newspapers reported that over the past year more than 580 thousand tons of grain were collected. 2. More than 2,500 people asked to improve their living conditions. 3. A train arrived with 287 excursionists ^ 4. The circumference is 422 (centimeter). 5. Subtract 387 from 596. 6. The height of the Ostankino tower with a steel tubular antenna is 540 meters 74 centimeters. 7. The fastest runners in the world reach speeds from 36 to 43 kilometers per hour. 8. Add 852 to 1778. 9. Subtract 11090 from 17464. 10. Of the 1109 most important objects, LIIPҐ749 were introduced. 11. The estimated cost of the second stage of the canal is more than 455 million.
  Task 72. INSERT THE MISSING LETTERS. JUSTIFY YOUR CHOSEN FORM.
  1. The congress was attended by... 117 delegates, most of them were... representatives of individual regions. 2. Some of our workers still need training. 3. Most of the athletes, despite being tired, were... ready... for new games. 4. Most of the items lying on the table were... covered... with lily. 5. Most of the team players fought selflessly for victory, b. A pretty girl was sitting at the table in the reading room. This is: bsh... our trade union organizer of the group. 7. God’s pride, or rather selfishness, unpleasantly struck... everyone. 8. At the intersection of two streets, he opened... a snack bar. 9. The chair-bed stood... in the distance-
  in the corner of the room. 10. At the regional exhibition, the domestically produced scale car was particularly successful. 11. The plant’s design bureau, together with the institute, developed... a new standard design. 12. The press, including regional, city and district newspapers, should... play an important role in the development of production.
  Task 73. MAKE STYLISTIC EDITING OF THE SENTENCES.
  The tennis player realized that the tactics of the match needed to be changed. 2. There is jewelry for sale worth 30.0 million rubles. 3. We simply do not know with certainty the effects of some pollutants. 4. The teachers of the gymnasium have developed curricula that promote better perception of the material. 5. Preparing a project on time is the most difficult problem for them. 6. The designers installed a very heavy-duty engine. 7. Based on the number of points scored, the issue of accepting the applicant for the job is decided. 8. All this proves that these accusations are unfounded, 9. As a result of the accident, the driver received a fracture of his right leg and a severe bruise of his left leg. 10. Prohibit smoking of students, teachers and staff in the institute building. 11. Repayment of debts based on the results of the summer session from September 8 to October 8 (announcement).
  Task 74. READ THE TERMS. BREAK THEM INTO THREE GROUPS: 1) TERMS THAT YOU CAN EXPLAIN; 2) TERMS, THE MEANING OF WHICH YOU KNOW APPROXIMATELY; 3) TERMS THAT YOU WILL
  WE ARE NOT ACQUAINTED. CHECK THE MEANING OF THE WORDS IN THE EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY.
  Letter of credit, shareholder, share, rent, auction, auctioneer, bank, barter, unemployment, broker, currency, hyperinflation, devaluation, dumping, dividend, dealer, eurocurrency, loan, pledge, import, investment, investor, inflation, cartel, clearing, convertibility, competition, corporation, credit, leasing, license, lot, broker, marketing, manager, offer, patent, resident, stagflation, firm, fine, export, ergonomics.
  Task 75. COMPARE DATA from explanatory dictionaries about MEANING
  THE WORDS EXTORTORY, EXTORTION, RACKETEER, RACKET. HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT? FIND AMONG THE ILLUSTRATIONS AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLANATION OF THE WORD RACKETEER THROUGH A SYNONYM. DO YOU THINK THE WORDS RACKET, RACKET HAVE ENRICHED THE VOCARIARY OF OUR LANGUAGE? ARGUMENT YOUR POINT OF VIEW,
  Extortionist (book). The one who engages in extortion.
  Extortion (book) An action or course of action designed to obtain something illegally. through threats, violence, coercion. B. bribery is a criminal act.
  (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Edited by D. N. Ushakhov. T. 1. M., 1935).
  Extortionist. The one who engages in extortion. Extortionist taxi drivers have become the talk of the town, charging exorbitant prices, sometimes up to hundreds of rubles, for a half-hour trip to the center of the capital (Pravda, 04/05/90). In March 6 alone, MUR officers detained 4 groups of extortionists, who are called racketeers in the Western style (AiF, 1990, No. 11).
  Extortion. Obtaining money through coercion, threats, blackmail or abuse of official position. Employees of the RUOP at the Central Internal Affairs Directorate uncovered a number of crimes related to extortion of personal property from citizens (Smena, 08.18.94).
  Racket. Extortion (directed mainly at entrepreneurs) using threats and violence. I would not say the word that came to us from the pages of newspapers - racketeering. There is our term for this - extortion. And not racketeers, but extortionists - that’s what we call them (Radio Russia,
  11.09.91).
  Racketeer. The one who is involved in racketeering. Only on March 6, “MUR employees detained groups of extortionists, who are called racketeers in the Western manner (AiF, 1990, No. 11).
  (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late 20th century.
  Language changes. St. Petersburg, 1998).
  Task 76. READ EXTRACTS FROM NEWSPAPER ARTICLES. DETERMINE WHAT WAYS OF INTERPRETING THE WORDS ARE USED IN THEM? FIND A METHOD THAT IS NOT TALKED ABOUT IN THE MANUAL, BUT IS PRESENTED IN THE TEXT.
  1. Solar car is the first vehicle in Europe that moves using solar energy. 2. Echotachocardiographs, devices that are used in medical practice to diagnose heart diseases, have become especially popular. 3. The management (control) system is of great importance in organizing production. 4. [Article title:] “Is synistrosis logical?” Don't look for this term in medical reference books. Although synistrosis is a disease. Not just the human body, but the social one. The phenomenon is precisely named. Sinistre, being an adjective, means gloomy, ominous, foretelling disaster. As a noun - catastrophe, an inevitable natural disaster. It was the feeling of the inevitability of worse times that penetrated the consciousness of many French people. 5. In the working-class district of Moscow - Lyublinsky - a building made of concrete and steel rose. “University” - the letters on its facade glow. This is a large self-service general store. Department stores... not so long ago this word was unfamiliar to the buyer. Now it has become familiar. 6. “Esgradin” stands for: pop instrument. He gave rise to a family of “soloists” who can sing in different voices. 7. The chronic stagnation of the economy (stagnation) and inflation, which characterize the state of the economy, gave economists the basis to invent the neologism “stagflation”, which combined these two concepts. 8. [Title of the article;] “Surplyas in Tula.” Surprise is a cycling term. It means "to stand still." How will the surnlas for the Tula track end? 9. Urbanization, megalopolis - twenty years ago these Latin and Greek words could not be found in a dictionary. Today, the problems of big cities, along with the terms that denote them, concern not only economists, SOCIOLOGISTS AND POLITICIANS, BUT ALSO residents of many large centers of our planet. 10. [Title of the article:] “Googol”, No, no, there is no mistake in the title, everything is correct, there is such a strange word “Googol”, I myself recently heard it from one person. But before I explain what it means and why I put it in the title, let's talk about something else.<...>It's time to say what this googol is. A familiar peer from the old Moscow courtyard, a software engineer by profession, mentioned him in a conversation. So, a googol is a symbolic mathematical quantity expressed by one followed by one hundred zeros. As the programmer said, this is “the most useless impractical number”, because they have nothing to really measure, it is so large. It is even greater than the number of atoms in the Universe.
  Task77. READ-STATEMENTSA.ЇЇ. CHEKHOVAI K.I Chu-KOVSKY ABOUT THE OFFICER WHAT EMOTIONS DOES AN OFFICER CAUSE
  language of these AUTHORS? LISTEN TO THE SPEECH OF THE PEOPLE AROUND YOU. GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF STATIONERY WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS IN ANY COMMUNICATION, IN OFFICIAL SPEECH.
  What disgusting bureaucratic language.<...>“Based on the situation,” “on the one hand..” “on the other hand,” and all this without any need. “Nevertheless”, “to the extent that” the officials composed. I read and spit.... Vaguely, coldly and ungracefully: he writes, the son of a bitch, as if lying cold in a coffin (A.P. Chekhov).
  Please speak in your own way, in your own language. Avoid stencils like they are an infection. For a verbal stencil is the murder of the soul, it turns a person into a machine, replaces the brain with cybernetics (K. I. Chukovsky).
  Task 78; GET TO KNOW THE CONTENT OF ONE OF THE STORIES OF THE TV SHOW “VIEW”. WHAT IS THE ATTITUDE OF THE HERO OF THE PLOT TO SPEECH STAMPS?
  A poet from Azov (crane operator by profession) A. Remeiko has been writing poetry for V. Malezhik’s songs for more than 10 years. At one of the creative evenings, V. Malezhik decided to introduce the audience to the author and invited him to the stage. The poet approached the microphone, it was clear that he was very worried, and said: “Hello, dear Muscovites!” Then he hesitated and hastily remarked: “I just want to say - and guests of the capital, the cliches are so strong in us.” After a short pause, he once again addressed the audience: “Hello, good people!”
  And it became clear that there was a creative person on stage.
  Task 79. ELIMINATE THE ELEMENTS OF STATIONERY STYLE IN THE FOLLOWING TEXTS: " .
  Dear Dad! I congratulate you on your birthday, I wish you new achievements in your work, success in your work and personal life. Your daughter Olya (congratulatory letter). 2. Let me say hello to my father and mother, as well as my colleagues and wish them great success (from the TV show “Field of Miracles”).
  The environment in which the poet spent his childhood cannot but be considered very unfavorable (from the works of applicants)
  After the above-described incident, the rooster Gorlach was in a fit and came to his senses only after he was doused with water (from the work of applicants), 5. What do we have today in terms of the further development of the product line for the production of dairy products and eliminating its backlog in milk production plan (from newspapers). 6. The period of stagnation and decline of theaters was by no means due to the lack of talented performers (from newspapers).
  Task 80. ANALYZE THE FRAGMENT BELOW
  TEXT OF PUBLIC SPEECH WHAT REQUIREMENTS FOR LANGUAGE AND SPEECH STYLE ARE VIOLATED BY THE SPEAKER?
  Well, first of all, let me, both on my own behalf and on my own behalf, express my deep gratitude for the opportunity that has been presented to me.
  In general, the report is delivered at the moment when everyone present realizes that they are witnessing a phenomenon of special importance.
  When starting to present the material, allow me to dwell on something that at the same time cannot be ignored. Let's look at this in a little more detail. Firstly, so to speak, it is necessary to highlight the essential and most important thing that is steadily developing along the path of further improvement. Secondly, in short, it is necessary to emphasize that in conditions of ever-increasing growth it is difficult to overestimate the role that, even according to the most conservative estimates, is increasingly playing a role in various issues of life and activity. It is this thought, in general, that I am trying to continue in order to try to stop.
  Task 81. COMPARE SENTENCES; ANALYZE THE STYLISTIC EDIT, CALLING THE IMPACTS CORRECTED (MIXING STYLES, INACCURACY OF CONSUMPTION, OFFERENCE, VERBOSE, SPEECH STAMPS, ETC.). IF NECESSARY, PROVIDE YOUR OPTIONS FOR EDITING.
  1, New livestock New livestock
  cattle complexes cattle complexes
  livestock will originate in different livestock will be built in many regions of the republic. regions of the republic*
  2* In the assembly hall of the school In the assembly hall of the school reigned
  Increase the efficiency of each worker through labor organization.
  Increase the labor efficiency of each worker through the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization.
  business bustle reigned * pre-holiday excitement.
  Task 82. ESTABLISH STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS OF SPEECH
  STAMPS IN THE TEXTS BELOW.
  The manager sits down to write the quarterly report. This is a highly artistic work of art on the verge of fantasy: 34 mass evenings were held. 48,675 people were involved. 4 mass dances were held. 9,121 people were covered. 18 mass emergency operations were carried out. 165 thousand people were covered. Raised by the rage of the masses - 3 (I. Ilf, E. Petrov).
  One fine morning, on a lawn not far from the outskirts, which in a relatively short period of time had been transformed beyond recognition, a wide debate unfolded and a number of speakers made excited speeches, where vivid facts were given of the persistent struggle of nouns against the template. The result was an interesting picture that could not help but leave a lasting impression. The crowd dispersed only when it was clear noon. Let's hope that this powerful wave of protest against the monotony of adjectives will reach writers and they will firmly follow the path of improving their language (G. Ryklin).
  The task, for example, is as follows: sweep the streets. Instead of immediately carrying out this order, the strong guy makes a mad fuss around him. He throws out the slogan:
  It's time to start the fight to sweep the streets.
  The fight is on, but the streets are not swept. The following slogan takes things even further: Let us join the campaign to organize the struggle to sweep the streets.
  ¦ Time passes, the strong guy does not sleep, and new commandments are posted on the unswept streets:
  Everything to fulfill the plan to organize a campaign to fight for sweeping. And finally, at the last stage, the original task completely disappears, and only passionate, shrill babbling remains:
  Shame on the disruptors of the campaign for the struggle to implement the plan for organizing the campaign of struggle. All clear. It's not done. However, the appearance of desperate activity is preserved (I. Ilf, E. Petrov).
  Task 83. DETERMINE THE NATURE OF ERRORS IN THE GIVEN SENTENCES, correct them.
  Elections for the regional governor are scheduled for June. 2. This happened at the time when I. was completely busy. 3. The game “Business” is sold at a price of 50 rubles. 4. We are currently busy with the process of constructing new structures.
  Elections for the mayor of the city were held in the city of Rostov-on-Don.
  The teaching team develops its own curriculum. 7. When the hunter looked up, he saw a bear in front of him.
  Task 84. DETERMINE WHAT CAUSES THE VIOLATION OF LOGIC IN
  THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
  You will take the test in December, closer to May. 2. JI.H. Tolstoy reliably described the entire lifestyle of idle and secular youth in the novel “War and Peace.” 3. A friend described to me the image of a friend who works in an advertising agency. 4. Due to the fact that our children quickly learn the material, our teachers have developed an intensive teaching method. 5. Our gymnasium has three directions. b. These are lessons in which children and teachers discuss issues that interest them. 7. If we talk about the learning process in our gymnasium, it has changed radically. 8. Tomorrow, November 27, no precipitation is expected. Light rain possible in the morning and evening. 9. In terms of popularity, the TV disco “Party Zone” can be ranked first. 10. One of the forms of control is expressive reading of the selected literary and journalistic text.
  Task 85. PREPARATE SMALL Speeches THAT CORRESPOND TO THE SITUATIONS BELOW. AVOID STAMP PHRASES, EXPRESSIONS, FORMS OF ADDRESS, GREETINGS. ROLL OUT THESE SITUATIONS.
  You are making a speech to those present at a ceremonial meeting dedicated to the presentation of diplomas to university graduates.
  You are giving a speech at a meeting of classmates who graduated from this university several years ago.
  You are the director of a company, making a speech to employees at the New Year's banquet,
  Task 86. GET TO KNOW THE TEXT OF A PUBLIC SPEECH. ANALYZE IT FROM THE POINT OF POINT OF USING FUNDS
  SPEECH EXPRESSIVENESS.
  You are with me again, friend autumn
  Autumn can be different: Boldino, school, agricultural. There is an autumn of dying love - the last moments of happiness.
  Something happens to us during the period of withering nature and long heavy rains. We wrap ourselves in sweaters and raincoats, hiding under umbrellas. Throw away the umbrella, it's stopping us from talking!
  What do you associate with autumn? Some will say: “In autumn, everything annoys me: the wind, the dirt, and wet people.” Well, how can you disagree with this! Others yearn for summer, for a cheerful mood, but for beautiful girlish knees. The third, for some reason, is very sad in the fall and remembers all the good things, but - alas! - the past.
  Autumn is like autumn. “Exhausting lethargy, avenging melancholy for something,” as the poet said. It turns out that these poets instilled melancholy and sadness in our souls. It was in the fall that loneliness squeezed their throats. Either the muses did not come to the date, or “in the arms of woolen socks and downy scarves” the muses seemed to the poets to be bored wives. Only brilliant poems were born.
  It’s good for poets - they expressed the inexpressible in poetry and closed the topic.... But how can an ordinary person survive autumn, when he is sick of the wet sky, of the dampness of body and soul?
  However, in addition to sciatica and the inability to kiss due to a constant cold, many miracles happen in the fall. The most crowded weddings take place in the fall. Well, if you believe the classics, in the spring a person falls in love, and in the fall he meets his fate. It is a sad person, broken by bad weather, who easily approaches each other in the hope of warmth, understanding and eternal feeling.
  Like this. Look forward to meeting you! Look under the umbrellas. Maybe your love and destiny are running past... (student M.O.).
  Task 87. PREPARATE AN ORAL STATEMENT ON THE TOPIC “TIME”
  YEARS AND STATE OF MIND”, USING THE MEANS OF IMAGINATION AND EXPRESSIVENESS YOU KNOW.
  Task 88. TELL WHAT CONCEPTS ARE TRANSMITTED WITH THE HELP
  THE FOLLOWING IS A PARAPHRASE. GIVE EXAMPLES OF USING IMAGATIVE, METAPHORICAL PURPOSES INSTEAD OF DIRECT NAMING OF PUBLIC: META.
  White gold, black gold, blue planet, white death, ship of the desert, green serpent, life partner, green fire, one-armed bandits, city of the Yellow Devil, Foggy Albion, city on the Neva.
  Task 89. Explain the meaning of phraseological units with the word-1language. Make up five sentences with these phraseological units (to choose from).
  Strike on the tongue. Keep your mouth shut/on a leash. Long tongue. Bite/bite your tongue. Evil tongue. Angry with his tongue. It's on the tip of your tongue. Reach an understanding. Hold your tongue. Sharp on the tongue. Spill the beans. It rolled off the tongue. Begs to be spoken. Pull/tug on the tongue. Tick ​​on your tongue. Well hung/suspended tongue. The tongue will not turn / will not turn to say. Tongue flutter / scratch / chatter / grind. Swallow your tongue. The tongue itches. You'll break your tongue. The tongue was lost. Shorten your tongue. The devil pulled his tongue. Run with your tongue out. As if/as if a cow had licked it with its tongue. Like a tongue licked it off. Tongue on the shoulder. Give free rein to your tongue. Does not roll off the tongue (for anyone). Aesopian/Aesopian language. Speak different languages, Speak/say in Russian.
  Task 90. ​​READ THE GIVEN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS with the word language. EXPLAIN HOW YOU UNDERSTAND THE CONTENT OF THESE EXPRESSIONS. WHAT OTHER PROVERBS WITH THIS WORD DO YOU KNOW?
  My tongue is my enemy: it speaks before my mind. Eat the mushroom pie, but keep your mouth shut. Use your tongue, but don’t give your hands free reign. Language will take you to Kyiv. The tongue is small, but it controls the whole body. She sewed and washed, ironed and rolled, flattened and polished, and all with her tongue. Don’t rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds. You can't weave a bast with your tongue. There is honey on the tongue, and ice under the tongue. Don't be afraid of the knife, but of the tongue.
  Task 91. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THESE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS, GIVE EXAMPLES OF THEIR USE IN SPEECH.
  / Turn a blind eye to something. Gather your thoughts. Not for fear, but for conscience. Not myself. Skin and bones. be on
  at knifepoint with someone. Down in the mouth. Reluctantly. At worst. Stay on top of things, keep your powder dry. Combat baptism. Slurping unsalted.
  Task 92. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ASKED. AS
  USE PHRASEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS TO ANSWER.
  For example: “What do they say about someone who is difficult to persuade to come, go, or do something?” - “Heavy to climb.”
  As they say? I) about someone who often changes his decisions; 2) about someone who suddenly began to understand, notice something; 3) about a person who came at the wrong time, inopportunely; "4) about a meek, harmless person; 5) about a person who behaves unnaturally straight; 6) about a talkative person; 7) about the disappearance of someone without a trace; 8) about a situation when danger threatens from all sides; 9) about something boring, heard many times; 10) about a person from whom success is expected in. any activity; 11) about a feeling of great awkwardness, shame; 12) about very distant relatives; 13) about something extraordinary,: incredible; 14) about disorder, confusion reigning somewhere; 15) about someone who does not know something known to everyone.
  Task 93. CORRECT ERRORS IN USING SUSTAINABLE
  COMBINATIONS.
  It is known what an important role our literature plays in the education of our youth. 2. In addition to vaccinations for the population, the destruction of rodents plays a great role in prevention. 3. Only under these conditions will the manager be able to take a vanguard role in production. 4. It is necessary for the committee to play the main role in this matter. 5. I raised a toast to my distant friends. 6, I’m giving you a tooth to cut off; you won’t pass the test. 7. So that’s where the dog dug! 8. “You are a strange person: you are well versed in complex things, but in this simple matter you suddenly got lost in three birch trees,” my older brother told me. 9. Our hero succeeds in everything; he must have been born under a lucky moon. 1G. The library should have been put in order a long time ago, but it never gets done.
  Task 94, MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE BELOW
  PHRASEOLOGICAL PURPOSES, USING THEM IN DIFFERENT MEANINGS:
  Catch on the fly - 1) listen eagerly, don’t miss anything;
  2) quickly, easy to understand, assimilate. To pour from empty to empty - 1) spend time in conversations, in empty chatter; 2) doing useless things, wasting time aimlessly. Losing one's head - 1) getting into a difficult situation," becoming confused; not knowing what to do out of excitement, how to act; 2) becoming arrogant, having a lot of opinions about oneself, about one's capabilities.
  Task 95. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF PHRASEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS and WINGED WORDS.
  Achilles' heel; crocodile tears; king for a day; voice in the wilderness; between Scylla and Charybdis; Pyrrhic victory; the riddle of the sphinx; sword of Damocles; two-faced Janus; Procrustean bed; a swan song.
  Task 96. IN WHAT AREAS OF COMMUNICATION (HOUSEHOLD, OFFICIAL BUSINESS) CAN THE FOLLOWING PHRASEOLOGISTS AND CAPITAL EXPRESSIONS BE USED.
  To keep in touch; reach a dead end; star of the first magnitude; dance to someone's tune; reap the benefits; drive into paint; rear up; stand in the way; come into force; meet with hostility; give hope; do not lose face in the dirt; sing praises; run aground; Sodom and Gomorrah; Aesopian language; tours on wheels; smoke incense.
  Task 97. COMPOSE A TEXT USING PHRASEOLOGISTS THAT ALLOW YOU TO EXPRESS YOUR ATTITUDE TO THE SUBJECT OR ADDRESSEE
  SPEECHES.
  Talk nonsense; shallow swim; doesn't hold a candle; rat race; talk nonsense; tear and throw; bring to white heat; be in seventh heaven; perk; lose one's temper; don’t bet on a penny; not so hot; the last spoke in the chariot; neither shaky nor shaky; a lump out of the blue; high flying bird; hang your nose; at random; to be beside oneself; put at the forefront; a matter of life or death; raven count; remember well; Herculean labor; eyes bulging; penny price; to be amazed; two-faced Janus; live in someone else's mind; work carelessly; skillful fingers; scapegoat; handyman; small fry; soap bubble; to be at the height of bliss; do not remember yourself from...; nothing
  put; neither fish nor fowl; middle to half; two of a Kind; discover America; dance to tune; sit in a galosh; the eighth wonder of the world; fly on wings; build castles in the air; dance from the stove.
  Task 98. Read the text. Write down the ones found in it
  SUSTAINABLE TURNOVER. DETERMINE WHAT THE AUTHOR ACHIEVES BY PLAYING PHRASEOLOGISTS.
  Makara's hut stood on the edge, on the jelly banks of the Molochnaya River. Rising one morning from his Procrustean bed and breaking into the open door, Makar added fuel to the fire, brought out the ducks and habitually drove the calves somewhere.
  The morning was clear as day. Brushing away the smoke without fire, Makar rolled down the inclined plane down to the
  DU-
  In the pasture, the calves scattered - some into the forest, some for firewood, Makar sat down in a puddle, took the bit between his teeth and simply opened a small chest with a broken penny, which he mistakenly took at face value.
  There was a ringing sound. "Where is he from?" - thought Makar and looked around through his fingers.
  Task 99. READ THE TEXT. WRITE OUT PHRASEOLOGISTS WITH
  KEYWORDS: NOSE, EYES, HEAD, LEGS AND EXPLAIN THEIR MEANING. Determine the function of phraseological units in this text. Write down several sentences in which the direct meaning of the components of the phraseological unit is played out.
  The topic of my essay is phraseological units, including names of parts of the human body.
  As it turned out, the most prominent part of this very body is the head. It is with it that most phraseological turns are associated. The excess and variety of these expressions makes your hair stand on end and your head spin. If you try to combine some of them, you can create a certain ideal of a person. He must be with the king in mind, under no circumstances should he hang his nose, not wag his tongue in vain, and keep his ears on top of his head. Such an ideal will have crowds of fans hanging around its neck. make eyes and clap them.
  Language is a flexible thing, and whatever expressions pop into our heads. What we don’t do with the unfortunate head is that we let it be cut off, and it spins around us, it dwarfs, and something hangs over it, everything that we can’t be bothered with. You can get anything into your head, you can blame it on a healthy one. My head is full of so many options!
  In order to lose face, it is worth mentioning other parts of this very head. We talked about the head as a whole, and now we will look at specifics: the organs of vision, speech, hearing and “smell.” It's not sweet for them either.
  Open your eyes, don’t slam them, don’t goggle your eyes, don’t sparkle with them, look with all your eyes, so that sparks fall out of your eyes.
  You can look into the sense of smell with your eyes. You shouldn’t turn your nose up, but rather keep your nose to the wind, then you can outshine your competitors! It is on our nose that many problems hang, it is beyond it that we see nothing, we can even hang it. But someone here won’t raise an eyebrow, “let’s keep our ears on. The Lord gave us ears so that we could keep them on top of our heads and make fools laugh with them. Believe your ears, otherwise you won’t see success like your own, well, those who On the sides.
  We will take the particularly disobedient ones by the throat and drag them into the jungle of phraseological units. And we shouldn’t stand across... your neck, otherwise we can take you by the throat and stand on your, again, throat. Many were already fed up, and some did not have poppy dew in their mouth; Some people don’t take a drop in their mouth, while others pour it all over their eyes. You can take some water into your mouth and sit, but then life will pass you by. But it’s better to keep your mouth shut in time, and when you can, scratch it as much as you don’t mind.
  Until gray hair we can talk about the head, but we will go further to look through our fingers at our hands. Shoulder to shoulder, face to face, life will not be boring, and everyone can bear it on their shoulders; if trouble falls on your head or shoulders, then you will take it off your shoulders and order. You can count a lot on your fingers, but not phraseological phrases about hands. It can burn in your hands, your hands can be lowered, extended, applied, dirty; There are different weight categories of hands - light and, characteristically, heavy. With all my heart, I’ll tell you honestly that it’s best for a person to fall under a cheerful and light
  hand, it’s good to rake in the heat with someone else’s hands, it’s still a pity for your own, after all, relatives.
  Without fooling you, let's move on to the legs. Let's stand with our chests by our feet and rush as fast as we can to list the capabilities of the musculoskeletal system - you can bow at your feet, fall off your feet, walk in step. Don't get noticed by those who got up on their left foot today. There are still people who were born on the wrong foot. But there are only a few of them. It is not recommended to walk barefoot in winter, otherwise you may end up without legs. I wish you to live like a master and not lose ground from under your feet.
  There are still a lot of revolutions spinning under our feet here, but we will move forward with all our might. So, God forbid
  You shouldn’t fight off the abundance of phraseological phrases with your hands and feet, since we use them very actively - we give free rein to everything - from our fists to our tongue, we can flex our sides or grab them tightly.
  So, now you can make sure that phraseological phrases about the human body are always relevant and applicable in all areas of our lives. They have a positive and negative connotation, so if you try, then for the sake of experiment you can talk using only phraseological phrases about the human body (student G, S.).
  Task 100. DETERMINE WHAT FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE AND WHAT SPEECH ERRORS IS K. MELIKHAN PARODYING?
  How to write scientific articles
  Before we start talking about this, let's dwell on WHERE TO START. We need to start with the main thing. Many authors, especially beginners, suffer from the disease of swinging, they start sluggishly, with something unimportant, secondary, they accelerate for a long time, drag out the rubber, are afraid to immediately take the bull by the horns, immediately introduce them to the matter and introduce it slowly, gradually, which, of course, tires the reader . Sometimes the introductory part takes a whole paragraph.
  The reader is also tired of the endless LISTS of last names, names, patronymics, countries, cities, villages, forests, seas, valleys and rivers, lakes, floodplains, dams, canals, bays and estuaries, as well as ditches, icebergs, oases, waterfalls, water pipelines, kerosene gases, capricorns, crystal lattices, etc. Re-
  you can count ad infinitum. But the size of this article does not allow this. Therefore, let’s immediately move on to another common mistake - ABUSE OF QUOTES.
  “You should see more for yourself than repeat other people’s words.” These wonderful words belong to Pichtenberg. Helvetius remarked in this regard: “Few authors think for themselves.” So don't get carried away with quotes. Leo Tolstoy called those who quoted “scientific fools.” To support this thought, I will not be afraid to quote from Latin; “Quote at least” (Cite only if necessary).
  Avoid NICE COMPARISONS. A beautiful but unnecessary comparison is like a diamond necklace on the chest of a warty toad, which the vile macaque carries out of the silvery fog.
  Now let's ask, what is a RHETORICAL QUESTION? When is it installed? And is it really necessary?
  INVERSION can also attract attention to boring text. Incorrect order of words in a sentence - that's what inversion means.
  Avoid BANALS. Write well and original.
  ORIGINAL is what is not banal. If everything around was original, writing banal would be original, and writing original would be banal. However, the more original there is, the more original the banal. Isn't it said in an original way?
  DON'T REPEAT YOURSELF. Don't say the same thought twice. A thought expressed twice is a repetition of what was said. So don't repeat what you said twice. What has been said twice is actually a repetition of what has already been said twice.
  Avoid a LARGE NUMBER OF NUMERALS on one page: one, two numerals - wherever it goes; but three, four are already a lot; five, six, seven - a lot; eight is the limit; maximum - nine; although ten is possible; if necessary - fifteen; but no more than forty.
  BE SHORT. DO NOT EXTEND THE PHRASE ENORMOUSLY, cluttering it with an adverbial clause, which in addition stands before the PARTICIPIAL, which is better, however, than an SUBJECT CLAUSE, because it does not increase, expand or inflate the number of VERBS, various, optional and extra ADJECTIVES, NOUNS, which are no longer clear in what CASE , from which it is clear that there are a lot of not only adverbs, but also CONJUNCTIONS, again some kind of PARTICLES, BRACKETS that complicate (obscure) the thought, COMMA, SEMOLON; ellipses... other punctuation marks, including DASHES, if, in addition, the syllable is replete with false ALLITERATIONS, illustrating only the illusory nature of love for the word, and unnecessary and strained RIFMAMY-schniffs, because AT THE END OF THE PHRASE YOU ALREADY FORGET WHAT YOU WERE SAYING ABOUT AT ITS BEGINNING.
  When preparing an article for publication, DO NOT FLATTER THE EDITORS. Editors are talented, smart, and don't need your praise.
  Under no circumstances should you FINISH the article. Never teach anyone anything! Remember this once and for all!!!
  Task 101. ANALYZE EXTRACTS FROM SPEECHES. HIGHLIGHT THE MEANS OF SPEECH USED BY THE SPEAKERS.
  Now at our conference we are getting rid of political myopia or political astigmatism. But in addition, there is simply normal human myopia. To treat it, you need to have tools of production, which should belong to us (S. Fedorov).
  Imagine their plane standing in the meadow. It's a normal plane, it has everything. There are portholes, chairs, aisles, passengers are seated. Everything is as it should be. Only suddenly it turns out that this is not a meadow at all on which the plane is standing, but a swamp. Dangerous swamp, sucking. A little more and death. The crew gathered all the passengers to discuss what to do. And everyone decided: there is an opportunity, we need to take off.
  With great, incredible effort, the pilots lifted the plane over the swamp and over the forest. But the flight qualities are not important. And a lot of things were rusty, and there were lumps of dirt. It’s hard, but we’re flying. And suddenly one of the passengers asks: “How can this be? The plane was lifted, but you don’t know where to fly?” And the other one says
  Rit: “You have deprived us of faith. We believed that we were sitting in a meadow, but it turned out that we were sitting in a swamp.”
  But the plane took off! Still took off! And in it is our faith (G. Voronik).
  We know the inevitable and sad thing: we all came into this world to leave forever. And we know joyful things; life itself is good. But living life is not a field to cross. Well, the roar of history rolls over our heads. If April - “the month of spring and expectation” - brought awareness of the need for action, now the time has come for everyone to comprehend the historical logic of the immutable laws of development (Yu, Bondarev).
  If we do not lose our will, if we do not lose the trust of the people, we will prevail. In Australia, when a future pilot candidate is asked a test, there is this question; you are flying in a two-seater plane. Imagine that the Queen of England fell out of the second seat. Your actions. Some people say shoot yourself. Run after it and catch it in the air. The correct answer is to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue the flight. So, during perestroika, more than once we will have to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue flying (G. Baklanov).
  Today is a milestone. History has come close to us and looks into our eyes with hope: don’t be mistaken, don’t be afraid, don’t be afraid! Man, today you can still do a lot, tomorrow it may be too late! Be smart, and it won’t be someone else’s uncle who will decide for us, but we ourselves must defend and strengthen democracy and democracy, there is no other force (M. Ulyanov).
  Task 102. LEARN EXTRACTS FROM THE SPEECHES OF THE MAJOR RUSSIAN THINKER I. A. ILYIN. ANALYZE THE LANGUAGE AND STYLE OF THESE SPEECHES. SPECIFY WHAT MEANS
  SPEECH EXPRESSIVENESS IS USED BY THE ORATOR. WHAT, IN YOUR VIEW, IS THE PATHOS OF THESE SPEECHES? DETERMINE YOUR ATTITUDE TO THE IDEAS EXPRESSED BY THE AUTHOR.
  About Russia
  And our Russia gave us one more gift: this is our wondrous, our mighty, our singing language. All of it is our Russia. It contains all her gifts: and the breadth of unlimited possibilities; and the wealth of sounds, and words, and forms; both spontaneity and non-
  clarity; and space, and scope, and soaring; to dreaminess, and strength; both richness and beauty. Everything is accessible to our language. He himself is submissive to everything worldly and supramundane, and therefore has the power to express, depict and convey everything.<...>
  This is a language of a mature, original national character, and the Russian people, who created this language, are themselves called upon to reach mentally and spiritually the height to which their language calls them...
  і1Woe to us that we did not know how to take care of our language and carefully grow it - in its sound, in its natural freedom, in its rhythm and in the vestments of its organically grown spelling. Not loving him means not loving and not despising our Motherland.
  What is a person without a homeland?
  What would we be if someone managed to tear us away from our Russia?
  Let other peoples understand and remember that they will only be able to see and comprehend Russia when they know and feel our speech. Until then, Russia will be incomprehensible and inaccessible to them; Until then, they will not find either a spiritual or political path to it.
  Let the world learn our language and through it touch our Motherland for the first time. For then, and only then, will he hear not about Her, but Her.
  About the ways of Russia
  No people in the world have had such a burden and such a task as the Russian people. And not a single people has ever learned from such trials and from such torments such strength, such originality, such spiritual depth. Our cross is heavy. Isn’t the fabric of our history woven from suffering alone? And if we, sometimes exhausted, fall under the burden of our cross, then should we grumble and blaspheme ourselves in the hour of decline or pray, strengthen ourselves and gather new strength?..
  Our first burden is the burden of the earth - an immense, unruly, scattering space, a sixth of the land, in one great piece, three and a half of China; forty-four German empires. It was not we who “took” this space: flat, open, defenseless - it itself imposed itself on us, it forced us to take possession of it, from century to century sending hordes of nomads and armies of sedentary neighbors invading us from everywhere. Russia had only two options: either to be erased and not to be1 go to pacify its vast outskirts with weapons and state power... Russia picked up this burden and carried it; and accomplished a unique phenomenon in the world.
  Our second burden is the burden of nature. This ocean of land, cut off from the free sea, which calls and beckons (remember the epic about Sadko), but is not given itself and does not give us anything... This expanse is everywhere, mountainless; and only at the edge of the world loom the Carpathians and the Caucasus, the Urals and the Sayans, protecting us neither from the storm nor from the enemy... This soil is poor where forests provide defense, and fertile where the bare steppe is open to raids. .. These riches are hidden in the depths and are not given to a person until he creates peace and security.,. These destructive droughts, these early frosts, these endless swamps in the north, these treeless steppes and shifting sands in the south: the kingdom of icy wind and scorching heat... But Russia had no choice: the Slavic tribes came, they say, later than others through the gates of Asia and must return from the Carpathian Mountains to the Russian Plain. And we accepted this burden, and harsh nature became our destiny, the only and unique one in history.
  And our third burden is the burden of the people. One hundred and seventy million people, sometimes concentrated, sometimes scattered in the steppes, sometimes lost in forests and swamps; up to one hundred and eighty different tribes and dialects; and until the twentieth century ~ a whole third were not Slavs and about one sixth were non-Christian. We had to accept this burden too: not to eradicate, not to suppress, not to enslave the blood of others; do not strangle foreign and heterodox life; but to give everyone life, breath and a great homeland. Find that spiritual depth, and breadth, and flexibility of the creative act, in the bosom of which each excluded tribe would find a place for itself and the freedom to bloom as much as possible - some blossoming, others blossoming. It was necessary to create a spiritual, cultural and legal homeland for this entire diverse human sea, to protect everyone, to reconcile everyone, to allow everyone to pray in their own way, to work in their own way, and to involve the best from everywhere in state and cultural construction. But for this we had to - first of all - grow ourselves, pray, create and sing. And so Russia picked up the burden of its peoples, picked it up and carried it: the only phenomenon in the world...
  We were given a huge abundance of spaces and tribes, unconnected, not belonging, pulling apart, encroaching and disintegrating; and difficult, harsh conditions of life and struggle. We had to create in these conditions, from this abundance, in three or four centuries, a single great state and a single great spiritual culture. Our path led from constant need, through continuous, great dangers, to spiritual and state greatness; and there were no delays; And. there could be no vacation, no rest. Let us remember: Soloviev counts from 1240 to 1462 (over 222 years) two hundred wars and invasions. From the fourteenth century to the twentieth (over 525 years), Sukhotin counts 329 years of war. Russia has been at war for two thirds of its life. One Tatar yoke lasted 250 years; and the last time “Moscow was besieged by the Tatars was at the very end of the sixteenth century.
  From century to century, our concern was not about how to get better or how to live easier; but only about somehow surviving, holding out, getting out of the next trouble, overcoming the next danger; not how to obtain justice and happiness, but how to get rid of an enemy or misfortune; and one more thing: how, in the pursuit of “relief” and “happiness,” not to unleash a general destructive turmoil...
  Nations do not choose their lots; each one accepts his own burden and his task from above. This is how we, the Russians, received our burden and our task. And this burden turned our entire history into a living tragedy of sacrifice, and the entire life of our people became a selfless service, continuous and often unbearable... And how often other peoples were saved by our sacrifices, and silently and irrevocably accepted our great service... with so that later they can proudly talk about us as an “uncultured people” or a “lower race”... (quoted from: Ya, A. Ilyin. About Russia. M., 1991. P. 10-11,12- 14).
  Task 103. EXPLAIN IN WHAT SPEECH SITUATION IT IS APPROPRIATE TO CHOICE one or another FORM OF GREETING/FAREWELL. WHICH OF THE GREETINGS/FAREWELLS CONVEY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION?
  SPECIFY WHAT.
  Hello! Hello! I'm glad to welcome you! Welcome! I'm so glad to see you! Good morning! Good afternoon Good evening! Hello, brother! Hello! Easy on the domina! Greetings! My regards. Firework! Let me welcome you! Ours to you! How is it? Good health! I wish you good health! Ours for you with a brush! Hello! Long time no see! Bah, what people! How are you?
  Good morning! Good luck! Let me say goodbye! Bon Voyage! Well, come on! Happy Stay! See you soon! See you later...! I have the honor to take my leave. Let me take my leave. I shake your hand. Ciao! Bye! Call! Goodbye! Do not forget! Good night! I have the honor! Good night! Farewell! All the best! Don't be rude! Be healthy! Firework! Total! Till tomorrow! Break a leg! Adju!
  Task 104. Fill in the empty columns of the table with synonymous expressions. DESCRIBE THE SPEECH SITUATION IN WHICH THE USE OF EACH PHRASE IS APPROPRIATE. Neutral Formal Colloquial, with a touch of familiarity Can I come to you? Will you allow me? Shall I interfere? - What do you say? (finding out the opinion of the interlocutor) Can you call me? - - Please follow the regulations - 11- Let me make a request to you I was glad to help (response to the expression of gratitude) Task 105. IS IT APPROPRIATE TO USE ETIQUETTE FORMULAS IN THE EXAMPLES BELOW? WHAT EFFECT CAN BE CAUSED BY THE USE OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE MODELS*. A) IF IT IS STYLISTICALLY UNMOTIVATED; B) IF IT IS DUE TO A CERTAIN STYLISTIC TASK?
  . May I make a call from you? May I have a poop with you? It was very nice to chat with you. Thank you very much,
  children. Hello, dear Anatoly Petrovich! Why are you crying, girl? What fate, dear Lyudmila Vasilievna! Ours for you with a brush, Mr. Director!
  Task 106. PLAY THE PROPOSED ROLE SITUATIONS. WHEN DISCUSSING AND ANALYZING A COMPLETED TASK, PAY ATTENTION TO THE BEHAVIOR OF ITS PARTICIPANTS, THEIR FAMILY, GESTURES, INTONATION, AND COMPLIANCE WITH ETIQUETTE AND SPEECH RULES.
  1 a) You are a 1st year student. You need to make a request: to the rector, dean, head of the department, teacher, friend.
  b) You are the chairman of the trade union committee of the organization. The following came to you: your old friend (girlfriend), an old acquaintance of your parents, an unfamiliar man (woman), an unfamiliar young man (girl), the head of the organization, a technical worker. Accept them.
  c) You are an administration employee. You need to ask by phone:
  a veteran of the Great Patriotic War to take part in the celebration;
  a scientist from the university to speak at a scientific and practical conference;
  a university teacher to give a lecture to administration employees;
  the head of the enterprise to provide assistance in holding a city event.
  d) You are the head of a commercial structure. You have a vacancy in your company. You need to talk to 3-4 applicants for this position. They came according to the announcement.
  Task 107. WHAT SPEECH ETIQUETTE FORMULAS WILL YOU USE IF YOU HAVE TO APPLY:
  1) to an elderly person to find out what time it is; 2) to a police officer to find out how to get to the exhibition; 3) to the secretary in the reception area to find out when the meeting with the boss will start; 4) to the head of the organization to find out the decision on your application; 5) to a friend to ask him for a textbook; 6) to the teacher to ask him to take your exam ahead of schedule.
  Task 108. WHAT EMOTIONS ARE CONVEYED BY GESTURES IN SENTENCES? FINISH THEM, GIVE SEVERAL POSSIBLE OPTIONS.
  Masha grabbed her head and screamed...
  Nikolai slapped his forehead and exclaimed...
  The old man waved his hands, repeating...
  The guy said, scratching his head...
  Problem 109
  behind your right shoulder with the thumb of your right hand;
  at your feet;
  raised right thumb up;
  into the middle of your chest with the fingers of your right hand while nodding your head.
  Task 110. Test your friends to see if they can guess what you mean, IF you use a gesture to depict the objects indicated in the LIST,
  For example; “I’ve run out of…” (depicted as brushing teeth). The answer is toothpaste.
  Corkscrew, loop, hammer, broom, saw, chisel, typewriter, scissors, pillow, telephone, axe, car, lipstick, pencil, soap, glass, violin, conductor, piano, fan.
  Task 111. MAKE A GESTURE THAT WOULD BE APPROPRIATE
  CONTENT OF THE SENTENCE, AND FIND ITS CHARACTERISTICS IN THE LIST OF DESCRIPTIONS OF GESTURES:
  Dumplings are made like this.
  Well, this is something so huge, immense.
  Some kind of vicious circle.
  The machine sews in a zigzag pattern.
  Do you have a hole punch?
  You have to hold it tightly, otherwise it will come loose.
  Take a look at him
  Description of the gesture: gesture of an outstretched palm; the index finger of the right hand describes a circle; spreading movements with both hands in the air; clenched fist gesture; gesture in the air with the index finger from left to right, from bottom to top or from top to bottom; moving the right hand clenched into a fist downwards with pressure; pinching movements with fingers.
  Task 112. DETERMINE WHAT GESTURES CAN BE USED WHEN SPEAKING PHRASES:
  All this is not for me
  They knock and knock, both above and below.
  Both of them came*
  Let this stay between us*
  You and I will finish each other*
  Let him, let him, leave him.
  Whatever it is, well, let it be.
  Spare me this, I don't want it.
  No, no, no way*
  Everything is so confused, such a mess.
  Nobody will understand anything, it’s complete chaos.
  This is not entirely true.
  Here everything is somehow, you know, something like that.
  Task 113. DETERMINE WHAT TYPE OF GESTURES (RHYTHMIC, INDICATIVE, EMOTIONAL, IMPORTANT, SYMBOLIC) EACH OF THE GESTURES DESCRIBED BY I. S* TURGENEV IN THE NOVEL “Nov” belongs to:
  “After all, if you weigh all the consequences in advance, there will probably be some bad things between us. For example, when our predecessors arranged the liberation of the peasants - well? could they have foreseen that one of the consequences of this liberation would be the emergence of a whole class of landowners-usurers who would sell a peasant a quarter of rotten rye for six rubles, and receive from it (here Markelov bent one finger): firstly, work for all six rubles, and on top of that (Markelov bent another finger) - a whole quarter of good rye - and even (Markelov bent a third) with an increase! that is, they suck the last blood out of a man!
  - Yes, I made up my mind! - he repeated, striking his knee with his hairy, dark fist, - I’m stubborn**, It’s not for nothing that I’m half Little Russian.”*
  - Well, what did you decide?
  Nejdanov shrugged*
  Yes, I already told you that for now - nothing, we’ll have to wait a little longer.”
  - Hm! - said Syapyagin. -Are you talking about a student?
  About Mr. Student*
  Hm! Is there something going on here (he turned his hand near his forehead)? A?"
  Task 114. TELL WHAT GESTURES ARE WRITTEN ABOUT IN THE “BRIEF”
  GUIDE TO RHETORIC" M. V* Lomonosov, WHEN ARE THEY USED AND WHAT DO YOU MEAN?
  As for the position of the parts of the body, during an ordinary speech, where no passions are depicted, skilled rhetoricians stand upright and use almost no movements, and when they prove something with strong arguments and offer their speech with swift or gentle figures, then they depict it in full with hands, eyes, head and shoulders* With arms extended upward, or with one hand, they bring a prayer to God or swear and swear; holding out their palm turned away from themselves, they admonish and send away; placing a palm to the mouth, silence is prescribed. With an outstretched hand they point; aggravated by a quiet movement up and down show the importance of the thing; spreading them on both sides, they doubt or deny, they hit the chest in a sad speech; nodding with a finger, they threaten and reproach * Eyes are raised upward in prayer and exclamation, they are turned away in denial and contempt, they are squeezed in irony and ridicule, they are closed, representing sadness and weakness * Raising the head and face upward signifies something magnificent or pride; lowering their head, showing sadness and humiliation; shaking it, they deny* Clenching their shoulders, they depict fear, doubt and denial*