Joseph Stalin had three children from official wives, they say that there were other offspring from some secret relationship between the head of the Soviet state and lovely maidens, but I don’t know anything about that, and therefore I can’t argue, it could well be.
Ekaterina Svanidze was Stalin's first wife when they got married, she was 21 years old, and he was 28 years old, a year later the couple had a son, Yakov, at the end of that year, Ekaterina dies of typhus. The husband was very worried about the premature death of Catherine.
Joseph Stalin remarries 12 years later to 18-year-old Nadezhda Alliluyeva, from this marriage he had two children: son Vasily and daughter Svetlana. When Joseph Stalin's wife was 31, she shot herself. The reason for the death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva is still unknown, there is a version that jealousy and resentment tortured her, someone claims that she was mortally ill, plus she read denunciations against her faithful, and someone is completely sure that it was her husband who killed her. Svetlana Alliluyeva was 6 years old when she was half orphaned, her brother Vasily at that time was 11 years old. Svetlana was told that her mother died on the operating table during the removal of appendicitis, she learned the truth only at the age of 16. Today we will talk about the daughter of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. After the TV series “Svetlana” appeared on the TV screens, I was interested in her personality, I didn’t look at all this epic, I started looking for real information about Stalin’s daughter, and I got so carried away that I didn’t immediately become up to the series. What was Svetlana Alliluyeva like in real life? It seemed to me that her appearance should have been Caucasian, her father was Georgian, her mother was half a gypsy, but Svetlana Alliluyeva herself turned out to be a fair-haired and gray-eyed young lady, and her face was completely strewn with freckles. Outwardly, she is completely unlike either mom or dad. Thought "And on whom then?" gave me no rest.
But when I saw a portrait of Stalin's mother, Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili, everything immediately became clear to me - grandmother and granddaughter, after all, are like two drops of water.
And what was the character of Svetlana? Daughters of the tyrant and dictator Joseph Stalin? Certainly resolute, it is possible that, like her father, she was a tough and inflexible person. I watched several of her interviews and drew my own conclusions. An intelligent, sophisticated, rather self-confident lady. She did not grow up in luxury, her father did not allow her to make up, dress up, do manicures, use perfumes, he believed that there was no need for a person to decorate himself. Nevertheless, Svetlana Alliluyeva has always been stylish and modern in a European way. The daughter's strict father was not supposed to object, and therefore Svetlana Alliluyeva did not go to study as a literary critic, although she dreamed about it very much, but learned to be a historian - as her father wished. With her personal life, Svetlana Alliluyeva had a full guard and five marriages to confirm this.
Well, she loved all her life, if you believe the series (which I never watched to the end), Alexei Kappler, he was not handsome, unlike the screen image, but he played tricks in life, be healthy! Amazing, extraordinary women were in love with him! Many, including me, do not understand how this 38-year-old heart-eater dared to covet the 16-year-old Svetlana Stalin? Not only was the girl young, but also the daughter of a rather dangerous, unbalanced person who killed an incredible number of innocent people. Alexei Kapler, when he fell in love, apparently turned off his instinct of self-preservation completely, but he didn’t worry much about his sweetheart, what if she and she would fly into the first number from a strict father? One way or another, but still, Alexei Kapler broke the life of poor Sveta, she loved him for a very long time, she kept hoping for some kind of miracle, she changed husbands along the way, but who said that she was happy in those marriages? Well, okay, I won’t dig too deep today, I post all the photos of Svetlana Alliluyeva that I managed to find in this material, it seems to me that there are unforgivably few frames, I really wish there were more of them! But what is, is. I didn't find anything else on the net. In total, Svetlana Alliluyeva had three children. Two abandoned her when she emigrated.
Daughter Ekaterina was 16 years old when her mother was drawn to freedom, a transitional age, as a result, Olya is an abandoned child. When she grew up, she left as a volcanologist for Kamchatka, got married there and gave birth to a daughter. Today, the daughter of Svetlana Alliluyeva leads a reclusive lifestyle. She reacted coldly to the news of her mother's death, as she had long since renounced her.
The son of our heroine, Joseph Alliluyev, died before his mother by 3 years.
But the third child of Svetlana Alliluyeva is a daughter born to her at the age of 45. The girl was named Olga, later she changed her name to Chris Evans. And it should be noted that this lady is very strange! Judge for yourself. Grandpa Stalin, of course, would be shocked! More photos of Olga Peters or Chris Evans, you will see towards the end of this article!
Svetlana Alliluyeva died at the age of 85 while in an American nursing home.
In this photo, Svetlana Alliluyeva with her fifth husband, architect William Peters.
With the daughter from the fifth marriage - Olga Peters.
Yoke...
At 45, Svetlana Alliluyeva gave birth to her third child.
With brother Vasily and father.
And in this photo, Nadezhda Alliluyeva is the second wife of Joseph Stalin.
Svetlana and Lavrenty Beria. Brrr.........
Nadezhda Alliluyeva with one of her children.
Stalin with Nadezhda Alliluyeva.
In this photo, Alexei Kapler, and next to him is young Svetlana.
Young Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva.
In a coffin...
And again a photo of the youngest daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva. Olga Peters, who changed her name to Chris Evans. Childless.
And this is a photo of the eldest daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, this woman's name is Ekaterina Zhdanova.
In the photo, Svetlana with her youngest daughter Olga.
Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva. She was born on September 9 (22), 1901 in Baku - she died on November 9, 1932 in Moscow. The second wife of Joseph Stalin.
Nadezhda Alliluyeva was born on September 9 (22 according to the new style) in 1901 in Baku.
Father - Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluev, one of the first Russian workers of the Social Democrats, a revolutionary. Originally from the village of the village of Ramonye, Voronezh province. He died in Moscow from stomach cancer in 1945 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Mother - Olga Evgenievna Fedorenko (1877-1951), originally from Tiflis.
According to her daughter, Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva, Nadezhda Alliluyeva's father was half gypsy, and her mother was German.
The older brothers are Pavel (1894-1938) and Fedor (1898-1955).
The elder sister is Anna (1896-1964).
Nadezhda was the youngest in the family. She was born, like other children of this family, in the Caucasus. In 1903, his father was forbidden to live in the Caucasus for his revolutionary activities. The family moved to Rostov, and in 1907 - to St. Petersburg (Petrograd).
Paternal grandfather and grandmother - from the village of Ramonye, Voronezh province, Yakov Trofimovich (1841-1907) and Marfa Prokofievna (1841-1928) Alliluyev. Grandfather was a coachman, and grandmother was a maid at the manor house.
The godfather of Nadezhda was the famous Soviet party leader A.S. Yenukidze.
When Nadezhda was 12 years old, she first met. He was 22 years older than her.
Personal life of Nadezhda Alliluyeva:
When in 1917 I. V. Stalin returned to Petrograd from Siberian exile, an affair began between him and sixteen-year-old Nadia.
Irina Gogua, who then lived in Petrograd and was in close contact with the Alliluyev family, recalled how “one day Sergei Yakovlevich (Nadezhda’s father) ran in, terribly excited, said that he (Stalin) had taken Nadya ... to the front.” In 1918 they got married. Their marriage was officially registered on March 24, 1919. After marriage, she left her last name.
They had two children: a son (1921-1962) and a daughter (1926-2011).
She worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs, in the secretariat, collaborated in the editorial office of the Revolution and Culture magazine and in the Pravda newspaper. During the purge on December 10, 1921, she was expelled from the party, but on December 14, 1921 she was reinstated as a candidate member of the RCP (b).
Since 1929 she studied at the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of Textile Industry. She was a classmate and introduced him to her husband.
Suicide of Nadezhda Alliluyeva
She committed suicide on the night of November 8-9, 1932, locking herself in her room, shot herself in the heart with a Walter pistol.
According to eyewitnesses, on November 7, 1932, another quarrel took place between Alliluyeva and Stalin in the apartment on the eve of her death.
The newspaper Pravda published an official obituary: “N. S. ALLILUEVA. On the night of November 9, an active and devoted member of the party, comrade. Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks” (Newspaper “Pravda”, November 10, 1932). Also a special letter of condolence to Stalin personally from.
She was buried on November 11, 1932 at the Novodevichy Cemetery. On her grave there is a monument of white marble with the inscription: "Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva-Stalin / 1901-1932 / member of the CPSU (b) / from I. V. Stalin". Previously, a cast-iron rose lay at the base of the monument.
It is known that Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin often visited his wife's grave and sat for a long time on the marble bench opposite.
At present, the monument to Alliluyeva is covered with a plexiglass box, as this type of marble is destroyed in the conditions of Moscow weather.
Svetlana Alliluyeva wrote in her book “Twenty Letters to a Friend”: “This restraint of oneself, this terrible internal self-discipline and tension, this discontent and irritation driven inside, squeezing inside more and more like a spring, should, in the end, inevitably end explosion; the spring had to straighten with terrible force ...
And so it happened. And the reason was not so significant in itself and did not make a special impression on anyone, like "there was no reason." Just a small quarrel at a festive banquet in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of October. "Just," her father told her, "Hey, you, drink!" And she "only" suddenly screamed: "I don't - HEY!" - and got up, and in front of everyone left the table ...
I was told later, when I was already an adult, that my father was shocked by what had happened. He was shocked because he did not understand: why? Why was he given such a terrible blow to the back? He was too smart not to understand that a suicide always thinks of "punishing" someone - "here, they say", "on, here you are", "you will know!" This he understood, but he could not understand - why? Why was he so punished?
And he asked those around him: was he inattentive? Didn't he love and respect her as a wife, as a person? Is it really so important that he could not go to the theater with her once again? Does it really matter?
The first days he was shocked. He said that he himself did not want to live anymore. (This was told to me by the widow of Uncle Pavlusha, who, together with Anna Sergeevna, remained in our house for the first few days day and night). They were afraid to leave their father alone, in such a state he was. From time to time, some kind of anger, rage found on him. This was due to the fact that his mother left him a letter.
Apparently she wrote it at night. I never saw him, of course. It was probably immediately destroyed, but it was, those who saw it told me about it. It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. This was not just a personal letter; it was partly a political letter. And, after reading it, my father could think that my mother was next to him only for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere near the opposition of those years.
He was shocked and angry at this, and when he came to say goodbye to the civil memorial service, then, going up to the coffin for a minute, he suddenly pushed it away from him with his hands and, turning, walked away. And he didn't go to the funeral.
At the same time, according to Stalin's adopted son, Artem Sergeev, the cause of Nadezhda Alliluyeva's suicide was an exacerbation of the disease. She often suffered from severe headaches. She appears to have had a malalignment of the cranial bones, and suicide is not uncommon in such cases. The writer L. Vasilyeva adheres to the same version.
Larisa Vasilyeva said: “What, for example, do they say about the death of Alliluyeva? Some suggest that Budyonny, who stood behind the curtain during Stalin’s conversation with his wife, killed her. she was shot out of jealousy. But there is a boring truth of life: this woman had a serious brain disease. She went to be treated in Düsseldorf, where her brother's family then lived. Difficult relations with Stalin, of course, played a role. But the worst thing for Alliluyeva was the monstrous headaches that can lead to suicide ... Real facts are always less interesting than gossip.
It is also reliably known (contrary to the statements of Svetlana Alliluyeva) that Stalin was at the funeral of his second wife.
The image of Nadezhda Alliluyeva in the cinema:
In 2006, the biographical series "Stalin's Wife" (starring) was filmed.
Also in 2006, the biographical series “Stalin. Live "in which the actress embodied the image of Alliluyeva on the screen.
The mysterious death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva
The name of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva became known to the Soviet people only after her death. In those cold November days of 1932, people who knew this young woman intimately said goodbye to her. They did not want to make a circus out of the funeral, but Stalin ordered otherwise. The funeral procession, which passed through the central streets of Moscow, gathered a crowd of many thousands. Everyone wanted to see the wife of the “father of peoples” on her last journey. These funerals could only be compared with the mourning ceremonies that were held earlier on the occasion of the death of the Russian empresses.
The unexpected death of a thirty-year-old woman, and the first lady of the state, could not but cause a lot of questions. Since the foreign journalists who were in Moscow at that time failed to obtain the information of interest from the official authorities, the foreign press was full of reports about the most diverse reasons for the untimely death of Stalin's wife.
Citizens of the USSR, who also wanted to know what caused this sudden death, remained in the dark for a long time. Various rumors spread around Moscow, according to which Nadezhda Alliluyeva died in a car accident, died of an acute attack of appendicitis. A number of other suggestions have also been made.
The version of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin turned out to be completely different. He officially stated that his wife, who had been ill for several weeks, got out of bed too early, this caused serious complications, resulting in death.
Stalin could not say that Nadezhda Sergeyevna was seriously ill, because a few hours before her death she was seen alive and well at a concert in the Kremlin dedicated to the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. Alliluyeva cheerfully communicated with high-ranking state and party officials and their wives.
What was the true cause of such an early death of this young woman?
There are three versions: according to the first of them, Nadezhda Alliluyeva committed suicide; supporters of the second version (they were mostly OGPU employees) claimed that Stalin himself killed the first lady of the state; according to the third version, Nadezhda Sergeevna was shot dead on the orders of her husband. To understand this confusing matter, it is necessary to recall the entire history of the relationship between the Secretary General and his wife.
Nadezhda Alliluyeva
They got married in 1919, Stalin was then 40 years old, and his young wife was only 17 with a little. An experienced man who knew the taste of family life (Alliluyeva was his second wife), and a young girl, almost a child ... Could their marriage be happy?
Nadezhda Sergeevna was, so to speak, a hereditary revolutionary. Her father, Sergei Yakovlevich, was one of the first among Russian workers to join the Russian Social Democratic Party, he took an active part in three Russian revolutions and in the Civil War. Nadezhda's mother also participated in the revolutionary uprisings of Russian workers.
The girl was born in 1901 in Baku, her childhood fell on the Caucasian period of the life of the Alliluyev family. Here, in 1903, Sergei Yakovlevich met Iosif Dzhugashvili.
According to family tradition, the future dictator saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the Baku embankment.
After 14 years, Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva met again, this time in St. Petersburg. Nadia was studying at the gymnasium at that time, and thirty-eight-year-old Iosif Vissarionovich had recently returned from Siberia.
The sixteen-year-old girl was very far from politics. She was more interested in the pressing questions of food and shelter than in the global problems of the world revolution.
In her diary of those years, Nadezhda noted: “We are not going to leave St. Petersburg. Provision is good so far. Eggs, milk, bread, meat can be obtained, although expensive. In general, you can live, although our mood (and everyone in general) is terrible ... it’s boring, you won’t go anywhere.
Rumors about the performance of the Bolsheviks in the last days of October 1917, Nadezhda Sergeevna rejected as absolutely groundless. But the revolution has happened.
In January 1918, together with other schoolgirls, Nadia attended the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies several times. “Quite interesting,” she wrote in her diary of the impressions of those days. “Especially when Trotsky or Lenin speak, the rest speak very languidly and without content.”
Nevertheless, Nadezhda, who considered all other politicians uninteresting, agreed to marry Joseph Stalin. The newlyweds settled in Moscow, Alliluyeva went to work in Lenin's secretariat to Fotiyeva (a few months earlier she became a member of the RCP (b)).
In 1921, the first-born appeared in the family, who was named Vasily. Nadezhda Sergeevna, who gave all her strength to social work, could not pay due attention to the child. Iosif Vissarionovich was also very busy. Alliluyeva's parents took care of the upbringing of little Vasily, and the servants also provided all possible assistance.
In 1926 the second child was born. The girl was named Svetlana. This time, Nadezhda decided to raise the child on her own.
Together with a nanny who helped take care of her daughter, she lived for some time in a dacha near Moscow.
However, the cases required the presence of Alliluyeva in Moscow. Around the same time, she began to collaborate with the Revolution and Culture magazine, and often had to go on business trips.
Nadezhda Sergeevna tried not to forget about her beloved daughter: the girl had all the best - clothes, toys, food. Son Vasya also did not go unnoticed.
Nadezhda Alliluyeva was a good friend to her daughter. Even without being close to Svetlana, she gave her good advice.
Unfortunately, only one letter from Nadezhda Sergeevna to her daughter has been preserved with a request to be smart and reasonable: “Vasya wrote to me, a girl is playing pranks on something. Terribly boring to receive such letters about a girl.
I thought that I left her big and reasonable, but it turns out that she is very small and does not know how to live like an adult ... Be sure to tell me how you decided to live on, in a serious way or somehow ... "
In the memory of Svetlana, who lost her dearest person early, her mother remained "very beautiful, smooth, smelling of perfume."
Later, Stalin's daughter said that the first years of her life were the happiest.
This cannot be said about the marriage of Alliluyeva and Stalin. Relations between them became more and more cool every year.
Iosif Vissarionovich often went with an overnight stay to the dacha in Zubalovo. Sometimes alone, sometimes with friends, but most often accompanied by actresses, who were very fond of all high-ranking Kremlin figures.
Some contemporaries claimed that even during the life of Alliluyeva, Stalin began to meet with the sister of Lazar Kaganovich Rosa. The woman often visited the Kremlin's chambers of the leader, as well as at the Stalin's dacha.
Nadezhda Sergeevna knew perfectly well about her husband's love affairs and was very jealous of him. Apparently, she really loved this man, who could not find any other words for her, except for "fool" and other rudeness.
Stalin showed his discontent and contempt in the most offensive way, but Nadezhda endured all this. Repeatedly she made attempts to leave her husband with her children, but each time she was forced to return back.
According to some eyewitnesses, a few days before her death, Alliluyeva made an important decision - to finally move to relatives and stop all relations with her husband.
It is worth noting that Joseph Vissarionovich was a despot not only in relation to the people of his country. Members of his family also experienced a lot of pressure, perhaps even more than everyone else.
Stalin liked his decisions not to be discussed and executed unquestioningly, but Nadezhda Sergeevna was an intelligent woman with a strong character, she knew how to defend her opinion. This is evidenced by the following fact.
In 1929, Alliluyeva expressed a desire to start her studies at the institute. Stalin opposed this for a long time, he rejected all arguments as insignificant. Abel Yenukidze and Sergo Ordzhonikidze came to the aid of the woman, together they managed to convince the leader of the need for Nadezhda to receive an education.
Soon she became a student of one of the Moscow universities. Only one director knew that Stalin's wife was studying at the institute.
With his consent, two secret agents of the OGPU were admitted to the faculty under the guise of students, whose duty it was to ensure the safety of Nadezhda Alliluyeva.
The Secretary General's wife came to the institute by car. The driver who took her to classes stopped a few blocks before the institute, Nadezhda covered the remaining distance on foot. Later, when she was given a new gas, she learned to drive a car on her own.
Stalin made a big mistake by allowing his wife to enter the world of ordinary citizens. Communication with fellow students opened Nadezhda's eyes to what is happening in the country. Previously, she knew about state policy only from newspapers and official speeches that reported that everything was fine in the Land of Soviets.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
In reality, everything turned out to be completely different: the beautiful pictures of the life of the Soviet people were overshadowed by forced collectivization and unjust deportations of peasants, mass repressions and famine in Ukraine and the Volga region.
Naively believing that her husband did not know what was going on in the state, Alliluyeva told him and Yenukidze about the institute conversations. Stalin tried to get away from this topic, accusing his wife of collecting gossip spread by the Trotskyists everywhere. However, left alone, he cursed Nadezhda with the most bad words and threatened with a ban on attending classes at the institute.
Soon after that, fierce purges began in all universities and technical schools. Employees of the OGPU and members of the Party Control Commission carefully checked the reliability of the students.
Stalin fulfilled his threat, and two months of student life fell out of the life of Nadezhda Alliluyeva. Thanks to the support of Yenukidze, who convinced the "father of peoples" of the wrongness of his decision, she was able to graduate from the institute.
Studying at the university contributed to the expansion of not only the range of interests, but also the circle of communication. Nadezhda made many friends and acquaintances. One of her closest comrades in those years was Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin.
Under the influence of communication with this person and fellow students, Alliluyeva soon developed independent judgments, which she openly expressed to her power-hungry husband.
Stalin's dissatisfaction grew every day, he needed an obedient like-minded person, and Nadezhda Sergeevna began to allow herself critical remarks about party and state leaders who carried out the party's policy under the strict guidance of the Secretary General. The desire to learn as much as possible about the life of the native people at this stage of its history made Nadezhda Sergeevna pay special attention to such problems of national importance as the famine in the Volga region and Ukraine, the repressive policy of the authorities. The case of Ryutin, who dared to speak out against Stalin, did not hide from her either.
The policy pursued by her husband no longer seemed right to Alliluyeva. Differences between her and Stalin gradually intensified, eventually they grew into severe contradictions.
"Betrayal" - this is how Joseph Vissarionovich described the behavior of his wife.
It seemed to him that Nadezhda Sergeevna's communication with Bukharin was to blame, but he could not openly object to their relationship.
Only once, inaudibly approaching Nadia and Nikolai Ivanovich, who were walking along the paths of the park, Stalin dropped the terrible word “I will kill”. Bukharin took these words as a joke, but Nadezhda Sergeevna, who knew the character of her husband perfectly, was frightened. The tragedy occurred shortly after this incident.
On November 7, 1932, extensive celebrations of the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution were planned. After the parade, which took place on Red Square, all high-ranking party and government officials with their wives went to a reception at the Bolshoi Theater.
However, one day was not enough to celebrate such a significant date. The next day, November 8, another reception was held in a huge banquet hall, attended by Stalin and Alliluyeva.
According to eyewitnesses, the general secretary sat opposite his wife and threw balls rolled from bread pulp at her. According to another version, he threw tangerine peels at Alliluyeva.
For Nadezhda Sergeevna, who experienced such humiliation in front of several hundred people, the holiday was hopelessly ruined. Leaving the banquet hall, she headed home. Polina Zhemchuzhina, Molotov's wife, also left with her.
Some argue that the wife of Ordzhonikidze Zinaida, with whom the first lady had friendly relations, acted as a comforter. However, Alliluyeva had practically no real friends, except for Alexandra Yulianovna Kanel, the head physician of the Kremlin hospital.
On the night of the same day, Nadezhda Sergeevna was gone. Karolina Vasilievna Til, who worked as a housekeeper in the house of the Secretary General, found her lifeless body on the floor in a pool of blood.
Svetlana Alliluyeva later recalled: “Shaking with fear, she ran to our nursery and called the nanny with her, she could not say anything. They went together. Mom lay covered in blood near her bed, in her hand was a small Walter pistol. Two years before the terrible tragedy, this lady's weapon was presented to Nadezhda by her brother Pavel, who worked in the 1930s in the Soviet trade mission in Germany.
There is no exact information about whether Stalin was at home on the night of November 8-9, 1932. According to one version, he went to the country, Alliluyeva called him there several times, but he left her calls unanswered.
According to supporters of the second version, Iosif Vissarionovich was at home, his bedroom was located opposite his wife's room, so he could not hear the shots.
Molotov claimed that on that terrible night, Stalin, who had fairly refreshed himself with alcohol at a banquet, was fast asleep in his bedroom. He was allegedly upset by the news of his wife's death, he even cried. In addition, Molotov added that Alliluyeva "was a bit of a psychopath at that time."
Fearing a leak of information, Stalin personally controlled all the reports that came to the press. It was important to demonstrate the non-involvement of the head of the Soviet state in what happened, hence the talk that he was in the country and did not see anything.
However, the opposite follows from the testimony of one of the guards. He was at work that night and dozed off when his sleep was interrupted by the sound of a door closing.
Opening his eyes, the man saw Stalin leaving his wife's room. Thus, the guard could hear both the sound of a slamming door and a pistol shot.
People involved in the study of data on the Alliluyeva case argue that Stalin did not necessarily shoot himself. He could provoke his wife, and she committed suicide in his presence.
It is known that Nadezhda Alliluyeva left a suicide letter, but Stalin destroyed it immediately after reading it. The Secretary General could not allow anyone else to know the content of this message.
The fact that Alliluyeva did not commit suicide, but was killed, is evidenced by other facts. So, on duty at the Kremlin hospital on the night of November 8-9, 1932, Dr. Kazakov, invited to witness the death of the first lady, refused to sign the suicide act drawn up earlier.
According to the doctor, the shot was fired from a distance of 3-4 m, and the deceased could not shoot herself in the left temple on her own, since she was not left-handed.
Alexandra Kanel, invited to the Kremlin apartment of Alliluyeva and Stalin on November 9, also refused to sign a medical report, according to which the Secretary General's wife died suddenly from an acute attack of appendicitis.
Other doctors of the Kremlin hospital, including Dr. Levin and Professor Pletnev, did not put their signatures under this document either. The latter were arrested during the purges of 1937 and shot.
Alexandra Kanel was removed from office a little earlier, in 1935. She soon died, allegedly from meningitis. So Stalin dealt with people who opposed his will.
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From the Book of Anchors author Skryagin Lev NikolaevichNadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva was born on September 9, 1901 in Baku. At a young age, the girl became a wife. She committed suicide.
In 1901, little Nadya was born into the family of the revolutionary Sergei Yakovlevich and Olga Alliluyev. The event took place in the Azerbaijani city of Baku. The godfather of the girl was the Soviet party leader Yenukidze. Nadezhda Sergeevna grew up with her brother Pavel. A lot was said about the nationality of the girl. Some sources report that gypsy blood flowed in Alliluyeva's veins, and German blood flowed in her mother.
Nadezhda Alliluyeva and her family lived on the territory of Petrograd. The girl did not build a career. Nadia worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, the secretariat of V.I. Lenin, helped the magazine "Revolution and Culture", the newspaper "Pravda". At the age of 20, Nadezhda is expelled from the party, but 4 days after the announcement, the girl again becomes a candidate member of the RCP (b).
As an adult, Nadezhda Sergeevna enters the Industrial Academy at the Faculty of the Textile Industry. During his studies, he gets acquainted with. An unpleasant incident occurred at the Industrial Academy, as a result of which eight classmates of Alliluyeva were arrested. The girl tried to rescue her friends by calling the head of the OGPU. Unfortunately, it was too late - the detainees died after an infectious disease.
Personal life
As a 16-year-old girl, Nadezhda met the future ruler of Russia. Just at this time, a man comes from Siberia to Petrograd. Such a novel turned out to be not to the liking of father Sergei Yakovlevich, since the chosen one of his daughter is 21 years older. From the memoirs of a familiar Alliluyev family:
“One day Sergei Yakovlevich (Nadezhda’s father) came running, terribly agitated, and said that he (Stalin) had taken Nadya away… (to the front)…”.
A year later, the lovers got married. Interestingly, in official documents, the date of the consolidation of the union is March 24, 1919, while contemporaries claim that the celebration took place in 1918. Note that Nadezhda at that time was not yet an adult. The girl did not plan to take her husband's surname, so until the end of her days she was called Alliluyeva.
Love and strong emotions were present in the marriage of Stalin and Alliluyeva. This was confirmed by familiar couples and contemporaries. But there was another side of personal life - a clash of strong and vivid characters, which often made itself felt. Nadezhda did not want to sit at home and establish a family life, while the laboring Joseph wanted this. Politics did not come between them.
Stalin at home was an ordinary man who got tired at work, came late, so he got annoyed over trifles. Young Nadia did not smooth out sharp corners due to lack of experience and worldly wisdom. Familiar couples said that at some point, Joseph stopped talking to his wife, without explaining the reason. Nadezhda could not understand what she had done wrong. Later it turned out that Stalin did not like the appeal to "you". According to the head of state, spouses should call each other on "you".
In 1921, the first-born son was born in the family of Stalin-Alliluyeva. Later, Artem Sergeev, the child of the deceased revolutionary, was in the care of Nadezhda. Relatives of Joseph Vissarionovich brought their eldest son Yakov to be raised by his father. Thus, a young girl suddenly became a mother of many children.
Relations in the family were getting better: Stalin liked to spend time at home, away from work. But at the same time, the role of father and husband was given with difficulty. The politician did not know how to behave with his sons, rudeness towards his wife became the norm. Jealousy in the family was one-sided. Hope did not give a reason, but regularly showed uncertainty and expressed everything to her husband.
In 1926, Nadezhda gives her husband an incredible gift - a daughter. The girl became a joy to her father. Stalin allowed the baby almost everything, unlike his older sons. Three years after the birth of her daughter, conflicts began to brew in the family again. Mainly because of the desire of Stalin's wife to return to public life.
In November 1932, the couple came to visit. Many rumors circulated around the meeting of old friends. Bukharin's wife claimed that on November 7, Stalin mistreated his wife - he threw orange peels and cigarette butts at her, so Nadezhda left the holiday early.
The granddaughter of Joseph Vissarionovich reported that his grandfather and wife talked with those present. At some point, Nadya said a taunt to her husband, he called his wife a fool. Again, the young woman leaves for the Kremlin apartment. There were an incredible number of versions. Each of those present at the celebration presented his picture.
There was a conflict between the spouses, but the ruler did not attach any importance to this. Interestingly, in the official biography of Alliluyeva there is information about 10 abortions. Specialists found the relevant data in Nadezhda's medical record. Despite frequent quarrels, love remained between the spouses. This is clearly evident from the letters that Stalin and Alliluyeva regularly exchanged.
Death
The conflict shortly before the death of Nadezhda took place. A day later, a young woman took her own life by firing a Walter pistol into her chest. Experts believe that a protracted depression led Alliluyev to suicide: Stalin's wife accumulated negative emotions and discontent for a long time. The last straw was the quarrel of the spouses, to which none of the surrounding friends paid attention.
Stalin was stunned by the death of his wife. The leader constantly asked the same question "Why?". Iosif Vissarionovich could not understand why his beloved wife acted in this way. It is known that Nadezhda left a letter explaining the reason for her suicide. Alliluyeva's handwritten paper was destroyed after being read. According to some reports, she said in a note that she could not watch her beloved husband go downhill, thereby dishonoring the family and the party.
Others believed that health problems pushed Nadezhda to suicide. Often the mother of the family was treated in Germany. Because of the incorrectly fused bones of the skull, the girl was tormented by severe headaches, which were sometimes unbearable. But Alliluyeva's relatives refute this. In their opinion, migraines sometimes occurred in Stalin's wife, but the disease was irregular.
There were many rumors around the mysterious death of Nadezhda Sergeevna. Several doctors were approached by Stalin's henchmen with a demand to sign the conclusion, but at the same time not to indicate the real cause of death. A number of eminent medical figures, including the "Kremlin", refused to lie in the documents.
The funeral of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva was held at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Stalin was absent from the funeral ceremony. Although some argue that Joseph Vissarionovich is present in the photo. Often the leader visited the grave of the deceased wife. This is evidenced by the stories of the guards of the ruler. Stalin could sit for hours on a bench next to the monument and be silent.
In memory of Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the film "Stalin's Wife" was shot in 2006. The main role in the film was played by a famous Russian actress.
Years of life: 1901 - 1932
The ancestors of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, the second wife of I.V. Stalin, came from serfs, and her parents were professional revolutionaries. Their marriage turned out to be happy, it was not even overshadowed by the fact that Olga Evgenievna Alliluyeva, having a very expansive nature, was sometimes fond of some man: either a Hungarian, or a Pole, or a Bulgarian, or a Turk. When her next hobby passed, peace and tranquility returned to the family again.
Nadezhda was born in Baku and spent her childhood in the Caucasus. According to family tradition, in 1903 Joseph Stalin saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the embankment. Fourteen years later, they met again - a sixteen-year-old schoolgirl and a thirty-eight-year-old exiled revolutionary who returned from Siberia. Soon they got married...
In 1921, Nadezhda and Stalin had their first child, who was named Vasily. The boy was mainly taken care of by his grandmother, grandfather and servants. Svetlana was born in 1926.
Nadezhda at that time actively participated in social work, and the main responsibilities for caring for the girl lay with the teacher. After the death of V.I. Lenin, Alliluyeva, his former secretary, began working in the Revolution and Culture magazine. Having no education, except for the sixth grade of the gymnasium, she was ready to do any work, just not to sit with the children in the Kremlin walls.
From the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva: “She was very beautiful and was scented with good perfume. In the evenings, my mother came to my bed, kissed me, touched me with her hands and left, but the smell remained, and I fell asleep in a fragrant cloud.
Meanwhile, having truly unlimited possibilities, Nadezhda Sergeevna, by her nature, remained a modest and thrifty woman. Her grandson, director A.V. Burdonsky (son of Vasily), gave a very characteristic example in one interview: “Somehow in the fifties, my grandmother’s sister, Anna Sergeevna Alliluyeva, handed us a chest where Nadezhda Sergeevna’s things were kept. I was struck by the modesty of her dresses. An old jacket with patches under the arms, a worn skirt of dark wool, patched on the inside. And it was worn by a young woman who was said to love beautiful clothes.”
“Stalin’s marriage to Alliluyeva cannot be called happy,” writes historian Alexander Kolesnik in his book Truth and Myths about Stalin’s Family. He was mostly busy with work. He spent most of his time in the Kremlin. His wife clearly lacked his attention. She left him several times with her children Vasily and Svetlana, and shortly before her death she even talked about her moving to relatives after graduating from the Industrial Academy, where she studied.
With daughter Svetlana
More and more often, Nadezhda Sergeevna turned to God (despite her revolutionary ideas, she was a believer). Maybe that saved her for a while. But still did not save from the fatal step ...
The year 1926 turned out to be difficult for the leader’s family… Svetlana Alliluyeva writes: “Somehow back in 1926, when I was six months old, my parents quarreled, and my mother, having taken me, my brother and the nanny, went to Leningrad to my grandfather not to return. She intended to start working there and gradually create an independent life for herself. The quarrel broke out because of rudeness, the reason was not great, but, obviously, it was already a long-standing, accumulated irritation. However, the resentment has passed. My nanny told me that my father called from Moscow and wanted to come and "put up" and take everyone home. But my mother answered the phone not without malicious wit: “Why do you need to go, it will cost the state too much! I'll come myself." And everyone returned home ... "
I.V. Stalin, N.S. Alliluyeva, E.D. Voroshilov, K.E. Voroshilov. Sochi, 1932
Everyone who knew Nadezhda well spoke of her as an extremely nervous, excitable person. In this respect, the spouses were similar to each other, although Stalin himself knew how to hide his feelings. One of the women who knew Nadezhda Sergeevna said: “In general, it was noticeable that she was a little “that”. As they say now, with violets in my head. Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, recalling her, also admitted that "she was a little mentally ill, sawed and humiliated him (Stalin) in the presence of others."
Mentally unhealthy… Researchers agree on one thing: Nadezhda Sergeevna went to Berlin for a consultation about severe headaches. And the doctors allegedly refused to operate on her. Although the disease was more than serious - fusion of cranial sutures.
“What his wife Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva discovered for herself in Stalin and what she knew about him that made her life impossible - probably will never be known,” A. Kolesnik suggests. “Her psyche could not stand it, and on the night of November 8-9, 1932, N. S. Alliluyeva died.”
An interesting version of the death of Nadezhda Sergeyevna is cited in her book by Larisa Vasilyeva: “Once, it was about a week before the seventh of November, Alliluyeva told her friend that something terrible would happen to her soon. She is cursed from birth, because she is Stalin's daughter and his wife at the same time ... Stalin allegedly told her this himself at the time of the quarrel. And when she was dumbfounded, he tried to correct the situation: he joked, they say. She pressed her mother against the wall, who had a good walk in her youth, and she admitted that she really was close to Stalin and her husband at the same time ... and, to be honest, she doesn’t know which of them Nadia was born from ... "
JV Stalin did not go to the funeral of the mother of his children. She was buried by her family and friends. Behind the coffin were Abel Yenukidze and Alexander Svanidze, each of whom the Muscovites mistook for Stalin. There is a version that I. V. Stalin himself shot his wife. But to date, there is no evidence of this.
According to eyewitnesses, Alliluyeva was jealous of Stalin for the wives of his close associates and even for the hairdresser who shaved Joseph Vissarionovich. Maybe there really were reasons for jealousy. At one time, the book "Confessions of Stalin's mistress" about the opera singer Vera Davydova, with whom the leader allegedly often visited Sochi, made a sensation.
“It can be assumed that Alliluyeva knew about their relationship,” says Sochi historian Yuri Alexandrov. - Stalin met Davydova in the spring of 1932, and judging by the active participation he took in her move from Leningrad to Moscow, Davydova made a great impression on Stalin. When I talked with the old workers of Stalin's Sochi dacha, none of them could remember Davydov. But the hostess and librarian Yelizaveta Popkova told me that Stalin was often visited by his second cousin, an opera singer named Mchedlidze. I searched for information about Mchedlidze for a long time and found in ... the Soviet Encyclopedia: "Vera Davydova (Mchedlidze), opera singer, People's Artist of the USSR."
Stalin regarded the suicide of his wife as a betrayal. In the diary of Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s friend, Maria Svanidze, who was shot as an “enemy of the people” in 1942, there is an entry dated April 1935: “... And then Joseph said: How can Nadia ... could shoot herself. She did very badly." Sachiko interjected - how could she leave two children. “What children, they forgot her in a few days, and she crippled me for life. Let's drink to Nadia! - said Joseph. And we all drank to the health of dear Nadia, who left us so cruelly ... "
Joseph Stalin with his wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva in a Rolls-Royce. Driven by Pavel Udalov. Moscow Kremlin. 1923. RGALI
“The first days he was shocked,” Svetlana wrote. - He said that he himself did not want to live anymore ... They were afraid to leave his father alone, in such a state he was. From time to time, some kind of anger, rage found on him. This was due to the fact that his mother left him a letter.
Apparently she wrote it at night. I never saw him, of course. It was probably immediately destroyed, but it was, those who saw it told me about it. It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. It wasn't just a personal letter: it was partly a political letter. And, after reading it, my father might have thought that my mother was next to him only for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere near the opposition of those years.
Stalin - actor Duta Skhirtladze, Nadezhda Alliluyeva - actress Olga Budina
He was shocked and angry at this, and when he came to say goodbye to the civil memorial service, then, going up to the coffin for a minute, he suddenly pushed it away from him with his hands and, turning, walked away. And he didn't go to the funeral.
Enraged by his wife's suicide, Stalin imprisoned and executed many of her relatives. Even harmless, non-political sisters were arrested: "They know too much and talk too much."
Vladimir Alliluyev, in his book The Chronicle of a Family, cites an eyewitness account that in October 1941, “when the fate of Moscow hung in the balance and the government was supposed to be evacuated to Kuibyshev, Stalin came to Novodevichy to say goodbye to Nadezhda. Security officer of the Secretary General A. T. Rybin claims that Stalin came to Novodevichy several times at night and sat silently for a long time on a marble bench set opposite the monument.
The former assistant to the commandant of the Stalinist dacha, Pyotr Lozgachev, said that in the last year of his life, Joseph Vissarionovich began to think more and more about Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In the dining room, her portrait appeared from somewhere on the wall (obviously, the same one that, on the orders of the leader, was painted by the artist Gerasimov in the morgue). Stalin used to stand in front of him for a long time and think about something ...
Text by E. N. Oboymina and O. V. Tatkova
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