Tactical missile system
9K79-1 "Tochka-U" with 9M79-1 missiles designed by the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna), chief designer - S.P. Invincible. The modernization of the Tochka complex in order to increase the range and improve accuracy began in 1984. The changes affected the composition of the rocket engine fuel, the modernization of control devices, and the design of the rocket was slightly changed.
Tests of the modernized Tochka-U complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from August 1986 to September 1988. Climatic tests were carried out in 1989 in the Trans-Baikal and Turkestan military districts.
The 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complex was put into service in 1989, the mass production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in the same year. The Tochka-U complex can use missiles of the Tochka complex.
The western name of the 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex is SS-21B SCARAB-B.
Launchers of complexes 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" in the starting position (http://mil.ru)
Missile systems "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" in the Russian Armed Forces
Tochka missile systems have been the main armament of the missile troops of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces for more than 20 years. As of 1991, the Soviet armed forces had 300 Tochka and Tochka-U missile systems. As of 2009, the Russian army had 140 Tochka and Tochka-U complexes united into 11 missile brigades and 2 separate missile divisions. By 2018, during the re-equipment of missile brigades with the new 9K720 Iskander-M missile systems, the number of Tochka and Tochka-U systems was significantly reduced.
The composition of the battery of the complex
2 self-propelled launchers 8P129M;
- 2 transport-loading vehicles 9T218;
- 2 transport vehicles 9T238;
- 1 automated control and testing machine (AKIM) 9V819-1 or 9V819M or 9V820;
- 1 maintenance vehicle 9V844 (ZIL-131 chassis) - for testing SPU and AKIM equipment;
- 1 R-145BM command and staff vehicle on the BTR-60 chassis.
Rocket length- 6407 mm Rocket diameter- 650 mm Wingspan– 1440 mm Rocket weight- 2010 kg Mass of rocket block- 1528 kg Fuel mass- 1006 kg Warhead mass- 480 kg Range- 20 - 120 km Airspeed- 1036 m/s Trajectory height maximum- 26000 m QUO- 10-250 mTTX missile system "Tochka-U"
Tochka family of missiles and V-611/V-614 prototypes
(http://militaryrussia.ru).
Missiles 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" can be equipped with the following types of combat equipment: - nuclear warhead (warhead) of low power 9N39; - nuclear warhead of special importance; - high-explosive warhead 9N123F-1; - cassette 9N123K-1; - anti-radar warhead 9N123F-R.Combat equipment
Rocket 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" (http://mil.ru)
Autonomous inertial control system using a 9B64 command-gyroscopic device (developed by NPO Electromechanics, Miass), a 9B65 discrete-analog computing device (DAVU), a 9B66 on-board automation unit, a 9B150 turbogenerator control unit and a DUSU-1- angular velocity and acceleration sensor 30V; The rocket is controlled using aerodynamic lattice rudders at the initial and final stages of flight, on the active part of the trajectory, synchronously (on the same shaft) with aerodynamic rudders, tungsten gas-dynamic rudders are also involved. At the final stage of the trajectory, the rocket, at the command of the altitude radio sensor, dives at the target at an angle of 80 degrees. To undermine warheads above the ground, a laser sensor is used.Control system and guidance
Modifications:
Missile system 9K79-1 "Tochka-U"- an improved version of the "Tochka" complex with backward compatibility for missiles (it can use missiles of the "Tochka" complex).
Missile system 9K79M "Tochka-M"- a failed project for a deep modernization of the missile system.
"New defense order. Strategies"
On July 29, 2014, the American information channel CNN informed the whole world that the Tochka-U ballistic missile, launched during the hostilities conducted by Ukraine, was not supposed to cross the state border. At least that was the meaning of the cryptic message. Why could there be an assumption that the launch target could be an object on the territory of another country? Which one? And if the target was located in Ukraine, why use ballistic missiles to destroy it? Lots of questions...
Be that as it may, it was precisely because of these events that the public became interested in the Tochka-U tactical complex.
diplomatic incident
One of the main questions was how likely a mistake was made when aiming a missile at a target? To answer it, you need to understand the device of this type of weapon.
The Armed Forces of Ukraine immediately declared their non-involvement, immediately naming three reasons why it was impossible to do this. First, there are no ballistic missiles in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Secondly, they didn't get anywhere. And thirdly, the Ukrainian army did not use them. Then, at the initiative of the US State Department, a meeting of its representatives with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov took place, at which the latter was once again assured that the blow was not delivered on the territory of the Russian Federation. It was formally exhausted, although the Tochka-U missile, which, by the way, is in service with the Ukrainian army, quite fits the definition of the mysterious “ultra-precision weapon” that Prime Minister Yatsenyuk tried to scare the leadership of the DPR and LPR with. At least, obviously, it does not have anything more accurate than the APU.
Really didn't get anywhere. But that doesn't mean there wasn't an attempt. Military experts are making various bold assumptions, finding certain parallels between the successful repulsion of an Israeli missile attack by Syrian missile defense systems and this incident. The most plausible version seems to many, according to which four Ukrainian Tochka-U missiles were shot down by Russian defense systems. There is no documentary evidence for this, but some well-known facts suggest such an idea.
So what kind of missile is this and where did Ukraine get it from? When and where were they made? How old are the newest designs? What are the characteristics of this type of weapon? How should they be used and why were they created? What ammunition can it carry? Who can manage this complex?
This article will answer these and other questions clearly and without unnecessary details.
Tactical Missiles and Changing the Military Concept
All nuclear forces fall into two main categories. Strategic missiles, submarine nuclear fleet and carry charges that serve to inflict maximum, detrimental damage to the economy of the enemy country in the event of a global conflict. But there are also less powerful means that solve the problems of front-line confrontation - they are called tactical. For these purposes, in 1965, Soviet engineers from the Fakel Design Bureau created the Tochka rocket. She had good performance, but by the end of the sixties they no longer met the requirements of the military. When using nuclear charges, accuracy did not matter much, but at that time there were changes in foreign policy life that affected the nature of the defense doctrine. The strategic forces were assigned the role of global containment and guarantor of the territorial integrity of the countries of the socialist camp, but the number of local conflicts increased. The idea of using special charges during the Vietnam or Middle East wars may have visited someone's hotheads, but, fortunately, to no avail. The role of conventional ammunition has increased, therefore, it was necessary to seriously improve the accuracy of hitting the target. And at the same time increase the range. The case was entrusted to the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering. A secret institution with a modest name was led by S.P. Invincible. Surname speaking.
New rocket
The design documentation for the previous one was transferred to KBM from the Fakel Design Bureau. These materials turned out to be a very important component of the work, they saved a lot of time and effort. Many components, assemblies and systems have been preserved, for which the Tochka rocket served as a kind. The new model has other rudders, including gas-jet ones, the destabilizer has been eliminated, control and guidance technologies have been changed. As a result of the hard work of engineers during 1968-1971, serious improvements in performance were achieved, apogee and perigee increased. And - most importantly - hitting the target has become more accurate. The tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome, and in 1973 the State Commission adopted the project. Production has begun. Prototypes were made at the Volgograd plant "Barricades" (launch and control systems) and (the missiles themselves). The system went into series at the heavy engineering plant in Petropavlovsk. In addition, orders for components were placed at various enterprises of the defense complex throughout the country. The official adoption took place in 1975, they were equipped with ground forces at the divisional level.
Further modernization of the complex took place in the mid-eighties. Various climatic operating conditions were also taken into account, for which additional tests were carried out in Transbaikalia and Central Asia.
The tactical missile "Tochka-U" (that was the new name of this weapon) was built in the city of Votkinsk.
Tochka-R and new guidance systems
The first test launches began in 1971, they were carried out by factory specialists. Within two years, fine-tuning and final determination of the compliance of the received data with the state order was carried out. Characteristics quite arranged a high commission. The deviation from the set target did not exceed 250 meters with a minimum range of 15 kilometers and a maximum range of up to 70.
Target designation systems have also been improved. "Point-R" could use a passive head to aim at the radiation of radio stations and locators, which expanded the range of its application and made it possible to use this weapon to suppress the enemy's air defense or disorientate the command and control systems and communications of a potential enemy. With an area of destruction of two hectares, the accuracy increased - now it was 45 meters.
These were very good numbers.
Purpose
The tactical use of weapons implies the possibility of delivering strikes against small targets, by which the military understands small and large airfields, headquarters, communication centers, warehouses, storage facilities, railway stations, ports and other infrastructure that acquire military significance in a special period.
At the same time, the dimensions of such a target cannot be called miniature. There is no question of a ballistic missile (even a small one) hitting a separate building, ship, plane, helicopter or railway car. The blow is applied over the area, for which a whole arsenal of various combat charging warheads has been developed.
At the time when the Tochka-U missile entered service with the Soviet Army, citizens of the USSR learned about international terrorism mainly from the Vremya program, and even then only when they broadcast about the situation in Ulster. The events of recent decades have shown that this tactical tool can also be useful for fighting gangs, in particular, for destroying militant bases and their training camps. But in no case was it supposed to use Tochka-U missiles for firing at residential areas of cities or villages. No matter how high the accuracy, it is impossible to achieve selective destruction of armed groups of people surrounded by civilians.
By land and water
By itself, a rocket cannot be launched from a launcher. The system is mobile, it is a convoy of several vehicles, the number of which varies depending on the task. Firstly, we need a launcher that directly launches the Tochka-U missile. But the complex was not created for the sake of a single shot! The PU is followed by a convoy consisting of charging and transporting vehicles, a mobile control and testing station and a maintenance workshop. Missiles are transported in special containers designed for the safe transportation of ammunition. The charging machine is equipped with loading and unloading equipment. Equipment and instruments are designed to monitor the health of systems and units. Almost everything is provided in case of emergency situations.
A fuel tanker is needed only if you have to march over long distances (more than 650 km - this is the power reserve). The rocket is refueled at the factory, it has a solid propellant engine.
The complex can move almost on any terrain, even on water. The speed of movement on a good road is up to 60 km / h, on a dirt road - up to 40 km / h, on rough terrain - 15 km / h. When using jet engines, cars will overcome a water barrier at a speed of 8 km / h. Motor resource of vehicles is 15 thousand kilometers.
Special charges
Tochka-U is a ballistic missile. Although its characteristics are more modest than those of strategic monsters, they are quite sufficient to consider it a possible carrier of special charges. Under this term, the military understand the means of mass destruction, nuclear and chemical. To strike at the enemy with them, you need an appropriate warhead, which is also called a combat charging compartment. The Tochka-U tactical missile can be equipped with nuclear charges, depending on the required explosion power. So, the head part of 9H39 has up to one hundred kilotons, and 9H64 - up to two hundred.
When using nuclear special charges that the Tochka-U missile can be equipped with, the radius of destruction (solid), measured from the epicenter, will be more than one and a half kilometers.
To conduct tactical chemical warfare, 9N123G and 9N123G2-1 warheads are provided, each containing 65 sub-elements of OM in the amount of 60.5 and 50.5 kg, respectively ("Soman").
conventional ammunition
The nomenclature of blasting ammunition is presented more widely. The 9N123F high-explosive fragmentation warhead detonates 162 kg of TNT, scattering almost fifteen thousand fragments. For the greatest effect, the final maneuver performed by the Tochka-U rocket is important. The affected area of up to three hectares is ensured by the detonation of the charge at a height of 20 meters after turning from the ballistic trajectory into the mode of an almost sheer fall. The axis of the fragmentation cone has been shifted to expand the firing sector.
The 9N123K cassette warhead contains fifty elements (each weighing about eight kilograms) filled with striking elements with a total number close to 16 thousand. Each of the cassettes is an analogue of a conventional anti-personnel grenade, only larger. The ammunition destroys unprotected objects on an area of up to seven hectares.
It is also possible to use the Tochka-U rocket to scatter propaganda literature.
Tactical and technical details
If the target is beyond the horizon, then the parameters will be somewhat different. The greatest height (apogee) will decrease significantly. In 2 minutes 16 seconds, the missile will cover 120 km - this is the maximum range of the Tochka-U missile.
Deployment speed is also important for successful firing. A well-trained crew of a launcher, consisting of four people, is able to transfer the complex from a transport to a combat state in 16 minutes, this is the standard. If the need to start is known in advance, then just two minutes after the start command is given, it will be carried out. A warhead weighing almost half a ton will fly towards the target. The speed of the Tochka-U rocket reaches one kilometer per second,
Each type of weapon is designed to solve a certain range of tasks, which, depending on the specific conditions, can be more or less wide. A weapon is a kind of tool, in some cases it must be very powerful and rough, and in other situations it is better to use something more subtle and delicate. Tactical ballistic ammunition, despite the high accuracy of targeting, cannot provide a clear selectivity of destruction, therefore, as a rule, they are not used in densely populated areas.
Practical tactical application
The Tochka-U missile, with a target destruction radius of no more than 120 kilometers, is perfect for destroying terrorist camps and bases located in the mountains or the desert. During the first campaign in Chechnya, it was used for its intended purpose, as General G. N. Troshev wrote about in his memoirs (the book was called "The Chechen Break"). Features of the tactics of using this ammunition require the command to have reliable information and accurate coordinates of the target. Such information in our time can be provided by space reconnaissance (in the case of suitable weather over the theater of operations and the absence of clouds obscuring the firing zone). It is also possible to use other sources if they are obtained from qualified agents with experience in working with topographic maps.
March 2000, the vicinity of the village of Komsomolskoye... It is known that there is a militant camp in this area. The object is well fortified, the level of fortification is such that large losses of personnel are inevitable when trying to storm. Nearby is a settlement, which, of course, cannot be destroyed. The explosion of the Tochka-U missile covered the defensive area, and the powerful bandit formation ceased to exist, without entering the battle, for which it was so carefully prepared. Tactical missilemen solved similar tasks in other sectors of the front, minimizing losses and achieving impressive successes, an important part of which was excellent calculation skills.
The crews of the Russian divisions showed the same high qualification during the events of 2008 in South Ossetia. The Syrian military personnel are doing a good job with such tasks, suppressing the anti-government rebellion. Their targets are usually terrorist bases in the desert.
Ukraine cannot boast of such accuracy. The Tochka-U missiles, inherited by this country from the USSR, may have already exhausted their shelf life (it is ten years). In 2000, during exercises at the Goncharovsky training ground, a launch was carried out, as a result of which three residents of Brovary (Kyiv region) were killed and five were injured. The warhead used was training, without a charge, otherwise there could have been a lot of victims.
Maintenance of the complex
The control equipment of the Tochka complex is rather complicated. Obtaining the necessary qualifications takes several months, and at the same time, even in the case of the most favorable circumstances (not exhausted storage period, skillful calculation and the absence of active opposition from the enemy), there is no full guarantee of a hit from the first launch. The Tochka-U missile is not an ultra-precise weapon. Experts say that the best result can be achieved with the release of four projectiles, one of which with a high degree of probability at the end of the ballistic trajectory will be within a radius measured tens of meters from the target. It should also be taken into account that the standards have changed since the development of this complex. The use of "Point" to fight rebel militias operating near populated areas is not only pointless, but also criminal, especially given the low qualification of rocket crews.
"Tochka-U" is a tactical missile system (TRK) for targeted destruction of small-sized military and strategically significant objects at the distant echelons of enemy defense.
The history of the Tochka U missile system
Along with the increase in the military potential of the armies of the mock enemy in the proposed theaters of operations, the approach to the tactics of conducting combined arms combat has changed. The destruction of control centers, headquarters, storage facilities, airfields in the deep rear could bleed the enemy's front line and disrupt command communications.
The result of these actions can disorganize the units and, as a result, bring victory over the enemy with less time and effort on our part. These tasks became the main ones in the formation of the performance characteristics of Point U.
It was for such purposes that high-precision long-range weapons were needed. Survey work was carried out in the Soviet period of the country's history. The main dates and accompanying events are presented as follows:
| the date | Event |
| 1968 | The leadership of the Soviet Union set the task of developing the latest tactical missile system Tochka U for tactical purposes to destroy enemy targets. In addition to the main contractor (Kolomenskoye Design Bureau, General Designer - Invincible S.P.), the following were involved: Bryansk AZ - development of the transport part, Central Research Institute AG - control and aiming equipment, Barricades software - launch system |
| 1971 | Factory tests of the initial version were carried out. The declared characteristics of the Tochka U missile system have been confirmed |
| 1973 | Organized large-scale industrial production |
| 1976 | "Tochka-U" entered service with the USSR Armed Forces. She had the ability to hit targets of a mock enemy at distances up to 70.0 km. The deviation from the aiming point did not exceed 250.0 meters |
| 1983 | Survey work has begun on the creation of Tochka-R. The terms of reference provided for the creation of a passive radar homing warhead |
| 1989 | The modernization of Tochka-U has been completed. Technical innovations have been introduced into the launch control system, and the 9M79M and 9M79-1 missiles have also been adopted by the army. The combat capabilities of hitting targets have increased to 120.0 km, with a maximum deviation from the aiming object of no more than 100.0 meters |
| 1993 | The fuel dispenser is presented at the international forum "IDEX-93". Five training launches were made. The deviation from the aiming point was maximum - 50.0, minimum - 7.0 meters, which was the undisputed leader in this area |
To date, "Points U" are in service with the armies of Russia, the countries of the former Soviet Union and partners of the Russian Federation in the international arena. The exclusivity is confirmed by the results of the application in existing military conflicts in many countries of the world.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Point U (TTX)
| performance characteristics | Meaning |
| Missile flight range, km | 15.0/70.0-120.0 |
| Warhead flight, m/s | 1100.0 |
| Weight at start, kg | 2010.0 |
| Power unit, power, k.g.s. | 9788.0 |
| Operating time of the power unit, s | 18.0-28.0 |
| Achievement of the goal at maximum distances, s | 136.0 |
| Warhead, kg | 482.0 |
| warhead - charge | standard, nuclear, other |
| Readiness deployed / from the march, min | 1.0-2.0/16.0 |
| Gross weight of the installation (platform, rocket, crew), kg | 18145.0 |
| Delivery to the launch site (highway/ground/off-road/water), km/h | 60.0/40.0/15.0/8.0 |
| Travel without refueling, km | 650.0 |
| Motor resource, km | 15000.0 |
| Calculation, people | 4.0 |
What is included in the tactical system
The Tochka-U tactical system consists of the following technical means, special equipment and training supplies:
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Transport-loading self-propelled gun 9T-218 | |||
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Transport vehicle 9T-238 | |||
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AKIM 9V-819 (control and test) | |||
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MTO 9V-844 (maintenance of console equipment) | |||
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MTO-4OS (vehicle maintenance) | |||
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R-145-BM (command and staff vehicle) | |||
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Gyro-compassBallistic Missile Damage Radius
The missile tactical complex launches missiles with an inseparable warhead, which can carry various charges - nuclear, high-explosive, in cluster design. Its features are as follows:
- solid fuel power unit;
- autonomous control;
- flight correction is calculated by the onboard computer system;
- the actuating mechanism is represented by tail section engines that drive lattice aerodynamic rudders;
- in the first phases of flight, the trajectory is changed by gas-dynamic rudders;
- the power supply of the control systems and the actuating mechanism is carried out by the block of gas generators.
Precise aiming at the target by the rocket operator is ensured by the reliable functioning of all components and assemblies of the rocket. When entering the coordinates of targets, modern versions of maps are used, compiled based on the results of space monitoring of the locations of enemy targets.
Modifications of the tactical missile system
The accelerated development of technology has made it possible to significantly improve the first Tochka model. Changes in the basic design have increased the combat capabilities of the complex.
| A photo | Peculiarities |
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The Tochka installation is the first version of a tactical missile system for the destruction of small-sized enemy targets.
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TRK "Point R" is a modification with a passive homing warhead, the operation of which is based on radar technologies.
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Complex "Tochka-U" - a modernized version of the fuel dispenser, with an increased range of aimed fire and destruction of small targets:
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It should be noted that the developers provide for the possibility of using rockets from previous versions of the complex for launches from the Tochka U TRK.
Combat use
The combat use of Tochka U during local operations in Chechnya and during the Ossetian-Georgian conflict showed undeniable advantages and superior characteristics in comparison with foreign counterparts. Some of them are presented as follows:
- range Points U. The maximum radius of destruction of an enemy object is one hundred and twenty kilometers;
- guided missile flight. Throughout the flight, the warhead carrier is in autonomous control mode;
- accuracy. The combat launches of the TRC missiles showed that the error from the aiming point is represented by fifteen meters. Under special conditions - does not exceed thirty meters;
- unique characteristics missiles Point U. Vertical trajectory of hitting the target. On approaching the object being destroyed, the rocket makes a turn in a vertical plane. When attacking from above, the effectiveness of the strike is increased significantly;
- service and support. A number of special off-road vehicles have been developed, capable of diagnosing and repairing fuel dispensers in any combat conditions;
- mobility. The launcher can overcome tactical distances on the road and rough terrain, as well as easily overcome water obstacles;
- deployment speed. Transfer from marching to combat position of readiness for launch does not exceed sixteen minutes;
- secrecy of preparation for launch. Raising the missile into combat position occurs just before the launch, and already a minute and a half after the launch, the complex can change its location, which corresponds to the maximum level of concealment of the combat position;
- warhead modifications. Depending on the tasks set, ammunition can be used, the warhead of which is equipped with both nuclear charges and filling for the targeted destruction of objects;
- staff training. Training places have been developed for training the crew of the missile system. Models allow you to study the work of parts and mechanisms in the shortest possible time.
To date, the Tochka-U tactical missile system has been one of the most effective means of solving operational combat missions. Despite the serious age of the complex, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation does not plan to remove it from service in the near future. But, the development and implementation of the Iskander operational-tactical complexes in the army units can change the situation dramatically.
Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant
SPU: Software "Barricades"
Russian army
Tochka-U
Story
The development was started by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of March 4, 1968.
State tests of the 9K79 Tochka divisional missile system were carried out from 1970 to 1975. Officially adopted by the Soviet Army in 1975, although mass production of missiles began in 1973.
"Point-R" with a passive radar homing head was put into service in 1983.
RK 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" (NATO designation - Scarab B) with a range increased to 120 km passed state tests from 1986 to 1988. The troops began to enter in 1989.
The production of missiles was carried out at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (according to other sources - at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Machine-Building Plant, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan), the production of special chassis for BAZ-5921 launchers and transport-loading vehicles (BAZ-5922) - at the Bryansk plant of special automotive industry , the assembly of the launchers was carried out at the Barricades software. The enterprises of the entire Soviet Union were involved in the production cycle of the components of the missile complex.
Organizationally, the complex can be represented as part of a brigade, which includes 2-3 divisions. Each missile division has 2-3 launch batteries with 2-3 launchers in each battery. Thus, in the composition of one brigade there can be from 12 to 18 launchers.
Rocket
The rocket of the Tochka complex (Tochka-U) is a single-stage solid-propellant ballistic missile controlled throughout the flight, consisting of a 9M79 (9M79M, 9M79-1) missile unit with an X-shaped arrangement of rudders and wings and a warhead that cannot be separated in flight parts (MS). The missile and warhead are joined by 6 folding bolts, and the electrical connection between the warhead and the RF is organized through a cable. A wide range of interchangeable warheads expands the range of tasks solved by the complex and increases its efficiency in specific application conditions. Completely assembled missiles in conventional (non-nuclear) equipment can be stored for 10 years. The missiles are delivered to the troops in assembled form; when carrying out their maintenance, it is not required to remove the instruments from the missile.
Rocket part
The missile part (RF) performs the function of delivering the warhead to the target and consists of the RF body including the instrument, engine, tail compartments, aerodynamic surfaces and two cable trunks, as well as the propulsion system (PS) and onboard control system devices (BSU). The body of the instrument compartment (OS) is located in the front of the RF, hermetically sealed with a lid and is a cylindrical shell with stiffeners made of aluminum alloy. On the front frame of the software there are elements for attaching the warhead, and in the lower part of the software there is a transport yoke and a detachable electrical connector through which the onboard control devices are connected to the ground equipment of the launcher (PU). Optical communication between the SPU aiming system (or AKIM 9V819 devices) and the missile's BSU is provided by a porthole on the right side of the software.
The remote control housing is located in the middle part of the RF and is a cylindrical structure made of high-strength steel with 3 frames - front, middle, rear. Transport yokes are attached to the upper part of the front and rear frames, and launch yokes are welded to their lower part. 4 wing mounting units are fixed on the middle frame.
The tail section (XO) is conical, has longitudinal stiffening ribs, is made of aluminum alloy and is a fairing for the PS nozzle block. Also in the CW body there are a turbogenerator power supply and executive bodies of the control system, and on the back of the CW body there are 4 attachment points for lattice aerodynamic and gas-jet rudders. At the bottom of the CW there is a descent sensor. On the upper part of the hull there are two hatches for carrying out maintenance work with the rocket, and in the lower part of the CW there are two holes for the exit of gases from a working turbogenerator power source (TGPS).
The X-shaped plumage of the rocket includes 4 fixed wings (folding in pairs in the transport position), 4 aerodynamic and 4 gas-jet rudders.
Propulsion system
A single-mode solid-propellant rocket engine is a combustion chamber with a nozzle block and a fuel charge and an ignition system placed in it. The combustion chamber consists of an ellipsoidal front bottom, a rear bottom with a nozzle block and a cylindrical body made of high-alloy steel. The inner side of the remote control case is covered with a layer of heat-shielding coating. The nozzle block consists of a body and a composite nozzle. Materials used in the nozzle block: titanium alloy (body), pressed materials such as graphite-silicon (inlet and outlet from the nozzle), siliconized graphite and tungsten (liners in the critical section of the nozzle and the inner surface of the liner, respectively).
The fuel charge ignition system installed on the front bottom of the combustion chamber includes two 15X226 squibs and a 9X249 igniter. The igniter is a body, inside which are placed tablets of pyrotechnic composition and smoky rocket powder. When triggered, the squibs ignite the igniter, which, in turn, ignites the 9X151 fuel charge.
Fuel charge 9X151 made of mixed solid fuel type DAP-15V(oxidizer - ammonium perchlorate, binder - rubber, fuel - aluminum powder), is a cylindrical monoblock, the main part of the outer surface of which is covered with armor. During engine operation, the charge burns both along the surface of the internal channel, and along the front and rear ends, which have annular grooves, and along the unarmored outer surface, which makes it possible to provide an almost constant burning area during the entire operation of the remote control. In the combustion chamber, the charge is fixed with the help of an attachment point (made of rubber-coated textolite and a metal ring), sandwiched on one side between the frame of the rear bottom and the remote control housing, and on the other side attached to the annular groove of the charge. This design of the attachment assembly prevents the flow of gases into the tail section, while at the same time allowing the formation of a relatively cold stagnant zone in the annular gap (between the charge and the body), which prevents the combustion chamber walls from burning out and at the same time compensates for the internal pressure on the fuel charge.
Onboard control system
- Launchers MLRS - 2 9M79K, or 4 9M79F
- Lance missile battery - 2 9M79K, or 4 9M79F
- Battery of self-propelled guns or towed guns - 1 9M79K, or 2 9M79F
- Helicopters on landing sites - 1 9M79K, or 2 9M79F
- Ammunition depots - 1 9M79K, or 3 9M79F
- The defeat of manpower, unarmored vehicles, parked aircraft, etc.
- On an area of 40 hectares - 2 9M79K, or 4 9M79F
- On an area of 60 hectares - 3 9M79K, or 6 9M79F
- On an area of 100 hectares - 4 9M79K, or 8 9M79F
Combat use
Chechen wars
The Tochka-U complex was used by the 58th Combined Arms Army to destroy military installations in Chechnya during the first and second Chechen campaigns. Targets were previously identified by means of space reconnaissance. In particular, the complex was used to strike at a large weapons depot and a fortified terrorist camp in the Bamut area, in the battle for the village of Komsomolskoye in March 2000:
Another attempt to leave the village - at the junction of the positions of the 503rd regiment and the unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - was thwarted thanks to the use of the Tochka-U operational-tactical missile. The zone of continuous destruction occupied an area of about 300 by 150 meters. The rocket men worked filigree - the blow fell exactly on the bandits, without affecting their own.
G. N. Troshev, "Chechen kink: Diaries and memories"
On April 20, 2000, a rocket was launched from the Goncharovsky training ground, located 130 km north of Kyiv, which, after launch, deviated from the course and at 15:07 hit a residential building in the city of Brovary, breaking through the building from the ninth to the second floor . 3 people were killed and 5 people were injured (according to other sources, there were also three wounded). Fortunately, the rocket was equipped with an inert warhead, otherwise there would have been much more victims. The failure of the missile's control system was named as the cause of the tragic incident by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine.
The complexes were used by the Russian Army during the fighting in South Ossetia on August 8-12, 2008. .
Operators
- - 10 missile brigades with 18 launchers per brigade, total - 200 units (PU) as of 2010. . The RK has been modernized since 2004 (replacement of BASU), in 2011 there were 40 incompetent RK, in 2012 the number of incompetent RK could increase to 80, the Ministry of Defense refused to further modernize the RK Tochka.
- Ukraine- 90 units as of 2010
- Syria- 18 units as of 2010 (for 1997, the same number)
- Yemen- 10 units as of 2010
- Kazakhstan- 12 units as of 2010
- Armenia- from 6 units as of 2011
- Azerbaijan- 4 units as of 2010
- Belarus- up to 36 units as of 2010
Withdrawn from service
Notes
Sources
- Trembach E. I., Esin K. P., Ryabets A. F., Belikov B. N."Titan" on the Volga. From artillery to space launches / Ed. V. A. Shurygina. - Volgograd: Stanitsa-2, 2000. - S. 53-56. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-93567-014-3
- http://zato-znamensk.narod.ru/History.htm
- V. Shesterikov Roses and rockets // Niva. - Astana: Niva, 2007. - V. 4. - S. 155-161. The volume is 1.5 MB.
- DIMMI 9K79 Tochka - SS-21 SCARAB. Domestic military equipment (after 1945) (05/11/2010 00:38:00). Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- High-precision tactical missile system "Tochka-U" KBM
- 011 Striking force - Complex of the Invincible (Iskander) - on Yandex. Video
- 9M79 missile propulsion system | Missile technology
- "Tochka-U" (9K79, SS-21 "Scarab"), tactical missile system - RUSSIA WEAPON, News agency
- Domestic military equipment (after 1945) | Articles | 9K79 Tochka - SS-21 SCARAB
- Operational-tactical missile system "Tochka", Tochka-U 9K79 SS-21 "Scarab". Site kapyar.ru
- Troshev G. N. Chechen break: Diaries and memories. - 2nd ed. - M .: Time, 2009. - S. 357. - (Dialogue). - ISBN 978-5-9691-0471-6
According to the Interfax news agency, citing a source in the power structures of the Southern Federal District, the Russian military base in South Ossetia has received a division of the Tochka-U operational-tactical missile system. Georgian special services have already received an official notification of the deployment of missile weapons in South Ossetia.
In December 2010, it became known that a Russian military base stationed near Tskhinvali received a division of the Smerch multiple launch rocket system. The decision to deploy missile weapons on the territory of South Ossetia was made " to prevent possible aggression from Georgia».
A Russian military base was deployed in South Ossetia after the August 2008 five-day war and Russia's recognition of the republic. The Russian contingent is deployed in the garrisons of Tskhinvali and Java. By agreement with the local authorities, the base is located for 49 years with the possibility of extension.
QUICK REFERENCE
Upgraded tactical (divisional) missile system "Tochka-U"(NATO designation - Scarab B "Scarab") began to enter the troops in 1989. Organizationally, the missile system is represented as part of a brigade, which includes 2-3 divisions. Each missile division has 2-3 launch batteries with 2-3 launchers in each battery.
The missile complex includes:
- 9M79M missile with various types of warheads;
— launcher 9P129-1M;
- transport-loading machine;
- transport vehicle;
- automated control and testing machine;
- maintenance vehicle;
- a set of arsenal equipment.
Launcher mounted on a three-axle amphibious vehicle chassis BAZ-5921. The front and rear pairs of wheels are steerable, which provides a relatively small turning radius - 7 meters. The composition of the launcher equipment provides the possibility of its absolutely autonomous use.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Tochka-U complex:
Firing range - 15 ... 120 km
Rocket speed - 1000 m / s
Starting weight - 2010 kg
Warhead weight - 482 kg
Warheads (warheads) missiles:
- special;
- cassette - 50 combat elements weighing 7.45 kg each;
- high-explosive fragmentation;
- high-explosive fragmentation with a radar homing head.
Launch preparation time:
- from readiness No. 1 - 2 min.
- from the march - 16 min.
Launcher weight (with rocket and crew) - 18145 kg
Maximum movement speed of PU:
- on the highway - 60 km / h
- afloat - 8 km / h
Cruising range of combat vehicles in terms of fuel (with a full load) - 650 km
The technical resource of combat vehicles is 15,000 km.
Crew - 4 people.
Ballistic missile 9M79M differs from the rockets of previous tactical missile systems in that the flight control of the rocket is carried out not by controlling the engine operating time and not by setting the initial launch angle, but by using aerodynamic controls - wings and having an original lattice design of rudders.
In addition, the aerodynamic rudders are duplicated by gas-dynamic ones installed at the exit of the jet engine nozzle. In this case, not only the ballistic trajectory is corrected, but guidance is also carried out in its final section (including the commands of the radar homing head). Gas-dynamic rudders provide control in the initial part of the trajectory, when aerodynamic rudders are not effective enough at low flight speeds.
The missiles are equipped with a single-mode solid fuel jet engine., which ensures the high readiness of the complex for combat use, in contrast to complexes with non-ampulized liquid-fuel rockets, where rocket refueling operations took a lot of time, while fueled rockets could only be stored for a very limited time.
Initially, the complex was developed for the use of a special (nuclear) warhead. In addition to them, high-explosive fragmentation and cluster warheads, as well as warheads with a passive radar homing head, were developed. The warhead is inseparable.
Undermining a high-explosive fragmentation warhead for greater efficiency is carried out at altitudes of the order of 10-20 meters. At the same time, the warhead is designed in such a way that, when detonated, a focused blast wave and a directed jet of fragments are formed. At the same time, the rocket itself rotates to a position close to vertical with respect to the earth's surface.
All this together increases the effectiveness of the warhead in destroying buried command posts or enemy infrastructure depots. The maximum area of the zone of complete destruction for this warhead is 3 hectares.
Disclosure of a cluster warhead equipped with 50 fragmentation submunitions takes place at an altitude of 2 kilometers. Such a warhead is intended to destroy manpower and unarmored vehicles located in open areas. The maximum area of the zone of complete destruction for this warhead is 7 hectares.
Missiles with warheads equipped with a passive radar seeker, designed to hit targets equipped with radar stations. In particular, such missiles were used in stationary coastal anti-ship systems.
/Based on materials lenta.ru and en.wikipedia.org /
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