The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. This:
- § subordinating conjunctions,
- § relative (conjunctive) words,
- § correlative words (definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
- § Intonation
Means of communication of simple sentences in NGN:
- § Subordinating conjunctions;
- § Conjunctive words;
- § Intonation;
- § Demonstrative words in the main sentence;
- § Incompleteness of one of the sentences;
- § Repeated words and pronouns, etc.
Correlative (demonstrative) words. As correlative words in the main part, demonstrative pronouns of various lexical-morphological categories and pronominal adverbs are usually used: that one; such; there, there, from there, then, so, because, therefore, etc.
Being in the main part, demonstrative words formally complete it, take the place of a member necessary in meaning, but at the same time, not being fully significant words, they do not express the meaning itself, but only signal that this meaning is expressed in the subordinate part that follows . At the same time, the very presence of an indicative word in the main part deprives it of semantic independence, forcing it to wait for the continuation - the corresponding subordinate part. For example: But I did That, what he considered necessary (Gorky); Sheso many told them [the doctors] about her ailments, that she was immediately admitted to the hospital and they began to do various studies (Panova), etc.
Other pronouns and pronominal adverbs: index fingers (this), definitive (all, everything, everyone, everyone, everywhere, everywhere, always, etc.), negative (nobody, nothing, nowhere, etc.), indefinite (someone, something, somewhere and etc.), however, they also retain their inherent meanings (generalizations, uncertainties, etc.). For example: He wroteeverywhere, where the thirst to write caught him (Paustovsky);To each , who knows Green's books and knows Sevastopol, it is clear that the legendary Zurbagan--this is an almost exact description of Sevastopol... (Paustovsky); It looks as if I am a coward, but this is not cowardice, but something else that I can neither name nor describe (Chekhov).
In all sentences of an undivided structure, correlative words do not merge with the conjunction.
In complex sentences of a dissected structure, correlative words, like subordinate clauses, have the meaning of external circumstances and refer to the entire main part or one of its predicates. This creates conditions for moving correlative words into the subordinate clause and merging them with subordinating conjunctions; in this case, unions of more subtle, differentiated meanings arise. In some cases, demonstrative words finally merged with conjunctions, forming an indivisible unity (conjunctions since, so); in others, the possibility of emphasizing the demonstrative word in the main part is retained (conjunctions because, in order to, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, after, etc.). For example: 1) Talent was created to give people joy, and not at all... so that this talent would grow like a poisonous mushroom (Paustovsky) and She put sea wormwood on the open book so that the wind would not turn the pages... ( Paustovsky); 2) They went home after the detachment stopped in the city center and began to settle into apartments (N. Ostrovsky) and After the sun rose, he dozed off again and woke up at about seven o’clock from a loud gunshot (Sholokhov).
In modern literary language, nouns that are similar in their lexical meaning to the meaning of subordinate clauses, as well as integral combinations of such nouns with demonstrative pronouns, are increasingly used as correlative words. Thus, the following nouns and phrases are used as correlative words : on condition (that, if, when), at the time (when), in that case (when, if), for that reason (that), for that purpose (so that), etc.For example : Stepan himself threatened to come to Veshenskaya if Aksinya did not appear at the hundred (Sholokhov).
The need to use correlative words in the main sentence is determined not only by their role in organizing the connection between the main and subordinate parts in certain models, but also by a number of other reasons common to all complex sentences:
- 1. Correlative words are used in the main part if the subordinate clauses are related as homogeneous to other members of the main part. For example: Worried about the anonymous letter and the fact that every morning some men came to the people's room and kitchen... I worked sluggishly and unsuccessfully (Chekhov).
- 2. When denying, strengthening, highlighting or limiting with the help of special particles not, only, only, even, but also, etc., what is said in the subordinate clause. For example: I don’t go to the workshops to interfere with Tsvetaev’s work (N. Ostrovsky); I have always noticed that people like interesting stories only because they allow them to forget their difficult but familiar life for an hour (Gorky). When expressing with the help of introductory words the attitude to what is said in the subordinate clause. For example: Such facts must occur because accounting has not yet been brought to the proper level.(From newspapers).
- 3. A general condition for the use of demonstrative words, although not so obligatory, is the inclusion of a subordinate clause in a phrase that has a clarifying meaning. For example: After all, Mikhail Leontyevich, the one with whom we were now talking on the bench, turns out to have stormed the Winter Palace... (Soloukhin); On a bare acacia tree, where the shadow of the roof swayed, sparrows puffed up their feathers, crowded together, and showed off to each other (A.N. Tolstoy).
On the contrary, the condition prohibiting the use of demonstrative words is the connecting meaning of the subordinate clause or shades of connecting meaning, which can appear in various types of complex sentences. The demonstrative word, which is part of the main part as an intermediary of the subordinate clause, directly contradicts the very idea of \u200b\u200battachment (additional message, comment about). Thus, you cannot use a demonstrative word in complex sentences with a subordinate clause (such as : My father was gone for a long time, which worried us all very much), as well as in sentences where the subordinate part has a connecting connotation and is joined by conjunctions so, good, for, if only, if only, as with the particle and, allied words where, where, from where with the particle and. For example: Weakened from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where he was found in an unconscious state (Leskov). The subordinate clause in such cases can only be in postposition.
Target:
- teach to find the main and subordinate clauses and establish semantic relationships between them using a question;
- determine the means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one;
- Use correct punctuation marks in complex sentences.
Tasks:
- Repetition and deepening of information about a complex sentence.
- Introduction of the concept of a complex sentence.
- Finding the main and subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, seeing the means of communication between the parts of the sentence.
- Check your understanding of the level of mastery of the material on the topic.
- Develop the mental activity of students.
- Develop the ability to work in a group, evaluate a classmate’s answer.
- Cultivating a conscious interest in the native language as a means of acquiring knowledge.
Equipment:
- presentation, cards with text for analysis;
- cards with linguistic text;
- scorecard for each student.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
Hello guys! I am glad to see you, I wish you a good mood in class, fruitful, creative work.
II. Motivational stage.
1) Written survey.
There are sentences on the board (or slide). Specify the type of offer and method of communication.
- The flow in this place was so stormy that it was difficult to stand on one's feet.
- The heap of dry leaves flares up more and more, more and more cheerfully,
And the fire crackles and tortures. - Winter has come, and the forests are dressed in gold.
- The trees quickly turned yellow.
- The mountain ash turned red, the water turned blue.
1 student works at the board. Students' notebooks should write:
- SPP, intonation, conjunction.
- SSP, intonation, conjunction.
- SSP, intonation, conjunction.
- BSP, intonation.
2) Frontal survey.
In what branch of linguistics is the sentence studied?
What groups are all proposals divided into?
What is the difference between a simple sentence and a complex one?
What types of offers do you know?
What is the difference between union proposals and non-union proposals?
What are the means of communication between parts of a sentence?
What type of proposals have we already studied?
3) Goal setting.
What do you think we will study today; what is the topic of our lesson? (Complex sentence.)
What should we learn and learn during the lesson? (What is an IPP, what parts does it consist of, how are parts of a sentence connected, punctuation marks in the IPP.)
III. Operational-cognitive stage.
1. HBS are written on the board (slide). Let's analyze them and try to formulate a general conclusion: what is the structure of the NGN, the means of communication in a complex sentence.
How many parts does a complex sentence consist of, which ones?
What does the main clause mean?
Where can a subordinate clause be located in relation to the main clause?
What can a subordinate clause refer to? (To the key word or phrase, to the grammatical basis of the main thing, to the entire main sentence.)
Talk about placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
What is interesting about the following proposals?
(If there are several subordinate clauses in a sentence, then they can obey not only the main one, but also each other)
2. Consolidation of theoretical material in practice. Work with text.
The printed text is on each student's desk.
Read the text. Determine his style. (Publicistic.)
If you believe the statements of Musin-Pushkin himself, then the Count discovered “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” in the library of the Spaso-Yaroslavl Monastery. One way or another, the ancient manuscript, written in ancient handwriting, became his property. For many years, the count, together with his highly learned assistants, analyzed this work, which he subsequently published along with a translation and commentary.
The book's journey across the sea of literature turned out to be not only around the world (by the end of the 20th century it would be translated into dozens of languages), but also very stormy. When Napoleonic troops entered Moscow in 1812, the count's library was destroyed in a fire, and along with it the ancient manuscript. Only the first edition and a handwritten copy remained for descendants.
This gave skeptics the opportunity to claim that The Word was a clever eighteenth-century forgery. Until now, despite the existence of authoritative studies confirming the antiquity of this literary monument, scientists argue about its authenticity.
(Encyclopedia for children. Russian literature.)
A skeptic is a person who is distrustful and skeptical about everything.
We will work in groups.
Assignment for group 1. Find complex sentences in the text, highlight their parts, establish the semantic part (ask a question), highlight the means of communication.
Assignment for group 2. Find complex sentences in the text that correspond to the following diagrams:
- [...verb], (that...).
- (When…), […].
- [...uk.sl. + noun], (which...).
In what case can the main and subordinate clauses be swapped? (Diagram No. 2.)
One representative from group 1 draws SPP diagrams on the board. Representatives of the second group observe and can ask clarifying questions.
A representative from group 2 reads out the sentences corresponding to the diagrams and answers the question. Students from the opposite group can also ask questions.
What skill did we practice while completing this task? (The ability to find SPPs in the text, draw up its diagram, learned that the place of a subordinate clause can be fixed and movable.)
IV. Reflective-evaluative stage.
Insert the missing words into the linguistic text (on cards):
Complex sentences consist of _________ and _________. The clauses that make up a complex sentence are combined using _________, _________, and _________. A subordinate clause can refer to _________ or _________, to _________, and sometimes to _________. A subordinate clause can take _________ place in relation to the main clause. In complex sentences, the subordinate clause is highlighted in writing regardless of its position in relation to the main one:
_________, if it is after or before the main one;
_________ if it is inside the main one.
The place of the subordinate clause can be _________ and _________.
Verification (oral or finished text is projected on a slide).
- Without errors – “5”.
- 1, 2 errors – “4”.
- 3, 4 errors – “3”.
V. Homework.
Paragraph 18,19 (a coherent story about a complex sentence), ex. 86.
I would like to thank everyone for the good work.
Literature:
- Russian language: Textbook for 9th grade of general education institutions. / L. A. Trostentsova, T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, A.D. Deykina, O.M. Alexandrova; scientific Ed. N.M. Shansky - 5th edition. - M.: Education, 2008. - 206 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-5-09-019379-5.
- Russian language. 9th grade: lesson plans based on the textbook. L.A. Trostentsova / author-comp. T.M. Ambusheva. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2012. – 143 p.
- S.L. Ostrovsky. How to make a presentation for a lesson. The first of September 2010. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson".
main types and functions
subordinating conjunctions correlatives
word conjunctions words
The main syntactic means of communication in NGN are special connecting elements. Formal indicators of the interdependence of the main and subordinate parts are subordinating conjunctions, allied (relative) words, correlative (demonstrative) words.
Subordinating conjunctions.
Let us recall that in terms of structure, subordinating conjunctions can be simple (so that, although, if, as if, etc.) and compound (because, despite the fact that, since, etc.). In addition to simple and compound conjunctions, it is necessary to distinguish between double conjunctions, which include linking words (if...then, when...then, how...then), and paired ones (than...then). The last two types of conjunctions differ from each other in that if both parts of paired conjunctions are structurally necessary, then in double conjunctions the bonding words can be omitted.
For example, if you come, we will become friends.
The sooner the night, the less trouble.
Conjunctions with clearly defined semantics are assigned to a certain type of subordinate clause and are called semantic, unambiguous, monofunctional: although, despite the fact that - concessive, since, because - reasons, etc.
Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional, asemantic, syntactic, polyfunctional, polysemous. These are conjunctions that, so that, like others. For example, the conjunction how can serve to attach to the main part of subordinate clauses with different meanings: explanatory (additional) subordinate clauses, comparative clauses, temporary, conditions. Some compound unions (since, because) are capable of being dismembered. In this case, the first part of the conjunction goes into the main part of the NGN and acquires the function of a correlative word.
Sr.: It would be good not to argue with him, because in arguments he gets agitated to the point of rage.
It would be good not to argue with him because he gets madly excited in arguments.
The peculiarity of compound conjunctions is that, due to the constructive optionality of correlative words in the main part, their first part can freely wander from the main part to the subordinate part.
Wed: She wanted to sing so that everyone would know about her happiness.
She wanted to sing so that everyone would know about her happiness.
Such variation is possible with compound conjunctions: because, in order to, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, after, etc.
So, subordinating conjunctions according to their structure are divided into simple, compound, double and paired subordinating conjunctions. According to the features of their functioning, they are divided into semantic and syntactic. SPPs with conjunctions in the subordinate clause are considered as a conjunction type of SPPs.
Conjunctive words.
The function of allied words in SPP is performed by pronouns in the broad understanding of this part of speech (whose, which, where and under.) or in the narrow understanding of the pronoun as a part of speech pronouns (whose, which, which) and adverbs, pronominal adverbs (where, where why, where).
Conjunctive words (relative) are located in the subordinate part of the dictionary. Unlike subordinating conjunctions, allied words are significant words and therefore function as members of a sentence.
SPPs with allied words in the subordinate clause constitute the relative type of SPPs.
The difference between subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
It is known that the distinction between subordinating conjunctions and allied words is very difficult both for students and for those teaching questions of NGN syntax.
The following typical mistakes are common:
- Non-delimitation of homonymous subordinating conjunctions and allied words, such as what, how, when, than, what(would).
- Identification of allied words such as which, which, whose, where, where, where, why, why, why, etc. with subordinating conjunctions.
- Difficulties in recognizing compound conjunctions such as because, because, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.
- Incorrect definition of the syntactic function of the allied word.
- Difficulties in posing a semantic question from the main part to the subordinate part. For example, a conjunctive word which is often parsed as a definition, while this word is often substantivized and can be any member of a subordinate clause.
Wed: You will need a guide who knows the forest paths well.
union. sl. (subst. m-pr.)
In the midst of the feast, Travkin came in, whom no one had invited.
with us.sl.(subst.m-
etc)
Travkin listened, then followed the direction of the message; two Germans came out.
conjunction.sl.(subst.m-pr.)
Nadya led the guys along a bright corridor, the windows of which looked out onto
X. X X X." wihh nnnnnnn.
garden.
SO SW.SL J(m-pr)
As is the pop, so is the arrival.
The accuracy in determining the type of subordinate part depends on the selection of the question that is asked from the main part to the subordinate part.
union
Wed: The message that we received these books made us happy (about what? Explanatory or additional clause, depending on the chosen classification)
SOY 3. sl. (m-noun)
The message we received made us happy (which one? Subordinate clause)
When distinguishing between subordinating conjunctions and allied words, it is necessary to remember: in the Russian language there are words that always perform in SPP only the role of conjunctions or allied words, and only five words (we have already called them “insidious” words) due to homonymy can act - depending depending on the content of the sentence - sometimes as subordinating conjunctions, sometimes as allied words.
Table 23.
As you can see, there are not so many “insidious” words, but they are often found in NGN, and it is these words that cause the greatest difficulties in the grammatical characterization of NGN.
Rules for distinguishing subordinating conjunctions and allied words
- If a homonymous word is preceded by a preposition, then it is a conjunction
There cannot be a pretext before a union.
SS(m-sugts)
Wed: He politely bowed to Chichikov; At first the latter responded in kind.
SS(m-n)
She spoke French very poorly, for which I suffered later.
- You can use the technique of transforming (replacing) a dubious conjunction with a true conjunction, a conjunction word with another conjunction word, or a functional equivalent (a significant word).
Compare: Boris still winced a little, like a drunkard in front of a glass of wine (which = as if).
SS(m-n)
There are no miracles in the world except those created by the mind and will of man
- The conjunction can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence is preserved.
Wed: We were happy when the forest began. (We were happy - the forest had begun).
C C (m-nar)
Nobody knows when we will see each other. (You cannot omit the conjunction word)
- A subordinate clause that begins with a conjunctive word can be transformed into an independent interrogative sentence. A subordinate clause that begins with a conjunction cannot be transformed in this way.
Wed: It was difficult to determine what this person felt. (What did this man feel?)
union
It was hard to believe that all this was true. (The subordinate clause cannot be converted into an interrogative simple sentence.)
- It is possible to attach intensifying particles to allied words, or precisely, to a conjunction - it is impossible.
Wed: He had no way of knowing when the train (Already) would arrive.
union
He was glad when the forest began.
- The conjunctive word receives logical stress, while the conjunction is deprived of such stress, i.e. is proclitic.
Wed: We willingly give what we ourselves do not need.
union
How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile and harmful.
We must remember that in each specific case several techniques for distinguishing conjunctions and allied words can help.
Table 24.
Distinguishing between subordinating conjunctions and allied words
Correlative (demonstrative) words.
Correlative words, together with conjunctions and allied words, too
are a grammatical means of connecting parts of NGN. Correlative words are always in the main part of the SPP and are expressed by definitive, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns (with a broad understanding of this part of speech): that, such, there, there, from there, then, so, because, because, someone, somewhere , something, etc. They attach a subordinate part to the main part, which specifies their meaning.
Correlative words must be distinguished from allied words:
- Correlative words are in the main part, and allied words are in the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words include the subordinate clause;
- Correlative words deprive the main part of semantic completeness;
- Correlative words determine the type of subordinate clause.
- Correlative words make the connection between the main and subordinate parts closer.
- Expressed by significant parts of speech;
- Are members of the proposal;
- Often subject to substantiation.
Wed: Everyone who has experienced the happiness of communicating with a smart person wants to become better, to know more.
ukazlShchpr)
I am the one whose gaze destroys hope.
The subordinate clause can be attached to the correlative word using an allied word (see examples above) or a conjunction.
For example, the houses looked as if no human hand had touched them for many years.
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of sentences, or they are not necessary and are then used as emphasis words.
Wed: Such a view of the dwelling appeared before us that we stopped awkwardly.
Lopatin noticed that the regiment commissar was one run behind them.
In the first sentence, the correlative word such is constructively necessary: without it the following subordinate clause is impossible. In the second, the correlative word is easily omitted without damaging the overall meaning of the sentence. Taking this into account helps to correctly determine the type of subordinate clause: the first IPP with a subordinate attributive clause, the second IPP with a subordinate explanatory (additional) part.
The correlative word must be distinguished from fastening words, which are part of double conjunctions and can be omitted, like in some cases correlative words. These are double conjunctions of cause, time, condition - when, then, if. how. That. Clamp words are also found in the main part of the dictionary during the preposition of the subordinate part. They emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. Correlative (demonstrative) words are found in the main part, which is always prepositive in relation to the subsequent subordinate clause.
Wed: If you agree, then I will get to work right now (double union if..then).
I am where they are waiting for me (correlative word there).
Correlative words must be distinguished from the part of paired conjunctions, where both parts are structurally necessary.
SS(m-sush) spec.sl(subst.m-pr)
Wed: (The more you are sick), [the more you will be treated].
(The closer the night), [the less trouble] (pair union than... the more).
V.V. Babaytseva indicates cases in which correlative words in the main part are necessary:
- When denying, strengthening, highlighting or limiting with the help of special particles, not, only, only, even, but, etc., what is said in the subordinate clause.
- If there are introductory words in the main part that express the attitude towards what is said in the subordinate part.
See: [Such facts occur, of course, because] (that many people love themselves more than business).
- Correlative words are used in the main part if the subordinate clause is related as homogeneous to other members of the main part.
Correlative words are not possible in NGN with a subordinate connecting part, since they perform the function of an additional message.
See: Father was gone for a long time, which worried us.
It started to rain, so our trip didn't take place.
Thus, SPPs with correlative words in the main part form three structural varieties of SPPs:
- Pronominal-correlative type (indicative word in the main part + allied word in the subordinate clause);
- Pronoun-conjunctive type (indicative word in the main part + conjunction in the subordinate clause).
conjunctive type relative type pronominal type
pronominal conjunctive
type type
In addition to subordinating conjunctions, allied and correlative words, indicators of syntactic relations between parts of the dictionary are other accompanying grammatical means of communication, namely the order of the main and subordinate parts, the grammatical relationship of the verb forms included in the main and subordinate parts, intonation, etc.
- Types of positions of subordinate parts in IPP. Fixed and non-fixed order of parts of the WBS. Flexibility - inflexibility of the structure. Contaminated structure proposals
Table 25
The following classifications of SPP are known:
The history of syntax has developed three principles for classifying SPPs, which formed the basis for the three most popular classifications of these syntactic structures. These are logical-syntactic, formal-grammatical, structural-semantic classifications of SPP.
Logical-syntactic classification of complex sentences.
It is known that in the history of Russian grammar, the first most complete classification of subordinate clauses in relation to members of a simple sentence (based on the isomorphism of subordinate clauses with members of a simple sentence) was developed by F.I. Buslaev. This classification, called traditional (analogical, functional, logical-grammatical), arose in the middle of the 19th century.
F.I. Buslaev believed that “each of the members of the main sentence, except the predicate, can be expressed by a subordinate sentence” (F.I. Buslaev). This initial position allowed the scientist to identify the following types of subordinate clauses: subordinate clauses, additional, attributive, adverbial: place, time, manner of action, measure and degree, reasons, conditions, concessions, comparisons.
The principle of the LGK SPP is the isomorphism of the subordinate clause to the member of a simple sentence by function.
Wed: He who is hot-tempered is not angry (= hot-tempered is not angry, i.e. subordinate subject);
Say what is useful (= say what is useful, i.e. subordinate object);
It is interesting to talk with a person who has experienced a lot (= with an experienced person, i.e. subordinate definition);
Petersburg stands where the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland (= when the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland, i.e. adverbial clause), etc.
A common technique for determining the type of subordinate clause is to ask it a question similar to the one we ask to members of a simple sentence.
The classification of F.I. Buslaev was based on the ideas of his predecessors: A. Kh. Vostokov (“Russian Grammar”) and N. I. Grech (“Practical Russian Grammar”).
- I. Grech identified three types of subordinate clauses depending on which part of speech they replace in the main one:
I am the one who has happiness (= happy, i.e. subordinate adjective);
They found out when they returned (= upon return, i.e. adverbial clause).
This first attempt at classifying clauses was obviously imperfect, since it clearly mixed morphological and syntactic concepts.
The doctrine of the types of subordinate clauses received further development in the works of F. I. Buslaev. His classification existed for a long time and became quite traditional - in the future it was only subject to clarifications and additions. A well-known clarification was made by S.I. Abakumov, who interpreted subordinate clauses as “an expanded member of the sentence.” However, he explained: “They differ from ordinary members of a simple sentence in that they are predicative.” The scientist emphasized that such constructions do not have complete identity. It was Abakumov who supplemented and improved the classification of F.I. Buslaev, proposing, in particular, to consider subordinate predicates among subordinate clauses.
The similarity in function of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence is evidenced by a number of data:
- Synonymy of subordinate clauses with isolated members of a simple sentence, expressed by participial and participial phrases.
- The unification of sentence members and subordinate clauses by coordinating conjunctions and, or, yes, but, indicating the homogeneity of the incoming components, can be traced.
- There are cases of transition of subordinate clauses into members of a simple sentence in cases of phraseologization of subordinate parts.
All of the above phenomena confirm that subordinate clauses perform functions close to the functions of individual members of simple sentences.
The advantages of the logical-grammatical classification of NGN are as follows:
- The main advantage of this classification is the recognition of objectively existing similarities in the principles of construction and semantics of simple sentences and NGN.
- The logical-grammatical classification of SPP is the first complete classification of subordinate clauses based on isomorphism to their members of a simple sentence.
- Now they continue to take into account the functions of subordinate clauses in relation to members of the main sentence.
- This classification is convenient in practical terms - the type of subordinate clauses is determined by a question similar to those questions that are asked to the members of the sentence.
- It has provable arguments: the synonymity of subordinate parts and members of a simple sentence, the same type of functions of subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence.
- The correspondence between sentence members and subordinate clauses is approximate; the predicative nature of subordinate clauses is not taken into account, i.e. there is an absolutization of the nature of the relationship between sentence members and subordinate parts.
- The diverse and complex semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts in the dictionary are not taken into account. Subordinate clauses can refer to the entire main part, and not just to its individual member (such as, for example, subordinate clauses, connecting, comparative). These subordinate clauses are characterized by a weaker connection with the main part, which means they are more independent. In other words, not all subordinate clauses are isomorphic with members of a simple sentence.
- The distinction between complementary clauses and subordinate clauses, attributive clauses and predicate clauses is in most cases quite artificial. Thus, subordinate clauses identical in structure and semantic relations belonged to different types.
He remembered (what?) how they were friends (subordinate clause).
His face looked as if he was surprised by something (subjective predicate).
He had a face like he was surprised by something (clause clause).
Those. the distinction was based on structural differences and, therefore, was associated with elements of the formal-grammatical approach.
And if so, then it is not entirely legitimate to consider this classification logical.
Conversely, different sentences in structure and grammatical meaning were considered as sentences of the same type.
Wed: He remembered how he went home (subordinate clause).
Everything needed on the road was collected (the subordinate clause is also a subject)
- The structure of the subordinate clause and the varieties of semantic relations in the composition of the dictionary are not taken into account.
- In many cases, the definition of the type of subordinate clauses is conventional and schematic. Thus, in the absence of a correlative (demonstrative) word in the main part, the type of subordinate clause is sometimes impossible to determine unambiguously.
Conversely, the presence of an indicative word in the main one requires a specific answer without taking into account the structure and nature of the semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts.
Wed: I am the one whom no one loves (subjective predicate).
I will never forget the day we met (clause clause).
It is no coincidence that D.N. Kudryavsky was ironic about this: “Thus it turns out that the same sentence can be anything, depending on what it stands next to. This means defining a Christmas tree as a tree around which there are fir cones. It’s clear, in this case, a birch tree with fir cones lying under it can also be called a fir tree.”
The noted shortcomings were the reason for the refusal in the 60s of XX
V. from traditional classification in the school course of the Russian language.
Despite these shortcomings, Buslaev's logical-grammatical classification of SPP existed in the school for more than a hundred years (from 1858 to 1959). Today, in the educational complex of V.V. Babaytseva, we see a return to the basics of this classification. In the textbook by S. G. Barkhudarov, the logical-grammatical classification of SPP is partially presented. All IPS are divided into 3 groups: explanatory, defining, 9 types of adverbial.
The type of subordinate part is established in two ways:
- In accordance with which member of the sentence in the main part is the correlative pronominal word, specified by the subsequent subordinate part, i.e., the member of the main part, expressed by the correlative word, is specified by the subordinate part.
- If there is no correlative word in the main part, then the type of subordinate clause is determined in accordance with which missing member of the main part is filled in by the subordinate part.
S.I. Abakumov, F.L. Shapiro, V.M. Nikitin, A.I. Cherednichenko, V.N. Migirin, V.V. Vinogradov and others later contributed to the further development of the logical-grammatical classification of SPP.
For example, A.N. Gvozdev presents a more comprehensive consideration of the types of subordinate clauses; they took into account a larger number of signs:
- The function of the subordinate clause in relation to the members of a simple sentence;
- Structural features of the main and subordinate parts;
. Varieties of semantic relations between the main and subordinate parts.
A.N. Gvozdev’s classification presents the following types of subordinate clauses:
- Subordinate clauses;
- Subordinate predicates;
- Additional clauses;
- Circumstantial time;
- Circumstantial places;
- Circumstantial course of action;
- Circumstantial reasons;
- Circumstantial goals;
- Circumstantial conditions;
- Circumstantial concessions;
- Circumstantial measures and degrees
- Consequences;
- Connection.
The merit of A.N. Gvozdev is seen in the fact that, having retained the traditional principle of classification of SPPs as a basis, he presented not a schematic classification of SPPs, but carried out a structural-semantic approach to the classification of SPPs, showed the relationship of groups of SPPs in the general system of this type of complex sentence.
Formal-grammatical classification of complex sentences The principle of the formal-grammatical classification of SPP is their differentiation by means of connection of the main part with the subordinate clause.
As a prominent representative of the formal grammatical school in Russia, A. M. Peshkovsky, when classifying SPP, focused on the means of connecting subordinate parts with the main one: subordinating conjunctions and allied words. A.M. Peshkovsky divides it into two large classes:
- SPP with union subordination of subordinate clauses;
- SPP with relative subordination of subordinate clauses,
- Causal (since, how, because, then that, etc.);
- Goals (so that, then that, in order, etc.);
- Consequences (so);
- Explanatory (what, so, as if, etc.);
- Explanatory (that is, exactly, somehow);
- Conditional (if, if only, if, if);
- Concessive (although, despite the fact that, let);
- Comparative (as if, exactly(;
- Temporary (when, as soon as, meanwhile).
As for SPPs with relative subordination (with allied words), A. M. Peshkovsky divided them into:
- Proper-relative SPP (connection of the subordinate part with any member in the main one). For example, such is the priest, such is the parish.
- Interrogative-relative SPP (connection of the subordinate clause with the entire main part). For example, We will meet, no matter where fate sends us.
union
Wed: I know I wanted to tell the truth. union.sl.
I know what he wanted to say. Tg
As we see, semantic relations
in both sentences the same - explanatory, meanwhile, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, these SPPs fall into different groups: 1) SPPs with union subordination, namely with an explanatory conjunction; 2) SPP with relative subordination, namely proper-relative, since the subordinate part refers to the verb in the main part.
Further attempts to systematize SPP on a formal grammatical basis can be traced in the works of L.A. Bulakhovsky and A.B. Shapiro.
A.B. Shapiro, pointing out the mistake of A.M. Peshkovsky, wrote: “The research is carried out as if the main and subordinate clauses are separate, independent sentences. The main and the subordinate continuously interact.” However, A. B. Shapiro himself, having formally divided all SPPs into two groups depending on the presence/absence of demonstrative words in the main sentence, in a specific analysis limits his task to the traditional classification of subordinate clauses in the SPP by means of communication.
Means of communication that form a structural mechanism that determines the dependence of the subordinate part on the main one:
1) unions: a) by structure: simple, complex, compound; b) by the number of positions occupied: single / double; c) in connection with certain syntactic meanings: semantic (although, if) / asemantic, i.e. syntactic ( What, How and etc.); d) by participation in the differentiation of syntactic meaning: conjunctions of differentiating / non-differentiating type;
2) allied words, which are relative pronouns or pronominal adverbs and correlate with certain reference words;
3) intonation completeness or incompleteness;
4) correlates– demonstrative pronouns used in the main part and indicating its incompleteness;
5) support words– words in the main part, extended by the subordinate part;
6) predicative order parts: fixed and non-fixed;
7) paradigm: free and unfree;
8) typed lexical items: a) emotional vocabulary; b) modal vocabulary; c) antonymic vocabulary;
9) private means of communication: a) parallelism in the structure of predicative parts; b) incompleteness of one of the parts.
- - A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification, for example: And having done this, ...
A reference book on spelling and style
- - are placed as a single sign: 1) before the main sentence, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the breakdown of a complex whole into two parts is emphasized, for example: Who is to blame...
A reference book on spelling and style
-
A reference book on spelling and style
- - With intonation emphasis, subordinate clauses, less often conditional clauses and clause clauses, standing in front of the main clause, can separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: Will...
A reference book on spelling and style
- - 1) coordinating and subordinating conjunctions; 2) allied words, or relata in a complex sentence; 3) correlates; 4) supporting words in complex sentences of undivided structure; 5) intonation...
- - 1) connecting unions; 2) dividing unions; 3) adversative conjunctions; 4) explanatory conjunctions; 5) connecting...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Means, which include structural features of predicative parts, due to the need for their connection with other parts: 1) the paradigm of a complex sentence, including about 49 members, reflecting...
Syntax: Dictionary
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Syntax: Dictionary
- - 1) widespread use of double conjunctions: if... then, if... so, etc.; 2) a combination of conjunctions: what if, what although, etc....
Syntax: Dictionary
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Syntax: Dictionary
- - Means, which include structural features of predicative parts, due to the need for their connection with other parts: 1) the paradigm of a complex sentence, including about 49 members, reflecting the ratio...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Particular syntactic meanings, which are determined by the lexical content of the predicative parts: 1) syntactic specialized elements that specify the syntactic meanings of the consequence, result,...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - 1) widespread use of double conjunctions: if.. then, if... so, etc.; 2) a combination of conjunctions: what if, what although, etc....
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - 1) supporting words with a predictive function in the first part: a) verbs of perception, verbs of mental and speech activity and correlative nouns, adjectives, category words...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- - Means of communication that form a structural mechanism that determines the dependence of the subordinate part on the main one: 1) conjunctions: a) by structure: simple, complex, compound; b) by the number of positions occupied: single / double...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
"means of connecting predicative parts in a complex sentence" in books
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
authorPunctuation marks in a complex sentence § 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing that, if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only,
in a complex sentence
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovichin a complex sentence, a comma between the main and subordinate parts of the sentence § 115 before the words especially, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only and others, if they stand before the subordinating conjunction § 116 before intensifying-restrictive particles just,
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence § 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma, or is separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause, for example: How many
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by conjunctions, for example: It seemed to me that my father was looking at me mockingly and incredulously, that I was still a child for him
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence When intonation is emphasized, explanatory subordinate clauses (additional and subject), less often conditional and concessive, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: If he asks
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point there is a long pause and
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence Comma and dash in a complex sentence are placed as a single sign: 1) before the main sentence, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the splitting of a complex whole into two is emphasized
XXVIII. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXXVIII. PUNCTION MARKS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE § 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause, for example: When we
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by conjunctions, for example: It seemed to me that my father was looking at me mockingly and incredulously, that I was still a child for him
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence When intonation is emphasized, explanatory subordinate clauses, less often conditional and concessive, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash, for example: If someone asks you about something, keep quiet... (Pushkin);
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point there is a long pause,
§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence
author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence If homogeneous subordinate parts of a complex sentence are common, especially if there are commas inside them, then a semicolon can be placed between such subordinate parts instead of a comma: What is it about?
§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence 1. A dash is placed to intonationally separate the main part of a complex sentence from the subordinate one. Most often, a dash is used in cases where the main part is preceded by: 1) subordinate explanatory: How he
§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence A colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding main part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point it is done
§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence Comma and dash as a single sign are placed in a complex sentence: 1) before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the splitting of a complex sentence into two is emphasized
1. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence there are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. This subordinating conjunctions, relative (conjunctive) words, correlative words(definitive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs). Depending on the type of formal indicators of communication, complex sentences differ :
1) union type,
2) relative type,
3) pronominal-correlative type,
4) pronominal-conjunctive correlative type.
Simple conjunctions (what, in order, although, if, How, as if etc.) and composite(because, since, meanwhile How, despite on then what etc.) are placed in the subordinate part and serve as an indicator of its subordination to the main one:
The war, as if it was waiting for them, looked straight into their eyes(Fad.);
Tsvetukhin came up with the idea of going to a shelter to study the types, because the theater was preparing “At the Lower Depths”(Fed.).
Conjunctions assigned to certain types of subordinate clauses, i.e. with clearly expressed semantics, are called semantic (So How, because- causal; although, despite the fact that- concessional, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics, used in various types of subordinate clauses and having a purely syntactic meaning, are called functional(What, How and etc.).
For example, union "How" can serve to attach subordinate parts with different meanings: explanatory, comparative, temporary, conditional:
He didn't hear How the greedy shaft was rising(P.);
Why does the blackamoor love his young Desdemona, How does the month love darkness at night?(P.);
His deserted corner was rented out,How deadline passed(P.);
And now I’m so used to it that I won’t move,How they will come to tell us that villains are prowling near the fortress(P.).
Union " How"(in combination with "That" in the main part) can formulate a subordinate part with the meaning of reason, which is currently perceived, however, as outdated:
I brought him back safe and sound- AndHow the river has not yet stopped, but there are no bridges anymore- then I sent him to Lev Sergeevich(P.).
Some compound conjunctions (since, because) capable of dismemberment. In this case, the first part of the conjunction goes into the main part of the sentence and acquires the function of a correlative word.
It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him, because he probably gets madly excited in disputes va (M.G.).
- It would be good to avoid "ideological" conversations with him because he probably gets agitated to the point of rage during arguments.
Subordinating conjunctions, causal, temporary, and conditional, can include so-called anchor words, which are located at the beginning of the main part of the sentence. These are double alliances (when... then, if... then, if... so, how... then and etc.):
Ifconvert to weight , That dried porcini mushrooms will be many times more expensive than meat, fish, the rarest fruits, and honey...(Sol.).
Clamping words are possible only with the preposition of the subordinate clause; they emphasize the productive nature of the second part of the sentence. In complex sentences with comparative relations, paired conjunctions are used (than... then, if... then and etc.):
Howthe fire burned out sooner, those The moonlit night became more visible(Ch.).
Paired conjunctions, homonymous to conjunctions with bond words, differ from them in that both parts of them are structurally necessary, while bond words can easily be omitted. Wed:
Ifin the Aleksandrovsky District the climate is maritime, That in Tymovsky it is continental(Ch.)
And ... If his best friend Volodya can’t leave, That he, Tolya Orlov, will stay with him(Fad.).
Complex sentences with a conjunction form allied type.
Relative (conjunctive) words- these are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main (which, whose, which, what; where, where, where, how, When and etc.). Relative words are located in the subordinate clause of the sentence. Unlike conjunctions, they are significant words and therefore serve as one of the members of the sentence. Compare, for example, the functions of homonym words:
Makar felt What someone kicked him(Cor.).
- The old man was unable to answer, What what will he do with the treasure?(Ch.).
In the first sentence the word "What" performs the function of a conjunction, since it is devoid of significantness and serves only as a means of communication and an indicator of syntactic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence. In the second sentence "What" is a relative (conjunctive) word, since it does not lose its syntactic fullness and plays the role of an addition in the subordinate part of the sentence. Another example:
It didn't take me long to realize What my neighbor also shot(v. Bar.).
- What it would be in the dark, I had no idea(S. Bar.).
Relative words that have conjunctions as homonyms (what how), usually accompanied by logical selection (see the same examples). Complex sentences with relative words in the subordinate clause make up relative type.
Correlative words- these are attributive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, located in the main part of a complex sentence and attaching a subordinate part to themselves, which specifies their meaning. Pronominal words usually appear in relation to allied words in the subordinate clause and form correlative pairs with them. For example: that - who, that - which, that - whose, there - where, there - where, then - when etc.
And yet I've always been jealous those who got up on the bugle(S. Bar.);
Grandma didn't understand that He said(Fad.);
Everything, thatwas supposed to go on the road, was collected and put in a suitcase(Bab.);
The road leads long where must be Muravia, the ancient Muravian country(Tward.).
The subordinate clause can be attached to the correlative word in the main word and with the help of a conjunction:
The outbuildings were dilapidated and looked as if for many years they were not touched by caring human hands(Shol.);
He was surprised at his sister: she didn’t seem so beautiful, so that to arouse such love in a young man(M.G.).
The role of correlative words is structurally different. They are either constructively necessary, since they participate in the organization of the structure of the sentence, or they are not necessary, and then they are used only as emphasis words. Wed:
I love and am used to seeing you such holy clean What even a stain of dirt on your dress casts a black shadow on my soul(M.G.) and
...Lopatin noticed what the regimental commissar was one run behind them(Sim.).
In the first sentence there is a correlative word "such" constructively necessary, without it the following subordinate clause (with a given structure and given semantics) is impossible; in the second - a pronoun "That" is easily omitted without damaging the overall meaning of the sentence, and the main structural feature of the sentence - conventionality - is also preserved. Such a constructively optional pronoun becomes mandatory if it is included in a number of homogeneous members when listing:
“Perhaps this is my last spring,” thought Lermontov, but immediately began hastily thinking about something else.- about Shcherbatova, O volume that the ferry must have already been repaired and in a few hours he will part with her(Paust.).
The constructive optionality of correlative words in some cases is emphasized by the possibility of merging them with a conjunction of a subordinate clause. Wed:
She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing in order to everyone knew about her happiness(Paust. ).
- She even felt cold with happiness and wanted to sing, in order to everyone knew about her happiness.
Thus, complex sentences with correlative words in the main part form two structural varieties: pronominal correlative type(if there is a correlation of pronominal words in the main and subordinate parts) and pronominal-conjunctive correlative type(with the relationship between the pronominal word in the main part and the conjunction in the subordinate clause).
2. In addition to conjunctions, allied and correlative words, indicators of syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence can also serve other structural means, usually acting as accompanying the main one: the order of the parts, the ratio of verb forms, included in the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, intonation, lexical and morphological character of the word to which the subordinate clause belongs, some special lexical elements.
Order of parts The structure of complex sentences of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined or free. This depends on the structural-semantic nature proposals in general. For example, some structural-semantic types of complex sentences have a strictly fixed order of parts. Thus, the subordinate clause always follows the main clause in pronominal-conjunctive correlative clauses. Others - conjunctive, relative, pronominal-correlative - are more free with respect to the order of the parts. The certainty of the order of parts is explained by various reasons, both structural and semantic, and more often a combination of both.
For example, some subordinating conjunctions are capable of attaching a subordinate clause only following the main one. So, subordinate clauses with conjunctions for, good, because, so are located only after the main part:
Hm... I don't feel this cold, for my place in the great mechanism of life is clear to me(M.G.);
I didn’t feel out of place among them, good no one asked about my age or even my name(S. Bar.).
Subordinate clauses with other conjunctions, for example conditional, temporary, which usually occupy a free position in relation to the main part, lose this freedom as soon as they are complicated by words-clips. In this case, preposition of the subordinate clause is required:
Iftake away at human ability to dream, That one of the most powerful motivating reasons that gives rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear(Paust.).
Some types of subordinate clauses, such as connecting clauses, are fixed in a position after the main part, which is explained by their function as an additional message. The location in front of the main part, extremely rare, is perceived as an inversion.
Verb ratio forms of parts of a complex sentence is also a syntactic means of connecting them. The aspectual and tense forms of the verbs of the first part of the sentence (regardless of whether it is main or subordinate) usually presuppose certain forms of the second part. Yes, in a sentence
Sheet came off And flew away only on the third day in the evening, when due to the Dnieper steeps hit in the face of a thunderstorm wind and lightning, overtaking each other, they started beating into the blackened water(Paust.)
main verbs "came off" And "flew away" the past tense corresponds to the same grammatical meanings of the verbs of the subordinate clause (other forms in the second part of the sentence are not possible).
The constructive role of verb forms is especially pronounced in those special cases when there are relations of mutual subordination between the parts of a complex sentence:
It did not passand ten minutes How Sergey sat in airplane(Bab.);
It was worth turninghead, How weird feeling disappeared without a trace(Green).
Sometimes (in rather limited cases) some special ones act as a means of communication in the structure of a complex sentence. lexical elements. Their purely syntactic purpose leads to lexical emptiness. This is typical for complex sentences with such structural elements as “as for... that”; "The fact is that...". Verb "touch" and noun "case" in such constructions they clearly lose their basic lexical meaning and turn into purely connecting elements:
As forto metaphysical fermentations of feeling and mind, That because, you know, it's a matter of taste(M.G.);
The fact is thatthere is nothing more practical in the world, how those fantasies O which only a few now dream of(Cupr.).
A constructive indicator is lexico-morphological the nature of the word to which the subordinate clause refers. Thus, nouns, when distributed, presuppose a attributive part, and verbs, short adjectives, impersonal predicative words - an explanatory part:
He jumped out of bed and started getting dressed. with a speed that confused and made him laugh(M.G.);
After tea began to discuss what fill this cheerfully begun day(M.G.);
It is unknown whowill be the suffering party(M.G.);
You glad, that are you home?(Ch.);
But only it's a pity that you gave me this wonderful lesson so late(Paust.).
If in some cases nouns add an explanatory part, then these are nouns of a certain semantic group, namely: with the meaning of speech, thought, message, i.e., the meaning characteristic of verbal words. Subordinate clauses of such nouns are complicated by a attributive shade of meaning:
This letter and the money came back with the news that Petrukha was killed in the war(L. T.);
Green wanted to please the old man, who had already reconciled with the thought that Alexander's son became a worthless tramp(Paust.).
Thus, the combination of “verbal” semantics and the form of the noun also resulted in a combination of the functions of the subordinate clause.
Role intonation as a means of constructing a complex sentence is that it combines its parts into a single whole. No matter how many parts a complex sentence consists of, the intonation of the end is characteristic only of its last part.
Thus, the structure of a complex sentence is determined both by syntactic means of communication and partly by the lexical-morphological properties of the words involved in its construction.
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