According to the nature of the connection between sentences, all texts can be divided into three types: 1) texts with chain connections, 2) texts with parallel connections and 3) texts with connecting connections.
Of course, here, as in the case of functional-semantic types of speech, the distinguished types of texts are not always found in their pure form. In reality, in practice, mixed texts are more common, in which one or another type of communication predominates.
Texts with chain links
Chain links used in all language styles. This is the most widespread, most common way of connecting sentences. The widespread use of chain connections is explained by the fact that they best correspond to the specifics of thinking and the peculiarities of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if following from it, chain connections are inevitable. We meet them both in description and in narration, and especially in reasoning, that is, in texts of various types.
And yet, for some styles, chain connections are especially characteristic.
First of all, they are characteristic of the scientific style. In a scientific text, we encounter a strict sequence and close connection of individual parts of the text, individual sentences, where each subsequent one follows from the previous one. In presenting the material, the author consistently moves from one stage of reasoning to another. And this method of presentation is most consistent with chain connections.
Let's look at an excerpt from the book by L.S. Vygotsky "Thinking and Speech":
Our research, if we try to schematically reveal its genetic conclusions, shows that basically the path leading to the development of concepts consists of three main steps, of which each again breaks down into several separate stages, or phases.
First step in the formation of a concept, most often manifested in behavior baby early age is the formation of an unformed and disordered set, selecting a bunch of items when he is faced with a task that we, adults, usually solve with the help of the formation of a new concept. This pile of objects allocated by the child, united without sufficient internal kinship and relationships between its constituent parts, implies diffuse, non-directional distribution meaning of the word, or a sign replacing it, into a number of externally connected elements in the child’s impression, but internally not united among themselves.
Meaning of the word at this stage of development there is an incompletely defined, unformed syncretic coupling of individual objects, one way or another connected with each other in the child’s imagination and perception one fused image. In education this image The syncretism of children's perception or action plays a decisive role, so this image is extremely unstable.
All sentences in the quoted passage are connected by chain connections, mainly by pronouns, and among the latter, connections with a demonstrative pronoun predominate this, which is far from accidental. These connections are characterized by special connection strength, since they combine lexical repetition with additional indication (this) on the designated object. By closely and clearly connecting sentences, this method of communication is one of the most economical, since it allows you not to repeat the entire previous phrase and at the same time introduce new definitions of the reference word (of the three main stages - the first stage; piles of any objects - this pile of objects allocated by the child and so on.).
Another feature of the structure of scientific speech, which is also evident in the analyzed passage, is that the chain connection of sentences is carried out, as a rule, at their junction. It is especially important to emphasize the position of the repeating member of the sentence at the beginning of the next sentence (in the analyzed passage this applies to all sentences except the first). Thanks to this, continuity and consistency of reasoning is achieved. Each time at the beginning of a new sentence (except for the first, which opens the argument), the thought seems to return to the main element of the previous sentence, which becomes the starting point for the development of thought in the new sentence. The location of a repeated word (or phrase) at the junction of sentences is explained by the fact that scientific speech, as a rule, consists of complex sentences. Under this condition, the location of the common member of adjacent sentences at the beginning of each subsequent sentence is important from the point of view of clarity and clarity of presentation. Otherwise (if the correlating members are not located at the junction of sentences), understanding the connections would be difficult.
It is interesting to note that some sentences of the analyzed passage are connected by double chain links (second and third sentences). This shows the particular importance for scientific speech of the strength of the connection (cohesion) of sentences.
Among the various types of chain connections according to the method of expression, the most widespread, as already mentioned, are chain pronominal connections (with a demonstrative pronoun this), being the most accurate, unambiguous and neutral. This connection is used in all types of scientific speech, for example:
In a large category nouns with person meaning In all Slavic languages, a group of expressively named persons is richly represented. These nouns conveying different attitudes towards the named person, they allow one to express a wide range of feelings, ranging from condescending and affectionate to contemptuous and derogatory (“Research on the aesthetics of words and the stylistics of fiction”).
Quite often used in scientific literature is chain communication through lexical repetition. Its necessity is often caused by the requirements of terminological accuracy of presentation. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the concept, phenomenon, or process being described is often more desirable than various kinds of synonymous substitutions:
Wiring diagram- this is a drawing that shows the location of parts and their connection to each other with wires. Individual parts on wiring diagram are not indicated by conventional signs, but are depicted as they roughly look (details of the design are usually not shown). Often on wiring diagrams connecting wires are conventionally depicted as lines. Lamps and other electric vacuum and gas-discharge devices are not shown, but their panels are depicted (bottom view). Scheme, representing a cross between the two main types described, are usually called semi-mounted or fundamentally and installation. They to some extent reflect the features and design of the device and the location of its parts, but at the same time they use symbols for all or some parts. Wiring diagrams complement the fundamental ones; when checking and repairing the device, they allow you to quickly determine the location of parts and components of the device.
All types of chain communication are represented in the language of journalism. Their use depends largely on the nature of the text and the genre. But the most characteristic, most fully consistent with the nature and tasks of the journalistic style, should be recognized as synonymous chain and chain pronominal synonymous with their wide possibilities for commenting and assessing the content of the statement. For example:
A Bolshoi Theater horses nothing blocked it. Apollo's Chariot bursts into the sky. She just needs to fly over the square a little, slip between the spiers of the Historical Museum, the towers of the Kremlin and land on Ivanovskaya Square winged taxi artists of the Bolshoi Theater who have chosen a second stage at the Palace of Congresses (L. Kolodny).
We have before us a chain synonymous connection, complement - subject, in which the structural correlation of the members of sentences is expressed by synonyms - horses of the Bolshoi Theater - Apollo's chariot. Figurative synonym Apollo's chariot not only connects sentences, but also gives the text elation, evokes certain associations, and diversifies speech. Wed. also used below winged taxi, which returns the text “to earth”, to modern times.
Retreating, Napoleon ordered the bell tower to be blown up, but it survived, only crack walked over the stones. And a little later, when they healed these wounds young cadet Lermontov climbed to the top tier (L. Kolodny).
The sentences are connected by a chain pronominal synonymous connection subject - object (crack - these wounds). Choosing a synonym (wounds) shows very well how the author relates to the event, which, naturally, is conveyed to the reader.
In the language of fiction, as in journalism, one can find almost all types of chain connections. The closest internal connection between the sentences of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions of mastery.
Of course, the predominance of one or another type of chain connection largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, the genre of the work, the nature of the text and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of connection of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as obvious and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is the desire to avoid, if possible, so-called syntactic ties. The “seams” that connect sentences should not be visible. Therefore, in the language of fiction, among chain connections, connections with personal pronouns are widespread. (The princess’s small three-window house has a festive look. He has definitely looked younger. A.P. Chekhov), with demonstrative pronoun This, as well as chain connections through lexical repetition.
Mitka Zolushkin - The guy is extremely red-haired. A person with imagination would definitely compare those emerging from under a hat Mitka's whirlwinds with tongues and wisps of flame that escape from the traps of a burning house.
But Mitka without a hat, because it’s not winter in the field, but a stuffy July afternoon. That's why on Mitka there is nothing but a white shirt and trousers made of calico.
Mitka I would be glad to take off even the last of these clothes if it happened somewhere near a river, so that I could take a running start, jump further away and splash into the water.
Now Mitka lies on a shock of dry clover, arms and legs spread wide. He looks up and into the distance. Stir to him laziness, although it would be necessary to move, because one hard clover rests below the shoulder blade and tingles all the time" (V. Soloukhin).
Lexical repetition in a literary text is often a topic word, often varied by a pronoun.
Often the presence of the same lexical repetition coincides with the boundaries of a paragraph, and the transition to a new lexical element simultaneously means a transition to another paragraph. But this is far from necessary - cases are no less frequent when one lexical repetition passes through several paragraphs.
From the point of view of using chain connections, business speech is closest to the scientific style. The requirements for accuracy in the official style cause the predominance of chain pronominal connections; chain connections through lexical repetition are also found.
However, in general, business speech strives for syntactic structures that fully develop an idea and enclose it within one sentence. Hence the predominance of complex, mostly complex sentences with clear connections between parts, with an abundance of subordinate clauses, introductory words, inserted constructions, etc. Let's give an example:
WE, THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS,
DETERMINED
to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold grief to humanity, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations large and small, and
create conditions under which fairness and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be observed, and
to promote social progress and improved living conditions in greater freedom,
AND FOR THESE PURPOSES
show tolerance and live together in peace with each other, like good neighbors, and
unite our forces to maintain international peace and security, and
to ensure, by the adoption of principles and the establishment of methods, that armed forces are used only in the general interest, and
to use the international apparatus to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples,
WE DECIDED TO JOIN OUR EFFORTS
TO ACHIEVE OUR GOALS.
This is the preamble (introductory part) of the UN Charter. This entire long fragment of text is one sentence, in which infinitive phrases are emphasized by indentations and significant parts are highlighted in font.
Business speech sentences are usually as independent as possible in terms of meaning, so interphrase connections in business texts are not very widely represented, although all types of chain connections can be found in them. The most characteristic of the official business style are chain connections with demonstrative pronouns, which accurately convey the semantic connection between sentences and are stylistically neutral, as well as chain connections with third-person personal pronouns
Chain connections play a big role in speech. Stanzas with chain connections make up the bulk (80-85%) of the verbal fabric in all styles of speech. This is the most common, most elementary type of connections.
The chain connections between the sentences of the stanza are quite free, leaving a lot of room for creativity. If this were not so, it would hardly be possible to talk about prose speech as such, characterized by some freedom in combining units of speech - sentences. However, this freedom is relative. In stanzas with chain connections, there are general, uniform methods, means of connecting sentences, although diverse, but acting with coercive force.
Chain connections predominate in business, scientific, and journalistic speech; they are very common in fiction; in general, they are present wherever there is a linear, sequential, chain development of thought.
Compose a text on any topic using various types of chain communication.
Texts with parallel links
Stylistic resources parallel connections are also very significant. They have a whole range of stylistic shades - from neutral to solemn, even pathetic. For example:
Meanwhile, the societies presented a most interesting picture. Education and the need to have fun brought all states closer together. Wealth, courtesy, fame, talent, even strangeness, everything that fed curiosity or promised pleasure, was received with equal favor. Literature, learning and philosophy left their quiet study and appeared in the circle of great society to please fashion, controlling its opinions. Women reigned, but no longer demanded adoration. Superficial politeness replaced deep respect. The pranks of Duke Richelieu, the Alcibiades of modern Athens, belong to history and give an idea of the morals of this time ( A.S. Pushkin).
The quoted stanza from the novel "Arap of Peter the Great", designed in a neutral style, consists of a beginning, formalized by introductory words (meanwhile) and containing the idea-thesis of the entire stanza (the societies presented a most interesting picture), and a series of sentences that reveal this idea. All sentences are syntactically parallel to the beginning: all begin with a subject (expressed in the vast majority of cases by abstract nouns), all have the same direct word order, all predicates, with the exception of the predicate of the last sentence, are expressed by past tense verbs. The violation of the temporal unity of the stanza in the last sentence (the present tense verb is used) serves as one of the means of syntactic design of the ending. Although the ending is parallel to the rest of the sentences, another type of connection appears in it - a chain pronominal synonymous connection (about morals of this time), relating to all previous sentences, which also serves as a means of completing the stanza.
Reflecting the nature of thinking, naming actions, events, phenomena located nearby (adjacent), parallel connections by their very nature are intended for description (as in the above example from Pushkin) and narration.
Syntactic features common to all narrative contexts are parallelism of structure and unity of forms of expression of predicates (past tense verbs). The parallelism of structure is usually expressed with greater or less completeness; cases of complete parallelism, when all the sentences of a stanza are parallel, are relatively rare. Parallelism is usually expressed in the fact that predicates precede subjects and often open the sentence. This is the most common word order in sentences of narrative stanzas, determined by the specifics and purpose of the latter. Narrative contexts reveal closely related phenomena, events, and actions as objectively occurring in the past. The sentences of narrative stanzas do not describe actions, but narrate about them, that is, the event itself, the action itself, is conveyed. The placement of the predicate after the subject serves as a basis for parallelism quite rarely, for example:
The last day before Christmas has passed. A clear winter night has arrived. The stars looked out. The month majestically rose into the sky to shine on good people and the whole world, so that everyone would have fun caroling and praising Christ (N.V. Gogol).
The specialization of parallel connections is also expressed in the description. It is the syntactic parallelism of sentences and the unity of aspectual and temporal forms of predicates that characterize descriptive contexts of speech. However, unlike the narrative, the predicate verbs in the description are in the present or past imperfect tense.
Steamships and barges are descending towards us, but there are still few of them. The rafts are crawling, but sparingly. Quite often you come across tugboats with huge iron tank barges sitting low in the water. This state shipping company hauls oil cargo from Azpeft (M. Koltsov).
The predicates of all sentences are expressed by verbs in the present figurative tense. This is the most characteristic verb form of descriptive speech contexts. Real visual art does not reproduce the action as a process (does not convey its duration, relationship to the result, etc.), but only names it. It is thanks to this property that sentences in the present figurative are easily transformed into nominal sentences without losing their grammatical properties (in our example: steamships descending towards you, crawling rafts...) and are easily combined in descriptions with two-part sentences (Night. The breeze is blowing). By naming an action, the forms of the present figurative tense show it as stopped: without losing the generalized meaning of the present tense, which directly reflects real reality, the forms of the present figurative tense partially lose the meaning of verbality, acquiring a qualitative meaning. This explains the ease of transition of two-part sentences with the present figurative into denominative ones and the wide prevalence of the present figurative in descriptive speech.
In the above stanza, the predicates are in the present pictorial. In the first three sentences they come before the subjects. Thus, all three sentences have a parallel structure. The fourth sentence, due to a change in the method of communication (it is joined through a chain pronominal connection, the previous sentence is the subject, This) serves as the ending. And in terms of semantics, the fourth sentence is final, final: it relates to all previous sentences, comments on them - the description is replaced by commentary.
No less often, in descriptive contexts, the past tense of the imperfect form of predicate verbs is used. “The past tense of the imperfect form,” wrote academician V.V. Vinogradov, “represents a past action in its flow, and not as a result, in a picturesque and figurative manner. It is used in cases where attention is not drawn to the movement and change of past actions ", but to the reproduction of these actions themselves. The imperfect past tense does not move events. It is descriptive and figurative. By itself, it does not determine the sequence of actions in the past, but places them all on the same plane, depicting and reproducing them."
When we approached Elsinore, there was heavy fog and the shore of the strait, where the famous castle stands, was barely visible in the gray twilight of the day. Despite the midday, the beacons were burning and spinning, and somewhere near the castle, or maybe even on its tower, a howler was howling desperately. The inspection of Hamlet's castle was always accompanied by these signals, evoking thoughts of shipwrecks and sea disasters. (E. Dolmatovsky).
The basis of the stanza is the parallelism of the structure (in most sentences, the predicates are located before the subjects) and the unity of the forms of the past descriptive tense of the predicate verbs. The stanza ends with a sentence that violates the parallelism of the structure, connected to the preceding ones by a chain pronominal connection.
Denorative (nominative) sentences are very typical for descriptive contexts formed by parallel connections. Some texts consist entirely of denominative sentences, while in others, denominative sentences appear in combination with types of sentences similar to them in syntactic meaning. Texts consisting only of nominal sentences are a relatively rare occurrence. As an example, we can cite the famous poem by A. Fet:
Whisper. Timid breathing.
Trill of a nightingale.
Silver and sway
Sleepy stream.
Night light. Night shadows, -
Shadows without end.
A series of magical changes
Sweet face.
There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,
The reflection of amber
And kisses and tears, -
And dawn, dawn!..
Parallel connections, reinforced by lexical parallelism - anaphora (single beginning), have a distinctly emotional, expressive character. Here is a typical passage telling about Xerxes’ campaign against Greece, from the book by M.L. Gasparova "Entertaining Greece":
Detachment after detachment, nation after nation, the royal army marched. The Persians and Medes walked in felt hats, colorful grunts, scaly armor, with captive shields, short spears and large bows. The Assyrians walked in helmets made of copper strips, with clubs studded with iron nails. The Lycians walked in feathered hats and with long iron braids in their hands. There were Khalibs with spears instead of spears, bull ears and copper horns on their helmets, and red patches on their shins. The Ethiopians walked, wearing leopard and lion skins; before the battle, they painted half their bodies with plaster and half with red lead. The Paphlagonians walked in bast helmets, the Caspians walked in sealskins, the Parthians, Sogdians, Matiens, Mariandines, Mares, Saspeirs and Alarodias walked. Three-decker triremes were sailing, brought by the Phoenicians, Cilicians, Egyptians and Greeks from the cities of Asia Minor.
The text is very expressive. And its expressiveness is achieved, interestingly, primarily by syntactic means. A series of repeated, emphatically parallel sentences (in structure, in content) seems monotonous at first glance. But these repeated, seemingly monotonous sentences convey the slow rhythm, the heavy tread of the marching troops. And anaphora, which opens almost all sentences (walked, walked, walked...), strengthens, intensifies the meaning of multiplicity (they walked, walked, walked... and, it seems, there was no end to them).
To organize emotional and expressive speech, a series of interrogative sentences, anaphoric and non-anaphoric, are often used.
Rhinoceros
You see Monkeys are racing.
With a wild cry at the vines,
That hang low, low,
Do you hear the rustle of many feet?
It means close, close
From your forest clearing
Angry rhinoceros.
See general confusion
Do you hear stomp? There's no doubt
Even if the buffalo is sleepy
Retreats deeper into the mud
But, in love with something otherworldly,
Don't look for salvation for yourself
Running and hiding.
Raise your hands high
With a song of happiness and separation,
Eyes in pink mists
Thoughts will take you far
And from the promised lands
Feluccas invisible to us
They will come for you.
(I. Gumilev)
The compositional and syntactic framework of the poem is formed by anaphoric interrogative sentences (See..., Hear...), repeated in the first and second stanzas, built in parallel; predicates are used in the present figurative. In the third stanza - the final, final one - the parallelism is broken.
A classic example of an interrogative anaphoric stanza is found in A.S. Pushkin:
Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not consider them monsters of the human race, equal to the deceased clerks or, at least, to the Murom robbers? Let us, however, be fair, we will try to put ourselves in their position and, perhaps, we will begin to judge them much more leniently. /
What is a stationmaster? A real martyr of the fourteenth grade, protected by his rank only from beatings, and even then not always (I refer to the conscience of my readers). What is the position of this dictator, as Prince Vyazemsky jokingly calls him? Isn't this real hard labor? I have peace neither day nor night. The traveler takes out all the frustration accumulated during a boring ride on the caretaker.
The first three sentences are strictly parallel and anaphoric. Rhetorical questions posed in a row are a means of strong, energetic assertion (who didn’t curse... - everyone cursed). The fourth sentence thanks to the forms of the predicates (we will etc.) completes the stanza and opens a new one. The ending serves as a means of transition to reasoning speech and contains the general idea of the next stanza (let's try to get into their position). And it is very characteristic that the series of parallel questions in the first stanza are replaced by question-and-answer unities in the second, precisely corresponding to the tasks of the reasoning speech. The second stanza is structured as a dialogue in a monologue.
Due to their emotional, expressive nature, parallel anaphoric connections are widely used in journalism.
It was on Victory Day. It was in a sunny city, in a park, where lush greenery, bright flowers and cheerful children - everything speaks of spring and life.
This was where the eternal flame burns over the mass grave (Izvestia).
With the help of anaphora, a repeated member of a sentence (word or phrase) is subjected to strong semantic emphasis, emphasized logically and emotionally, for example:
Maybe Is it possible for an elephant to cry from grief? Maybe Can a gorilla admire the sunset? Characteristic Do animals even have human emotions? Scientists observing the behavior of inhabitants of zoos and nature reserves are convinced that our “younger brothers” are capable of experiencing the same feelings as us (Izvestia).
Apparently, there has never been a case here where a person was refused admission. Accept everyone who came. Accept on the same day at the same hour when the visitor appeared. Accept with a willingness to resolve the matter quickly and efficiently (Izvestia).
Of course, he won the fight with the dangerous criminal. But he won it on points. A he wants knockout. He wants"pure victory". He wants do not leave a single crack, not a single loophole for the defense. He wants to find a piece of evidence that alone would be worth all the rest.
In what way is parallelism most often manifested in a sentence during narration and description?
Texts with connecting links
The third type of connection between independent sentences is accession. This is a principle of constructing a statement in which part of it in the form of separate, as if additional information is attached to the main message, for example.
Ephraim’s wife was reputed to be an intelligent woman - and not without reason (I.S. Turgenev).
"I'll see you tomorrow! - And not here,
And not stealthily"
(A.S. Pushkin).
There was no need for me to make excuses, and it’s not in my rules (A.P. Chekhov).
The connecting structures are very diverse and expressive. By adding additional information - by association, in the form of explanation, commentary, etc. - they imitate live activity with its relaxedness, naturalness, ease, and this is primarily attractive to writers.
Here is a typical illustration from a memoir essay by K.I. Chukovsky "Chekhov":
And to such an extent he was a team, choral person that he even dreamed of writing not alone, but together with others and was ready to invite the most unsuitable people to be his co-authors.
"Listen to Korolenko... We will work together. We will write a drama. In four acts. In two weeks."
Although Korolenko never wrote any dramas and had nothing to do with the theater.
And Bilibin [ Bilibin V.V. - contemporary of A.P. Chekhov, humorist writer, author of many one-act plays, comedies and farces]: “Let’s write a vaudeville show together in 2 acts! Come up with the 1st act, and I’ll come up with the 2nd... The fee will be divided in half.”
And Suvorin [ Suvorin A.S. - contemporary of A.P. Chekhov, novelist, playwright, journalist and publisher]:
"Let's write a tragedy..."
And to him in a few years.
"Let's write two or three stories... You are the beginning, and I am the end."
The fragment is interesting due to its wide and original use of connecting constructions not only to connect sentences within stanzas, but also to connect the stanzas themselves.
The beginning of the fragment opens with the conjunction And in a connecting meaning and contains a general idea for all the following stanzas: I was ready to invite the most inappropriate people to be my co-authors. After the beginning without the usual introductory verb in such cases (wrote, spoke etc.) someone else's speech follows. Next comes a sentence that is a syntactically subordinate concessive part of a complex sentence, but framed as an independent connecting clause. This sentence refers to the implied verb. The connecting clause completes the first stanza. Then follow three stanzas with parallel beginnings, which are incomplete sentences, designed as connecting constructions (with the conjunction And in the connecting meaning) to those related to the same verb implied in the beginning, introducing someone else's speech.
However, compared to chain and parallel connections, joining has a narrower application in text formation. The connecting connection is not capable of independently forming texts. Already from its name it is clear that it can only attach any parts, additions, comments to the main statement, for example:
The Oka, where Gleb spent his best days, also washes Kaluga. City at high 6epeg. Quiet, white, surrounded by churches, gardens, across the river from the Przemysl highway and very picturesque. The cathedral, the linden trees of the city garden overlooking the Oka, houses in the greenery along the hills, golden crosses, domes... Otherwise, everything is as it should be. The governor in the governor's house, the bishop in the courtyard, the police chief, theatre, court, education. Main street Nikitskaya. Nikolskaya is at an acute angle to it. And at the point of their intersection there is a gymnasium: one facade is on Nikitskaya, the other is on Nikolskaya (B.K. Zaitsev).
What are connecting structures and how are they used to communicate within and between stanzas? Give examples.
Prepare abstract on the topic: "Repetitions, compositional junction, rhetorical question-answer, connecting structures as a means of communication and expressiveness of speech." Cm.: Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: grades 8-9. - M., 1995.- P. 33-34; 47-49; 53-56; 75-76.
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« »Sentences in a text can be connected in three different ways: connecting, sequential (also known as chain) and parallel. The latter is most often used in texts of descriptive and narrative type; it is also called centralized, since they have the same subject of relations, which makes it possible to compare texts with a parallel connection of sentences with complex sentences, in which the subordinate parts relate to the main one according to the same principle .
Parallel way of connecting sentences: characteristic features
The most typical structure of a text with parallel communication looks like this. The first thought is the opening thought, which represents the main thesis of the text. This thought is followed by several sentences that reveal it - they are combined into a series and this phenomenon is called syntactic parallelism. These sentences are parallel in their structure and the predicates in them are expressed in a single form.
Such a text ends with an ending in which there is no parallelism, usually the time plan changes. Having analyzed a text with such a connection, it is easy to identify the features characteristic of all sentences and find parts of the same type.
Sentences that are connected by a parallel connection are relatively independent - for example, they depend less on the context than with a chain connection. Their content is also completely independent.
A text with a parallel connection of sentences suggests an interesting rhythmic pattern. And parallelism is an excellent basis for many stylistic figures. So. parallelism presupposes not only comparison, but also opposition.
It will help to better understand everything that has been said by considering an example of parallel connection of sentences.
“He sat for a long time on the shore of the lake. The stars looked into the water, admiring themselves. The humid air settled on the grass and fallen leaves, covering everything with a droplet haze. The lights of the distant city barely flickered, appearing like a scattering of fireflies. It smelled of warmth and tenderness.”
Having examined this test, you will notice that all sentences follow the same structure - They begin with a subject, followed by a predicate expressed by a verb in the past tense.
The parallel syntactic connection between sentences in a text is often strengthened by anaphora, that is, the repetition of the first word in each syntactic unit (or even an entire expression).
For example:“What is a man if not an animal? What is happiness if not living according to your instincts? What is society if not something that limits free will? What is the world if not a place to be enjoyed?”
Thus, determining the parallel method of syntactic connection is not too difficult: if the text is descriptive or narrative, you need to look at the structure of the sentences; if it has characteristic common features, then find the subject to which all three sentences can relate. The coincidence of all three features indicates that there is a parallel connection between the sentences.
What have we learned?
The parallel connection of sentences in the text requires compliance with several rules. First, they all relate to one subject (usually this is a thesis thought, which is revealed in sentences with a parallel connection). Second, they are identical or very similar in structure. And third, the text is usually of a narrative or descriptive type. In some cases, these signs are enhanced by anaphora. At the same time, both in content and contextually, sentences in a text with a parallel connection are usually quite independent.
A text is a sequence of sentences that are connected by a common theme and general idea. Moreover, in each of them the author’s idea is only partially completed. It requires further development, which is what the remaining proposals serve for.
Each new sentence in the text is created on the basis of the previous ones. In order for a theme to continuously develop, they must be connected to each other using a semantic or grammatical connection.
It is thanks to this connection that different semantic relationships between sentences can arise in the text. For example, one sentence can be contrasted with another, explain its meaning, or clarify some details. This helps the author to better reveal his thoughts, convey emotions more accurately, or show the reader different shades of meaning.
Let's consider the main ways and means of communication between sentences in the text.
To combine sentences into a clear and logical text, authors use two methods of communication: chain and parallel. In the first case, all new sentences are connected to the previous ones, like links in one chain (hence the name). In the second case, the sentences, at first glance, are in no way connected with each other, but are built around one general thesis. Let's look at both of these methods in more detail.
Chain link
This is the most common type of connection between sentences in the text. It appears where the author expresses his thoughts in order, and each new sentence seems to continue or develop the previous one. In another way, this type of communication is called serial or linear.
This connection works very simply: some information is taken from one sentence and developed in the next sentence. For example:
The bright summer sun peeked out from behind the clouds. It illuminated the wet streets and houses with its rays.
Here the word "sun" is used in the first sentence, but the story continues in the second. Thanks to this repetition, both statements look coherent and consistently develop the same topic.
Chain linkage is used very widely. It can be found in all literary styles: artistic, business, journalistic and especially scientific, where the author is required to present the material as convincingly and logically as possible. It is equally suitable for description, narration, and reasoning. This popularity is due to the fact that the chain connection to some extent copies human thinking.
It is easy to see that the point of chaining is repetition. In order for two statements to connect with each other, they must repeat some words or talk about the same object. Here are the most common chain link options:
Parallel communication
When using parallel communication, sentences do not directly depend on each other, but are usually built around some central thesis. Each of them looks independent in content, but at the same time is part of some general list, comparison or contrast. For example:
Evening came. The city was quietly deserted. The voices of people and the horns of cars fell silent. Street lights and store windows were lit.
Here the phrase “Evening has come” acts as a semantic center around which all other statements are built. By the way, the parallel connection of sentences in the text is called centralized.
Generally, the order of parallel clauses does not matter. They can be interchanged in any way you like and the meaning of the paragraph will not change.
Typically, the structure of a text with parallel links looks like this:
- The beginning, that is, the central thesis around which the rest of the text is built.
- A series of statements that develop or prove a thesis.
- Optional part: change of plan. This is the very last sentence, which can be a conclusion from everything that has been said or serves as a “bridge” to the next text.
Here is an example paragraph, built according to this scheme:
Our cat Vasily is a harmful animal. At night he runs around the rooms and wakes everyone up with his stomping. In the morning he asks for food and meows throughout the house. Not a week goes by without him breaking a cup or plate in the kitchen. However, we still love him very much.
Proposals with centralized connections have two characteristic features:
- Parallelism of structure. This means that the sentences generally retain their word order and form. And sometimes, for greater expressiveness, the first word is repeated in them.
- Unity of predicate forms. Most often these are verbs in one form (as in the example above: runs, wakes, asks, meows).
Texts with centralized communication help the author to talk about several phenomena, objects or events at once. This technique is often found in description and narration.
Combination of different communication methods
Chain and parallel connections are rarely found alone. If the text is relatively large, then it will probably contain both. Usually the author chooses the appropriate way to connect sentences in the text based on his specific goals and objectives. For example, to describe the main character's room, a writer can use text with a centralized connection, and to talk about how his day went - with a chain one.
But it also happens that both methods can be used even in one paragraph. For example:
There was no bus, and people at the stop began to worry. Every minute the man in the rumpled hat took his watch out of his pocket and examined its dial. The elderly woman winced and looked hopefully at the evening highway. But the highway still remained empty and deserted.
Here the second and third sentences are connected using a parallel connection, and the fourth - using a chain connection.
To create a chain and parallel connection, various linguistic means, both semantic and grammatical, are used. Today philologists divide them into three groups:
- Lexical,
- Morphological,
- Syntactic.
Let's look at each of these groups in more detail..
Lexical means
These means of communication can be divided into six categories:
1. Lexical repetitions, that is, repetition of words or phrases. For example:
The man was holding a huge bouquet of flowers in his hands. The flowers were expensive, but already withered.
2. Similar words:
We hoped that we would have a good harvest in the fall. And our hope was not in vain.
3. Synonyms. This group also includes various synonymous replacements: contextual synonyms, descriptive phrases, generic words, and so on.
Book published within four months. However novel caused a flurry of indignation among both critics and readers.
Pushkin wrote the tragedy "Boris Godunov" in 1825. The great poet managed to very accurately convey the atmosphere of that era and the characters.
4. Antonyms, including contextual ones. For example:
And then it turned out that Vasily Petrovich had few friends. Enemies it turned out to be much more.
5. Linking words showing the logic of presentation: therefore, in conclusion, for this reason etc. Example:
Vegetables and fruits contain many vitamins. That's why it's advisable to eat them every day.
6. Words on the same topic:
Has arrived winter. A week later l snow and the strong ones began frosts.
Morphological means
To create a morphological connection, various parts of speech are used:
1. Conjunctions, allied words and particles at the beginning of a sentence. For example:
While fishing, we sank the boat and lost our fishing rods. But we caught two crucian carp and one gudgeon.
2. Pronouns. This group includes personal and demonstrative pronouns, as well as pronominal adverbs. For example:
Tourists We made a stop on the bank of a small river. They d They had no idea what awaited them here.
3. Adverbs of time and place. Often these are adverbs that apply to several sentences at once with a parallel connection:
The furniture was covered with a thick layer of dust. Huge gray cobwebs hung in the corners. The windows, apparently, had not been washed for five years. Here everywhere disorder and desolation reigned.
4. Predicate verbs in one tense form:
Has arrived late fall. From the trees in the park crumbled leaves. On the rooftops drummed long and dull rains.
5. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:
The parking spot was great. Better and it was impossible to imagine.
Syntactic means
They can also be divided into five categories:
1. Syntactic parallelism, that is, the use of the same word order. Moreover, the words themselves are usually in the same morphological form:
The man was sitting in a chair by the fireplace. The dog was lying on the floor near his feet.
2. Parcellation - designing parts of a complete statement in the form of separate sentences.
The kittens have already matured and are crawling out of the box. They run around the room. They meow.
3. Incomplete sentences:
Do you know where chinchillas live? In the mountains of Peru!
4. Introductory words and sentences, appeals and rhetorical questions. Here are some examples:
Firstly, he is the best doctor in the city. And secondly, he plays the piano superbly.
Want to try something different this summer? Make Spanish cold tomato soup!
5. Using direct and reverse word order:
This is a day he will never forget. Never forget how his whole life went downhill in an instant.
To learn to correctly recognize and use various means of communication, you need to remember the following:
Serial and parallel connection of sentences in the text
- The connection of sentences in a text is, first of all, a connection of meanings.
- (L. Shcherba)
- A sentence is usually divided into two parts: the first is what we know from the previous text or from the very context of speech, and the second is what the sentence is built for.
- The first part is called data, the second – new. For example: My favorite science in high school was geography. She dispassionately confirmed that there are extraordinary countries on earth.(K. Paustovsky.) In the first sentence this My favorite science in high school was..., new – geography. In the second sentence this - She, everything else is new.
- The biggest goal in life is to increase good in what surrounds us. A good- This is, first of all, happiness for all people. It is made up of many things, and every time life presents a person with a task that is important to be able to solve.
- (D. Likhachev)
- In texts with a chain connection of sentences, the thought develops as if along a chain: what is new in the first sentence becomes given in the second, what is new in the second sentence becomes given in the third, and so on.
- There is poetry fire igniting in the human soul. Fire this one burns, warms and illuminates.
- I will remember for the rest of my life Pushkin's fairy tales, his pure Russian language. WITH Pushkin My attachment to the book began, a vigilant passion for reading awakened.
- I've always been captivated gift Andronikov the artist. Talent he was unusual and showed himself with particular brilliance when Andronikov spoke not in a large hall, in front of hundreds, and not on a television screen, in front of millions, but in a room, in front of two or three - many ten people.
- During his life, I.K. Aivazovsky painted about six thousand sea landscapes. His paintings found in almost all museums in the world.
- Each time has its own cruelty. A kindness one for all time.
- Our memory keeps from childhood a cheerful name: Pushkin. This name, this sound fills many days of our lives. Gloomy names of emperors, generals, inventors of murder weapons, torturers and martyrs of life. And next to them is an easy name: Pushkin.
- The girl laid a clean, harsh tablecloth on the table. The tablecloth smelled of rye bread.
- Human memory carries enormous energy. Memory usually preserves what is no longer there, what has passed, what was.
- 1. Lexical repetition
- 2. Similar words
- 3. Lexical synonyms
- 4.Text synonyms
- 5. Descriptive phrase
- 6. Antonyms
- Accuracy and brevity are the first advantages prose. She requires thoughts and thoughts - without them brilliant expressions serve no purpose.
- Every great writer leaves behind a school. AND Pushkin left school and followers
- 1. Pronouns
- a) Personal: he, him, about her
- b) demonstrative: this, that, this
- 2. Coordinating conjunctions: and, a, but
- In texts with a parallel connection, all sentences, starting from the second, specify and develop the idea expressed in the first sentence.
- SILENCE
- Warm, sunny day.
- Trees, exhausted by rains and winds, bask in the sun. Grasshoppers chirp like in summer. Birds are whistling. Amazing silence.
- (1) Look into the eyes of a dragonfly sitting on a branch. (2) If you can carefully approach her, you will be surprised. (3) The eyes are not just big. (4) They are huge, round and smooth, like the sides of a globe. (5) They sparkle in the sun, reflect the whole world: the green forest, the yellow road and the endless sky.
- (6) Then she will take off. (7) And you will hear the rustling of her strong wings. (8) Or you won’t hear, but you will see how the wings light up in motion, sparkle in the sun’s rays.
- (9) Dragonflies are predators; they hunt from May to autumn.
- Spring in the forest.
- Joyful, noisy and fragrant spring in the forest. The birds are singing loudly. Spring streams ring under the trees. The swollen buds smell like resin.
- So, guys, what have we learned today, what new things have we learned?
- -What is a chain link? What types of connections are used in chain communication?
- -What is parallel communication?
- Why do we need this?
- Compose or select 2 texts:
- 1. with chained sentences
- 2. with parallel connection of sentences.
- Write down these texts
WAYS TO CONNECT SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
The thought contained in a sentence is completed only relatively: the syntactic form, the structure of the sentence in which this thought is contained, is completed - the thought itself is not completed and requires its development. Continuation and development of thought is possible only in a similar syntactic form, that is, in another sentence. Several sentences linked together by a topic and main idea are called text(from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text. Moreover, not only sentences located nearby can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc.
Thus, any text is a combination of sentences according to certain rules, i.e. sentences united by the development of one thought can be combined in the text chain or parallel communication
Chain link
One of the most common ways to connect independent sentences is chain link.
We speak and write, in particular we connect independent sentences according to separate rules. And their essence is quite simple: two adjacent sentences should talk about the same subject. The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of a sentence (this is structural correlation) is the main feature of a chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was forest . Forest was deaf, neglected The connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, i.e. the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is there the science . The science must use the dialectical method- model “predicate – subject”; in the example The boat has moored to the shore. Shore was strewn with small pebbles- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. Connections can be different, and they can also be expressed in different ways.
Let's consider three pairs of sentences:
I watched movie. Movie was amazing.
I watched movie. He was amazing.
I watched movie. Action was amazing.
All three pairs of sentences have the same connection model: “subject - object”. But this model is filled in different ways:
1) using lexical repetition;
2) through pronouns (instead of repetition);
3) by using synonyms (action movie).
Based on this, we identify a chain relationship expressed in lexical repetition, chain pronominal connection and chain synonymous connection.
However, repetition may be implied, but it is easily detected if one switches to the language of judgments. For example, in sentences the semantic connection is undeniable, and we intuitively feel and understand that the first sentence – This is a kind of frame for the picture painted in the second sentence. In the “language” of judgments it will sound something like this: I affirm that now (at this moment) morning has come. Morning -this is the time when the sun rises above the horizon." The connection between judgments is obvious: it is a chain connection “subject - subject”, carried out thanks to lexical repetition. But natural, ordinary language strives for economical, laconic expression of thought and avoids repetition unless necessary. Therefore, in our example Morning. The sun is already above the horizon sentences are connected by implied, but not explicitly expressed, repetition.
Clean lexical repetition - a relatively rare phenomenon. A long-standing tradition, coming from ancient rhetoric - the teachings of eloquence, teaches to avoid repetition of words and to strive for lexical diversity. And yet, we can note three most characteristic areas of use of chain communication through lexical repetition. The first area is the transmission of simple speech, for example, children's (the likelihood of such texts appearing on the Unified State Examination is very low, so we will not dwell on this).
The second area is scientific and business literature. It is known that lexical repetitions give speech accuracy, clarity, and rigor. The repetition of a word is also the strongest, most reliable connection between sentences. The prevalence of chain communication through lexical repetition in a scientific style is also associated with the stability of terminology and the undesirability (for the sake of accuracy) of synonymous substitutions.
For example:
Participle is a non-finite form of a verb, denoting a feature of a name associated with an action, and is used attributively. IN communion the properties of a verb and an adjective are combined. Grammatically verbal participles in a number of languages it manifests itself in the presence of a category of voice, type, tense, and in the preservation of models of control and adjacency.
Proximity participles to an adjective is manifested in the presence of participles in a number of languages of the concordant categories of gender, number, and case. Like an adjective, a participle performs the syntactic functions of a modifier or, less commonly, a nominal part of the predicate.
Name defined communion , can denote the subject of an action and the object of an action. /N. Kozintseva/
The third area of use of lexical repetitions is journalism.
Chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive , emotional in nature, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea .
Whole sea ! /IN. Selyunin/
Chain synonymous connection does not differ in its structural (syntactic) essence from a chain connection through lexical repetition. Here the same structural relationships are common to all types of chain communication (models “subject - object”, “object - object”, etc.)
For example:
Having set out in swimming , I passed the pillars of Hercules and rode, accompanied by a favorable wind, into the Western Ocean. The reason and reason for my trips They were partly curiosity, partly a passionate love for everything unusual and a desire to find out where the end of the ocean is and what kind of people live on the other side of it. /Lucian/
There is an object-object relationship between two sentences. But the corresponding members of neighboring sentences are expressed not by the same word, but by synonymous words (swimming -journey). The lexical similarity of these words serves as an indicator of the structural correlation of sentences.
However, synonymous vocabulary is not only a neutral, external indicator of the structural correlation (connection) of sentences. It allows you to express a variety of semantic relationships between sentences: show the writer’s attitude to the content of the previous sentence, evaluate, comment on this content. A chain synonymous connection makes speech more flexible and varied, allowing you to avoid repetition of the same word.
In its stylistic function it is similar to a chain synonymous connection pronominal. Just like the first, it allows you to avoid repeating words. Instead of repetition or synonym, the second of the correlating members of the sentence is replaced by a pronoun. This is the simplest, most economical, durable and stylistically neutral way of communication.
There was a room in the house that had three names: small, walk-through and dark. In it stood a large old cupboard with medicines, gunpowder and hunting supplies. From here a narrow wooden staircase led to the second floor, where cats always slept. There were doors here: one to the nursery, the other to the living room. When Nikitin entered here, the door from the nursery opened and slammed so hard that both the stairs and the closet shook. /A. Chekhov/
It is also possible to combine different types of chain connections in one case, for example, lexical repetition and pronominal connection:
But Baturin dream didn't tell. Hostility to this sleep scared his, He blushed and turned the conversation to another topic.
IN dreams HeOf course, I didn’t believe it. But power their above him was amazing. /TO. Paustovsky/
Chain links are used in all styles of speech. This is the most common way to connect sentences. The wide distribution of chain connections is explained by the fact that they most closely correspond to the specifics of thinking and the peculiarities of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if following from it, chain connections are inevitable. We meet them and in description, And in the story, and especially in reasoning, i.e. in texts of various types.
The situation is somewhat different with styles. And yet, for some styles, chain connections are especially characteristic.
First of all, they are characteristic of scientific style. In a scientific text, we encounter a strict sequence and close connection of individual parts of the text, individual sentences, where each subsequent one follows from the previous one. When presenting the material, the author consistently moves from one stage of reasoning to another. And this method of application is most suitable for chain connections.
Quite often used in scientific literature is chain communication through lexical repetition. The need for it is often caused by the requirements of terminological accuracy of imposition. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the concept, phenomenon, or process being described is often more desirable than various kinds of synonymous substitutions (see the example above about communion).
IN journalistic style All types of chain link are presented. But the most fully consistent with the nature and tasks of the journalistic style should be recognized as chain synonymous, chain pronominal and chain pronominal synonymous connections with their wide possibilities for commenting and evaluating the content of the statement:
Oleg Menshikov is the first Russian actor awarded Laurence Olivier Awards . This award was awarded to him in London in April 1992 for the role of Yesenin in the play “When She Danced,” where Oleg played opposite the famous Vanessa Redgrave. This prestigious annual award - something like the American Oscar for filmmakers. It represents a rather heavy bust of Olivier in the costume of Henry V diploma in a frame under glass. There are no dollars attached to the listed accessories, but prestige, of course, is more valuable than any money, those more for the actor who received this award first./From the newspaper/
In artistic style, as in journalism, one can find almost all types of chain communication. The closest internal connection between the sentences of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions of mastery.
Of course, the predominance of one or another type of chain connection largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, the genre of the work, the nature of the text and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as obvious and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is the desire to avoid, if possible, so-called syntactic ties. And yet, some authors resort to lexical repetitions:
Abehind the cemetery were smoking brick factories. Thick black smoke it came in large clouds from under long reed roofs, flattened to the ground, and lazily rose upward. The sky above the factories and the cemetery was dark, and there were large shadows from the clouds smoke crawled across the field and across the road. IN smoke People and horses covered with red dust moved near the roofs.../A. Chekhov/
Parallel communication
With a parallel connection, it is also sometimes called syntactic parallelism, sentences are not linked to one another, but are compared, and thanks to the parallelism of constructions, depending on the lexical “filling”, comparison or opposition is possible. Features of this type of connection are the same word order, the members of the sentence are usually expressed in the same grammatical forms, or repetition of the first word of the sentences:
The blue boat washed ashore. The boat, which lost control, was smashed to pieces.
Here, structural correlation is expressed in complete parallelism of sentences: sentences are of the same type (both impersonal), have the same word order, members of sentences are expressed in the same grammatical forms. The fact that the connection between sentences is syntactic in nature is confirmed by the possibility of varied lexical “filling” of structurally related parallel sentences, for example:
Small branches were bent to the ground. Yellow leaves were carried far to the side.
Parallel communication helps to draw as briefly as possible the most complete picture of what is happening and is usually used by authors when describing:
He sat with Berg for a long time at the open window. The stars blazed in the gaps of heavy foliage. The salty air flowed like a river. The bay hung in the night like a swarm of fiery bees that flew up and stopped. The steamer sounded warmly and gently into the sea. /TO. Paustovsky/
And outside, God knows why, winter was still angry. Whole clouds of soft, coarse snow swirled restlessly above the ground and found no place for themselves. Horses, sleighs, trees, a bull tied to a post - everything was white and seemed soft and fluffy. /A. Chekhov/
Very often, some members of the sentences being connected (often the first ones at the beginning of the sentence) have the same lexical expression. In this case, the parallel connection is enhanced anaphora, those . unanimity, repetition of the first word of sentences, and it can be called parallel anaphoric:
What is culture why is it needed? What's happened culture what is the value system? What is the purpose of that broad liberal arts education that has always been our tradition? /IN. Nepomnyashchiy/
Not pillar,raised above your corruption, he will preserve your memory for future generations. Not a stone with the cutting off of your name will bring your glory in future centuries./A. Radishchev/
Here Two officers in white jackets walked along the street in the shade of the acacia trees, playing with whips. Here A bunch of Jews with gray beards and caps rode along the line. Here The governess is walking with the director's granddaughter... A catfish ran somewhere with two mongrels... And here Varya went out in a simple gray dress and red stockings. /TO. Chekhov/
A striking example of a parallel anaphoric connection is the story of V. Dragunsky “What I love…”:
I love you very much lie on your stomach on daddy’s knee, lower your arms and legs and hang on your knee like laundry on a fence. More I love you very much play checkers, chess and dominoes, just to be sure to win. If you don't win, then don't.
I love listen to the beetle rummaging through the box. And I love on a day off, crawl into dad's bed to talk to him about the dog: how we will live more spaciously and buy a dog, and we will exercise with it, and we will feed it, and how funny and smart it will be, and how it will steal sugar , and I will wipe up the puddles for her myself, and she will follow me like a faithful dog.
I I also like to watch TV: it doesn’t matter what they show, even if it’s just tables.
I love to breathe through my mother's nose ear. I especially love to sing and always sing very loudly.
I love you terribly stories about red cavalrymen, And so that they always win...etc.
But anaphora is not a necessary, although frequent, condition for parallel communication.
Descriptions often use this type of parallel communication, such as juxtaposition of sentences. In this case, several clauses with the same generic meaning are combined:
Was night. Frost crackled throughout the forest. The tops of centuries-old fir trees, ghostly illuminated by the races, glittered and smoked, as if they had been rubbed with phosphorus./V. Kataev/
The cart entered the village. The huts and houses behind the front gardens seemed deserted. The fire was smoking. There were several corpses lying around, half driven into the mud. Here and there separate shots were heard, - this was finishing off out-of-towners, pulled out of cellars and haylofts. The convoy was in disarray in the square. The wounded were shouting from the carts. From somewhere withAn animal scream and blows of whips were heard in the yard. The high horses galloped. Near the fence, a group of cadets were drinking milk from a tin bucket.
The sun shone ever brighter and bluer from the blue windy abyss. Between a tree and a telegraph pole, on an overturned pole, swaying in the wind... seven long corpses -communists from the revolutionary committee and the tribunal. /A.K. Tolstoy/
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