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Nations and interethnic relations 10th grade Boykova V.Yu.
Modern humanity has a complex ethnic structure, there are from 2500 to 5000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are nations. In Russia there are more than 100 ethnic groups, incl. about 30 nations
Ethnic community Ethnic groups are large groups of people who have a common culture, language, psychological make-up, awareness of the indissolubility of historical destiny, awareness of their interests and goals, their unity and difference from other similar entities. Ethnic communities: tribes, nationalities and nations.
Ethnicity (from the Greek ἔθνος - people) is a group of people united by common characteristics: objective or subjective: language, culture, territory of residence, identity, etc. In Soviet and Russian ethnography it is considered the main type of ethnic community. In scientific use, the concept of “ethnos” was introduced in 1923 by the Russian emigrant scientist S.M. Shirokogorov.
Types of ethnic communities Clan A group of blood relatives descending from the same line (maternal or paternal) Tribe A set of clans interconnected by common cultural features, awareness of a common origin, a common dialect, unity of religion, rituals Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory, language , psychological make-up, culture Nation PO RO KO
A nation is the historically highest form of ethnosocial community of people, characterized by the unity of territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, and ethnic identity. The unity of the territory should be understood as the compactness of the nation’s residence
Signs of a nation speak and write in one language, understandable (despite dialects) to all members of the nation. their folklore, customs, traditions, mentality (special stereotypes of thinking), national life, etc., i.e. its own culture. common historical path, historical memory (p. 186, read excerpt) National self-awareness of the individual common economic life An important factor in the education and development of a nation is the state
Common territory Prerequisite for the formation of an ethnic group Condition for joint activity When an ethnic group is formed, this feature loses its significance Some ethnic groups in a diaspora (dispersion) do not lose their identity
National identity is a reflection of the consciousness of a nation in the individual consciousness of its members, the assimilation by members of ideas about the place and role of their people in the world, about their historical experience. The individual is aware of his national identity, his belonging to a certain nation, understands national interests Read and parse paragraph 2, p. 187
About the differences The main role in the formation of a tribe is played by consanguineous ties; a nationality is characterized by a common territory; Nations are formed during the genesis of commodity-money relations
About differences The phenomenon of a nation synthesizes the ethnic (language, forms of material culture, folk art, traditions, morals, customs, characteristics of the mental make-up of people) and the social (the system of legal relations, political institutions, the economic sphere of social development, the dominant culture created by the professional intelligentsia. Ethnic is a certain framework of a nation, its “beginning", and a nation is the entire totality of what has developed and accumulated by a specific ethnic or interethnic community in the course of its historical evolution. National is the result of the cultural and historical development of a people. A nation is a historical category, an ethnos is timeless.
About a nation A nation is an ethnic or multi-ethnic socio-cultural unity that has a state or strives to create one and is united by intense social communication.
About the nation Within one nation, there can be different ethnic groups: preserving their language and features of their original culture (Germans, French and Italians as part of a single Swiss nation), using two languages - a national one and their own ethnic one and preserving certain everyday and psychological characteristics (English, Scots , Welsh as part of Britain; part of the Irish, Latin American, Jewish population of the USA, who at the same time consider themselves representatives of the American nation and at the same time recognize themselves as a special ethnic community).
Interethnic, civil nation A set of citizens of a particular state, where general civic qualities are in the foreground, but language, culture, traditions and customs are preserved Nation-state 2 points of view: Classic nation, a new qualitative state The end of a nation in the ethnic dimension
The concept of "ethnic minority" Members at a disadvantage due to discrimination from others A sense of group solidarity, belonging to a single whole Typically somewhat physically or socially isolated from the rest of the community
Nationality Belonging to a nation and/or state
National interests It is necessary to preserve one’s uniqueness, uniqueness in the course of human history, the uniqueness of one’s culture and language, to strive for population growth, ensuring a sufficient level of economic development. It is necessary not to psychologically fence off from other nations and peoples, not to turn state borders into an iron curtain; enrich your culture with contacts, borrowing
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 1) Natural-biological or racial-anthropological approach - recognizes the inequality of human races, the cultural superiority of the Caucasian race. The imperfection of racial characteristics is the basis of the cultural backwardness of nations and nationalities. 2) Marxist theory - proclaims economic relations as the main basis for the formation of a nation. Recognizes the right of nations to self-determination up to and including secession, the idea of their complete equality, and proletarian internationalism.
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 3) Sociocultural approach - considers ethnic communities as components of the social structure of society, revealing their close connection with social groups and various social institutions. Ethnic community is an important source of self-movement and self-development.
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 4) Passionary theory of ethnogenesis (origin, development of an ethnic group), created by L.N. Gumilyov - considers an ethnic group as a natural, biological, geographical phenomenon, as a result of the adaptation of a human group to the natural climatic living conditions. The history of mankind is a chain of numerous ethnogenesis. The source of the emergence of a new ethnic group is a passionary impulse. Passionarity is a certain characteristic of human behavior and natural properties, determined by the energy of space, the sun and natural radioactivity affecting society. Passionaries - especially energetic, gifted, talented people
Interethnic relations They include 2 types: 1. relations between different nationalities within one state; 2.relations between different nation-states. Forms of interethnic relations: Peaceful cooperation Ethnic conflict (from Latin conflictus - clash).
Ways of peaceful cooperation: 1) Ethnic mixing 2) Ethnic absorption (assimilation) 3) Creation of a multinational state
Ethnic mixing Different ethnic groups spontaneously mix with each other over many generations and as a result form one nation. This usually happens through interethnic marriages. In this way, Latin American peoples were formed: the traditions of the Spaniards, Portuguese, local Indians and African slaves were mixed into one whole.
Ethnic absorption (assimilation) - represents the almost complete dissolution of one people (sometimes several peoples) into another. History knows peaceful and military forms of assimilation. Modern America is an example of the peaceful path, while ancient empires that conquered neighboring peoples, such as Assyria and Rome, are examples of the non-peaceful path. In one case, the invaders dissolved the conquered peoples within themselves, in the other, they themselves dissolved in them. In a violent scenario, the larger nation prohibits others from using their native language in public life, receiving education in it, and closing book publishing houses and the media.
Creation of a multinational state This is the most civilized way of uniting different peoples, in which the rights and freedoms of each nationality and nation are respected. In such cases, several languages are official, for example, in Belgium - French, Danish and German, in Switzerland - German, French and Italian. As a result, cultural pluralism is formed (from the Latin pluralis - multiple).
Cultural pluralism With cultural pluralism, no national minority loses its identity or dissolves into the general culture. It implies that representatives of one nationality voluntarily master the habits and traditions of another, while enriching their own culture. Cultural pluralism is an indicator of a person’s successful adaptation (adaptation) to a foreign culture without abandoning his own. Successful adaptation involves mastering the riches of another culture without compromising the values of one’s own.
Main trends in the development of nations Interethnic differentiation Separation, separation, confrontation of ethnic groups in different types Interethnic integration The process of uniting ethnic groups through different spheres of public life
Forms: Interethnic differentiation; self-isolation in general; protectionism in the economy; nationalism in various forms in politics and culture; religious fanaticism, extremism. Interethnic integration Economic and political unions (for example, the European Union (EU)) Transnational corporations (TNCs) International cultural and folk centers Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values GLOBALIZATION Interethnic conflict
Globalization is a historical process of bringing nations and peoples closer together, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased, and humanity turns into a single political system? What are the pros and cons of globalization?
Interethnic conflict is one of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by a state of mutual claims, open confrontation of ethnic groups, peoples and nations with each other, which tends to increase contradictions up to armed clashes, open wars
Different approaches to the causes of interethnic conflicts. social and structural changes in contacting ethnic groups, problems of their inequality in status, prestige, and remuneration. behavioral mechanisms associated with fears for the fate of the group - not only for the loss of cultural identity, but also for the use of property, resources and the aggression that arises in connection with this. responsibility of elites fighting for power and resources. Elites are responsible for creating the “enemy image,” ideas about the compatibility or incompatibility of the values of ethnic groups, the ideology of peace or hostility. features of peoples that prevent communication - the “messianicism” of the Russians, the “inherited belligerence” of the Chechens, as well as the hierarchy of peoples with whom one can or cannot “deal.” the concept of the “clash of civilizations” by the American researcher S. Huntington. She attributes contemporary conflicts, particularly recent acts of international terrorism, to sectarian differences. In Islamic, Confucian, Buddhist and Orthodox cultures, the ideas of Western civilization - liberalism, equality, legality, human rights, market, democracy, separation of church and state - do not seem to resonate. Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a set of misconceptions (prejudices) of one nation in relation to another, indicating the superiority of the first. - this is confidence in the correctness of one’s own culture, a tendency or tendency to reject the standards of another culture as incorrect, low, or unaesthetic. Therefore, many interethnic conflicts are called false, since they are based not on objective contradictions, but on a misunderstanding of the positions and goals of the other side, attributing hostile intentions to it, which gives rise to an inadequate sense of danger and threat.
Modern sociologists offer the following classification of the causes of interethnic conflicts: Socio-economic - inequality in living standards, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, and government bodies. - Cultural and linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life. - Ethnodemographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the numbers of contacting peoples due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth. - Environmental - deterioration in the quality of the environment as a result of its pollution or depletion of natural resources due to use by representatives of a different ethnic group. - Extraterritorial - discrepancy between state or administrative boundaries and the boundaries of settlement of peoples. - Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, past dominance-subordination ratio, etc.). - Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and denominations, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population. - Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.
Types of interethnic conflicts - state-legal; - ethnoterritorial; - ethnodemographic; - socio-psychological.
Interethnic conflicts require a certain shift in the usual way of life and destruction of the value system to appear, which leads people to feelings of confusion and discomfort, doom and even loss of the meaning of life. In such cases, the ethnic factor comes to the fore in the regulation of intergroup relations in society as the more ancient one, performing the function of group survival. Its action is implemented as follows. When a threat appears to the existence of a group as an integral and independent subject of intergroup interaction, at the level of social perception of the situation, social identification occurs on the basis of origin, on the basis of blood; Mechanisms of socio-psychological protection are included in the form of processes of intra-group cohesion, intra-group favoritism, strengthening the unity of “we” and out-group discrimination and isolation from “them”, “strangers”. ? What can these processes lead to?
Nationalism (French nationalisme from Latin natio - people) - ideology and policy that puts the interests of the nation above any other economic, social, political interests, the desire for national isolation, localism; distrust of other nations, often developing into interethnic hostility
Types of nationalism Ethnic - the people’s struggle for national liberation, gaining their own statehood. Sovereign-state - the desire of nations to realize their national-state interests, often at the expense of small nations. Everyday - a manifestation of national feelings, hostility towards foreigners, xenophobia (gr. xenos - stranger and phobos - fear). Nationalism can develop into its extremely aggressive form - chauvinism
Chauvinism (French chauvinisme - the term comes from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, the literary hero of the comedy of the brothers I. and T. Cognard “The Tricolor Cockade”, a supporter of the greatness of France in the spirit of the ideas of Napoleon Bonaparte) is a political and ideological system of views and actions that substantiates the exclusivity of one or another another nation, opposing its interests to the interests of other nations and peoples, instilling in people’s consciousness hostility, and often hatred towards other nations, which incites hostility between people of different nationalities and religions, national extremism.
One of the manifestations of state nationalism is genocide. Genocide (from the Latin genos - genus and caedere - to kill) is the deliberate and systematic destruction of certain groups of the population on racial, national or religious grounds, as well as the deliberate creation of living conditions designed to lead to the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups. An example of genocide is the Holocaust - the mass extermination of the Jewish population by the Nazis during World War II.
Escalation (expansion, build-up, increase) of the conflict. Socio-psychological patterns: - a decrease in the volume of communication between the parties, an increase in misinformation, a tightening of aggressive terminology, an increasing tendency to use the media as a weapon in the escalation of psychosis and confrontation among the broad masses of the population; - distorted perception of information about each other; - development of an attitude of hostility and suspicion, consolidation of the image of the “insidious enemy” and its dehumanization, that is, exclusion from the human race, which psychologically justifies any atrocities and cruelties towards “non-humans” in achieving their goals; - formation of an orientation towards victory in an interethnic conflict by force through the defeat or destruction of the other side,
Legalization of the conflict - Cessation of violence - Organization of dialogue - Ensuring the participation in such dialogue of authorized representatives of each party - Formulation of the demands and claims of each party in categories subject to legal reformulation and legal assessment - Legal fixation of the results of each stage of negotiations - The most specific formulation of the terms of the final agreement , giving it legitimacy through some form of ratification or popular approval
Resolving the conflict The signing of any agreements in itself does not guarantee the resolving of the conflict. The determining factor is the willingness of the parties to fulfill them. In socio-political terms, the path to overcoming interethnic conflicts lies: 1) through at least partial satisfaction of the demands of the parties, 2) through reducing the relevance of the subject of the conflict for them
Ways to resolve interethnic problems - Recognition of interethnic problems and their solution by methods of national politics. - Awareness by all people of the unacceptability of violence, mastery of the culture of interethnic relations, which requires the implementation of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality, respect for their identity, their national self-awareness, excluding the slightest manifestation of national mistrust and hostility. - Using economic leverage to normalize the ethnopolitical situation. - Creation of cultural infrastructure in regions with a mixed national composition of the population - national societies and centers, schools with a national-cultural component for teaching children in their native language and in the traditions of national culture. - Organization of effectively functioning international commissions, councils, and other structures for the peaceful resolution of national disputes
Tasks 1 A) In the modern world there are from 2500 to 5000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are called nations. (B) For the purpose of economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the European Union was formed in 1993. (B) Coordination of the interests of all peoples living in the country, providing a legal and material basis for their development on the principles of voluntary, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation is the main task of the national policy of any multinational state. (D) It is advisable to take into account ethno-national characteristics in the life of society within the boundaries of respect for human rights. Determine which provisions of the text are 1) factual in nature 2) value judgments in nature
2 Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “ethnic community”. Find and indicate the term that “falls out” from this series and relates to another concept. Clan, tribe, caste, nationality, nation
DZ paragraph 18 + answers to questions
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Ethnic communities and interethnic relations
“Ethnos” translated from Greek means “people” and does not have a clear interpretation. An ethnic community is a historically established community of people in a certain territory who have: common, relatively stable characteristics of culture, language, mental make-up; self-awareness and historical memory; awareness of its unity and difference from other similar entities.
Types of ethnic communities Clan Nationality Tribe Nation
Ethnic communities Type Brief description Clan A group of blood relatives descending from the same line Tribe A set of clans connected by common cultural features, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, unity of religious ideas, rituals Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory , language, mental makeup, culture In the ethnocultural sense, this is a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, and ethnic identity. In the state sense, a nation is considered not as an ethnic community, but as a multicultural, political, civil, territorial community, as a community (totality) of citizens of a given state. Nation
Nationality is a person’s belonging to a particular nation. Interethnic (interethnic) relations are relations between peoples, covering all spheres of public life. Levels of interethnic relations Interaction of peoples Interpersonal relations of people belonging to different ethnic groups
The main trends in the development of interethnic processes in Integration (cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, bringing together various aspects of the life of peoples) Differentiation (the desire of peoples for national independence) Economic and political unions Transnational corporations International cultural and scientific centers, integration of the education system Interpenetration of values and cultures Self-isolation Economics protectionism Ideology of nationalism Religious fanaticism Extremism Globalization (gradual erasure of traditional borders)
Interethnic relations find their expression in the specific actions of people and largely depend on individual behavior, cultural norms, the influence of family and immediate environment. Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful (cooperation) or hostile (conflict). Causes of ethnosocial conflicts: territorial; socio-economic; ethnodemographic; cultural-linguistic, confessional; environmental; historical, etc. Ethnosocial conflicts are a state of mutual claims, open confrontation of ethnic groups with each other, tending to increasing contradictions up to armed clashes
Causes of ethno-social conflicts Causes Characteristics Discrepancy between state or administrative borders and the border of settlement of peoples Territorial Socio-economic Inequality in living standards Cultural-Linguistic Insufficient, from the point of view of the ethnic minority, use of its language and culture; differences in cultural traditions Ethnodemographic Rapid change in the ratio of the number of peoples in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth Environmental Deterioration of the quality of the environment as a result of its pollution or depletion of natural resources Historical Past relationships between peoples (wars, etc.) .) Confessional Belonging to different religions and denominations, differences in the level of religiosity of the population
Types of ethno-social conflicts State-legal (the desire of an ethnos for its own statehood) Socio-psychological (changes in lifestyle, violation of human rights) Ethno-territorial (determination of the territory of residence of an ethnos) Ethno-demographic (protection of the rights of the “indigenous” nationality, restrictions for “newcomers”)
At the present stage, the main guideline in the implementation of moral, political and legal regulation of interethnic relations is a humanistic approach, consisting of: the application and respect for the diversity of cultures, commitment to the ideas of peace, harmony, and non-acceptance of violence in relations between peoples; in the development and constant functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of individuals and ethnic communities, regardless of their nationality; in the focus of government bodies, the media, the education system, sports, and art on developing a culture of interethnic communication among citizens and fostering tolerance. Tolerance – respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people of different ethnicities; desire to understand and accept their cultural values and way of life.
Conditions for overcoming ethnosocial conflicts Racial segregation in the United States is the separation of ethnic groups through the establishment of barriers to social training and education and other discriminatory measures. Legislatively, racial segregation in the United States was abolished in 1964. Improving the life of every citizen Creating and consolidating among ethnic groups a psychological sense of satisfaction with favorable stability of life
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. The basis of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community, an attitude towards cooperation and bringing peoples closer together. The basic principles are formulated in the “Concept of State National Policy of the Russian Federation” (1996), the annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language Preservation of the historically established integrity of the Russian Federation Equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal authorities Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial , national and religious hatred, hatred or enmity The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion
Constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts Prohibition of any forms of restriction of the rights of a citizen based on nationality Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders; support for compatriots living in foreign countries Promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples
Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 68 The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is Russian. Republics have the right to establish their own official languages. In government bodies... of the republics they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and create conditions for its study and development.
Nations and interethnic relations
- Developed by:
- Social studies teacher at the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Moscow Regional College of Information Technologies of Economics and Management" MO Zaitseva O.Yu.
- There are now about 2 thousand nations, nationalities, and tribes on Earth. Among them there are numerous and sparsely populated ones, the latter are called ethnic minorities. All of them are part of almost 200 states. It is not difficult to realize that there are many more nations and nationalities than states in the world, therefore among these states there are many that are multinational.
- Data. It is generally accepted that the Russian Federation is one of the world's largest multinational states, home to more than a hundred peoples, each of which has unique characteristics of material and spiritual culture. The overwhelming majority of the peoples of the country have developed over the centuries as ethnic communities on the territory of Russia, and in this sense they are indigenous peoples who played a historical role in the formation of Russian statehood. Thanks to the unifying role of the Russian people, unique unity and diversity have been preserved on the territory of the country, spiritual community and the union of different peoples.
- - a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
- A group of blood relatives
- Descent from a common ancestor
- Has a common family name
- Relationships are calculated on the maternal or paternal side
- Arose at the boundary of the Upper and Lower Paleolithic
- Type of ethnic community and social organization of the primitive era
- What are the characteristics of a tribe?
- Signs:
- - consanguinity
- - common territory, economic elements, identity, customs and cults
- - self management
- Historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community of people
- An autonomous political grouping, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and institutions
- Switzerland has 4 equal languages (German,
- French, Italian, Romansh),
- however, the Swiss are one nation
- The British and Americans speak the same language
- but these are different nations
- Common historical path
- - historical memory
- - national culture
- Nationality- a person’s belonging to a particular nation
- National identity
- it is necessary to maintain your originality and uniqueness
- enrich your culture with contacts
- Differentiation
- desire for self-development,
- national independence,
- development of national culture.
- Integration
- expansion of ties between different nations, a tendency to perceive the best that has been created by other nations.
- The fascist dictator Hitler, having come to power in Germany in 1933, made the extermination of the Jewish population part of state policy
- From the 30s and during the Second World War, about 6 million people were shot, burned and exterminated in concentration camps (Treblinka, Auschwitz, Buchenwald) - almost half of the entire Jewish population
- This greatest tragedy is now called the Greek word Holocaust, which means “annihilation through burning.”
- In November 1947, the UN decided to create in Palestine, a British mandate territory, Jewish and Arab states - Israel and Palestine.
- The Jews did not have their own national state; the policy of oppression of Jews by the Nazis in World War II also played a role in making this decision.
- Neighboring Arab states reacted with hostility to the UN decision
- May 1948 – proclamation of the creation of Israel
- From this time a conflict began that continues to this day.
- Palestine did not have its own state
- Yasser Arafat, the leader of Palestine, together with the Fatah movement, began the struggle to gain national borders; by the mid-90s, with the help of the mediation of European states, they managed to achieve the creation of the Palestinian National Autonomy
- At the same time, at one of the international conferences, through the mediation of the United States, it was possible to obtain a decision from Israel that they would give 7% of their territory to the Arabs; in fact, 4% of the territory was occupied by military structures and equipment
- In the fall of 2000, the conflict escalated; the agreement to end the conflict, reached at a meeting of world leaders with the warring parties in Sharm al-Sheikh (Egypt), was violated the next day. The Israelis put forward the slogan “Let the army win.” In response, the Palestinians promised to “open the road to hell for the Israelis.”
- In the early 90s, in connection with perestroika in the USSR, proclaimed by Gorbachev, the countries of Eastern Europe were liberated from communist influence
- Yugoslavia in the early 90s - a symbiosis of various modern states (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro)
- The leader of Serbia at that time was S. Milosevic, who tried to maintain the dominant position of his republic in the union state
- In 1991, Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia declared their independence.
- In the spring of 1992, a war began in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the Serbs, Croats and Muslims who inhabited it. This conflict was stopped only with the help of the intervention of the world community.
- Only Serbia and Montenegro remained in Yugoslavia
- In the autonomous region of Kosovo, populated mostly by a national minority - Albanians - a separatism movement (desire for secession) began.
- Milosevic is trying to maintain the integrity of the state
- The international community interpreted his actions as genocide
- The NATO bloc intervened in the situation and decided to punish Serbia with a series of powerful airstrikes.
- As a result of the 2000 elections, the democratic opposition came to power in Yugoslavia
- Milosevic was sent to prison without waiting for a verdict; he died under mysterious circumstances
- Ireland, being an integral part of the British Empire, haunted the government, demanding independence
- At the beginning of the 20th century the conflict escalated
- In an effort to prevent an explosion in the most troubled part of the empire, the liberals were forced to make concessions: in April 1912, a bill on Home Rule (self-government) of Ireland was introduced into parliament
- Through the efforts of the House of Lords, its adoption was delayed until 1914
- The situation was especially difficult in Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, where, unlike the rest of Ireland, the majority belonged to Protestants who had close ties with England and therefore advocated maintaining a union with London
- Both Catholics and Protestants had strong extremist sentiments, and there were many people who were ready to take arms in their hands to prove that they were right.
- This is how the IRA was created - the Irish Republican Army
- As a result, the English government had to make concessions: although the law on Irish self-government was adopted, the most developed province of this island - Ulster - was excluded from its scope
- Genocide – extermination of certain population groups on racial, national, religious principles
- Anti-Semitism – national intolerance towards Jews
- Racism is the existence of unequal races, divided into superior and inferior
- Apartheid is racial discrimination legally enshrined and supported by state authorities.
- Nationalism is the idea of exclusivity and superiority of one nation over another.
- Chauvinism is an extreme aggressive form of nationalism
- Afrocentrism - the idea of the superiority of black Africans over people with white and yellow skin
- Tolerance - tolerance
- Xenophobia – obsessive hostility towards “strangers”
- Discrimination – infringement of rights
- How do you understand the statement of the German thinker G. Lessing (1729 – 1781): “I am completely convinced that not a single people in the world is gifted with any ability preferentially over others”
- Can nationality influence activities, attitudes towards work, choice of professions, and mastery of culture? Explain your answer
- TO ALL THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD The entire universe is in your great power, yours - “Let it be!” it finally happened. You, God the Father, created the world for happiness, And man is the crown of your labors. We are all from the progenitor Adam, And our nature is from one root, And I want to tell you people directly: - Do not kill your brother. What should we share? The land is dear to everyone, a cradle for everyone, feeds and waters everyone. Just as a mother does not share her children, the Earth treasures any people. And you blow it up, tear it into pieces, Can you be called the crown of creation? In your pride, you won’t understand that a son does not kill his own mother. For everyone, the same one rotates to this day, the Earth! Live without wars and without adversity. Every existing people is obliged to take care of you as a shrine.
- At first glance, so different - Snub-nosed, blue-eyed, Curly-haired and dark-skinned - You are still somehow similar: Let every country know: You need peace, not war!
- What documents determine national policy in the Russian Federation and what are their main provisions?
- In the spring of 2002, a young Russian woman, Tatyana Sapunova, driving along the busy Kyiv Highway, saw a poster on the side of the road calling for the murder of Jews. The woman tried to tear it down, but it was booby-trapped. Tatyana survived and was later awarded the Order of Courage. Some media called the installation of the poster a fascist attack. How do you explain why Tatyana didn’t drive past the poster like the others? Express your assessment of: a) the actions and positions of those who installed the poster; b) those who calmly passed by; c) those who were responsible for order on this section of the road; d) statements made in the media.
In a multinational state, interethnic relations are an integral part of political relations. The state establishes and regulates relations between nations and nationalities. The set of principles, norms, and rules by which national relations are managed constitutes national policy. In each multinational country, national policy has its own characteristics. At the same time, there are ways and methods of solving the national issue and optimizing national relations, proven by historical experience.
In the system of national relations, political aspects are key and decisive. Directly related to the sphere of politics are such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in the structure of power and some other issues. At the same time, the formation of the national idea, political attitudes, political behavior, political culture is significantly influenced by historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural living conditions of nations and nationalities. Essentially, all issues of interethnic relations acquire political significance and can be resolved at the political level. The most important expression of the essence of national relations is the national question.
The national question is, first of all, relations of national inequality, inequality in the levels of economic and cultural development of different nations, the lag of unequal and oppressed nations from privileged, great-power nations. This is an atmosphere of national discord, hostility and suspicion on national grounds, naturally arising on the basis of inequality and actual inequality of nations in access to economic and cultural values. The national question is not so much an ethnic problem as a socio-political one.
The national question always has a specific historical and social content, including a set of national problems at a certain stage of development of a given country. The specific content of the national question reflects the features of the historical development of the country and its peoples, the specifics of their socio-economic and political structure, social class structure, national composition of the population, historical and national traditions and other factors. Moreover, with the solution of some problems, others arise, sometimes more complex, due to the increasing level of development of the nations themselves. Therefore, there cannot be a complete and final solution to the national question in all aspects and social dimensions.
The national issue in the former USSR was resolved in several aspects: national oppression and, to a certain extent, national inequality (economic and cultural) were destroyed, conditions were created for the economic, social and cultural progress of the former national borderlands. At the same time, serious mistakes and violations were made in the implementation of national policy. Contradictions and conflict situations were generated by the very fact that more than 130 nations, nationalities, national and ethnic groups lived together in one union state. National entities differed significantly in ethnosocial, ethnocultural, and ethnodemographic characteristics. These differences led to differences in the interests and needs of peoples, which gave rise to contradictions.
The collapse of the USSR caused numerous tensions and conflicts at different levels and in different regions of one sixth of the planet. Against the backdrop of an intensifying trend towards national self-determination and a rise in national self-awareness, centrifugal, separatist aspirations of ethnopolitical forces emerged, putting their ambitions above the vital interests of peoples. The following can be considered the causes of interethnic conflicts on the territory of Russia: committed acts of injustice and lawlessness against certain peoples (for example, the resettlement of entire peoples); uneven economic, social and cultural development of the republics, national and cultural entities; the predominance of the sectoral management principle, as a result of which national conditions and traditions, social and economic interests of the integrated development of territories were not always taken into account; the general socio-economic crisis that has gripped the state; changes in the ethnic composition of the population of certain regions as a result of demographic and migration processes; the problem of relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations of the regions; growth of national self-awareness; underestimation of the national factor by power structures.
The search for mechanisms and ways to solve them is being intensively carried out today in many directions. The conclusion of the Federal Treaty, the adoption of a new Constitution and a number of laws directly or indirectly regulating relations between the subjects of the Federation, bilateral agreements on the division of powers - all this creates a legal basis not only for the development of interethnic relations, but also for the normal functioning of the entire social organism, the successful formation of a new federal statehood. The experience accumulated in this direction requires its timely and comprehensive analysis, taking into account the fact that interethnic relations are closely connected with all other types of social relations, and their content and forms of manifestation are determined by the general situation in the country.
Nations and interethnic relations.
- Plan:
- Ethnic communities.
- National identity.
- Nationalism. Interethnic conflicts.
- Ways to overcome interethnic conflicts.
- The concept of national policy in the Russian Federation.
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- National identity is the awareness of people of one nation, common ideals, cultural norms, traditions.
- National interests –
- 1. The need to preserve one’s peculiarity, uniqueness in human history.
- 2. Do not psychologically isolate yourself from other nations and peoples. Enrich your culture.
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- Tolerance is tolerance for other views, customs, morals, traditions, and ideological beliefs.
- Humanistic approach to solving national issues -
- The idea of peace, harmony, respect for national dignity.
- Consistent development of democracy and legal principles in society.
- Equality of human and citizen rights, regardless of race or nationality.
- Prohibition of restrictions on citizens based on race, social, and religious affiliation.
- Preservation of the historically established integrity of the Russian Federation.
- Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples.
- The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion.
- Promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
- Timely resolution of contradictions and conflicts.
- Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state and inciting ethnic hatred.
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