As you know, every de-re-va has its own distinctive signs. One of these signs is leaves. Sheet- this is one of the main organs of the race, performing the function of respiration and nutrition. The leaves of de-re-views are very different in shape and size.
Birch has small, carved leaves.
The leaves of the linden tree are shaped like gray ones.
The oak leaves spread out in the upper part of the leaf.
Maple has a wide-shaped leaf with pointed ends.
The rowan has a complex leaf, with up to 15 small leaves on the central stem.
The kash-ta-na has a complex leaf. Slightly pointed leaves are united on the top of the base.
Birch, rya-bi-na, oak, maple, linden - these are leaf-veined trees. They have their own distinctive signs.
1) Are there leaves?
2) The autumn color of the leaves is mine.
3) All leafy trees shed their leaves. This phenomenon is called-for-it.
Large number of de-re-viewsthey create a leaf-veined forest.
Let's get to know each other with some leaf-vein trees.
The forest is considered the most powerful tree oak. Our ancestors considered the oak to be a sacred tree. The length of the oak tree is about 50 meters, and its lifespan is 500 years. But there are also more than a thousand years. They ripen on the oak trees in autumn zhe-lu-di.
These are nourishing and nutritious fruits. The squirrel loves to cuddle with the same thing, and hides it in the hollow as a reserve. The forest bird jay also loves tasty fruits. Wild boars are also rushing after the fish, because they need to accumulate fat to survive the winter.
Our ancestors knew: a lot of acorns on an oak tree meant a harsh winter. You need to sow wheat when the dull leaves open up. And oak is also considered a symbol of power and strength. Du-bo-you-mi-ven-ka-mi na-citizens-yes the most brave-and-new.
In the people they say about cowardly people: “Trembles like a wasp leaf.” In fact, the axis of the leaf trembles from the slightest breeze of the wind. This is connected with the construction . The aspen tree is very thin and long, even in a windless year, the leaves of the aspen rustle quietly. In the spring, before the leaves appear on the aspen, seedlings appear. In the na-ro-de they say: “Po-le-tel fluff from the aspen, go into the forest for under-ax-no-vi-kom.”
Sub-axis-no-vic
These are mushrooms that like to grow under wasps. The caps of these mushrooms resemble the autumn color of the axis of the new leaves.
What the hell is this crap about?
Takes my color
Bees have the most delicious honey.
And everyone offends me,
Remove the thin skin.
This Linden. The fragrant, aromatic linden flowers attract bees. And it’s not for nothing that bees produce honey, it has healing properties. Our ancestors went to the linden tree for a bast. This is the inner part of the cortex. They took off their thin hair from the tree and wove bast shoes. Dre-ve-si-na linden trees are very soft and white. Furniture, cookware and musical instruments are made from it.
The second group of de-re-vieves is conifers.
Needles are the kind of leaves. Coniferous trees include spruce, cedar pine, fir, leaf-vein-tsa. A forest made up of coniferous trees is called coniferous. Unlike leaf-veined trees, coniferous trees do not shed their needles in the fall, which is why they are called differently -nie - ever-green.
Spruce is an ever-green coniferous tree. The crown of the tree descends to the very ground, which is why it is dark and damp in the spruce forests. Spruce forests are called el-ni-ka-mi. The roots of the spruce grew close to the surface of the earth. That's why, from the strong wind, the spruce trees fall down, forming impenetrable thickets and booms. This is what a spruce branch with cones looks like. The cones are long.
Spruce is a very interesting and healthy tree. Her tree-ve-si-na goes to the use of musical instruments and boo-ma-gi. Coniferous trees have special substances, they fill the air with a pleasant aroma and cleanse they eat it. How happy it is to bring the green beauty into the house on New Year’s Eve!
Pine is a coniferous tree. The crown of the de-re-va is located at the very top of the hush-ki, that’s why it’s light in the pine forests. Such a forest is called pine forest. The pine tree has powerful roots, which is why it is not afraid of strong winds. Pine can also grow on rocks and ravines. This is what a pine branch with a cone looks like.
Pine has longer needles than spruce. There are two needles on the branch together. The cones are short, round in shape.
Among the coniferous trees there are trees with unusual properties - these are larch. Like spruce and pine, the leaf-vein-tsa has needles, in the autumn the leaf-vein-tsa is yellow and sheds its needles, like leaves, this is what they call her leaf-ven-ni-tsa. In the spring, young needles again appear from the buds.
If there are both coniferous and leafy trees in the forest, such a forest is called mixed.
Trees are the lungs of our plane. Absorbing harmful substances, you are de-la-eating air, acidity. The leaves hold back the fumes and soot. Trees need to be protected.
The next lesson will look at the topic “Autumn in the life of plants.” During the lesson, we will learn about the most important seasonal ones that happen practically to all races -te-ni-i-mi. Let's see how autumn manifests itself, and then we will clarify the role of autumn in the life of plants.
SOURCES
http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/1-klass/zhivaya-priroda/listvennye-i-hvoynye-derevya?seconds=0
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This lesson will cover the topic “deciduous and coniferous trees”, which will help schoolchildren learn about two groups of trees - deciduous and coniferous. Let's look at their distinctive features.
Lesson: Deciduous and coniferous trees
As you know, each tree has its own distinctive characteristics. One of these signs is leaves. Sheet- This is one of the main organs of the plant, performing the functions of respiration and nutrition. The leaves of trees are very diverse in shape and size.
Birch has small carved leaves.
Linden leaves are shaped like a heart.
Oak leaves will expand at the top of the leaf.
Maple has a wide leaf plate with pointed ends.
Rowan has a complex leaf, with up to 15 small leaves on the central petiole.
Chestnut also has a complex leaf. The slightly pointed leaves meet at the apex of the main petiole.
Birch, rowan, oak, maple, linden are deciduous trees. They have their own distinctive features.
1) Presence of leaves.
2) In autumn, the color of the leaves changes.
3) All deciduous trees shed their leaves. This phenomenon is called leaf fall.
A large number of treesform a deciduous forest.
Let's get acquainted with some representatives of deciduous trees.
The most powerful tree in the forest is considered oak. Our ancestors considered the oak to be a sacred tree. The height of the oak is about 50 meters, life expectancy is 500 years. But there are also long-livers for more than a thousand years. In autumn the oaks ripen acorns.
These are hearty and nutritious fruits. The squirrel loves to eat acorns and will hide them in the hollow as a reserve. The forest bird jay is also a lover of tasty fruits. Wild boars also rush after acorns, because they need to accumulate fat in order to survive the winter.
Our ancestors knew: a lot of acorns on an oak tree meant a harsh winter. Wheat should be sown when the oak leaves unfurl. Oak is also considered a symbol of power and strength. Oak wreaths were awarded to the bravest warriors.
People say about cowardly people: “Trembles like an aspen leaf.” In reality, an aspen leaf trembles at the slightest breath of wind. This is due to the structure of the petiole . The aspen petiole is very thin and long, even in calm weather, the aspen leaves rustle quietly. In the spring, before the leaves appear, catkins appear on the aspen. People say: “The fluff has flown from the aspen tree, go into the forest for some aspen boletus.”
These are mushrooms that love to grow under aspen trees. The caps of these mushrooms resemble the autumn color of aspen leaves.
What tree is this riddle about?
Takes from my flower
The bee has the most delicious honey.
And everyone insults me
The thin skin is removed.
This Linden. Fragrant fragrant linden flowers attract bees. And it’s not for nothing that bees produce linden honey; it has healing properties. Our ancestors went to the linden tree for bast. This is the inner part of the bark. Thin strips were removed from the tree and bast shoes were woven. Linden wood is very soft and white. Furniture, dishes and musical instruments are made from it.
The second group of trees is conifers. Needles are modified leaves. Coniferous trees include spruce, cedar pine, fir, and larch. A forest consisting of coniferous trees is called coniferous. Unlike deciduous trees, coniferous trees do not shed their needles in the fall, so their other name is evergreen.
Spruce is an evergreen coniferous tree. The crown of the tree reaches down to the ground, so the spruce forests are dark and damp. Spruce forests are called spruce forests. Spruce roots are located close to the surface of the earth. Therefore, from strong winds, spruce trees fall, forming impenetrable thickets and windfalls. This is what a spruce branch with cones looks like. The cones are oblong.
Spruce is a very interesting and useful tree. Its wood is used to make musical instruments and paper. Coniferous trees emit special substances that fill the air with a pleasant aroma and purify it. How much joy the green beauty brings to your home on New Year's Eve!
Pine is a coniferous tree. The crown of the tree is at the very top, so it is light in the pine forests. Such a forest is called pine forest. The pine tree has powerful roots, so it is not afraid of strong winds. Pine can also grow on rocks and ravines. This is what a pine branch with a cone looks like.
Pine has longer needles than spruce. Needles grow on a branch, two at a time. The cones are short, round in shape.
Among coniferous trees, there is a tree with unusual properties - this larch. Like spruce and pine, larch has needles; in the fall, larch turns yellow and sheds its needles like leaves, which is why it is called larch. In spring, young needles emerge from the buds again.
If a forest contains both coniferous and deciduous trees, such a forest is called mixed.
Trees are the lungs of our planet. By absorbing harmful substances, trees release air and oxygen. Leaves retain smoke and soot. Trees need to be protected.
The next lesson will cover the topic “Autumn in the life of plants.” During the lesson we will learn about the most important seasonal changes that occur with almost all plants. Let's see how autumn manifests itself, and then find out the role of autumn in the life of plants.
1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around us 1. - M.: Russian Word.
2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: Enlightenment.
3. Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: VITA-PRESS.
1. Describe deciduous trees.
2. Describe coniferous trees.
3. Guess the riddles.
1. I have longer needles than a Christmas tree.
I am growing very straight - in height.
If I'm not on the edge,
The branches are only at the top of the head. (Pine)
2. You can always find her in the forest -
You will go for a walk and you will meet:
Stands prickly like a hedgehog
In winter in a summer dress. (Spruce)
3. In this sleek box
Bronze color
A small oak tree is hidden
Next summer. (Acorn)
4. Who knows what kind of tree this is?
A relative has a Christmas tree
Non-prickly needles.
But unlike the Christmas tree -
Those needles fall off. (Larch)
5. Takes from my flower
The bee has the most delicious honey.
But they still offend me
The thin skin is peeled off. (Linden)
Dendrologists divide all woody plant species into two large groups: deciduous and coniferous trees. And, as a rule, it is very simple to attribute one or another species to one of these groups. The only exception to this rule is larch. Is it deciduous or Let's try to understand this issue.
Larch: coniferous or
Lárix - this is the name of this miracle tree in Latin. Why do many people have the question: “Is larch a deciduous or coniferous tree?” And how to answer it correctly?
The thing is that although this tree has needles, it sheds its needles in the winter, just as representatives of deciduous trees do. This is the moment that drives many people into a dead end. And not everyone can confidently answer the question “is larch a deciduous or coniferous tree.”
In fact, botanists classify this beauty as a member of the pine family, and thus it is a conifer. Moreover, one of the most common on the planet.
Larch: botanical description of the plant
So, we found out that larch is a coniferous tree. We will consider the features of this plant, as well as its distribution throughout the Earth, below.
The average height of this tree is no more than 50 meters (with a trunk diameter of no more than 1 meter). Larches live on average up to 300 years, although individual specimens have been recorded that have lived up to 800 years.
The peculiarity of this plant is its conical (like many conifers), but very loose (translucent) crown. In places where the wind rose is unidirectional, the crown may have a flag-like shape.
The main feature of this coniferous species is its needles. It is annual and very soft, like for a coniferous tree. Touching larch needles is quite pleasant. Every autumn the tree sheds its needles, and in the spring new, fresh, green needles grow on its branches.
The larches are quite developed and powerful, which allows them to settle on steep mountain slopes, where strong winds blow throughout the year. In some cases, for greater stability, even its lower branches are rooted in the ground.
Larch is a very light-loving tree, so it chooses appropriate areas for itself: open and unshaded. If the growing conditions are favorable, then the plant is capable of reaching towards the sun at an amazing speed: up to one meter per year!
Larch is very resistant to low air temperatures. It is not afraid of sharp frosts either. It is also undemanding to soils. Thus, larch can grow both on the dry soil of a mountain slope and on the waterlogged soil of a swampy lowland. However, if the soil conditions are too unfavorable, the tree will grow very stunted and short.
Geographical distribution of the plant
Larch is one of the most common tree species on the planet, numbering up to 15 different species. Very often these trees form vast and light forests. Vast areas are occupied by larch forests in Siberia, as well as in the Far East.
European larch is often called a long-lived tree. She easily lives to be several hundred years old. In Russia, three types of larch are most often found: Russian, Siberian and Daurian. The latter can be easily distinguished by its shiny silvery buds. In Transbaikalia, entire forests grow from
Western and American larch have become widespread in North America. In the USA, wood of these species is actively used in construction and industry.
Use of larch by humans
The wood of this tree has been used by humans for a long time. It is distinguished by strength, elasticity, and resin. Plus, it is very resistant to rotting. In terms of tissue hardness, larch is second only to oak.
The wood of this plant is actively used in construction, industry, and in the construction of surface or underwater structures. Turpentine is also produced from it.
The plant is also used in folk medicine. So, larch needles are a huge source of ascorbic acid. Therefore, fresh needles (or an infusion of them) are an excellent preventative against scurvy. In addition, baths made from the needles of this tree are recommended for people suffering from joint diseases. Turpentine is also made from larch resin - a very effective remedy for rheumatism and gout.
Finally...
Is larch a deciduous or coniferous tree? After reading our article, you will forever remember the answer to this question.
Larch is not only a beautiful tree, but also very useful. The wood of this unique plant is highly durable and resistant to decay, which is why it is widely used in the construction industry. And several centuries earlier, the strongest and most reliable ships were made from it.
Deciduous and coniferous trees are always appropriate when decorating your summer cottage. In summer they go well with flowers and lawns, leaving them in the shade, and in winter they save the garden from dullness with their bright colors. They give clean air and aroma due to the content of essential oils. Modern gardeners no longer see their garden without green plants. There is a huge range of coniferous plant species, so there is plenty to choose from.
Evergreen spruce
Coniferous trees called “spruce” look very effective in the garden, both singly and in frequent plantings. Some gardeners use them to build living fences. Spruce nowadays is no longer just a huge crop with dry branches at the bottom and a narrow crown at the top, as we are used to seeing it. The number of thorny trees is regularly replenished with different varieties. In summer cottages spruce trees are most in demand, For example:
- Acrocona. Reaches 3 m high and 4 m wide at maturity;
- Inversa. Barely this variety is up to 2 meters wide and up to 7 meters high;
- Maxwellii. A small tree with a width and height not exceeding 2 meters;
- Nidiformus. A compact tree about 1.5 m wide and high;
- Glauca. Blue spruce.
Fir from the Pine family
The dark green fir needles are very soft. Young animals grow for quite a long time, but at the age of 10 years, development accelerates much more. Fir is a very popular tree, but many cannot answer whether it is a coniferous or deciduous tree. Among gardeners 
The following types of fir are in particular demand:
- Columnar fir;
- Prostrale;
- Nana. The fir reaches half a meter in height and a meter in width, with a flattened crown;
- Argenta. Silvery needles with a white tip;
- Glauca. Blue fir, needles have a waxy coating;
- Veriegata. There are yellow spots on the needles.
Juniper from the Cypress family
Juniper in the list of coniferous plants is famous for its bactericidal and medicinal properties; some varieties have fruits in the form of berries. The plant appeared in the world about 50 million years ago. There are about 80 varieties.
Among the variety of junipers there are both 20 cm dwarfs and 40 meter giants. Each such plant has its own characteristics not only regarding the shape of the crown, but also in the rules for care. The most common varieties found in summer cottages are:
- Gold Cone. About 4 m high, a meter wide, the branches form a narrow conical shape;
- Hibernika. It reaches a height of about 4 m, the crown is a meter in diameter, columnar and very narrow, has blue inedible berries;
- Green Carpet. Dwarf tree up to 50 cm high, one and a half meters in volume;
- Suecica. It reaches a height of up to 3.5 m, a width of up to a meter, and a columnar crown.
Junipers are better plant at a distance from fruit trees, because they are carriers of rust. For the sake of prevention, other crops are separated by tall plants. Areas of branches affected by the disease are either pruned or treated with various fungicides.
Cedar trees
Cedars are most often found in English manor parks and are a large southern tree. by them decorate the front entrance or a large lawn in front of the estate. These trees create an atmosphere of home comfort.
Cedars in their natural form are bulky and tower on mountains. Such species grow up to 60 m in height. No one can say exactly how many types of cedar there are.
Some scientists are convinced that all individuals are the same and recognize only the Livonian breed, others also distinguish Atlas, Himalayan and short-coniferous varieties. The Catalog of Life, which includes all species of plants and animals, describes all varieties except the short-coniferous one.
Cedar has many design varieties, which differ in color and size:
- Glauca. Tree with blue needles;
- Brevaramulosa. Cedar has long and sparse branches;
- Strict. The tree has dense short branches;
- Pendula. Branches falling down;
- Tortuosa. The difference is the twisting branches;
- Nana and Nana Pyramidata. Dwarf trees, the latter variety is distinguished by upward-sloping branches.
Low growing cypress
The evergreen plant resembles a cypress in appearance and grows up to 80 meters in height. Scientists are trying to develop new varieties to please summer residents.
In landscape design, low varieties are often used to create fences, medium-sized trees are planted singly, and dwarf trees are planted in mixborders or rock gardens. Cypress has very soft and fluffy needles. The needles are not prickly at all, they are pleasant to touch.
The most popular are dwarf trees below 4 meters in height. Among them are:
- Ericoides. Head-shaped cypress tree up to 2 m high;
- Nana Gracilis. Round crown, the tree grows up to half a meter;
- Ellwoodii. Pyramidal crown, trunk grows up to 2 meters;
- Minima Aurea. Dwarf plant, with a pyramidal rounded crown;
- Compacta. Small compact tree with dense branches.
Dwarf varieties of cypress do not winter well. They don't freeze under the snow, but they can dry out. Be sure to monitor the density of the snow cover.
Cypress varieties
Cypress in the wild appears to be an evergreen crop with a crown in the shape of a pyramid or cone, the trunk has a very thick bark, and the foliage is pressed against the branches. There are about 30 varieties of cypress trees, about eight of which are highly popular in landscape design. Each variety has its own care conditions and growing rules. The most common varieties:
- Benthamii. Graceful cap and bluish needles;
- Lindleyi. It has large cones and bright green needles;
- ristis. Branches growing downwards, crown in the form of a column;
- Aschersoniana. Low-growing appearance;
- Сompacta. Shrub with bluish needles;
- Сonica. The crown is like a skittle, bluish with a haze of needles that does not tolerate frost;
- Fastigiata. Bluish needles on a stocky tree;
- Glauca. The hat is like a column, the silver color of the needles.
Slender tree - larch
Larch, judging by its name, like linden, is often classified as a deciduous plant. But it belongs to conifers, namely the pine family. This is a fairly tall tree and sheds its needles.
In good growing conditions, the tree can grow to a height of about 55 m and a diameter of up to a meter.
The bark is very thick, covered with grooves of a brownish tint. The branches grow chaotically upward, forming a cone-shaped cap. The needles are very soft, green, and as long as spruce. There are 15 types of wood. Among them are especially popular:
- Weeping;
- Corley. Cushion tree;
- Kornik. Globular larch;
- Blue Dwar. Low-growing tree with blue needles;
- Diana. Grows up to two meters, spherical crown, branches in the form of spirals, green needles with haze;
- Stiff Weeper. Elongated sprouts spread along the soil, needles with a bluish tint;
- Wolterdinger. The tree has a thick, dome-shaped cap, and its development is very slow.
mountain pine
There are approximately 120 species of pine trees known in the world. Pines differ from other conifers by their fragrant needles, which are located in bunches on the branches. Types of pine trees are identified depending on the number of needles.
The tree's roots dry out in air in about 20 minutes. It is better to plant them at the beginning of autumn or spring.
Scientists have bred many miniature trees for the garden. Huge varieties can be found in forests and park areas. And in summer cottages, low-growing species of pine trees look impressive. Green bushes can be planted in rock gardens and mixborders. The most popular varieties of mountain pine are:
- Gnome pine, which grows up to 2 meters in height and crown diameter;
- Columnaris. The bush grows three meters in height and width, it has dense and rather long needles;
- Mops. Due to the branches, the shape of a ball is formed near the crown;
- Mini Mops. Cushion-shaped bush;
- Globosa Viridis. The bush has the shape of an egg, the needles are up to 10 cm long.
Decorative thuja
Small coniferous plants found in many public gardens and parks. Plants are cultivated for decoration. Gardeners note the trees’ resistance to dry weather, frosty periods and rot.
Thuja has thick roots, tall branches that form pyramidal or columnar shapes, dark leaves and small cones that ripen very quickly. Breeders have developed creeping, dwarf and weeping species. Of these, the leader is the western thuja (occidentalis), which grows very quickly, reaching a height of about 8 m and a diameter of about 2 meters. The shrub is evergreen; only the Cloth of Gold variety has orange needles and copper branches in winter. Such specimens are best grown in the shade with neutral soil.
In Europe, thuja appeared and became popular thanks to the French king Francis the First. He loved unique plants and constantly planted them in his garden. He called the thuja the tree of life and planted it in large areas around his estate. Two hundred years later, the plant was cultivated in eastern Europe. In the wild, thuja can grow up to 40 m, so gardeners were sad when growing a tree from seeds and getting huge individuals.
The medium-growing Columna variety creates a dense, narrow crown. It can be seen from afar by its dark green shiny needles, which do not change throughout the seasons. The tree is frost-resistant and does not require maintenance.
The Holmstrup variety is ideal for small gardens: it is small, with a lush conical crown and a rich green color. The variety is resistant to frost and tolerates pruning of branches well. In young specimens they form into a narrow cone, but with age they straighten out. The needles are green and glossy. When caring, you will need constantly moist soil.
Cryptomeria - the national tree of Japan
It is found on mountain slopes, in wild forest areas and in park alleys. Cryptomeria belongs to the conifers, can grow up to 60 m, and the trunk reaches 2 meters in girth.
The needles have a dark or light shade, the branches create a lush, thick head. The needles are sometimes colored red or yellow. In appearance they are shaped like an awl, but they do not prick when touched. They have small brownish bumps. Cryptomeria belongs to the cypress family; there are no varieties of it. The tree’s connections with the east are explained by its different name.
People call the tree “Japanese cedar” among themselves, although they do not have any common properties. The tree is royal in nature, very majestic, so it is difficult to imagine it as a shrub grown in a summer cottage or in an apartment space. But scientists who are creating new varieties have taken care of this. Now there are many dwarf forms of Cryptomeria that do not grow above two meters.
When choosing evergreen decorations for your summer cottage, you need to know the types of existing trees, understand their rate of development and the required care. After all, instead of decorating your garden plot, you may end up with an unnecessary huge tree that will shade all the plants in the circle.
Despite the high prevalence of pine crops in coniferous forests, natural spruce forests (Piceeta abietis) grow in the altitude zone of 1200-1650 meters above sea level, where the forest litter mainly consists of layers of immature humus. Such plantings are especially well formed in the conditions of the Marmaro crystalline massif and the Montenegrin ridge. Here spruce forms pure stands over large areas.
Fir-spruce forests (Abieto-Piceetum) formed on very acidic, poor, but with a high proportion of fine earth, mainly on waterlogged soils in the mountain fir-beech belt. Under such habitat conditions, beech is not competitive.
In some places, pine pine (Pinus cembra) and larch (Larix decidua) grow on the border of the forest. In the Kedrin reserve and on the slopes of Mount Popadya, relict cedar-fir and larch-cedar-fir plantations are protected.
Mountain pine (Pinus mugo), green alder (Alnus viridis) and Siberian juniper (Juniperus sibirica) throughout the entire area form almost completely pure thickets with undergrowth, varying depending on the properties of the substrate, exposure and other habitat factors.
Douglasia green
(Another name: green pseudohemlock) (Genus "Douglasia")
A tree up to 125 m high and 5 m in diameter. Lives 500-800 (1500) years. Brought to Russia in 1827. The trunk is straight, columnar, full of wood, cleared of branches by 55-75%, and therefore gives a large yield of clean lumber. The crown is dense, broadly conical or broadly pyramidal, pointed. The branches are irregularly ring-shaped. The needles are perennial (up to 8 years), placed spirally on elongated annual shoots. The age of maturity of Douglas finch reaches 10-20 years. Fruits every year. This breed is moderately sensitive to heat. It does not tolerate severe frosts, heat, late spring frosts, long droughts and dry winds.
Siberian larch
(Genus "larch")
The tree is 30-37 meters high and 80-160 cm in diameter. Lives 400-500 years. The trunk is straight, full-wooded, cylindrical, highly cleared of branches. The bark of young trees is thin, in old ones it is thick, deeply fissured, and red at the end. The crown is narrow at a young age, and wide at an older age. The needles are 2.5-5.0 cm long and up to 1 mm wide, arranged singly and spirally. On shortened shoots, the needles are collected in bunches of 25-60 pieces. It blooms in space from 12-15 years. The cones are 1.5-3.0 cm long and 18-35 mm thick. The root system is strong (strongly developed main tap root and deep lateral ones). This breed is significantly demanding of light, frost-resistant, winter-hardy and heat-resistant. Not picky about soil fertility.
European larch
(Genus "larch")
Photo of European larch
The tree is 25-45 m high and 80-100 (160) cm in diameter. Lives 450-500 years. The trunk is straight (sometimes saber-shaped at the bottom), full of wood. Young trees have a narrow-conical, pointed crown, while old trees have an irregularly shaped crown. Longitudinal shoots are bare, thin and yellowish-brown. The needles are 1-4 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, light green, with a sharp yellowish tip. The needles appear in March-April, turn yellow and fall off in the fall. Propagated by seeds. It bears fruit from 15-20 years and repeats every 3-5 years. A very light-loving breed. Relatively frost-resistant and winter-hardy. Wind-resistant, tolerates air pollution well, and has little demands on moisture and soil.
Spruce
(Other names: common spruce, Norway spruce) (Genus "spruce, fir")
The tree is 30-45 m high and up to 1.5 m in diameter. Lives 250-300 (500) years. The trunk is almost cylindrical and slender up to 1/3 of its height. Dead branches do not fall off for a long time. The bark is thin. The crown is dense and compact. The needles are shiny, hard, prickly, 2-3 cm long and up to 1.5 mm wide. The cones are hanging, cylindrical, 10-15 cm long and 3-4 cm in diameter. In the wild, it bears fruit from 15-20 years. Harvest years are repeated every 4-7 years. The seeds ripen in the year of flowering. The root system is superficial, but on loose soils the lateral roots are deep. Shade-tolerant, moderately demanding of soil fertility.
Spruce or Norway spruce (Picea abies) is the dominant tree species of the alpine and subalpine zones in the Alps and northern taiga. In the forests of Montenegro there are optimal growing conditions for it. It can reach an age of 500-600 years, a height of 60 meters and a diameter of 2 meters. Its crown can be cone-shaped or pyramidal, and the external shape is very different and is determined by the type of branching. Depending on the location of the branches - hanging, brush-like. The slender, column-like crowns of pine trees in the higher zones of Montenegro are striking. Thanks to such crowns, they do not experience heavy snow load.
Young needles appear here, depending on the altitude, from mid-May to early June and grow for 5-7 years. Strict conditions in the upper belts determine some features in the biology of pine. Thus, in the lower zones, abundant harvests are repeated after 3-6 years, and in the high mountains - only after 6-9 years. Also, with height, both the size of the cones and the weight of the seeds decrease. A thousand pine seeds weigh only 5-8 grams.
Siberian spruce
(Another name: spruce) (Genus "spruce, fir")
A tree 25-30 m high and 0.7-0.9 m in diameter, lives 250-300 years. The view is close to the previous one. The crown is narrow and dense. The trunks are straight. Poorly cleared of knots. The shoots are relatively thin. The needles are 10-15 (20) mm long and 1 mm wide. Blooms in June from 20-25 years. Cones hanging down. According to environmental indicators, it is close to common spruce. But more frost-resistant, cold-resistant and drought-resistant.
Scots pine
(Genus "pine")
Tree 25-40 m high and more than 1 m in diameter. Lives up to 350 (600) years. The needles are steamy, emerging from leathery brown sheaths, 4-9 cm long (it all depends on the age of the tree) and up to 2 mm wide, linearly spirally placed on the shoot, hard, prickly. Above: dark green, below: bluish-green with a waxy coating. The needles live 2-3 (8) years. The seeds ripen in the fall of the following year after flowering. The cones are single or in groups of 2-3, oblong-ovate, short pointed, 3-7 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter. The cones open in March-April. For example, one hectare of old pine forest produces 4-15 kg of seeds. It bears fruit annually, but fruitful years are only after 3-4 years. Scots pine is a very light-loving species, as evidenced by its openwork crown. The trunk is cleared of knots. About competition: easily replaced by more shade-tolerant and fast-growing species. It is not demanding on soil fertility and moisture. The breed is frost-resistant and cold-resistant.
Banks Pines
(Genus "pine")
The tree is 18-25 m high and 50-70 cm in diameter. Lives up to 120 years. The crown is medium dense, compact, and in old trees it is widely spreading and liquefied. The trunks are often variegated, often forked and gnarled. Coniferous steam room, 2-4 cm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, twisted, bent. Banks pine bears fruit annually from 5-7 years and abundantly. Cones are lateral, sessile, 2-3 (7) pieces each, oblong-oval, strongly curved. The root system is strong. The species is frost-resistant and drought-resistant, more shade-tolerant than Scots pine. A fast-growing breed, but growth stops at 40-50 years of age.
Weymouth Pine
(Genus "pine")
The tree is 30-35 (50) meters high and 120-150 cm in diameter. Lives 220-270 years. This breed was brought from North America in 1705 by Weymouth. The crown is wide-pyramidal and dense. The shoots are thin, greenish. The trunks are straight. Highly cleared of knots. The bark on trees up to 30 years old is thin, in middle age it is lamellar, and in old age it becomes thicker. The needles are linear, 6-11 cm long and up to 0.5 mm wide, in bunches of 5 pieces. The needles live for 2-3 years. Weymouth pine blooms in May. The cones ripen in the fall of next year. It bears fruit from 15-25 years (depending on the growing conditions of the tree). Harvest years are repeated every 2-5 years. The cones are hanging, slightly bent. The breed has little demand for soil fertility and moisture. It tolerates wet soils and even flowing swamps, where the root system is superficial and windiness can be observed. Requires moist air. Moderately sensitive to light.
Mountain pine
(Genus "pine")
A creeping tree species, mountain pine (Pinus mugo), common in the subalpine zone. Some specimens of mountain pine reach an age of 350 years. The trunks grow up to 12 meters in height with a diameter of up to 25 cm. Traditional medicine uses mountain pine in the treatment of various colds. Before the First World War, there was even a small factory in Montenegro for extracting essential oils from it.
Mountain pine often forms dense thickets up to 3 meters high over large areas, almost impassable by humans. This, according to legend, was used by a young shepherd who had to herd the sheep of a rich peasant. There was a condition: none of the sheep should be torn apart by wolves. The shepherd drove the sheep to Goverla, where there were pastures surrounded by dense pine thickets. Natural protection worked - not a single sheep was lost. In the fall, he drove all the sheep into the valley and asked for the rich man’s daughter to be his wife. The old man agreed. So the mountain pine helped the young shepherd not only keep his entire herd unharmed, but also find himself a wife.
European cedar pine
(Another name: European cedar) (Genus "pine")
The tree is 20-27 m high and 100-130 cm in diameter. Lives 500-600 (1000) years. The trunk is straight, poorly cleared of knots. The bark is smooth when young, then becomes thick and fissured. The crown in youth is dense, cone-shaped, and then pyramidal and broadly cylindrical. There are 5 needles each, the cones are located at the ends of the shoots, erect. The root system is wide, powerful, and even on rocky soils they penetrate deep into the ground. The breed is wind-resistant and grows slowly. Demanding on soil moisture, quite shade-tolerant.
Korean cedar pine
(Another name: Korean cedar) (Genus "pine")
The tree is 30-35 (60) m high and up to 2 m in diameter. Lives 400-700 years. The crown is of medium density, broadly cone-shaped, low-set. The trunks are straight, moderately tapered, poorly cleared of knots. The shoots are not thick, green. The needles grow in groups of 5 in sparse bunches. Length 7-15 (20) cm, and width up to 1 mm. The seeds are grey-brown. Contains 65% fat. Harvest every three years. The breed is slow growing. For example, at 20 years old the height reaches only 3 meters. Frost-resistant, shade-tolerant.
Siberian cedar pine
(Another name: Siberian cedar) (Genus "pine")
A tree up to 35 m high and up to 180 cm in diameter lives up to 500 years. The trunk in plantings is cylindrical, straight, slightly tapered, and in open spaces it is tapered, very thick in the lower part. The crown is dense, ovoid or oval spreading, wide. First order branches extend from the trunk at right angles. Blooms in June. The cones are erect. Fruiting occurs at 25-30 years. Most of all in 80-180 years. Reproduces with the help of rodents and birds. This breed is not demanding on soil fertility and moisture. Frost-resistant and cold-resistant, relatively shade-tolerant. Does not tolerate pollution well.
Crimean pine
(Genus "pine")
The tree is 25-30 m high and 70-90 (110) cm in diameter. Lives 250 (350) years. The crown at a young age is dense, pyramidal; in old age - flat umbrella-shaped. Steam needles, 10-18 cm long and up to 2.5 mm wide. The needles live for 3-5 years. Crimean pine blooms in May. The seeds ripen in the third year. The cones are sessile. Natural regeneration is not always successful. The breed is drought-resistant, heat-resistant, light-loving and smoke-resistant.
Yew
(Genus "yew")
There are few plants that are so often mentioned in legends as the yew (Taxus boccata). There must be something special about this tree, which can live for over 5,000 years, whose wood does not rot for centuries and sinks in water like a stone. At the age of 100 to 150 years, yew trees reach a height of about 10 meters and a diameter of 20 to 25 cm.
Previously, the yew was very common, as evidenced by the name of the Tisza River. For its valuable wood, the yew was heavily cut down in the years 1400-1700. Because of its decorative, hard and rot-resistant wood, furniture, dishes, jewelry, and even cannonballs were made for the castle in Khust. Yew wood was expensive and the local population apparently paid them tribute.
In Greek mythology, according to Pliny and Dioscorides, the yew was considered the tree of death. This is true because almost all parts of the yew, with the exception of the edible red pulp of the fruit, are highly poisonous. The constituent parts of the toxin are used today in medicine in the treatment of certain diseases of the nervous system and tumors.
Fir
(Another name: European fir) (Genus "fir")
The tree is 42-50 (60) g tall, diameter - 1.5-2.0 m. Lives 350-450 (700) years. The trunk is straight, columnar, full of wood, highly cleared of branches. The bark up to 50-60 years is smooth, thin, light gray. The crown is dense, acute pyramidal or cone-shaped in youth. In the older one it is cylindrical. The needles are 12-30 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, flat, hard, straight or slightly bent. It's dull at the top. The needles live 8-10 years. White fir bears fruit from 30-40 years. The cones are 10-18 (25) cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter, erect. The root system of a tree on light soils is a taproot, but on heavy soils there is no taproot. Does not tolerate low temperatures, dry air and soil, and extreme heat. The breed is also sensitive to late spring frosts.
On the territory of Russia, white fir (Abies alba) forms mainly mixed stands with the participation of fir and beech, and less often elm and ash. Fir can reach 500-600 years of age, 65 meters in height, and 2 meters in diameter. The crown of young trees is predominantly cone-shaped, later acquiring a cylindrical shape. In old trees, the growth of the trunk slows down significantly compared to the growth of the upper beech branches, and therefore the top of their crown takes on a flattened or nest-like shape. Unlike spruce, whose cones hang down, cylindrical fir cones, up to 20 cm long, stand straight on the branches, like candles. After the seeds ripen in late September - early October, the cones quickly disintegrate after the first frost and only the rods remain, which are visible on the tree branches for several years.
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