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Culture of Western Europe in the 11th – 13th centuries. Education in the heyday of the Middle Ages
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Culture In Latin, the word has several meanings: cultivation; upbringing; education; veneration.
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Education Rarely a person in the Middle Ages could boast that he went to school as a child. At first there were only monastic and church schools. At the end of the early Middle Ages, schools appeared at large cathedrals, city councils, and large craft workshops.
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Education Henry II ordered Bishop Mainwerk to slowly clean up the first syllable in the text of the funeral mass: Pro famulis et famulabis tuis (for your male and female slaves). As the emperor expected, the bishop did not notice this, and, while serving mass, solemnly sang: Pro mulis et mulabis tuis (for your donkeys and asses).
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Education Education was paid. The Middle Ages did not know a clear division into levels of education. Usually it took two to three years to study prayers, the alphabet, and acquire writing, singing and mental arithmetic skills. It was not easy to study; almost everything had to be learned by heart.
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Education The stick or rod was in the eyes of the teacher the main means of forcing children to study diligently. Parents of students specifically contributed money to buy rods. The best continued to study further, beginning to master the “paths” to knowledge inherited from antiquity.
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Grammar The Seven Liberal Arts Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music Dialectics Rhetoric
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Slide 9
Universities In the 11th century. new schools appeared for those who wanted to devote themselves to law, medicine or theology. In the middle of the 12th century. In the Italian city of Bologna, local students united to protect their interests. A little later in Paris, teachers of several schools did the same.
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University of Bologna (1088) University of Oxford (1188) University of Padua (1222) University of Paris (1253)
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Universities The Latin word “universitas” means totality, community. A university is a community of teachers and students, organized for the purpose of giving and receiving higher education and living according to certain rules.
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University management structure The university is headed by the rector Deans headed faculties Doctors Bachelors and Masters
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Universities Dispute between professors in the presence of students Practical classes for students of the Faculty of Medicine
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Western European culture V XI – XIII centuries
Education in the heyday of the Middle Ages
Culture
In Latin the word has several meanings:
- cultivation;
- upbringing;
- education;
- veneration.
Education
- It was a rare person in the Middle Ages who could boast that he went to school as a child.
- At first there were only monastic and church schools.
- At the end of the early Middle Ages, schools appeared at:
- large cathedrals,
- city councils,
- large craft workshops.
Education
Henry II ordered to quietly clean up the bishop's
Mainwerk in the text of the funeral mass the first syllable:
Pro famulis et famulabis tuis(for your male and female servants).
As the emperor expected, the bishop did not notice this, and, while serving
mass, solemnly sang:
P ro mulis et mulabis tuis(for your donkeys and donkeys).
Education
- Education was paid.
- The Middle Ages did not know a clear division into levels of education.
- Usually it took two to three years to study prayers, the alphabet, and acquire writing, singing and mental arithmetic skills.
- It was not easy to study; almost everything had to be learned by heart.
Education
- In the eyes of the teacher, a stick or rod was the main means of forcing children to study diligently.
- Parents of students specifically contributed money to buy rods.
- The best continued to study further, beginning to master the “paths” to knowledge inherited from antiquity.
Grammar
Rhetoric
Seven
liberal arts
Dialectics
Arithmetic
Geometry
Astronomy
Music
Universities
- In the 11th century new schools appeared for those who wanted to devote themselves to law, medicine or theology.
- In the middle of the 12th century. In the Italian city of Bologna, local students united to protect their interests.
- A little later in Paris, teachers of several schools did the same.
University of Bologna (1088)
University of Paris (1253)
Oxford University (1188)
University of Padua (1222)
Universities
Latin word « universitas" - totality, community.
University– community of teachers and students,
organized for the purpose of giving and receiving higher
education and living according to certain rules.
University governance structure
The university is headed by the rector
Deans headed faculties
The doctors
Bachelors and Masters
Universities
Dispute between professors
in the presence of students
Practical classes for students
Faculty of Medicine
Poetry of the "Vagants"
Everyone is welcome, everyone is equal, joining us in brotherhood, regardless of rank, title, wealth.
Our faith is not in the psalms! We glorify the Lord that we will not leave our brother in grief and tears. Whoever is ready to take off his shirt for his neighbor, accept our fraternal call, rush to us without fear!
I dream about my beloved day and night, I prefer her to all beauties.
Every little thing is dear to me: suffix, prefix and case, inflection, particle.
The young man says: “I love you!” Full of tenderness. And for us “to love” is a verb of the first conjugation.
You can compose songs About a beautiful lady, You can speak in prose Or in poetry, But at the same time you must be in friendship with cases!
I am a nomadic student... Fate struck me like your club.
Not for vain vanity, Not for entertainment - Because of bitter poverty I abandoned my studies.
In the autumn cold, I'm tormented by fever, I'm wandering in a tattered raincoat in the prickly rain.
- Tell us about the medieval school.
- What are trivium and quadrivium?
- What do you like and don't like about schools of the Middle Ages?
- What does the word "university" mean?
- Where and when did the first universities appear?
- How did you study at universities?
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Literature Azimov A. Guide to Science. From Egyptian pyramids to space stations. M., Afanasyev Yu.N., Voronkov Yu.S., Kuvshinov S.V. History of science and technology: Lecture notes. M., Besov L.N. History of science and technology from ancient times to the end of the 20th century: Textbook. Kharkov, Virginsky V.S., Khoteenkov V.F. Essays on the history of science and technology from ancient times to the mid-15th century. M., Zaitsev G.N., Fedyukin V.K., Atroshenko S.A. History of engineering and technology. St. Petersburg, Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya O.A. Culture of the Western European Middle Ages. M., Kefeli I.F. History of science and technology. St. Petersburg, Kirilin V.A. Pages of the history of science and technology. M., Le Goff J. Civilization of the medieval West. M., Polikarpov V.S. History of science and technology: textbook. Rostov-on-Don, Solomatin V.A. History of science. M., Sheipak A.A. History of science and technology. Materials and technologies: Textbook. Part 1. M., Shukhardin S.V. History of science and technology: Textbook. Part 1. M., Khinkis V.A. The Life and Death of Roger Bacon. M., 1971.
1. Education. The first universities in Europe In the early Middle Ages, there were three types of schools: Monastic: internal schools for boys preparing to become monks; external schools for lay boys. Cathedral or cathedral - at episcopal residences: for the training of future clergy: for the laity. Parish houses, which were maintained by priests.
Internal monastery schools In internal schools education was the most extensive. First of all, the Latin language was studied. First, reading, counting and church singing were studied, then grammar with elements of other liberal sciences. For the capable few, individual lessons in theology were conducted. Antique authors were widely used. The alphabet, individual words and phrases of the creed, prayers and liturgy were taken from the Greek language.
Universities Since the 11th century. In Europe, higher schools arose, which were later called universities (from the Latin Universilas - a collection). This name comes from the fact that the first universities were communities that united teachers and students (students called the university “alma mater” - affectionate mother).
Colleges The popes endowed doctors with benefices - income from church property; they also built dormitories for poor students, “colleges”; Later, doctors began to give lectures at these boards, and thus new educational institutions - colleges - appeared.
Faculties At the University of Bologna there were four faculties, one of them, “artistic”, was considered preparatory (they studied the “seven liberal arts”). Only a few students withstood all the tests and continued their studies at senior faculties - law, medicine and theology. Lawyers and doctors studied for 5 years, and theologians – 15.
Sorbonne If we consider a university to be a single corporation of students and professors in various disciplines, then it would be more correct to consider the University of Paris, founded in 1208, as the first. In 1257, the theologian Robert de Sorbon founded a theological college in Paris for children from poor families. In 1554, the college received the name Sorbonne and gradually merged with the theological faculty of the University of Paris. In the 17th century, the name Sorbonne extended to the entire University of Paris.
Oxford The exact date of foundation of the University of Oxford is unknown. Education at Oxford dates back to 1117. In the mid-13th century, colleges (University College, Balliol College, Merton College) were created by private benefactors to operate as independent student communities (there are now 38 colleges in the university). Since the 14th century, Oxford has been using a unique tutoring system in teaching - each student is under personal guardianship by a specialist in the chosen specialty.
Cambridge Cambridge was founded in 1209 when a group of Oxford students migrated to the town on the River Cam to escape hostile townspeople. Initially, the university existed in the form of groups of houses-“colleges”, in which students lived and attended lectures by scientists (now the university has 31 colleges). The universities of Cambridge and Oxford are often collectively referred to as "Oxbridge". These universities have a long history of rivalry with each other.
2. Confrontation of science and theology Structure of medieval scientific knowledge: 1) physical-cosmological direction (based on Aristotle’s doctrine of motion); 2) the doctrine of light (light as a substance, “God is light”); 3) the doctrine of living things (the science of the soul); 4) a complex of astrologer-medical knowledge, the study of minerals and alchemy.
Scholasticism Medieval scholasticism is a systematic medieval philosophy, which is a synthesis of Christian (Catholic) theology and Aristotelian logic. The earliest philosopher of scholastic times is John Scotus Eriugena, who lived in the 9th century and set out his philosophy mainly in the essay “On the Division of Nature.”
Distinctive features of scholasticism Compilation of “Sums” - systematization of knowledge on a particular issue. A thorough study of the question posed with a scrupulous consideration of all possible cases and the refutation of unorthodox views. High citation culture.
Thomas Aquinas () Philosophy is in the service of theology and is as much lower in importance than the limited human mind is lower than divine wisdom. 5 proofs of the existence of God: 1) Proof through motion 2) Proof through the productive cause 3) Proof through necessity 4) Proof from the degrees of being 5) Proof through the final cause
Realists and Nominalists Realists are philosophers who considered universals (genera and species) to be real outside of specific things. Eriugena Anselm of Canterbury Thomas Aquinas Nominalists are philosophers who believed that outside of concrete things, universals exist only in words that name things of a certain kind. John Roscellinus Pierre Abelard Duns Scotus William of Ockham
3. Development of extra-university “science” – alchemy and astrology Alchemy in Europe from the moment of its inception was in a semi-underground position; in 1317, Pope John XXII anathematized alchemy. However, European rulers, both secular and ecclesiastical, having outlawed alchemy, at the same time patronized it, counting on the benefits that would come from finding a way to obtain gold.
Tasks of European alchemists 1. Preparation of the Elixir or Philosopher's Stone; 2. Creation of a homunculus; 3. Preparation of alkahest - a universal solvent; 4. Paligenesis, or restoration of plants from ashes; 5. Preparation of the world spirit - a magical substance, one of the properties of which is the ability to dissolve gold. 6. Extraction of quintessence (the fifth element, ether, the subtlest substance). 7. Preparation of liquid gold, the most perfect remedy for healing.
Albert the Great () The first famous European alchemist was the Dominican monk Albert von Bolstedt, better known as Albert the Great. Author of The Book of Alchemy. For the first time he isolated arsenic in its pure form. He expressed the opinion that metals consist of mercury, sulfur, arsenic and ammonia.
Albert the Great's advice to alchemists 1. Let the alchemist be modest and silent; May he not reveal the secret of his experiments to anyone. 2. Let him live away from people, in his own house, where two or three rooms should be reserved for his experiments. 3. Let him determine with all care the time and hours of his work. 4. May he be patient, diligent and persistent. 5. May he perform, in accordance with the rules of art, grinding, sublimation (sublimation), fixation, calcination, dissolution, distillation (distillation) and fixation. 6. May he not use vessels other than glass or glazed clay, in order to avoid the effects of acids 7. May he be rich enough to pay the expenses that his experiments will require. 8. May he avoid all close relations with princes and nobles. For at first they will rush him in his work, but in case of failure he will face the most severe torture, while his reward for success will be prison.
Bonaventure () In 1270, the Italian alchemist Bonaventure, selecting liquid mixtures to obtain a universal solvent, merged concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids together and tested the effect of this mixture on gold powder. Gold disappeared before his eyes... The mixture was called “royal vodka” for its ability to dissolve the “king of metals” - gold.
Arnaldo de Villanova () Attributed miraculous healing properties (“panacea”) to the philosopher’s stone. He described the chemicals used as medicines and provided a detailed list of poisons and antidotes known at that time. He described a method for obtaining and distilling alcohol isolated from grape wine, which he called “water of life” (aqua vitae). In medical practice, along with medicines, he used amulets, and considered gold to be a universal medicine.
Astrology Features of European astrology: 1) Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (consists of 12 equal sectors; the point of the vernal equinox is chosen as the starting point for these sectors). 2) More attention is paid to the Sun than to the Moon. 3) Tends to involve mathematical and astronomical methods.
4. Roger Bacon (XIII century) - the herald of a new science Roger Bacon () was educated at Oxford and Paris universities (Master of Arts, 1241; Doctor of Philosophy, 1247). In 1278, for his sharp attacks on the ignorance and depravity of the clergy, he was accused of heresy and placed in prison.
Philosophy of R. Bacon Science and religion do not contradict each other, the goal of philosophy is to be able to substantiate faith. Truth is a child of time, so each new generation must correct the mistakes made by previous generations. Above all speculative knowledge and arts is the ability to carry out experiments. Only mathematics, as a science, is the most reliable and undoubted. With its help, you can check the data of all other sciences. The goal of all sciences is to increase human power over nature (“Knowledge is power”).
Sciences, their subject and benefits Philosophy Clarifies the relationships between special sciences and gives starting points for them based on the results of special sciences Mathematics Study nature. Study numbers and quantities. Mechanics With its help in the future flying machines, carriages moving without horses, ships sailing without oars and sails will be created. Optics Studies light and its propagation; R. Bacon himself invented glasses, predicted the principle of the telescope and microscope Astronomy Studies the natural forces of stars Science of gravity Studies the elements, since the main role in them is played by the difference between light and heavy Alchemy Studies inanimate formations and all sorts of elementary combinations of them; you can learn how to transform some elements into others Biology (agriculture) Studies organic objects, i.e. plants and animals Medicine Studies the human body, its health and illnesses Astrology Shows practical consequences from various sciences; allows you to know the past, present and future based on astronomical observations Magic Allows you to create a vital elixir, etc.
Discoveries of R. Bacon Invented gunpowder (a mechanical mixture of potassium nitrate, coal and sulfur). Invented glasses (advised people with poor vision to apply a convex lens to their eyes). He laid the foundations for the discovery of the New World, writing that “with a fair wind, the sea between the western tip of Spain and the shores of India can be crossed in just a few days.” Discovered spherical aberration (rays reflected by spherical mirrors are not collected at one point). He explained the appearance of a rainbow by refraction in raindrops.
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