Numeral- this is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question How many? or which?.

The numeral is a part of speech into which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - their relationship to number. The grammatical features of numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category of meaning the numeral belongs to.

Places of numerals by meaning

There are cardinal and ordinal numbers.

Quantitative numerals denote abstract numbers (five) and number of items (five tables) and answer the question How many?.

Cardinal numbers are integers (five), fractional (fiveseventh) and collective (five).

Whole Cardinal numerals denote whole numbers or quantities. Whole cardinal numbers are combined with counting nouns, that is, with nouns that denote objects that can be counted in pieces.

Fractional cardinal numerals denote fractional numbers or quantities and are combined as with counting nouns (twothird sweets), Same with uncountable nouns (two-thirdswater), but cannot be combined with animate nouns.

Collective Numerals denote the number of objects as a whole. Collective numbers include the words both, two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Collective numerals have limited combinability; they do not combine with all nouns, but only with some:

with nouns that name males (twomen); numeral both also combined with nouns denoting female persons (both women);

With nouns person, person, child (five people, persons,children);

with names of baby animals (seven kids);

with nouns that have only plural forms (two sleighs); These nouns are combined mainly with numerals two, three And four;

with nouns naming paired objects (two noseskov); two socks- these are two socks, and two socks- these are four socks, that is, two pairs of socks;

6) with personal pronouns we, you, they (there were no two of them).Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects when

account (first, second, fifth, one hundred twenty-fifth) and answer the question which?, which one?.

Digits of numerals by structure

Based on their structure, numerals are divided into simple and compound.

Simple numerals are one-component (two, two, second).

Composite numerals are not single-component, that is, they are written with spaces (fifty five, five tenths, five thousand fiftyfifth place).

Complexes 2 and 3 are also distinguished complex numerals that are one-component, but have two or more roots (five hundred,five-and-hundred-thousandth). In complex 2, for some reason, this group also included numerals ending in - eleven (fifteen),To which element -eleven is not a second root, but a suffix.

The identification of complex numerals in these educational complexes is associated with methodological goals - teaching the declension of complex numerals with second roots -ten And -hundred (five-and-ten-and, five-and-hundred).

Grammatical features of cardinal numbers

The only “full-fledged” morphological feature of cardinal numbers is the feature case. Numerals do not have a morphological sign of number (about words one, thousand, million, billion see below). The morphological feature of gender is represented only in numerals two, both, one and a half, Moreover, they contrast two generic forms, one for the masculine and neuter gender (twotable, window), the other is for the feminine (two desks):

			One and a half
	m., Wed. genus		m., Wed. genus		m., Wed. genus
			one and a half	one and a half
	dv-uh		one and a half		both of them	both of them
	dv-um		one and a half		both of them	both of them
			one and a half	one and a half
	dv-umya		one and a half		about them	both of them
	dv-uh		one and a half		both of them	both of them

As we see, the words two And one and a half generic differences appear only in I. p. and V. p., in the word both gender differences can be traced in all cases, and in I. p. and V. p. they are expressed by the ending, and in other cases - by the stem (if we accept the division into morphemes that is given in the table).

Changing numerals by case is called declination. Numerals have special types of declension (called numeral in linguistics) and substantive types of declension. ,

Numerals are declined in a special way two, one and a half(see above), three, four, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred:

		Four	Fourty	Ninety		One and a half hundred
		four	fourty	ninety		one and a half hundred
	three	four	magpie	ninety		one and a half hundred
	three	four	magpie	ninety		one and a half hundred
	I. p. / R. p.		fourty	ninety		one and a half hundred
	three	four	magpie	ninety		one and a half hundred
	three	four	magpie	ninety		one and a half hundred

As we see, the numerals three And four they incline equally, and the words forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half And one and a half hundred only two forms differ - one for I. p. and V. p., the other for R. p., D. p., T. p. and P. p.

Numerals five- twenty And thirty inclined according to the third declension, that is, like a word sting, and the numeral eight Variable forms of T.p. are presented - eight And eight.

In numerals fifty- eighty And two hundred- nine hundred(that is, the names of tens on -ten and hundreds per -sot) both parts are declined: the first as the corresponding simple numeral, the second for numerals on -ten according to the third declension, and for numerals on -sot (-sti, -sta) by plural number of substantive declension (with the exception of forms I. and V. p.).

Cardinal numbers are characterized specially compatiblestu with nouns.

Whole and collective numerals are combined with nouns as follows: in I. p. (V. p.) the numeral is the main word and controls the noun, requiring it to be placed in R. p. unit. numbers for words two three And four and in R. p. pl. numbers for words five and further. In other cases, the main noun is the noun, and the numeral agrees with it, for example:

three~(I- P.) ^tEvil(R. p. unit); five(I. p.) tables(R. p. pl. h) three(R.p.) tables(R. p. plural); five(R.p.) tables(R. p. plural) three(D.p.) tables(D. p. plural); five(D.p.) tables(D.p.pl.) three(V.p.) table(R. p. unit); five(V.p.) tables(R. p. plural) three(T.p.) tables(T.p.pl.); five(T.p.) tables(T.p.pl.) (o) three(P.p.) tables(P. p. plural); five(P.p.) tables(P. n. plural)

Fractional Cardinal numerals always control the R. of a noun, and the number of this noun depends on the meaning of the construction, cf.: one second candy- one second candy.

In grammatical terms, words stand out among cardinal numerals one, thousand, million, billion, trillion and other names of larger numbers.

Word one changes according to gender, number and cases, in which it agrees with the noun (one table, one desk, one window, alonesled). Plural form alone to denote one object is combined with nouns that have only a plural form (one sleigh, gate, scissors). The word bows one according to mixed declension: in I. (V.) p. has substantive endings (oneO, one-a, one-o, one-and), in other cases - adjectival declensions. In other words, the numeral one grammatically behaves like a relative adjective.

Words thousand, million, billion and others have a constant morphological character of the genus (first thousand- female genus, first million- husband. gender), change by numbers and cases (first thousand, first thousand). These words are declined according to substantive declensions (youa thousand- according to the first declension, million and others - according to the II declension). When combined with nouns, these words always control the noun, requiring it to be put in the form of R. p. plural. numbers: I. p. thousand tons R. p. thousand tons D. p. thousand tons V. p. thousand tons etc. thousand tons P. p. (o) thousand tons.

In other words, these words behave grammatically like nouns. They are classified as numerals only on the basis of their meaning.

In a sentence, the cardinal number, together with the noun to which it refers, is one member of the sentence:

I bought five books.Grammatical features of ordinal numbers

The grammatical features of ordinal numbers are similar to relative adjectives. Ordinal numbers vary by gender, number and case and in all forms agree with the nouns they refer to. Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives (according to adjectival declension, and the word third- mixed: third-0, third-him, third-him, third-him, third-him,

as a possessive adjective). In compound ordinal numbers, only the last part is declined:

I. p. two thousand and five

R. p. two thousand and five

D. p. two thousand five

V. p. two thousand and five

etc. two thousand and five

P. p. (about) two thousand and five.

The numeral as a part of speech has the following features of presentation in educational complexes.

All three complexes study the numeral in one stage in the 6th grade and present the material with slight differences. In all complexes, the main attention is paid to the issue of the categories of numerals in meaning and structure and declension of numerals. The actual morphological features of numerals are discussed very briefly, which does not allow students to develop a clear understanding of the grammatical heterogeneity of numerals of different categories and some words within the category of cardinal numerals.

Complex 2 identifies 4 categories of numerals by meaning: cardinal, collective, ordinal and fractional (and proposes precisely this order of study) and notes that “cardinal numerals change by case, but have no gender (except for words one two) and numbers (except for the word one)". The wording “does not have a gender” requires clarification: numerals one two, and also for some reason not included in this list when considering the corresponding categories both And one and a half have a non-constant sign of gender, that is, they change according to gender, while cardinal numerals thousand,million, billion and other names of large numbers have a constant gender attribute. About the grammatical features of the word thousand etc. are not mentioned in any of the complexes, which greatly complicates their morphological analysis. Only in complex 2 is it said about the peculiarities of the syntactic compatibility of cardinal numerals with nouns and that grammatically “ordinal numbers are similar to adjectives.”

Complex 3, like complex 1, divides numerals into quantitative and ordinal and within quantitative ones distinguishes sub-categories of integer, fractional and collective numerals. In connection with the speech orientation of the complex, the main emphasis of complex 3 is on the use of numerals: their declination, selective lexical compatibility of collective numerals, use of the word both/both, and the numerals both And both presented as separate words, while two And two presented as forms of one word.

Numerals are an independent part of speech, indicating the number of objects, their serial number, as well as the total number. Depending on their purpose, numerals are divided into three broad groups, each of which is described in detail in this article. It also provides grammatical signs of numerals and visual examples.

Numerals are studied in 6th grade. This part of speech can denote the number of some objects, the number of an object in order, as well as the quantity as a whole. Depending on this value they are divided into 3 large groups.

Numerals can be quantitative, ordinal And collective. Each of these groups of words has its own characteristics.

Table“Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals in the Russian language” with examples

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For example: ten, thirty, seven hundred eleven.

Numerals of this category can have different case forms. For some cardinal numerals, the form of gender and number is determined. The following table reflects all the features of words in this category.

Changing cardinal numbers

Numeral	How it changes	Examples
1	By gender, number and case	One - one, alone, alone
2,3, 4	By cases and genders	Two, two, two, three
5-20,30	By cases, as a being of the 3rd class.	Wed: tablecloth - ten, eleven
50-80, 200-900	By case, both parts change	Fifty, three hundred
40, 90, 100	According to cases, they have only 2 forms	Forty - forty One hundred - one hundred Ninety - ninety
1000	By cases as a noun. 1st class	Wed: Candles - a thousand
1000000,	By cases as a noun. 2nd class	Wed: home - million - billion

Ordinal numbers: grammatical features

Numerals of this category are grammatically similar to adjectives. They can also have forms of different cases, genders and numbers.

Ordinal numbers can also have different structures. When declension of compound numerals of this category changes only the last word. For example.

Denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?

Numerals are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories: quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one), collective (both, two, five) And ordinal (first, second, hundredth). The composition of cardinal numerals includes definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first ones denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words few, a lot, a lot of, A little, as well as pronominal numerals some, How many, for some time, how much, so many.

Cardinal number

Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question “how much?”, “how many?”, “How many?” and so on.

Cardinal numbers have two meanings.

1. Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical meaning, represented by two particular values ​​-
   • quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five goals, three chairs, ten days, some years) And
   • numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two without a remainder, three times ten - thirty; some- this is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, not much at all; oral speech).
2. Only definite cardinal numerals have a countable ordinal meaning: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when counting is stopped, limited to the number of three); car eight, place thirty-five(place, last in a row, when counting is stopped, limited to 35 places).

Spelling cardinal numbers in Russian

• Simple (consist of one base) for example: “one” (1), “two” (2), “three” (3)
• Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: “eighteen” (18), “eighty” (80), “eight hundred” (800).
• Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: “eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight” (88888).

Spelling of numerals

1. For the numerals “five” - “nineteen”, as well as “twenty” and “thirty”, b is written at the end, and for the numerals “fifty” - “eighty” and “five hundred” - “nine hundred” - in the middle of the word.

2. The numerals “ninety” and “one hundred” have the ending O in the nominative and accusative cases, and in other cases - the ending A. (“to spend a hundred rubles”, “one hundred rubles are missing”). The numeral “forty” in the nominative and accusative cases has a zero ending, and in other cases it has the ending A. (“he is not even forty years old”). In the nominative and accusative cases, the numeral “two hundred” has the ending I, and the numerals “three hundred” and “four hundred” have the ending A (“has existed for three hundred years”).

3. Complex numerals (both quantitative and ordinal), consisting of two stems, are written together (“sixteen”, “sixteenth”, “nine hundred”, “nine hundredth”).

4. Compound numerals are written separately, having as many words as there are significant figures, not counting zeros (“five hundred twenty-three”, “five hundred twenty-third”). However, ordinal numbers ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth” are written together (“one hundred thousandth”, “two hundred and thirty billionth”).

5. Fractional numerals are written separately (“three fifths”, “three whole (and) one second”), but the numerals “two-half”, “three-half”, “four-half” are written together. The numerals “one and a half” and “one and a half hundred” have only two case forms: “one and a half” (“one and a half” in the female form), “one and a half hundred” for the nominative and accusative case and “one and a half”, “one and a half hundred” for all other cases without generic differences.

6. In compound cardinal numerals, all the words forming them are declined (“two hundred and fifty six” - “two hundred and fifty six”, “two hundred and fifty six”), when fractional numerals are declined, both parts also change (“three fifths” - “three fifths” - “three-fifths” - “three-fifths” - “about three-fifths”).

7. But when declension of a composite ordinal number, only the ending of the last component changes (“two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth”).

8. The word “thousand” is declined as a feminine noun by -A; the words “million” and “billion” are declined as masculine nouns with a consonant as the stem.

9. Please note: the numerals “both” (m. and middle r.) and “both” (f. r.) are declined differently: for the numeral “both” the basis for declension is “both-” (“both” , “both”, “both”), and the numeral “both” has the basis “both-” (“both”, “both”, “both”).

10. Please note: with a mixed number, the noun is governed by a fraction, and it is used in the genitive singular: 1 2/3 m (“one whole and two thirds of a meter”).

Other types of numerals

Declension of numerals

In the Russian language, when declension of cardinal numerals, all words and all parts of compound words change, and when declension of ordinal names, only the last word changes: five hundred sixteen - heels yu one hundred sixteen yu - five hundred sixteen th .

see also

Notes

Links

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Synonyms:

See what “Numeral” is in other dictionaries:

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 numeral (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

A part of speech characterized by: a) the designation of abstract numbers or the number of objects and their counting order (semantic feature); b) the almost complete absence of the categories of gender and number and special forms of declension and word formation... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

numeral- A significant part of speech, which expresses, by the entire set of words included in it, the counting system existing in a given linguistic society, in which each numeral expresses an element of this system - a numerical concept (number, quantity... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Numeral- see Numeral...

numeral- gram. A part of speech that denotes the number or order of objects when counting them and varies by cases (cardinal numerals) or by gender, cases and numbers (ordinal numerals) ... Dictionary of many expressions

A numeral is an independent part of speech, denoting a quantity or quantitative attribute, the order of an object when counting, and answers the questions “which?”, “how much?”. A numeral is an independent part of speech, denoting quantity and... ... Wikipedia

NUMERAL, wow, cf. or a numeral in grammar: a word (noun or adjective) denoting a quantity or quantitative attribute, the order of objects when counting. Quantitative h. (denoting quantity as a number, for example two ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 numeral name (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

It is a separate part of speech, denoting an object and having a developed morphology, inherited mainly from the Proto-Slavic language. Contents 1 Categories 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia

Numeral- famous part of speech, which is a non-replenishable class of words with a quantitatively countable meaning. Usually there are five categories of numbers: 1) quantitative, 2) collective, 3) ordinal, 4) fractional, 5) indefinite. Quantity Hours indicate the number of... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Books

• , Zikeev Anatoly Georgievich. Four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…
• Practical grammar in Russian language lessons. In 4 parts. Part 3. Participle. Numeral. Adverb. Grif Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Zikeev A.G.. The four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…

6th grade

System of lessons on the topic
"Numeral"

We present a system of lessons for the section “Morphology. Numeral name” (UMK edited by V.V. Babaytseva).

Why was there a need to compile such material? Quite a lot of didactic material devoted to this topic is now being published. But it is often difficult for a teacher to find the necessary publications when preparing for lessons (didn’t catch my eye...). It’s such a shame that useful material from wonderful authors was not available on time. Therefore, I decided to collect all the material I had, but not just collect it, but form it into lessons. There is no need to reinvent the wheel if there are excellent works by our linguistic scientists and practicing teachers. Let's think about how to use them.

All lessons devoted to this section aroused genuine interest, and the final results showed good knowledge of the students.

Each of my sixth graders received a folder - “Numerals”, a textbook. The material on the topics is distributed in accordance with the thematic planning of work in the 6th grade according to the educational complex “Russian language: Theory”, “Russian language: Practice”, “Russian speech” (“Russian language at school”, No. 6, 2003; No. 1, 2004). All practical material is given according to the principle: from theory to practice. Theoretical material is presented compactly, forcing students to think rather than mechanically memorize. The headings “This is interesting”, “Let’s think”, “Change”, etc. will help broaden the horizons of students.

This project in no way replaces the textbook material, but only complements it, making the work in the lesson more varied, more interesting, and developing motivation for learning.

Using the presented didactic material to consolidate theoretical knowledge, the teacher has the opportunity to apply a differentiated approach to questioning and reflection. Each exercise has a practical focus on developing students’ speech.

Thematic planning of work to study the section
"Numeral"

1. The concept of numerals (§ 108, 1 hour).

2. Simple, complex and compound numerals (§ 109, 2 hours).

3. Cardinal numbers. Declension of cardinal numbers (§ 110–111, 2 hours).

4. Collective numbers (§ 113, 2 hours).

5. Ordinal numbers (§ 114, 2 hours).

6. Fractional numbers (§ 115, 1 hour).

7. Morphological analysis of numerals (this topic is not discussed separately).

8. Repetition of what was learned in the section (1 hour).

9. Test work and its analysis (2 hours).

The concept of numerals (§ 108, 1 hour)

– What time did you wake up today?

- How many lessons do you have tomorrow?

– In what year were the first Olympic Games held?

– How old was Chernogorsk in 2006?

– How many letters are in the alphabet?

– How many colors does the rainbow have?

– How long does a horse live on average?

When do we use numbers?

We are constantly counting something. Numbers surround us everywhere. Meanwhile, the numeral is the smallest part of speech, it has only a few dozen words. In terms of frequency of use in speech, numerals occupy 8th place.

1. Let's work with § 108 (“Russian language: Theory”).

Work plan:

1) Reading the paragraph.

2) Registration of information by the cluster.

3) Work in pairs: compiling an insert using the marking technique.

2. Let's talk!

– What was already familiar?

– What new information did you receive?

– What caused doubts, what do you disagree with?

– We will ask “thick” and “thin” questions and answer them.

3. On a note!

There are only 13 roots in the Russian language, from which many numerals are derived: one – ten, forty, one hundred, thousand. The use of numerals makes the statement more convincing and reasoned.

4. Practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text. Retell.

In ancient times, people counted on their fingers. There was a time when the count reached only four - according to the number of outstretched four fingers. Then counting in fives arose. With the development of economic and cultural life, counting improved. Finally, modern counting arose - in tens.

Our Russian numerals were originally nouns or adjectives. So, for example, the word five meant about the same as five or five, those. had the meaning of the subject. Subsequently, this meaning ceased to be recognized in most counting words, and they lost the characteristics of number and gender. This is how a new part of speech emerged.

(According to V. Dobromyslov)

*Prove in writing that the word five is a numeral and a word five- noun. (You can use other words for proof: two is a two, three is a three and so on.)

Task 2. Digital dictation(1 – numeral, 2 – noun, 3 – verb).

Ten, tithe, ten, triple, three, three, four, thousand, seventeen, double, one.

Task 3. The fact that numerals are often used in figurative speech is evidenced by many proverbs, sayings and riddles. Game "Carry On!"

1) One head is good, but (...)

2) Measure seven times – (...)

3) Don’t have a hundred rubles, but (...)

4) Four brothers under one roof. (...)

5) A hundred clothes – and (...)

6) Two brothers live across the road. (...)

Task 4. Read phraseological units with numerals. Try to explain what they mean.

1) Cut with one comb.

2) Two inches from the pot.

3) Like two peas in a pod.

4) Seven spans in the forehead.

5) Sip jelly seven miles away.

6) Behind seven seals.

7) Two boots - a pair.

8) Talk to three boxes.

9) Eat a pound of salt.

10) Like a yardstick he swallowed.

* What other phraseological units with numerals do you know? Write down as much as possible.

5. This is interesting!

Ancient measures of length and weight

“Of all her (the lady’s) servants, the most remarkable person was the janitor Gerasim, a man twelve inches tall, built like a hero and deaf-mute from birth,” this is how I.S. describes. Turgenev of his hero at the beginning of the story “Mumu”.

We know that Gerasim is a hero, but still, how tall was he?

Vershok is an ancient measure of length equal to 4.45 centimeters. It turns out that Gerasim’s height was only 53 centimeters? What, is he a dwarf? Something is wrong here.

The reader of the 19th century is well aware that a person’s height was determined in vershoks above the two arshins required for a normal person. Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 meters. It was assumed that the reader knew about this.

Now calculate how tall the heroic janitor was.

The first units of length, both in Russia and in other countries, were associated with the sizes of parts of the human body.

Fathom is a measure of length associated with the size of both hands (2.13 meters).

A cubit is a measure of length equal to approximately 0.5 meters.

Span – the distance between the extended thumb and forefinger.

To measure long distances in Rus' they used a mile away(previously called field); in different places verst was considered differently - from 500 to 700 fathoms. Pushkin’s poem “Demons” has the lines:

There's an unprecedented mileage there
He stuck out in front of me;
There he sparkled with a small spark
And disappeared into the darkness empty.

One came from the eastern merchants arshin. There were different arshins: Turkish, Persian, etc. Therefore, the saying arose “measure by your arshin.”

There were also several fathoms. Machaya fathom- this is the distance between the ends of the fingers, which are spread apart to a full swing of the arms (1.76 m). Oblique fathom– the distance from the ends of the fingers of the raised right hand to the ends of the fingers of the left foot (2.48 m).

Under Peter I, Russian measures were brought into a certain system:

1 verst = 500 fathoms (1.06 km);

1 fathom = 3 arshins (2.13 m);

1 arshin = 16 vershoks (0.71 m);

1 vershok = 4.45 cm;

1 pood = 40 pounds (16.4 kg);

1 ft = 96 spools (410 g);

1 spool = 4.3 g.

At the end of the 19th century, the metric system of measures was introduced in most countries of the world, including Russia. However, according to tradition, sailors still measure distances miles(1852 m) and cable(tenth of a mile), and the speed is nodes(1 mph). The mass of diamonds is measured in carats(0.2 g – mass of wheat grain). Oil volume – in barrels(159 l). And programmers measure the length of the monitor in inches(2.54 cm, 1/12 ft).

6. Summary.

Advice: read § 108 again.

- A numeral is...

– The general grammatical meaning of the numeral is ...

– Cardinal numbers change only by..., do not have... .

Words one two have...

– Ordinal numbers change...

– In a sentence, cardinal numbers can be... a member of the sentence, ordinal numbers are usually..., less often -....

7. Change.

* Read the encrypted words. Make up your own words of this type.

Smor1a, po2l, elek3k, 100l, vi3na, pa3ot, o5, 100rona, 100yanka, pi100let, 40a, 7ya, 100p, 100n.

Simple, complex and compound numerals (§ 109, 2 hours)

1. To the bank of words.

Kilometer

This word came to us in the 18th century from the French language, where it was complex: both of its roots go back to the Greek words meaning “thousand” (kilo) and "measure" (meter), those. kilometer- “a thousand meters.”

The word was borrowed in the Peter the Great era from the German language, goes back to Latin about sentum, which means "for a hundred."

2. Working with § 109.

We read, understand, write down the main things in the reference book.

– So, what do you know about this composition?

3. A knot for memory.

Odie nn ten, mi ll ion, mi ll yard

4. Practice.

Exercise 1. Read the text and look at the table (exercise No. 396).

Task 2. Game “Who is bigger?”

Choose words with the same root for the numerals one two.

5. Orthoepic minute.

1) In numerals on -twenty standardized pronunciation [ts].

2) Seven hundred, eight hundred– [ms]. Seven, eight, seventy, eighty– soft [m’].

3) Five hundred– [five hundred], six hundred– [six hundred], nine hundred– [nine hundred].

4) In the numeral sixteen one sound “falls out” when pronouncing [sn], becoming unpronounceable (we check spelling with a simple numeral six).

6. Learn the rule!

Write b At the end From 5 to 20, 30 In the middle 50–80, 500–900

7. Let's get back to practice.

Exercise 1. Write down the text, replacing numbers with words. Don't forget: you must pronounce the numbers clearly!

18 parachutes, 15 plants, 50 programs, 480 copies, 600 kilometers, 14 percent, 800 brochures, 500 briefcases, 16 secretaries.

Task 2. Write down the numerals, explain the spelling b in them.

The World Ocean is home to 18 thousand species of fish. The greatest depth of the Baltic Sea is 459 meters, the Azov Sea is 14 meters. The longest river in the world is the Nile, its length is 6671 kilometers. The greatest depth of Lake Baikal is 1637 meters.

Cardinal numbers.
Declension of cardinal numbers (§ 110–111, 2 hours)

1. Learn the rule

You already know that cardinal numbers indicate the number of objects and answer the question How many? But the question itself (pronoun) changes according to cases! Means, ... . Right! Cardinal numbers change according to cases, i.e. inclined, but have no gender (except one two) and numbers (except one).

Now read § 111 carefully.

* Substitute your number and decline according to the model given in the table § 111. Do not forget to train your speech.

What is the peculiarity of the declension of these numerals?

Conclusion: you are right if you saw that When complex cardinal numbers are declined from 50 to 80 and from 200 to 900, each part of the word changes.

Numbers with hundreds are the most difficult to decline: three hundred, six hundred, eight hundred.

A knot for memory!

Use T.L.'s hint. Sluzhevskaya from the book “Lessons of Russian Literature” (St. Petersburg, 1994. P. 125). She suggests, in case of difficulty, replacing the second part of a complex numeral ending in -sot, word note(it is of the same declension).

I.p. five hundred - five notes.

etc. heels yu st am and - toe yu notes ami.

Note!

– Until how long did you watch TV yesterday?

– To how many come to the disco?

When declension of compound cardinal numerals, each word changes individually. And each of these words is inclined according to its own rules: seven hundred twenty five, seven And hundred twenty And heels And, seven And one hundred twenty-five.

This rule is often violated, especially in spoken language. But any cultured person needs to learn how to correctly decline numerals.

2. Therefore, it is time for training.

Exercise 1. Write it down, replacing numbers with words.

472 hectares, 287 excursionists, from 596 pages, with 728 passengers, in 1995, at 220 volts, with 411 tons, 16 pairs, from 25 cities, to 30 degrees, from 1800 participants, among 962 students, with 245 students.

Task 2. The director of one school, in which there were 863 students, had to constantly write all sorts of reports, which means using the compound numeral eight hundred sixty three in different cases. Look how he did it.

I.p. Eight hundred sixty-three is the number of students for the 2003/04 school year.

R.p. All eight hundred and sixty-three students have a uniform.

D.p. All eight hundred and sixty-three students were thanked.

V.p. I am obliged to reward eight hundred and sixty three students (numerals two three four have different forms of v.p. when combined with shower. or inanimate. nouns: three students, But three tables).

etc. As a school principal, I am proud of all my eight hundred (eight hundred) sixty-three students.

P.p. Teachers think about eight hundred and sixty-three students every day and night.

* Now imagine that there were not 863, but 974 students in this school, and make 6 sentences with this numeral, putting the numerals in 6 different cases.

Task 3. Rewrite the sentence, adding punctuation marks and adding endings to the numerals.

The monkey Washoe, which scientists taught the language of the deaf and dumb, after five years of training, spoke one hundred sixty words, and by the end of the training, her vocabulary included about eight hundred words of verbs, nouns and adjectives.

Task 4. Write the numbers in words and indicate the case of the numerals.

1) From 500 kilograms of waste paper, you can get 375 kilograms of new paper and produce 12,500 student notebooks.

2) The first woman to go into space was Valentina Tereshkova. Her ship landed 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes after launch. During its flight, it made more than 48 complete revolutions around the Earth.

Task 5. Write out numerals from the text, replacing numbers with words.

The longest living of domestic animals is the donkey, it lives up to 50 years, the horse and camel live up to 30 years, the cow - up to 25, the dog and cat live up to 15 years. Fish are distinguished by significant durability. The life of a pike is measured at 70 years, a catfish - 100 years, a goldfish - 30. The life expectancy of an eagle is close to 80 years, a crow - 70, chickens - 20. The life of an earthworm is estimated at 10 years, a crayfish - 20 years. The turtle is considered the most ancient animal - it lives about 300 years. The age limit for whales is about 50 years, and for elephants - about 80.

Numerals, of course, are found not only in mathematics textbooks.

Task 6. Read the text from the book by the famous philologist M.L. Gasparov "Entertaining Greece". Don't forget to name the numerals in the correct case.

The circumference of the globe was first measured by the ancient Greek philosopher Eratosthenes, who lived in the south of Egypt, in the city of Siena.

Siena lay right on the Northern Tropic: once a year, on June 22, the sun stood at its zenith at noon and objects did not cast shadows. (Travelers deliberately came to Siena to look at such a wonder.) Eratosthenes took advantage of this. Alexandria was further north, where shadows fell from objects that day. Eratosthenes measured the angle at which they fell. It turned out to be more than seven degrees - one fiftieth of a circle. Consequently, Eratosthenes concluded, the distance by land between Seine and Alexandria is equal to one fiftieth of the entire circumference of the globe. The Egyptians considered this distance to be 5 thousand stadia, that is, 800 kilometers.

Is this accurate or not? 2000 years later, on the eve of the French Revolution, French astronomers made the same measurement in France and found the circumference of the Earth to be exactly 40 thousand kilometers. (I say “exactly” because it was from this measurement that our current unit “meter” came from: it is equal to one forty-millionth of the Parisian meridian.) The accuracy of Eratosthenes’ measurement is amazing. This is one of the most glorious victories of ancient science.

* Make a plan for the text, and then retell it according to the plan. Check whether you have used the numerals correctly in your text. Orally indicate the rank of each numeral in composition and meaning.

Task 7. Read the text out loud as if you were the host of the TV show “The Obvious is the Incredible.” Determine what kind of text it is - fiction, scientific or popular science.

The mystery of Atlantis has been troubling humanity for ten thousand years. For the first time, the ancient philosopher Plato spoke about Atlantis and the very ancient civilization of the Atlanteans in his famous “Dialogues”. Atlantis was allegedly located west of the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar), in the Atlantic Ocean. The continent died more than nine thousand years ago as a result of severe earthquakes and floods.

Plato reported that his source was the work of an Athenian scientist named Solon, who, in turn, received information about the disappeared continent during a trip to Egypt around 600 BC, talking with priests and exploring archives.

Over the millions of years of its existence, Atlantis experienced four catastrophes, after each of which the continent shrank and fragmented. 90–100 centuries BC Atlantis perished, plunging into the abyss of water.

Plato's tale, set out in the dialogues Timaeus and Critias, is amazing. It tells of the mighty Atlantean people, of their beautiful island, and of the great and marvelous alliance of kings, whose power extended over the whole island, over many other islands, and over part of the mainland. Plato described the capital of the last kingdom of Atlantis - the City of the Golden Gates - as round as the disk of the Sun, which the Atlanteans worshiped. The plain that surrounded the capital on three sides was transformed by people into a smooth, regular rectangle 555 kilometers long and 370 kilometers wide. Around the perimeter of the plain, a ditch was dug 32 meters deep, 85 meters wide, and its length was 1850 kilometers. The entire territory of the plain was crossed from north to south by 289 canals, each of which was 30 meters wide and 370 meters long.

Writing, science, technology, and art were developed in the country. The Atlanteans even had flying machines. For many generations it was a country of wealth, abundance and justice. But the Atlanteans gradually turned away from virtue. During the last Atlantis they presented a shameful spectacle. And then, legends say, Zeus, the god of gods, decided to impose punishment on the people of Atlantis. The time has come for unprecedented earthquakes and floods... And Atlantis plunged into the abyss.

This is how Plato describes Atlantis, given by Poseidon to his first-born Atlas.

(According to N. Glazkov and V. Landa)

* Rewrite, highlighting dangerous places, the part of the text that talks about the capital of Atlantis. Write numbers in words. This is always done when preparing to pronounce a difficult text. Above the numerals, write the category by meaning and composition. Prepare to retell the text.

Task 8. Help me correct errors in the use of numerals. Write down the edited version.

1) There are more than eight hundred street clocks in Moscow. 2) About three hundred million years ago our Earth was completely different from what it is now. Some trees reached almost forty meters. 3) In ancient Greek the word stadium the most often called measure of length was equal to six hundred Greek feet, otherwise one hundred and twenty-five steps, or the distance that a person covers in two minutes. 4) An adult corn plant evaporates about eight hundred grams of water per day. 5) Interestingly, banana reaches a height of six to seven meters, and bamboo - forty meters. 6) Pines live up to three hundred and fifty to four hundred years and reach thirty to forty-five meters in height. 7) The first microscopes provided magnification up to two hundred and seventy times, and modern light microscopes - up to three thousand six hundred times.

A knot for memory!

Numerals one and a half (m.r.), one and a half (f.r.), one and a half hundred for all cases except i.p. and v.p., have one form: one and a half, one and a half hundred.

Task 9. Write it down, inserting numbers one and a half or one and a half hundred in the required form.

1) ...kilometer(s) left to go. 2) Tourists have about... kilometers left to walk. 3) Another five hundred meters have been added to... the kilometers of the highway. 4) The new highway... kilometers longer than before. 5) Our village is... kilometers from the highway.

Task 10. Write it down using parentheses.

1) The plan was completed (one and a half months, three weeks, four days) ahead of schedule. 2) The village is located (one and a half hundred kilometers, forty-four kilometers) from the regional center. 3) The time for doing homework is (one and a half hours, two hours, ninety minutes). 4) The repair time was reduced to (one and a half weeks, three decades, 50 days).

Check yourself!

One and a half thousand, one and a half hundred kilometers, about one and a half dozen, about one and a half thousand, about one and a half one hundred copies.

3. Reflect!

What are the features of changing numerals forty, ninety, one hundred? (Refer to the support material on page 142, “Practice.”)

4. This is interesting!

Word fourty in Ancient Rus' it was a noun. It meant "bag". A bag of forty sables served as a monetary unit. Four dozen sable or squirrel skins were put into one forty (bag), which was a set for a whole fur coat. Thus, fourty– first a bag, then a bag with 40 sables (or squirrels) and, finally, a numeral fourty.

5. Change!

1. Many-legged mystery.

Two legs on three legs
And the fourth is in the teeth.
Suddenly four came running
And they ran away with one.
Two legs jumped up
Three legs grabbed
Three legs screamed
They shouted to the whole house, -
Yes, three times four!
But four screamed
And they ran away with one.

(K. Chukovsky)

Guess what, guys:
What kind of digital acrobat is this?
If it gets on your head,
Will it be exactly three less?

Collective numbers (§ 113, 2 hours)

1. Before we talk about collective numerals, try to determine the syntactic role of numerals, and you will find supporting material in § 112.

Check yourself!

1) The traffic light has three colors, they are clear to the driver. 2) The first platoon boarded the pontoons. The second one is behind him. 3) And two snakes and two hedgehogs live in our apartment. 4) For about ten hours we were two hundred meters from the boat. 5) “What is the second unit for?” – asked the older sister.

2. Learn the rule! (§ 113)

Collective numerals are close to _____ numerals and denote _____.

This is (list the collective numbers) _____.

Collective numbers are formed with the help of _____, except for numerals _____. Used with nouns:

1) denoting people, for example: _____;

2) ______, for example: seven kids;

3) _____ or _____ items: three scissors;

4) With pronouns us, them: _____________ .

Collective numbers are declined as _____.

Collective numbers in a sentence are ______.

Clue!

Collective numerals Used with nouns denoting Formed using...

Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten 1) males 2) young 3) paired objects 4) pronouns us, them... suffixes -er- -oh-

A knot for memory!

Both – m.r. (both, both, both). Both – w.r. (both, both, both).

3. Let's practice!

Exercise 1. Edit the sentences.

1) Four students receive an increased scholarship. 2) Three new girls came to the class. 3) Seven in one apartment - that’s how we live. 4) We were on a hike for three days. 5) I have two parrots. 6) There were four of us in the library. 7) We traveled for five days.

Task 2. Correct errors in the use of numerals both, both.

1) The agreement was signed by both countries. 2) My grandmother is proud of both awards. 3) Both athletes were unlucky in the final. 4) Both guys don’t have textbooks. 5) Hold the book with both hands.

Task 3. Guess the riddles. Indicate numerals.

1) Seven brothers have one sister. 2) Four are laying down, two are shining, one is lying down, not letting anyone in. 3) On the edge of the shed two dolls are sitting, both looking apart.

Task 4. Insert the missing letters. Remember the rule!

In both hands; on both continents; from both lakes; to both piers; on both walls; between both countries; in both states; with both hands; both guys.

Task 5. Make up the phrases “collective numbers.” + creatures."

Two, three, four, five, six, seven; friends, comrades, children, young people; day, sleigh, trousers, scissors.

4. This is interesting!

* A person takes about 20 thousand steps per day, up to 7 million in a year, and almost 500 million steps in 70 years. This means that in his entire life a person could circle the globe 9 times along the equator or cover the distance from the Earth to the Moon.

* 250 million years are required for the formation of oil in the earth's crust.

* In 10 billion years, the Sun is expected to fade.

Ordinal numbers (§ 114, 2 hours)

1. Learn the rule!

What you should know about ordinal numbers:

1. Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers (except for words first second).

2. Declined like adjectives, they change according to gender, number and case.

3. Initial form: i.p., units. h., m.r.

4. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes in indirect cases.

5. Names of months ( January February etc.) in phrases with ordinal numbers are always used in p.p. (January, February).

6. The name of the month in the entry of a holiday or significant date with a number is written with a capital letter: May 9 – May Ninth, March 8 – March Eighth.

2. To the bank of words.

Biography

Element bio- goes back to the Greek. the word meaning "life" graph(o) – to the word meaning “I write.”

Autobiography

Auto – “myself”. You can't talk my autobiography: Such use of words that are close in meaning is called speech excess (pleonasm).

3. Let's practice!

Exercise 1. Write it down using parentheses. Replace the numbers with ordinal numbers. Indicate the case of the numerals.

(342) train, (13) number, (15) participant, to (8) patient, to (603) school, to (2006), (1) January, on the day of (8) March, (90) flight, on (105) kilometer, on (714) route.

Task 2. Form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.

27, 14, 590, 200, 2500, 37, 37 thousand, 395 million, 23 billion.

A knot for memory!

Ordinal adjectives ending in -thousandth, -millionth, -billionth, written in one word: city ​​of one hundred thousand, capital of nine million, population of one hundred and forty million.

However, it is easier to write such words in numbers. Especially if it's a combination and a half. Like this: 5 1/2 thousand town (five and a half thousand).

Task 3. “Eat” the words with your eyes, and then write them under dictation. Make sentences with 2-3 of them.

Two hundredth, five thousandth, one hundred twenty-five millionth, nine billionth, two meter, four-story, three-tier, forty, ninety.

* Explain the spelling of the highlighted words.

Task 4. Fill in the missing letters where necessary in compound words.

Twenty_years, seven_miles, two_tiers, three_tongues, forty_meters, bilinguals, hundred_years, two_hundreds, fifty_meters.

Task 5. Write a greeting card for one of the holidays.

Task 6. Write it down in r.p. and so on. cardinal and ordinal numbers.

77, 36, 50, 88, 124, 43, 861.

4. This is interesting!

Make sure you pronounce the numbers correctly!

In 1 minute, an experienced lacemaker can knit 100 loops.

After 21 minutes, a person’s feeling of hunger disappears after he eats a piece of bread.

We “view” the longest dreams in 15 minutes.

A one-day butterfly lives for 1 hour.

Oatmeal can sing continuously for 12 hours (during this time it performs 4320 “songs”).

In 1 year, Africa and South America move 5 centimeters away from each other.

Fractional numbers (§ 115, 1 hour)

1. Learn the rule!

The peculiarity of fractional numbers is the following: they are used exclusively orally, and in writing they are replaced by numbers.

Now read § 115 and answer the questions:

1. How do fractional numbers differ from other numbers?

2. Why are fractional numbers called composite numbers (except one and a half, one and a half hundred)?

3. How many forms and what forms do fractional numbers have? one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred?

A knot for memory!

Numeral one and a half formed from half past one, those. "one and half past one." Nominative-accusative case – one and a half, all other cases have the form one and a half: one and a half meters, one and a half meters, one and a half meters, about one and a half meters. It is curious that we still, without thinking about it, use the ancient counting system when indicating time, saying: half past one, half past four etc.

1) Now let’s practice mastering the norm of “reading” fractional numbers:

1/3 of the harvest - one third of the harvest; 0.3 harvest – zero point three tenths of the harvest.

2) Write the numbers in words and read the entry.

3/4 of the territory; 7/8 of the team; 1.5 billion; 2/3 of the essay; 1/6 ocean; 5/6 routes; 1/2 story; 0.9 percent.

3) Decline the numerals by choosing nouns for them.

One and a half hundred; 3 2/7; 1/16.

2. This is interesting!

Don't forget to pronounce the numbers clearly!

A lightning flash lasts 0.001 seconds.

In 0.1 seconds, the spacecraft flies 1 kilometer.

In... 25 seconds a light signal passes... from the Earth to the Moon.

Morphological analysis of the numeral name

1. Plan for morphological analysis of the numeral name.

1. Part of speech. General designation.

2. Morphological characteristics:

1) initial form;

2) permanent characteristics: simple or compound; ordinal or qualitative; category (for quantitative);

3) non-constant features: case, number (if any), gender (if any).

3. Syntactic role.

They are on the table two books.

Two – number, n.f. – two, simple, quantity, whole, in i.p., f.r. What? Two books.

2. Test yourself!

Exercise 1. Rewrite the text, adding the missing punctuation marks. Make a morphological analysis of numerals.

The thirty-seventh stellar expedition was aimed at the planetary system of a nearby star in the constellation Ophiuchus, the only inhabited planet of which, Zrida, had long spoken with Earth and other worlds along the Great Ring. Suddenly she fell silent. For more than seventy years there have been no reports. It is the Earth's duty to find out what happened. A starship with four astronauts was rushing towards Zrida at 5/6 the speed of light. During the journey, about seven years had already passed on Earth, called independent years. What lies ahead for astronauts? What will they find on Zrida? And will they find it?

(I. Efremov. Andromeda Nebula)

Task 2. Come up with a sentence that would have the largest number of numerals. Compete: who has the longest sentence and more numerals? Parse one of the numerals as a part of speech.

Task 3. Write a text on one of the topics:

1) Stellar expedition.

2) Computers of the future.

3) In search of Atlantis.

Try to use different types of numerals in your essay. But remember the rule: everything is good in moderation.

Task 4. Correct errors in morphological parsing.

If two chemists, fluent in thirty languages, began on January 1, 1964, to read all the publications that were published that year that were of professional interest to them, and read them forty hours a week at a rate of four publications per hour, then by December thirty-first, nineteen sixty-four, they would have read only one-tenth of these publications.

Two (chemists) – number, two, quantity, collected, simple, in the form of i.p. pl. h. Subject.

Thirty (languages) – number, thirty, quantity, simple, in the form of etc., plural. h. Addition.

(From) the first (January) – date, first, order, simple, v.p. form, cf. r., units h. Circumstances.

One thousand nine hundred and sixty-four (year) – date, one thousand nine hundred sixty-four, quantity, compound, in the form of r.p., plural. h., m.r. Circumstances

(At) forty (hours) – number, fourty, quantity, simple, v.p. form Circumstances

(To) thirty-first (December) – date, thirty first, order, compound, in the form d.p., m.r., unit. h. Additional

One tenth (part) – number, one tenth, order, fractional, in the form of p.p., zh.r., units. h. Definition.

3. This is interesting!

Some nouns ( droplet, darkness, mass etc.), adverbs (a lot, a little, a little) and pronouns (few, how many, as many) constitute a special group of words that perform the functions of a numeral. Unlike numerals, they express quantity indefinitely and that's why they're called indefinitely quantitative words. These words retain the grammatical characteristics of the category of words to which they belong. For example, words mass (mass of questions), darkness (darkness of people), droplet (drop of salt) etc. – nouns: have gender, number and change according to cases. Words a lot, a little, a little are adverbs: these are unchangeable formations; in a sentence they can refer to a verb (read a lot). Words several, how many, as many– pronouns: they do not indicate quantity, but point to it or ask about it.

Countable nouns must be distinguished from numerals. For example: pair, five, five, ten, dozen, hundred(cannot be counted: one, pair, three, four, five...).

Literature

1. Pimenova S.N. Indicative direction of work in the 6th grade on the educational complex “Russian language: Theory”, “Russian language: Practice”, “Russian speech” // Russian language at school,
№ 6, 2003.

2. Pimenova S.N. Indicative direction of work in the 6th grade on the educational complex “Russian language: Theory”, Russian language: Practice”, “Russian speech” // Russian language at school,
№ 1, 2004.

3. Smirnova O.L. Study of the topic “Soft sign at the end and in the middle of numerals // Russian language at school, No. 3, 1989.

4. Pimenova S.N. Studying the name of the numeral according to the educational and methodological complex // Russian language at school, No. 1, 1994.

5. Arsiriy A.T. Entertaining materials on the Russian language. M.: Education, 1994.

6. Bogdanova G.A. Russian language lessons in 6th grade. M.: Education, 1994.

7. Volina V.V. Fun grammar. M.: Knowledge, 1995.

8. Granik G.G. and etc. Numeral. Newspaper “Russian Language” No. 8/2004.

9. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Handouts on the Russian language. M.: Bustard, 2004.

10. Kaydalova A.I., Kalinina I.K. Russian language. M., 1978.

11. Lvova S.I., Vakurova O.F., Tsybulko I.P. We are preparing for the Unified State Exam. M.: Bustard, 2003.

12. Malyushkin A.B. Educational tables for the Russian language. 5th–11th grades. M.: Sphere shopping center, 2005.

13. Mazneva O. Exam questions and answers. Russian language. M.: AST-Press School, 2002.

14. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Russian language. Getting ready without a tutor. M.: Makhaon, 2004.

15. Shapiro N.A. Workbook on the Russian language for 6th grade. Newspaper "Russian language",
№ 18/1998.

16. Yakovenko G.P., Yakovenko N.G. Encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Kyiv: Scanner, 1994.

L.N. DOSOVA,
Khakassia

A numeral is a part of speech that serves to indicate the number, quantity and order of objects. Numerals answer the questions: how many? Which? which? Examples: three, one hundred twenty-seven, first, both, four.

Quantity can also mean other parts of speech. In contrast, numerals can be written not only in words, but also in numbers: five (or 5) hockey players (number) - the magnificent five (noun).

Simple and compound numbers

Based on the number of words, numerals are divided into simple and compound. Simple ones consist of one stem, compound ones - of two stems or several words.

• Simple - have one base (describe one number): one, three, eight.
• Complex ones - have two bases (describe two numbers), are written together: thirteen, seventy.
• Compounds - consist of several words, written separately: two thousand fourteen, one hundred eighty.

In compound numerals, the number of words is equal to the number of significant figures, not counting zeros, but with the addition of the words thousand, million, etc. and taking into account the continuous writing of complex numerals: 102 - one hundred and two, 1501 - one thousand five hundred and one.
Numerals ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth”, etc. are written together: five thousandth (bill), one hundred and twenty millionth (budget).

Meaning and grammatical features

Depending on their meaning and use, numerals are divided into cardinal and ordinal.

There are also other types of numerals that are usually not considered in the school curriculum: counting (single case, binary code), multiplicative (double impact, triple benefit), indefinite quantity (few, several). The classification of numerals is a controversial issue, since different authors and philologists identify different types of numerals. But in the school curriculum everything is simple, cardinal and ordinal numbers are studied.

Morphological characteristics

A numeral is an inflected part of speech; numerals are declined according to cases. The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.

All cardinal numbers (integers, collective numbers, fractions) change by case. The numeral one varies by gender (one, one, one) and numbers (one, one), the numeral two changes by gender (two, two).

Ordinal numbers change according to cases, numbers and genders. The ordinal number agrees with the noun; in the phrase, the ordinal number is a dependent word: the first car, the second car, the third bell.

The main page of the site describes in detail the declension of all types of numerals with rules, exceptions and examples.

Syntax function

Cardinal numbers can be any part of a sentence. Ordinal numbers are more often a determiner, less often a predicate and subject.
Twenty is divisible by five (the numeral twenty is the subject).
Six six - thirty six (the numeral thirty six is ​​the nominal part of the predicate).
We are traveling in the fifth carriage (the numeral fifth is the definition).
The war ended in 1945 (in 1945 - a circumstance of the times).

A cardinal number in combination with a noun is one member of a sentence.
Eight employees of our company are going on a business trip tomorrow (eight employees - subject).
The working day begins at eight o'clock (at eight o'clock - circumstance).

Numeral gender

The numeral gender can be written together, with a hyphen, or separately.

It is written together: if it means “half” and is part of a compound word, the second part of which is a noun in the genitive case and begins with a consonant: half a kilogram, half a kilometer, half a third, half an hour;
if it is part of an adverb: half turn, in a low voice;
the word half-liter and the word quarter are written together as part of complex words: quarterfinal. It is written with a hyphen: before a vowel, before the letter l, before a proper name: half-island, half-lemon, half-Russia. It is written separately: if it has an independent meaning and is related to the subsequent noun through an agreed definition: half a tablespoon, half a bag of sugar.

Abbreviated spelling

Ordinal numbers can have one or two letters on the right (3rd, 21st), there are no other options. If part of the word is written in numbers, and part in letters with its own root, then the increment on the right is not applied (10th anniversary, 2-tone, 3 percent). In all numbers, starting with five-digit ones, their entire part is divided by non-breaking spaces into groups of three digits: 18,789,300, 25,000 (but 200, 3700). If four-digit numbers are used in the same column or list with numbers of a higher order, then they are divided into groups: 15,000, 2,000, 145,000. A non-breaking space in Windows is set by simultaneously pressing Alt + Shift + Space, for MAC - Alt + Space.

Spelling not with numerals

Negation with numerals Not written separately. Examples: not two, not the first on the list, not the prime meridian passes through our city.

Using zero and zero

Both forms are acceptable. The use of each form has its own rationale.

• When counting and comparing, the form zero is most often used: zero is less than one, zero whole and one tenth.
• In the terminological meaning, the zero form predominates: the sum is equal to zero, the street temperature is kept at zero.
• Both forms occur in set expressions: zero attention, at twenty zero-zero, reduce to zero, temperature of absolute zero.
• The adjective is often formed from the form zero: zero kilometer, zero mileage.