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1. What is DIAMOND? Diamond is a mineral, the only precious stone consisting of one element. The name comes from the Greek. "adamas" (invincible, insurmountable) or from the Arabic "al-mas" (Persian "elma") - very hard. Diamond is crystalline carbon. Carbon exists in several solid allotropes, i.e. in various forms having different physical properties. Diamond is one of the allotropic modifications of carbon and the hardest known substance (hardness 10 on the Mohs scale). Diamond has very strong optical dispersion (0.044), as a result of which the reflected light is decomposed into spectral colors. These optical properties, combined with the extraordinary purity and transparency of the mineral, give the diamond its brilliant shine, sparkle and play. *
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2. What colors are DIAMONDS? – Diamond is indeed a very unusual stone. In addition to their unique physical and chemical properties, diamonds have interesting external features, which include color. In the vast majority of cases, uncut natural diamonds are rather pale, translucent crystals. And only with the correct cut does an inconspicuous diamond turn into a diamond that plays with “fire.” – For a long time, diamonds were valued much cheaper than rubies, emeralds, sapphires and other bright stones, as well as pearls. Perhaps, if it were not for the exceptional hardness of diamonds, they would not have been paid attention to even longer. Only from the 16th century, with the development of cutting and polishing technologies, diamonds became the main precious stones. And one of the criteria by which the value of a diamond is determined is its color. *
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2.1 Primary colors of DIAMONDS * Primary colors of diamonds Diamonds acquire their color due to various inclusions and impurities, structural defects or natural radiation exposure. The color of the diamond may be uneven - in spots or areas, or only the top layer may be colored. Sometimes the presence of several colors is observed in one diamond. In nature, the most common diamonds are those painted in pale tones of various colors. The most common gem-quality diamonds are: yellowish diamonds with various shades, smoky brown, brownish diamonds
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2.2 Rare colors of DIAMONDS * Rare colors are: greenish bluish mauve The most valuable are diamonds painted in bright, so-called fancy colors, which are extremely rare. For example, a bright purple-pink diamond of 19.54 carats (right) was cut into an 8.41 carat diamond (right). The diamond was sold in October 2014 at Sotheby's for $17.77 million. 2.3 The most valuable DIAMONDS
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3. How are DIAMONDS mined? Diamonds were formed more than 300 million years ago. Kimberlite magma formed at a depth of 20-25 km. Magma gradually rose along faults in the earth's crust, and when the upper layers could no longer contain the pressure of the rocks, an explosion occurred. The first such pipe was discovered in South Africa in the city of Kimberley - that’s where the name came from. *
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4. History of Diamond and its application Diamonds are a most interesting and extraordinary resource. Previously, until the 15th century, humanity knew only one side of this amazing mineral: that they are unusually hard. Until the Middle Ages, they were valued lower than emerald or ruby. And only in the 17th century, lapidaries invented a special cut for the mineral: diamond, which maximally emphasizes its advantages. In jewelry, only colorless stones without a tint, except for blue, and without flaws are valued - the so-called “pure water” diamonds. No more than 10-15% of mined stones are used for jewelry purposes. The bulk of diamonds are used in technology. They are used to make abrasives, drills for drilling deep holes in hard rocks, cutters for metal processing, etc. Diamond has been known for about 5 thousand years. Historians suggest that it was first discovered in India in river placers. It has long been credited with magical properties, and the largest famous crystals and products made from them are shrouded in an aura of mystical legends. For many centuries, India had a monopoly on the supply of this extraordinary stone. It is here that such famous diamonds as “Koh-i-Nor”, “Regent”, “Orlov”, “Shah”, etc. were found. *
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4.1 Diamonds in the jewelry industry Among precious stones, such as ruby, sapphire, emerald, alexandrite, noble spinel, etc., jewelry diamond ranks first in value and is considered a stone of the first order. Large gem quality diamonds are extremely rare. Such diamonds get their own name. *
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Cursed Legendary Diamonds * Sometimes famous diamonds, which are surrounded by many legends, carry a curse. This is evidenced by newspaper articles about murders, suicides, and financial collapses of the owners of legendary stones. But these events may have nothing to do with mysticism; diamonds are simply so expensive and rare that they attract the attention of thieves, arouse passion and envy.
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Orlov's Diamond * On the royal scepter of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great there was a diamond weighing 189.6 carats. Legend says that a French soldier stole it from the eye of an Indian idol. The Empress's favorite Grigory Orlov bought a diamond for his beloved. But his hopes of marriage with the empress did not come true; all he received was a palace in St. Petersburg, loneliness and madness.
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Black Orlov Diamond * The diamond is also called the “Eye of Brahma”. An impressive stone weighing 67.5 carats was found in a mine in India in the early 19th century. Legend says that a thief stole a stone from the statue of an Indian god. Throughout history, the diamond was owned by three people - all of them committed suicide after hearing stories about the curse that the stone carries.
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Regent Diamond * The 410-carat parent diamond of the Regent Diamond was once featured on the hilt of Napoleon I's sword and on the crown of Louis XV. It is said that the executed Marie Antoinette wore it as a decoration on her hat. Today the stone is kept in the Louvre. A terrible legend has it that a slave who was working in a diamond mine in India found his leg severely cut. He had the imprudence to trust the captain of an English ship, who robbed and drowned him.
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The Hope Diamond is huge in size and completely unique in color: sky blue, shimmering in every imaginable shade. Three hundred years ago, the stone was stolen from a temple in India, where it served as the eye of a statue of one of the goddesses, and soon became famous for bringing... misfortune to anyone who possessed it... The thief knew nothing about the curse hanging over the stone, and about his fate knows nothing. But the French merchant Baptiste Tavernier, who bought this diamond and then sold it to King Louis XIV, was torn to pieces by wild dogs. The Sun King himself, the embodiment of love of life and health, while dancing, injured his leg (so, a mere trifle) and died of gangrene. Well, the next owner of the cursed treasure, Louis XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette, ended their lives on the guillotine, and the diamond itself was stolen. * Evalyn Walsh McLean and her husband became the next “victims of the curse” of the Hope Diamond. Soon their little son dies in a car accident, and then their drug-addicted daughter commits suicide. The husband leaves Evaline for another and lives out his last days in an insane asylum. The list of victims of this beautiful stone can be continued for a very long time.
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4.2 Diamonds in medicine Diamond scalpel blades have ultra-thin edges, which reduces the width of incisions, a very important property for modern surgery. Plus, these blades stay sharp much longer than steel blades. Diamonds are also used in laser devices to cauterize cuts and wounds. Diamond is made up of carbon and for this reason it is an ideal material to use in our bodies as it does not cause an immune reaction in the body. Scientists are currently developing diamond implants that will monitor the patient's health or be able to take on the role of incapacitated tissues. Scientists also dream of tiny machines made from diamonds that will one day speed up the treatment and diagnosis of patients. *
Contents 1) DiamondDiamond 2) Types of diamondsTypes of diamonds 3) Diamond miningDiamond mining 4) Diamond depositsDiamond deposits 5) StructureStructure 6) DiamondDiamond 7) Physical and mechanical propertiesPhysical and mechanical properties 8) Diagnostics of diamondsDiagnostics of diamonds 9) Application of diamondsUse of diamonds
Diamond mining There are three ways to organize the extraction of diamond-bearing ore: - in diamond quarries (in deposits where the rock lies close to the surface and can be extracted by an open method, essentially a large hole) - in underground mines (in deposits where diamond ore lies deep from surface, you have to drill vertical diamond mines and go down inside) - in diamond mines (combined method) Diamond mines
Structure: Cubic system, face-centered cubic crystal lattice, a = 0.357 nm = 3.57 Å, z = 4, space group Fd3m (according to Hermann Mogen). Carbon atoms in diamond are in a state of sp³-hybridization. Each carbon atom in the diamond structure is located in the center of a tetrahedron, the vertices of which are the four nearest atoms. It is the strong bond of carbon atoms that explains the high hardness of diamond.
Diamond diagnostics In order to distinguish a real diamond from its imitation, a special “diamond probe” is used to measure the thermal conductivity of the stone being examined. Diamond has a much higher thermal conductivity value than its substitutes. In addition, the good wettability of the diamond with fat is used: a felt-tip pen filled with special ink leaves a solid line on the surface of the diamond, while on the surface of the imitation it crumbles into separate droplets.
Use of diamonds Jewelry – diamond Used for making knives, drills, cutters, etc. Also used in quantum computers, watchmaking and nuclear industries. In 2004, a diamond with a superconducting transition at a temperature of 2-5 K was synthesized for the first time at the Institute of Higher Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Top 10 most famous diamonds The Cullinan Diamond “Cullinan I” was the largest diamond in the world until the Golden Jubilee was discovered. It was made from a fragment of the largest diamond in history - the Cullinan Diamond, weighing 3,106 carats. The diamond, also called the “Great Star of Africa,” was found on January 26, 1905 in South Africa. It was named after the mine owner, Thomas Cullinan.
Top 10 Most Famous Diamonds Golden Jubilee Diamond The Golden Jubilee Diamond is the largest cut diamond in the world. The golden-brown diamond supplanted the Great Star of Africa and was discovered in 1980 at the Premier mine. For a long time it remained unnoticed, and it was given to the famous cutter Gabriel Tolkowsky to test new cutting tools.
Top 10 most famous diamonds The Orlov Diamond The Orlov is considered the largest diamond of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund. The origin of the stone, which has the shape and proportions of half a hen's egg, dates back to the 18th century in southern India. Although part of the Orlov's history has been lost, it is believed that it once served as the eye of a statue in an Indian temple.
Top 10 most famous diamonds Sancy Diamond The most famous owner of the Sancy diamond is King Henry III, who purchased the stone from his attorney Nicolas de Sancy. The stone served as a beret decoration to cover the king's premature baldness.
Top 10 most famous diamonds Kohinoor Diamond The Kohinoor Diamond or “Mountain of Light” is famous for its long history. The first mention of it appeared in 1304, when King Babur discovered a diamond, and since then it passed to all the rulers of the Mughal Empire - a state in the modern territory of India and Pakistan.
Top 10 most famous diamonds The Hope Diamond Perhaps the most famous in the world is the Hope Diamond (from the English hope). No one knows how large the stone was before it was cut, where it was found, or who shaped it into its original shape. It was first mentioned by the French merchant Jean-Baptiste and sold to King Louis XIV.
Top 10 Most Famous Diamonds Regent Diamond The Regent Diamond, also known as the “Queen of Hearts,” was found in 1698 by a slave in a mine who eventually paid for it with his life. The captain who found the hidden diamond killed a slave and sold the 410-carat stone to an Indian trader and then to British businessman Thomas Peet in 1701. It was reduced to 141 carats.
Top 10 Most Famous Diamonds Millennium Star Diamond The Millennium Star is the 10th largest and 2nd largest D color diamond. Before cutting it weighed 777 carats, and after it weighed 203 carats. A majestic diamond without external or internal flaws was of exceptional purity.
Top 10 most famous diamonds Taylor-Barton Diamond The 241-carat diamond, from which the famous diamond was later made, was found in the Premier mine in South Africa. The famous jeweler Harry Winston cut the stone, which became pear-shaped and weighed 69.42 carats. The stone of amazing transparency and beauty became the first diamond sold at auction for more than a million dollars.
Diamond, mineral, native non-metal carbon, forming the strongest crystalline structures. The only gemstone consisting of one element. The name probably comes from the Greek. “adamas” (invincible, insurmountable, unsurpassed) or from the Arabic “al-mas” (Persian “elma”) - very hard. Carbon exists in several solid allotropes, i.e. in various forms having different physical properties. Diamond is one of the allotropic modifications of carbon and the hardest known substance. Another allotropic modification of carbon, graphite, is one of the softest substances. Diamond usually occurs in the form of octahedra or closely shaped crystals. The crystal structure of diamond is close to cubic; carbon atoms have strong bonds in all directions. This determines the highest hardness of diamond compared to all other natural stones. Therefore, it is extremely simple to identify: it scratches all other minerals, and none of them can leave scratches on it. The exceptionally high hardness of diamond is of great practical importance. It is widely used in industry as an abrasive, as well as in cutting tools and drill bits. Diamond is resistant to acids and heat. However, it is fragile and breaks quite easily along the cleavage planes, which is what jewelers use when processing it. An artificially cut diamond is a diamond. The largest diamonds have a name, and they are usually called historical stones: "Cullinan" (3106 carats) - cut into 105 diamonds, two of which adorn the royal scepter and the imperial crown of Great Britain, "Great Mongol" (794 carats), "Orlov" ( 195 carats), "Koh-i-Noor" (109 carats). Carat is a unit of measurement for the mass of precious stones. 1 carat = 0.2 g. The total price of a diamond is determined by multiplying the square of its mass in carats by the price of a one-carat diamond (Tavernier’s rule).
In addition to the chemical element carbon, natural diamonds contain impurities (remaining in the form of ash when burned): oxides of silicon, iron, calcium, etc. The impurity content ranges from 0.1 to 4.8%; the smallest amount of them is contained in transparent crystals. It is the impurities that affect the color of the diamond. Various colors. Diamonds are usually colorless or yellowish, but blue, cyan, green, bright yellow, mauve, smoky cherry, lilac, and red stones are also known; There are also black diamonds. Diamond is transparent, sometimes translucent, sometimes opaque. Despite the variability in the color of many minerals, the color of the mineral powder is very constant, and therefore is an important diagnostic feature. Typically, the color of a mineral powder is determined by the line (the so-called “line color”) that the mineral leaves when it is passed over an unglazed porcelain plate (biscuit). A diamond does not give traits; Its powder is white or colorless. The most common crystals are yellowish in color. Intensely colored, for example, bright yellow diamonds of the so-called fancy colors are especially valued on the market, but they are very rarely found in nature. Diamonds of bluish-white tones appear colorless, and only a good specialist is able to distinguish their appropriate delicate, slightly bluish tint. Larger crystals appear more intensely colored than smaller specimens. Natural diamonds can have a variety of colors and shades, but most often they are colorless and form crystals whose edges are curved and convex. Diamond has a very high refractive index; the stone seems to “absorb” and emits light; The brilliance of the stone depends on the cut. The reflected light is decomposed into spectral colors, which, combined with the extraordinary purity and transparency of the mineral, give the diamond its bright shine, sparkle and play. Diamonds usually fluoresce in X-rays and ultraviolet rays. In some varieties of diamond, luminescence is very pronounced. Diamonds are transparent to X-rays. This makes it easier to identify a diamond, since some glasses and colorless minerals, such as zircon, which are sometimes similar in appearance, are opaque to X-rays of the same wavelength and intensity. The luminescence of diamond is due to the presence of nitrogen impurities in it. Approximately 2% of diamonds do not contain nitrogen and do not fluoresce; usually these are small stones. The exception is the Cullinan, the largest jewelry diamond in the world.
The sparkle and beauty of a diamond are fully revealed only after cutting. The method of precise symmetrical cutting, still used today, involves grinding the stone on an iron wheel, onto which a mixture of diamond powder and oil is applied. The above method is believed to have been developed in India. Other types of symmetrical and carefully designed cuts had previously been created. For example, the rose cut, where the stones are shaped like a drop of resin (i.e. a flat base and a dome cut with triangular facets), probably appeared in the early 16th century. Brilliant cut is the main type of cut for round diamonds today. Diamond cutting was developed gradually throughout the 17th century. However, diamond cutting, close to the modern one, emerged only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the proportions and angles necessary to give the stone maximum sparkle were established. Jewelers call this cut the “old miner’s cut.” Any cut stone, including a diamond, consists of two parts: the upper one - the crown and the lower one - the pavilion. Between them is a narrow belt, or girdle (the widest part of the diamond), which protects the stone from damage at the edges. A typical round diamond has 58 facets, or facets (artificial facets). These include: 1 octagonal table (platform) crowning the crown, 8 star facets, 4 main crown facets, 4 angular crown facets, 16 upper girdle facets (adjacent to it from above), 16 lower girdle facets (directly below it), 4 corner facets of the pavilion, 4 main facets of the pavilion and 1 facet at the tip of the pavilion (culet; now applied very rarely).
The main diamond producers are Australia, Russia, South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which together account for more than 3/5 of the world's diamond production. Other major producers are Botswana, Angola and Namibia. India, which was the only source of diamonds until the 18th century, currently produces relatively little of them. Gem-quality diamonds are found in South Africa and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia, Russia) in kimberlites - dark, granular volcanic rocks. Kimberlites occur in the form of tubular bodies (“explosion tubes”) and usually have a brecciated structure. From several tons of mined kimberlite, fractions of a carat of high-quality diamond are extracted. Diamonds are also mined from alluvial (river) and coastal-sea pebble placers, where they were carried as a result of the destruction of diamond-containing kimberlite volcanic breccia. Under such conditions, jewelry stones usually develop a rough surface. They are often the best cutting stones because they resist the destructive effects of impacts on stones when carried by watercourses or sea waves in the surf zone, and therefore should present a strong, strong mass, relatively free from internal stresses. There are known cases when diamonds extracted from kimberlite pipes exploded, which indicates enormous stress inside the stone. This phenomenon provides the key to understanding that the crystallization of diamonds must have occurred under conditions of enormous pressure. Most cut diamonds, when examined under polarized light, reveal the presence of internal stresses. It is believed that diamonds were formed at great depths in the Earth's mantle, and then, no less than 3 billion years ago, were brought to the surface by powerful explosions. Diamonds have also been found in meteorites.
Artificial diamonds The first attempts to obtain artificial diamonds were made at the end of the 19th century, but all of them were unsuccessful. Only in December 1954, scientists F. Bundy, T. Hall, G. M. Strong and R. H. Wentorf synthesized diamonds using special equipment. Under pressure kg/cm 2 and at a temperature of 2430° With this, scientists were able to obtain small technical diamonds from graphite. Currently, industrial diamonds are produced on an industrial scale. In 1970, Strong and Wentorf succeeded in obtaining artificial gem-quality diamonds. These diamonds are made by dissolving synthetic diamond powder in a bath of molten metal. Carbon atoms from the dissolved powder migrate to one edge of the bath, where tiny diamond seeds are placed. Carbon atoms settle and crystallize on these crystals, which grow into diamonds weighing one carat or more. This process requires extremely high pressures and temperatures. Today, artificial jewelry diamonds are more expensive than natural diamonds, and their production is unprofitable. Massive interest in diamonds is explained by their value as precious stones, but they are becoming even more important as a material for reinforcing metal-cutting and other tools widely used in industry (cutters, drills, dies, dies, circular saws, drill bits, etc. .), and also as abrasives (diamond powders). Jewelry diamonds, i.e. their transparent, colorless (or slightly yellowish) and beautifully colored crystals make up only a small fraction of all stones mined. The vast majority of natural diamonds, as well as all artificial diamonds, are technical diamonds, called “boret”. The black variety of industrial diamonds - carbonado - consists of aggregates of small diamond grains interconnected into a dense or porous mass. Tools reinforced with industrial, natural or artificial diamonds are used for metal processing. They are used for sawing, cutting, turning, boring, drilling, turning, stamping, drawing, etc. steel and other metals, carbides, aluminum oxide (artificial corundum), quartz, glass, ceramics and other hard materials, as well as for drilling wells in hard rocks. Diamond saws are used in the extraction and processing of building stone and for cutting ornamental stones. Diamond powder is used for roughing, grinding and polishing steels and alloys, as well as for grinding and cutting jewelry diamonds and other hard precious stones.
Diamond and graphite Diamond is an extremely stable form of carbon, and there is not a single case of spontaneous transition of diamond into graphite under normal conditions. We are talking about the kinetic stability of diamond, because the thermodynamically more stable form of carbon is graphite. When diamond is heated without access to air above a temperature of 1200 ° C, its transition to graphite begins. Diamonds are made from diamonds with a special cut that specifically brings out their brilliance, sparkling with all the colors of the rainbow in reflected light. Diamonds are very expensive gems (the mass of a diamond is measured in carats, 1 carat = 0.2 g). Diamond does not conduct electricity. Graphite is a black substance that stains paper and hands and is a good conductor of electricity. The crystal structure of graphite is not at all similar to the structure of diamond. Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in flat networks, with the angles between bonds equal to 120°. It is interesting to note that the C–C bonds in graphite are stronger than those in diamond. Graphite conducts electricity through a layer of atoms, but not between layers. In graphite, layers of atoms slide easily past each other. When you write on paper with a graphite pencil, layers of atoms remain displaced and stuck to the paper. At the same time, graphite does not crumble into layers of atoms, which indicates that they interact with each other. The bonds between planes (layers) are very weak, their length is almost 2.5 times greater than the internuclear C–C distance in the plane. Models of crystal lattices: a – diamond; b – graphite
The largest one discovered in the 21st century is the “White Diamond” at 603 carats (120 g), called the “Oath of Lesotho”, and the 15th largest ever found in the world. The name of the stone symbolizes the promise of finding similar treasures in the future. The world's largest diamond is the Cullinan. 104 years ago, on January 25, 1905, the largest diamond in human history weighing 3,106 carats (621.2 g) was found in the British colony of Transvaal (now a province of South Africa). During an evening walk, the mine manager noticed a point on the wall of the quarry sparkling in the rays of the setting sun. The point was 9 meters from the top edge of the quarry. Soon the mine workers recovered a diamond measuring 10 x 6.5 x 5 centimeters. It later turned out that the diamond was a fragment of a larger crystal, which, unfortunately, was never found. The diamond received its name in honor of the discoverer and owner of the mine, Thomas Cullinan. The stone amazed not only with its size, but also with its amazing purity, complete absence of mineral inclusions, bubbles and cracks. The price of the diamond was so high that for several years there was no buyer for it. After the Boer War, the rulers of the Transvaal Republic, as a sign of reconciliation, decided to present an expensive gift to the King of England, Edward VII. Before transporting the stone to England, it was insured, a special ship was rented with a safe cabin and an entire army of vigilant guards. However, if clever robbers did steal the cargo, it would plunge them into shock: after all, a fake Cullinan would fall into their hands, while the real stone arrived in England in a regular postal parcel. In 1908, it was decided to break the Cullinan into pieces and cut it. Upon completion of all the work, almost 4 years later, two large, seven medium and ninety-six small diamonds of extraordinary purity saw the light of day. The largest piece of the diamond was cut into a pear shape (530.2 carats) and was called the “Star of Africa”, or “Cullinan-I”. Today it is the largest diamond in the world - it adorns the top of the royal scepter of Great Britain. The second fragment, measuring 317.4 carats, was given the shape of an emerald, calling it “Cullinan II” - it found a place in the British crown. The smaller diamonds were named “Cullinan-III” (94.4 carats), “Cullinan-IV” (63.65 carats), and even smaller ones received the common name “Small Stars of Africa”. They say that the King of England paid the jewelers not with money, but with small diamonds. Of the 3106 carats, just over 34% remains, 65 carats. It is unknown whether such losses are explained by imperfect technology or hidden defects in the stone. In the kingdom of colorless stones there is a narrow niche - natural colored diamonds, a real miracle of nature. Jewelry with such stones costs 2.5 - 4.5 million dollars (1.3 - 2.3 million lats). The second largest known jewelry diamond after the Cullinan is the Excelsior (995.2 ct), discovered in South Africa. The third largest diamond is the Star of Sierra Leone (969.8 ct), found in 1972 in Sierra Leone.
Interest in diamonds is explained by the romantic aura that surrounds many famous gems. The number of diamonds weighing more than 100 carats in cut form is very limited, although it has increased significantly since the discovery of South African mines. Not even to mention the size of diamonds, their value is such that they have much more significance than just jewelry: they are clots of great power and a potential source of blessings and disasters. In the old days of despotic rulers, magnificent diamonds were often in weak hands, and this aroused the envy of greedy powerful neighbors and plunged entire countries into the horrors of merciless bloody wars. In more civilized times, owners of large diamonds often used them as collateral when receiving sums of money to replenish their depleted treasury. Thus, Napoleon's power could have been shaken if he had not been able to obtain a loan by mortgaging the famous Pitt Diamond that belonged to him. During social cataclysms, lucky owners of jewelry could sell them everywhere at the real price, while banknotes turned into simple pieces of paper, and the cost of precious metals, determined by their weight, was also much less. Among diamond-mining countries, India is famous as the birthplace of historical stones, mainly because for a long period it was only from there that expensive stones came into the civilized world. Brazil produces many diamonds, but only a few are large enough. At the same time, South Africa turned out to be so rich in diamonds of all sizes that only the largest stones were awarded their own name, and the smaller stones, most of which would have caused a stir if they had appeared to the world in those distant days when diamonds were comparatively rare, in our time, they receive almost no attention and, at best, receive only a brief mention in the press.
Something about the properties of diamond No other crystal can compare with diamond in hardness, which is why it is eternal. His hardness formed the basis of an ancient Indian legend telling about the infinity of time and the greatness of Eternity. According to this legend, one single moment of Eternity passes when a huge diamond crystal is completely worn out, to which a wise raven flies once every thousand years to sharpen its beak. Simple calculations show that this “moment of Eternity” in Hindu legend corresponds to millions of years... In the famous fairy tales “A Thousand and One Nights”, the following information about diamond is given, “diamonds are used to drill metals and precious stones and drill porcelain and onyx. This stone is dry and strong, which does not take either flint or iron, and no one can cut off a piece from it or break it with anything.” The hardness of diamond during processing and grinding is several times higher than that of corundum. But, on different crystal faces and in different directions, the hardness of diamond varies slightly. This makes it possible to polish a diamond with diamond powder. In ancient times, diamond processing involved removing the crust and polishing the natural facets of the crystal. In the 15th-16th centuries, they learned how to artificially cut diamonds, revealing all the perfect beauty and amazing properties of this crystal. A diamond cut into a full brilliant cut shape is called a brilliant cut. Orlov Cullinan-I
There is great power in this crystal, as it is the first stone of the Zodiac. It begins the entire circle, and in it, as in a mirror, the entire Zodiac is reflected - a huge coiled energy - the energy of the sun, which gives life to all living things. Different colors of the crystal correspond to different hypostases of the sun in the four elements. Red diamond is associated with the element of fire, symbolizing passion, aggression, lust. Red color is the rarest among natural diamonds and therefore the most highly valued. Yellow diamond is associated with the air element, symbolizing impetuosity, inconstancy, and ritual action. Yellow diamond is a favorite crystal of ancient priests, shamans and priests. Blue (blue) diamond is associated with the magic of the water element. Symbolizes calm, detachment, and the discovery of hidden possibilities. It is recommended to be worn by highly spiritual people who are far from worldly concerns. Green diamond is associated with the element of water. Symbolizes fertility, constancy, firmness of judgment. Protects the child in the womb and facilitates childbirth. A transparent diamond symbolizes the purification of the mind, expels sinful thoughts, drives away dreams, bad dreams and drives out unclean spirits. Everyone can wear it. The most fatal and unlucky diamond is considered to be the one with spots inside, especially black ones. Such crystals are the most destructive; the troubles that such a diamond brings pass not only on the owner, but also on his entire family, like a family curse. The Arabs attached special significance to diamonds - “this stone removes the motley color from the face, the kings are pleased with it, they respect him, he is not afraid of evil, he will never have a stomach ache, he will not lose his memory and will always be cheerful.” There was a belief that powdered diamond added to food would act as a strong poison. Diamond was considered a symbol of purity. Our ancestors tested the fidelity of their wives in the following way: they placed a diamond under the pillow of the sleeping wife. If she is faithful, she will turn to her husband and, without waking up, hug him. If not, he will fidget and try to throw the stone onto the floor. Diamond is reputed to be the guarantor of invincibility. The ancient Arabs believed that of the two warring parties, the one that owns the largest diamond would win. Napoleon also knew about this, so he always carried a large diamond with him.
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1) Diamond 2) Types of diamonds 3) Diamond mining 4) Diamond deposits 5) Structure 6) Diamond 7) Physical and mechanical properties 8) Diagnostics of diamonds 9) Application of diamonds
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Diamond
Diamond is a mineral, a cubic allotrope of carbon. Under normal conditions it is metastable, that is, it can exist indefinitely. In a vacuum or in an inert gas at elevated temperatures, it gradually turns into graphite.
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Types of diamonds
Industrial diamonds Jewelry diamonds
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Diamond mining
There are three ways to organize the extraction of diamond-bearing ore: - in diamond quarries (in deposits where the rock lies close to the surface and can be extracted using an open method, essentially a large pit) - in underground mines (in deposits where diamond ore lies deep from the surface, you have to drill vertical diamond mines and go down inside) - in diamond mines (combined method) Diamond mines
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Diamond deposits
In Russia: Yakutia, Krasnovishersky district of the Perm region, Arkhangelsk region, Mezensky district. There are also large diamond deposits in Africa.
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Structure
The system is cubic, the crystal lattice is cubic face-centered, a = 0.357 nm = 3.57 Å, z = 4, space group Fd3m (according to Hermann - Mauguin). Carbon atoms in diamond are in a state of sp³-hybridization. Each carbon atom in the diamond structure is located in the center of a tetrahedron, the vertices of which are the four nearest atoms. It is the strong bond of carbon atoms that explains the high hardness of diamond.
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Diamond
A diamond is a cut diamond.
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Physical and mechanical properties
Diamond is the hardest mineral, but at the same time it is brittle, has the highest thermal conductivity, and refracts light. Diamond is a dielectric. Unit cell of diamond
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Diamond diagnostics
In order to distinguish a real diamond from its imitation, a special “diamond probe” is used to measure the thermal conductivity of the stone being examined. Diamond has a much higher thermal conductivity value than its substitutes. In addition, the good wettability of the diamond with fat is used: a felt-tip pen filled with special ink leaves a solid line on the surface of the diamond, while on the surface of the imitation it crumbles into separate droplets.
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Applications of diamonds
Jewelry – diamond Used for making knives, drills, cutters, etc. Also used in quantum computers, watchmaking and nuclear industries. In 2004, a diamond with a superconducting transition at a temperature of 2-5 K was synthesized for the first time at the Institute of Higher Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Top 10 most famous diamonds
The Great Mogul Diamond The Great Mogul Diamond was named after Shah Jahan, the ruler of the Mughal Empire who built the Taj Mahal.
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The Cullinan Diamond "Cullinan I" was the largest diamond in the world until the Golden Jubilee was discovered. It was made from a fragment of the largest diamond in history - the Cullinan Diamond, weighing 3,106 carats. The diamond, also called the “Great Star of Africa,” was found on January 26, 1905 in South Africa. It was named after the mine owner, Thomas Cullinan.
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Golden Jubilee Diamond The Golden Jubilee Diamond is the largest cut diamond in the world. The golden-brown diamond supplanted the Great Star of Africa and was discovered in 1980 at the Premier mine. For a long time it remained unnoticed, and it was given to the famous cutter Gabriel Tolkowsky to test new cutting tools.
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The Orlov Diamond The Orlov Diamond is considered the largest diamond of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund. The origin of the stone, which has the shape and proportions of half a hen's egg, dates back to the 18th century in southern India. Although part of the Orlov's history has been lost, it is believed that it once served as the eye of a statue in an Indian temple.
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The Sancy Diamond The most famous owner of the Sancy diamond is King Henry III, who acquired the stone from his attorney Nicolas de Sancy. The stone served as a beret decoration to cover the king's premature baldness.
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Kohinoor Diamond The Kohinoor Diamond or “Mountain of Light” is famous for its long history. The first mention of it appeared in 1304, when King Babur discovered a diamond, and since then it passed to all the rulers of the Mughal Empire - a state in the modern territory of India and Pakistan.
Millennium Star Diamond The Millennium Star Diamond is the 10th largest and 2nd largest D color diamond. Before cutting it weighed 777 carats, and after it weighed 203 carats. A majestic diamond without external or internal flaws was of exceptional purity.
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The 241-carat Taylor-Barton Diamond, which was later used to make the famous diamond, was found in the Premier mine in South Africa. The famous jeweler Harry Winston cut the stone, which became pear-shaped and weighed 69.42 carats. The stone of amazing transparency and beauty became the first diamond sold at auction for more than a million dollars.
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