Lesson 17. Topic. .
Goals:
- give an idea of the participation of the Black Sea people in the Patriotic War of 1812;
- promote the further development of creative thinking and independent judgment of students;
- continue to cultivate a sense of patriotism through the example of the valor and courage of the Cossacks.
Educational Resources:
B. A. Trekhbratov, Yu.M. Bodyaev, S. A. Lukyanov. Kuban studies 8th grade: a textbook for general education. establishment – Krasnodar: Educational prospects, 2011
Electronic manual/presentation for the lesson;
- multimedia equipment.
Basic concepts: Black Sea Hundred, Life Guards, Standard, Hundred, Ataman, Cornet.
Historical figures in history: A.F. Bursak, M.M. Platonov, A.D. Bezkrovny, F.P. Uvarov, D.S. Bad.
Lesson type: combined.
CHALLENGE lesson phase.
1. Updating basic knowledge students on previously studied material/checking homework/
Teacher's activities:
- challenging existing knowledge on the issue under study – activating students;
- motivation for further work.
Presentation of the best projects (as chosen by the teacher).
2. Initiation of students.
1 step.
The teacher announces the topic of the lesson, gives students information on the topic of the lesson: “ Black Sea people in the Patriotic War of 1812” and suggests drawing up a rough lesson plan (a cluster option is possible).
Lesson phase REFLECTION (IMPLEMENTATION).
Material for teachers.
"Black Sea people in the Patriotic War of 1812 »
The Patriotic War shook all of Russia. The national impulse to fight against foreign invaders did not bypass Kuban. Everyone tried to help the country to the best of their ability: some volunteered for the army, some donated money for its needs. Residents of the Black Sea region alone collected 114.4 thousand rubles for the army. - at that time a considerable amount.
But the greatest contribution to the liberation of the Motherland from the invasion of Napoleonic troops was the participation of the Black Sea people in the hostilities of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813 - 1814.
Task No. 1
determine which military units from
How many Cossacks took part in the war against Napoleon?
1._____________________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________________________
4._____________________________________________________________________________
(Approximate answer: The following took part in the liberation war from the Black Sea region: the Black Sea Guards Cossack Hundred, the ninth Black Sea Foot Regiment, the first combined Black Sea Cavalry Regiment).
Task No. 2
Look at the image and complete the tasks
1) the events depicted in the picture date back to the first half of the 19th century
2) the events depicted in the picture are dedicated to the celebrations on the occasion of taking the oath of office to the new sovereign.
3) the events depicted in the picture are a parade of troops, which passersby watch with interest.
4) the events depicted in the picture take place in St. Petersburg
Here is a reproduction of the painting “Pursuit of retreating CossacksFFrenchmen» .
Artist Desarno A.. 1827
Step 2. The teacher divides the class into groups. Work in groups: The lesson is based on working with scientific and journalistic articles, the text of the textbook.
Task No. 3
1 group.
Fill out the logbook on the topic: The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred, its heroic path.
On May 18, 1811, by order of the tsar, the Minister of War M.B. Baraclay de Tolly sent an order to the Kherson military governor D. Richelieu that “the sovereign wishes to have with him among his cavalry guards a hundred Cossacks from the Black Sea army from the best people.”
Such a hundred was formed and arrived in St. Petersburg on March 1, 1812 (composition: 1 - staff officer, 3 - chief officer, 14 - constables and 100 Cossacks). The hundred was headed by military colonel Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak. In St. Petersburg, a hundred was attached to the Life Guards Cossack regiment.
From the very first days of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Black Sea Hundred took part in battles with the vanguard of the main forces of Napoleonic army on the Neman River. Forced to retreat along with everyone else, the hundred took part in the battles of June 14 - at New Troki, on the 16th - near the city of Vilna, on the 19th - Pivovarki, withstood a series of persistent attacks all day - from 8 o'clock. morning until 21 pm. On June 23, the hundred distinguished itself at Kocherzhishki, where it dashed like a wedge into the enemy cavalry and repelled its attack. On June 9, near the village of Voskresensky, a hundred defeated the enemy vanguard (up to 1,500 soldiers), an officer and several French soldiers were taken prisoner. On July 15, near Vitebsk, Life Cossacks, Black Sea soldiers and part of the Sumy Hussar Regiment under the command of General VV. Orlova - Denisov quickly attacked and destroyed the 16th Horse-Jager Regiment, almost two rifle companies and took the battery, near which Napoleon was surrounded by a large retinue. Before the eyes of the French emperor, in one minute all the artillerymen were killed, and the cannons were thrown into the ravine. This attack forced Napoleon to pause his offensive.
The Black Sea Hundred and the Life Guards Cossack Regiment also took part in the Battle of Borodino. They were commanded by General V.V. Orlov-Denisov. The Black Sea men were part of the cavalry corps of F.P. Uvarov, who attacked the left flank of the French army.
Task No. 4
2nd group.
Fill out the logbook on the topic: Participation of the Black Sea troops in the Battle of Borodino. The feat of the Khrunzhiy Bezkrovny.
What do I know about this topic?
What new did I learn from the text?
The feat of the cornet Alexei Bezkrovny. At the Battle of Borodino, Bezkrovny with two platoons of Black Sea men captured a French battery and captured two officers and nine lower ranks.
They say that the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, M. I. Kutuzov, invited Alexei Danilovich personally to himself to express his gratitude to him. Emperor Alexander was present at this meetingI, who had already heard a lot about the fearless commander. The emperor thanked the gallant officer for his service and noted that it was not worth taking risks so often when fighting with superior enemy forces. To this M.I. Kutuzov said: “This is a Cossack without mistakes.” Since then, the Black Sea people began to call Bezkrovny “a commander without mistakes.” At the end of 1812, A.D. Bezkrovny temporarily headed the Black Sea Guards Hundred and in this post showed the qualities of a brave military leader.
In one of the battles, he received a severe wound with buckshot in the side, which did not heal until his death. There is a historical legend that Emperor AlexanderI, while examining the battlefield, he personally found the wounded Alexei Danilovich. A little more than a month after being wounded, Bezkrovny participated in the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig. During one of the attacks, in order to save the lives of three monarchs (Russian, Austrian and Prussian) who were watching the progress of the battle, the Life Guards hit the flank of the French cuirassier division. In this fight A.D. Bloodless was wounded in the chest by a pistol bullet. Having recovered a little from his wound, he again takes part in battles. For their exploits in the Patriotic War, the Black Sea Hundred were awarded silver trumpets. A few years later A.D. Bezkrovny is transferred from the Life Guards to the Black Sea Army, where he commands a cavalry regiment. In 1827, by imperial decree, he became ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army.
In the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, a special Taman detachment under the command of A.D. Bezkrovny fought for the Anapa fortress at the Dzhemetey heights. For his courage and skillful actions, Alexey Danilovich was promoted to major general. A little later, one of the border fortifications will be named Alekseevsky in his honor.
Task No. 5
3rd group.
Fill out the logbook on the topic: Participation of other Cossack units in the war. Kislyakov Cossacks in the War of 1812.
What do I know about this topic?
What new did I learn from the text?
As part of the Black Sea Guards Hundred, which was part of the Life Guards, the Cossack regiment / “Leib” - German - consisting of the person of the Sovereign. - Ed./ there were also Kislyakovites: the captain of the captain Zakhary Keda and the Cossacks Roman Bych, Matvey Bely, Yakov Berzhina, Lev Dovgy, Ivan Zemlyany, Miron Kolmyk, Yakov Myleshenko and Grigory Serdyuk.
With the beginning of the war, a hundred as part of the infantry corps, commanded by General Tuchkov, was formed and began a heroic campaign.
The guards received their baptism of fire on June 14, 1812 in the battle of Mt. Troki (now Trakai).
In the general battle of Borodino on August 26, a hundred on the right flank showed its worth in attacking enemy batteries and “capturing them.”
On October 4, 1813, in a general battle near Mt. Leipzig, the famous battle of nations, in a brilliant attack of the enemy cavalry, which burst into the center of our army, entered the vanguard of the Russian troops. Risking their lives, they fought steadfastly. The Tsar himself ordered his convoy (a hundred Black Sea guards) to cover the cavalry company moved forward.
Then the hundred took part in a surprise attack by the Life Cossacks under the command of Adjutant General Count Orlov-Denisov on the left flank of the French cavalry; as a result of their actions there were huge French losses.
For this case, Colonel Afanasy Fedorovich Bursakov was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree.
The memory of this brilliant deed, by order of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, was immortalized by the establishment of a temple holiday for the Life Cossack Regiment and the Black Sea Guards Hundred.
The Kuban Life Guards also distinguished themselves at the end of the war. On March 18, 1814, they, near the mountains. Ferchampenoise, took part in the defeat of the French corps, protecting the allied forces.
For distinctions in cases against the French, the Black Sea Guards hundred were awarded silver trumpets and, as expressed in the highest order on August 30, 1856, in memory of the hundred’s participation in the brilliant attack of the Life Cossacks on the French cavalry on October 4, 1813, the All-Merciful One granted the Life Guards to the Black Sea Cossack division the St. George’s Standard. .."
III . Lesson phase: REFLECTION.
Reflection on the content of educational material.
Task No. 6
Look at the pictures.
Describe the equipment and weapons of the Black Sea Cossack Hundred.
1.Reference material for the teacher:
Outfit of a Cossack of the Black Sea Hundred
Smushka hat;
caftan;
semi-caftan;
trousers;
morocco boots
2. Armament of the Cossack of the Black Sea Hundred:
Short peak;
Long toshnitsa (gun)
Scimitar;
Powder flask.
Reference material:
1. Equipment of a Cossack of the Black Sea Hundred:
Smushka hat;
caftan;
semi-caftan;
trousers;
morocco boots
2. Armament of the Cossack of the Black Sea Hundred:
Short peak;
Long toshnitsa (gun)
Scimitar;
Pistol, a long dagger in a sheath;
Powder flask.
Task No. 7
Fill out the comparison table:
Heroes of events
date
Main battles
Daniil Savich Bad
August 1813 Participated in battles in Selesia and Saxony.
He headed the 1st combined Black Sea Cavalry Regiment.
Reflective - evaluative stage.
The teacher invites each student to analyze his activities in the lesson and evaluate the quality of his work.
I V . Homemade rear.
§ 3, pp. 16-18. Answer the question, page 19
leave a crossword
The Black Sea Cossack army was formed during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. By order of Prince G.A. Potemkin on August 20, 1787, began the collection of volunteer teams of Cossacks who served in the former Zaporozhye Sich. By the end of 1787, the name “army of loyal Cossacks” became predominant, and then the only one.
Until 1816, the uniforms and weapons of the Black Sea Cossacks did not have any regulations. By the highest decree of November 13, 1802, the Black Sea Army was ordered to have uniforms modeled on the Don Army. However, no documentary evidence of the implementation of this command could be found. Perhaps the uniforms were worn by Cossack elders.
At the beginning of the 19th century. The clothes of the Black Sea Cossacks consisted of homespun retinues, sewn from homespun coarse cloth of different colors. Some Cossacks wore cloth caftans. The predominant colors of suits and caftans were blue, light blue and green.
Pants made of rough canvas and cloth trousers were widespread among the Black Sea Cossacks; gray, blue and light blue predominated in color. The boots were of two types: yuft and colored morocco. However, the latter were rarely used.
As a headdress, the Black Sea people used hats made of gray and black smushki; low round hats with a narrow (10-12 cm) vertical fur band and a flat fabric top; hats with a fur band and fabric tops, sewn in the shape of a cylinder or a truncated cone; hats with a narrow band and a high pear-shaped crown, consisting of several lobes. The top of the hats was, as a rule, cloth or sometimes corduroy, the predominant color was blue, light blue, less often green. The red top of the caps was used extremely rarely.
The weapons of the Black Sea Cossacks during the period under review were not regulated by law and consisted of a saber or checker, a dagger, pistols, a gun and a pike of a wide variety of designs.
On November 13, 1802, Emperor Alexander I approved the report of the Military Collegium “On the structure of the Black Sea Army.” This report actually became the first Regulation regulating the procedure for military service by the Black Sea Army, which established the number of regiments fielded by the Army for external service, the full-time set of officers, terms of service, the procedure for promotion to ranks, the amount of allowance provided to the Cossacks from the treasury, etc. d.
Military service of the Army consisted of internal and external service. The internal service of the Army consisted of constant protection of the Black Sea cordon line, service in the rowing Cossack flotilla, allocation of part of the military personnel to various institutions under the Military Government, to quarantine and exchange yards, to convoy teams, for flying mail, to 4 detective commands, to salt lakes , to fishing factories, as well as other places in the Army.
External service consisted of sending horse and foot regiments outside the army at the request of the highest military and naval authorities. The outfit for external service was not large.
The military-economic activities of the Cossacks were based on capital, which was used to improve the combat effectiveness of soldiers. The economic complex consisted of income received by the Black Sea Army on fishing grounds, from the sale of wine, fishing, salt mining, oil springs, leech swamps, and grazing cattle, horses, and sheep on military land. These types of activities were carried out by Cossacks during their service. This made it possible to provide the army with weapons and uniforms to be able to serve the Fatherland.
The peculiarities of the formation of the Black Sea military units influenced its combat effectiveness. The service life was 25 - 30 years. Before the start of the Patriotic War of 1812, the formation began: the Life Guards of the Black Sea Hundred - from among the best warriors. The 9th infantry regiment was assembled quickly, the 1st assembled cavalry regiment was formed from Cossacks from different kurens and regiments of the Black Sea Army, which, undoubtedly, could not but affect the losses of Cossack personnel during military operations. The smallest number of casualties was in the Black Sea Hundred, the largest in the 9th Foot Regiment. The social and age composition was heterogeneous and differed in their national, social, and property status, as evidenced by archival documents.
The Black Sea Cossacks began their participation in the Patriotic War of 1812 as part of the Life Guards of the Black Sea Regiment, and began from the first day of the war, starting in retreat from the river. Neman through Vitebsk, Smolensk, Borodino, Tarutino to Maloyaroslavets, with battles as part of the Russian army, in a counter-offensive against the French army to the Berezena River.
One of the famous heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 is A.F. Bursak.
Father A.F. Bursak was the military ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army Fyodor Yakovlevich Bursak, the threat of the “unpeaceful” Circassia on the eve of the Caucasian War. Bursak Sr. in history is called the last of the Mohicans of Zaporozhye.
His son was brought up in a Cossack environment, coming “from the children of chief officers.” At the age of fourteen, he began serving as an ordinary Cossack on the Caucasian Line, a fortified border line in the North Caucasus. He took part not only in skirmishes with the highlanders on the banks of the Kuban River, but also in the Trans-Kuban campaigns. In them he received his baptism of fire.
At the age of fifteen, Bursak is promoted to centurion esaul, at seventeen years old - to cornet, and a year later - to centurion. In 1807 he became a regimental captain. Not without his father’s patronage, in the same year, in December, being already a “prominent Cossack”, he became the adjutant of the Minister of War, Artillery General Count A. A. Arakcheev, a temporary worker for the then reigning Alexander I.
He received the rank of military (Cossack) colonel in 1810. When, on the eve of Napoleonic's Russian campaign, Arakcheev was replaced as Minister of War by Infantry General M.B. Barclay de Tolly, who remained as his adjutant.
In March 1811, military colonel Afanasy Bursak 2nd was appointed commander of the Black Sea Guards Hundred and was sent to Kuban to form it. The history of this hundred Life Guards Cossack Regiment, composed of Donets, is as follows.
The Minister of War, preparing the Russian army for the expected new war with Napoleonic France, with the approval of Emperor Alexander I, began to expand the ranks of the guard. For these purposes, he ordered the Kherson military governor, Duke Richelieu, to form a hundred Life Cossacks from the “best people” of the Black Sea Cossack army.
Bursak Jr., seconded from the capital, received an appropriate order. He was ordered to recruit a hundred Cossacks of “good condition, good behavior, health, prominent in stature and face.” The height of the guards was supposed to be from 173 to 191 centimeters, and the average age was about 30 years.
The formation of the hundred was completed by mid-July 1811. It included 5 officers, 14 constables, 2 trumpeters and 100 Cossacks. Initially, the armament of the Black Sea Life Cossacks consisted of sabers of various types, rifles (“long-barreled in the Circassian style”) and pistols (“Turkish in the style with a steel frame”). Pikes with a red shaft without a weather vane appeared in their arsenal the following year.
Bursak led a hundred “under his own power” to St. Petersburg on the first day of March 1812. She immediately became part of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. In the middle of the same month, she set out with a regiment in Vilna to maintain pickets along the banks of the border Neman.
Since the beginning of 1812, the Black Sea Hundred took part in many rearguard skirmishes, most often acting in front of the regular cavalry. Already at the very beginning of the military campaign, its commander “for various avant-garde deeds” was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with a bow.
Afanasy Bursak's service record includes many battles and big battles of the Patriotic War, in which he valiantly fought against the French with his Black Sea Cossacks.
In the Battle of Borodino, his hundred took part in the raid of Ataman Platov and General Uvarov, breaking into an enemy battery in two platoons. This was followed by the battle on the Chernishnya River (or at Tarutino). Bursak was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd article, for this deed. Then came Maloyaroslavets and Vyazma.
For the defeat of the French at Dorogobuzh in the Smolensk region, the hundredth commander complains with diamond signs to the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree. Then came the battles of Lyakhov and Krasnoye. That is, almost to the Berezina, the Life Cossack Black Sea Hundred was among those forces of Ataman Platov that pursued the retreating Napoleonic army, as they say, on the heels.
The most important task of the Black Sea people in the Patriotic War of 1812 was the recapture of 19 guns from the French near Vilna. With the arrival of Emperor Alexander I in the active army, the hundred began to be part of his convoy, beginning the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in this new capacity.
The Black Sea Cossacks - a selected hundred troops - distinguished themselves in the battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm, and in the Leipzig Battle of the Nations. Bursak 2nd becomes a Knight of St. George, having been awarded the Military Order of St. George, 4th degree, for a dashing, successful attack on the enemy cavalry.
His Cossacks took part in the capture of Paris, setting up their bivouac on the famous Champs Elysees. The hundredth commander of the Black Sea Life Guards by that time had the Golden Weapon “For Bravery” and the Prussian Order “For Military Merit”.
In August 1813, Afanasy Bursak was renamed from military colonel to army colonel. This was also a reward for valor, since the army rank was then considered much higher than the Cossack rank: they were not yet equal to each other.
After foreign campaigns, service in the capital's guard begins for colonel and St. George's cavalier Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak. He was received at court. In 1815, his position began to be called this: commander of the Life Guards of the Black Sea Cossack squadron number 7, which was part of the same Life Guards Cossack Regiment.
Colonel A.F. Bursak 2nd is appointed commander of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Black Sea Cossack Regiment. His father was no longer alive by that time. He had to retrain the regiment using the combat experience that he gained in action against the French.
In those years, there were constant raids from Circassia against the “fire-breathing” Caucasian fortified line: the protracted Caucasian War began. Bursak and his regiment took part in the Trans-Kuban campaigns in 1823 and 1824, personally being in many heated skirmishes and skirmishes.
The next year, 1825, he was gone. He died tragically, drowning in the deep Kuban. He was buried in the cemetery of the “Zaporozhye” Elizavetinsky Kuren. Later, his ashes were transferred to the military capital - the city of Yekaterinodar.
...In the Black Sea Cossack Army, which at the very end of the Caucasian War became an integral part of the Kuban Army, the name of Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak was known as heroic, primarily for his deeds in the Patriotic War of 1812. This is evidenced by military chronicles and histories of various authors.
It was this grateful historical memory that became the basis for assigning his name, as the eternal chief, to the 1st Black Sea Regiment of the Kuban Cossack Army. This event in the life of the army took place in 1913, when the highest decree of Emperor Nicholas II was issued.
In the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, the hundred were officially called the 4th squadron. A hundred Kuban guards, shoulder to shoulder with the Don and Ural Cossacks, continuously wage rearguard battles with the advancing French cuirassiers and hussars, Polish lancers, covering the junction of the armies of Bagration and Barclay de Tolly. On June 16, 1812, A.D. Beskrovny, commanding two horse platoons, attacked the superior forces of the Polish lancers, overthrew them and drove them a mile away. Having come to their senses, the Poles counterattack, but other hundreds of native Life Guards Cossacks and squadrons of the Sumy Hussar Regiments come to the rescue of the Kuban people. The counterattack was repulsed. After this battle, the Black Sea Hundred receives the right to be called: “His Imperial Majesty’s Own Convoy.” On the fourth and fifth of August - fierce battles for Smolensk...
And here is Borodino, the field of Russian glory. On August 26, 1812, Life Guards Captain Beskrovny, at the head of two platoons of his Black Sea men, carried out a swift cavalry attack on a French battery leading continuous grapeshot fire and captured two officers and nine soldiers. The road to the corps of the Russian Guards Cavalry of Lieutenant General Fedor Uvarov to the enemy rear was open. Historians believe that it was this combat episode that became a turning point during the Battle of Borodino. But Beskrovny himself is wounded in the left leg by buckshot during the attack, and the horse dies under him. Two days later, having not yet recovered from his wound, the brave headquarters captain, commanding two platoons of Black Sea soldiers, held back the advancing enemy troops on foot for several hours and retreated only on orders from above. For this and other feats, Alexei Danilovich was presented with a golden saber with the inscription “For bravery.”
A few months later, in December 1812, Beskrovny, who was appointed temporarily, instead of A.F. Bursak, to command the entire Black Sea hundred, was tasked with the forces of the Life Guards to capture the city of Jursburg, defended by a significant French garrison. A carefully planned and well-organized attack brought success: Jursburg was quickly taken, and the Black Sea guards, continuing a swift raid, reached the Neman, capturing French barges located on the river with large army reserves of bread and fodder oats. For the retreating French army, forced to starve, this was a heavy blow. The next day of the raid, another significant success: in a short oncoming battle, the vanguard of the corps of General Jacques Etienne MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum, was completely defeated.
The 9th Regiment of Foot fought selflessly on the European border at the end of 1812, heroically losing almost half of the regiment. In the history of the 1st assembled cavalry regiment, archival materials made it possible to reconstruct three routes. The first is the march of the Cossacks from the city of Yekaterinodar to Brest-Litovsk. Their path lay through seven Russian provinces. The second, along the European battlefields, through Silesia and Saxony, the Black Sea soldiers fought their way to Zeitz, which they liberated in a fierce battle, and later participated in battles, including Leipzig, Pointe, Arsis and Paris. The third route has been restored from France to Ekaterinodar.
At the beginning of May 1813, the famous battle of Bautzen (Bautzen) takes place, and again the Cossack Life Guards are at the forefront of the attack. The Russian troops were unlucky in that battle, but the Cossacks did everything they could! At the end of August - beginning of September of the same year, battles followed one after another. And again the brave Kuban residents cover the banner of their native regiment with unfading glory. Again, the Cossack lava uncontrollably and rapidly melts its horses over the fields of distant German principalities, the lightning of the checkers flashes in the dim autumn sun, and again the brave “commander without mistakes” leads a hundred into the attack, as, with the light hand of the Sovereign, Alexei Beskrovny was nicknamed.
The “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig glorified the Russian Cossacks for centuries. A lightning-fast flank attack by the Life Guards Cossack regiment under the command of General Vasily Orlov-Denisov and the Prussian hussars, commanded by Count Nostitz, against the French cuirassiers of General Victor Latour-Maubourg, who had rushed forward in a dashing attack, prevented the seemingly inevitable capture of the entire high military command of the Allied forces - Russian and Austrian Emperors, Swedish and Prussian Kings, all staff generals. Only a few hundred meters separated the valiant French from the desired victory. A joint counterattack of the Russians and Germans saved the situation; fortune changed for Napoleon.
But, during the pursuit of French cavalrymen, Alexey Danilovich was seriously wounded. The pistol bullet passed close to the heart, crushing three ribs. He then proudly wore the memorial badge of that valiant attack for the rest of his life - three gilded ribs next to countless military orders, Russian and foreign. This sign was granted to the Bloodless by the Emperor himself. According to legend, Alexander the First said then: “The Black Sea people’s commander is not Bloodless, but Immortal!” Seeing through a telescope that Beskrovny was seriously wounded, the Tsar sent his physician Yakov Vasilyevich Villier to help the valiant warrior, asking the doctor to tell Alexei Danilovich, as soon as he came to his senses, that from now on Beskrovny was a guard colonel and commander of the personal imperial convoy! And the entire Black Sea hundred were then awarded the Crosses of St. George.
After the end of the Patriotic War, the Black Sea Hundred formed the personal guard of Emperor Alexander I during the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813 - 1814. The convoy was the first special military unit designed to protect the emperor and his family members.
The combat operations in which the combat units of the Black Sea Cossacks took part were predetermined by the strategy of the regular army. When conducting a historical reconstruction of routes (redeployment) across Russia and Europe, it was established that, depending on the period of stay in the regular army, each military unit of the Black Sea troops took part in key battles. The Black Sea Guards Hundred, from the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 and at the end of foreign campaigns, showed their courage and valor in a number of battles in Russia: in Vilna, Smolensk, at Borodino, Maloyaroslavets, and in Europe - Lutzen, Pelzantz, Pautzen, Dresden and Kulme. The Cossacks especially distinguished themselves in the general battle on October 4, 1813 near Leipzig. On March 19, 1814, the Cossacks entered Paris.
By the highest rescript of March 9, 1815, Emperor Alexander I ordered Ataman Bursak 1st to send five cavalry Black Sea regiments to Germany as part of the Foreign Army, leaving, however, at the discretion of the Ataman, based on local circumstances, the final decision on the number of regiments sent. On April 11, Ataman Bursak 1st appointed four combined cavalry regiments on a campaign under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Dubonos, military colonels: P.F. Bursak 3rd, Golub and Porokhnya. The regiments recruited officers and Cossacks from all regiments of the Army, including foot soldiers. On May 10, the regiments set out from Yekaterinodar and on July 23 arrived in Radzivilov, from where they were sent to the Rhine. August 3 in Holm, Duchy of Warsaw; The marching ataman, Lieutenant Colonel Dubonos, received orders to return to the Army in connection with the end of hostilities, and on the same day the regiments turned back. On October 12, the regiments of Dubonos and Porokhnya arrived in Yekaterinodar, and on October 14 - the regiments of Bursak 3rd and Golub. In 1815, on May 20, the hundred was renamed the 4th Black Sea squadron of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment.
The contribution of the Cossacks of the Life Guards of the Black Sea Hundred, the 9th Foot Regiment and the 1st Combined Regiment in the war with the Napoleonic army is immortalized on the walls of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Black Sea residents - participants in hostilities, were awarded orders and ranks for their bravery and courage in the fight against the French. Many of them received awards not only for major victories in famous battles, but also for participation in the partisan movement. 21 Black Sea residents received St. George Crosses of the 4th degree, one Order of St. George of the 4th degree, eight of St. Vladimir, 263 Cossacks of the 9th Foot Regiment received silver medals “In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812.” For their valor in the fight against the enemy, four Black Sea residents received medals “For Merit”, and five received the Order of St. Anne of various degrees. Such high awards confirm the recognition of the military merits of the Black Sea Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814. war Cossack army army
In honor of the heroic events of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813 -1814. special military awards were established for participants in the battles: “In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812”, medal “For the capture of Paris”, anniversary medal “In memory of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812”, medal “For love of the Fatherland”, pectoral crosses “ In memory of the War of 1812", signs, Prussian "Kulm 1st Cross".
At the present stage, in the gallery of military glory of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, the memory of the Black Sea people is immortalized on several boards, in the form of mentions of battle sites, names and surnames of Cossacks and officers of the Black Sea Hundred. In the ranks of hundreds, the future Kuban atamans A.D. Bezkrovny and N.S. Zavadovsky covered themselves with immortal glory.
During the foreign military campaigns of 1813 - 1814. The Russian army provided enormous assistance to the peoples of Western Europe in their liberation from Napoleonic rule. It was the main core around which the troops of other coalition members were grouped.
Thus, analyzing the order of service, the functional responsibilities of the Black Sea Cossacks, the external forms of culture of the military class (uniforms, insignia, military regalia) and other aspects of military life, the participation of the Black Sea Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813 - 1814. , it is concluded that the organizational, legal, ideological, military-economic and political-economic measures of the government in relation to the Cossacks of the south of Russia ensured the creation by the beginning of the 19th century. a reliable cordon from the Black Sea Cossack troops.
In 1813 - 1814 the Black Sea people marched victoriously across Europe, and participating in battles in Lutzen, Pelzatz, Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm, Leipzig, reached Paris, from where in May 1814 they began a campaign to St. Petersburg;
During the battles, the Kuban Cossacks demonstrated high fighting spirit and moral qualities. In a combat situation, the Cossacks were often helped out by fraternal relations and the ability to come to the rescue in time. The Black Sea Cossacks in fact showed themselves to be defenders of their Fatherland, including their land, their farms and villages, and their families. In the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813 - 1814. The Cossacks of southern Russia proved that they had excellent mastery of the art of war; the French feared them more than the soldiers of the regular Russian army.
Shevchenko Galina Nikolaevna, candidate of historical sciences,
Associate Professor of the Department of Pre-Revolutionary Russian History
Kuban State University (Krasnodar)
2012 marked the 200th anniversary of Russia's victory in the War of 1812. The Black Sea Cossacks took part in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Much has been written about their exploits. Let us consider the main stages of the combat path of the Black Sea people in the wars with Napoleon.
The Patriotic War shook all of Russia. The national impulse to fight foreign invaders did not bypass Kuban either. Everyone tried to help the country to the best of their ability: some volunteered for the army, some donated money for its needs. Residents of the Black Sea region alone collected 114.4 thousand rubles for the army. - a considerable amount at that time.
But the greatest contribution to the liberation of the Motherland from the invasion of Napoleonic troops was the participation of the Black Sea people in the hostilities of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813–1814. The following took part in the liberation war from the Black Sea region: the Black Sea Guards Cossack Hundred, the ninth Black Sea Foot Regiment, the First Combined Black Sea Cavalry Regiment.
On May 18, 1811, by order of the Emperor, Minister of War M.B. Barclay de Tolly sent an order to the Kherson military governor D. Richelieu that “the Emperor wishes to have with him among his cavalry guards one hundred Cossacks from the Black Sea Army from the best people.”
Such a hundred was formed and arrived in St. Petersburg on March 1, 1812 (consisting of 1 headquarters officer, 3 chief officers, 14 civil servants and 100 Cossacks). The hundred was headed by military colonel Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak. In St. Petersburg, a hundred was attached to the Life Guards Cossack Regiment.
From the very first days of the Patriotic War of 181 2, the Black Sea Hundred took part in battles with the vanguard of the main forces of Napoleonic army on the Neman River. Forced to retreat along with everyone else, the hundred took part in the battles of June 14 - at New Troki,
On the 16th - near the city of Vilna, on the 19th - near Pivovarki, withstanding a series of persistent attacks all day - from 8 o'clock. morning until 9 pm. On June 23, the hundred distinguished itself at Kocherzhishki, where it dashed like a wedge into the enemy cavalry and repelled its attack. On July 9, near the village of Voskresensky, a hundred defeated the enemy vanguard (up to 1,500 soldiers), an officer and several French soldiers were taken prisoner. On July 15, near Vitebsk, Life Cossacks, Black Sea men and part of the Sumy Hussar Regiment under
command of General V.V. Orlov-Denisov quickly attacked and destroyed the 16th Cavalry Regiment, almost two rifle companies and took the battery, near which Napoleon was surrounded by a large retinue. Before the eyes of the French emperor, in one minute all the artillerymen were killed, and the cannons were thrown into the ravine. This attack forced Napoleon to pause his offensive.
The Black Sea Hundred and the Life Guards Cossack Regiment also took part in the Battle of Borodino. They were commanded by General V.V. Orlov-Denisov. The Black Sea men were part of the cavalry corps of F.P. Uvarov, who attacked the left flank of the French army.
By order of M.I. Kutuzov in the midst of the battle, the cavalry of F.P. Uvarov and Ataman M.I. Platova attacked the left flank of the French army and thereby significantly influenced the outcome of the battle.
On August 26, Black Sea soldiers A.F. Bursak and A.D. distinguished themselves in the Battle of Borodino. Bloodless. Khorunzhiy A.D. Bloodless showed courage during the attack. The horse under him was killed by buckshot, he himself was wounded in the left leg, but, despite the pain, he remained in the ranks. In this attack, the Black Sea troops not only captured enemy batteries, but also captured two French officers and 9 soldiers.
On August 27 and 28, during the retreat from Borodino to Moscow, while crossing near the city of Mozhaisk, the French tried to take an advantageous position, but were stopped by well-aimed fire from the Black Sea troops scattered in chains. The battle lasted from 3 pm to 7 pm. Here again the cornet A.D. distinguished himself. Bloodless, for which he was awarded a Golden Saber with the inscription “For Bravery.”
During the counter-offensive of the Russian army on October 6, the Life Guards Cossack Regiment and the Black Sea Cossack Hundred under the command of V.V. successfully fought in the battle of Tarutino. Orlova-Denisova. His Cossack regiment went behind enemy lines and began a battle with the French cavalry near the village of Bogoroditsky. This quick, unexpected attack upset the enemy columns, and he was forced to retreat. The Cossacks pursued the enemy, took many prisoners, 20 guns, their honorary banner, and a large convoy.
In this battle, the Black Sea soldiers distinguished themselves - the hundredth esaul (sergeant) Andrian Kuzmich Perekrest (for courage in the defense of Smolensk he was awarded the St. George Cross, rose to the rank of colonel), the cornet Nikolai Stepanovich Zavodovsky, wounded in the hand by grapeshot (he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with a bow) and Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak - awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree (with diamond jewelry).
Pursuing the enemy from Maloyaroslavets to the city of Krasny, the Black Sea hundred took part in a number of battles: on October 22 near Vyazma, on October 26 near Dorogobuzh, on October 28 on the Elninskaya road, near the village of Lyakhovo, the Cossacks in a bloody battle completely defeated the French infantry (500 people) and captured General Augereau with his brigade and 2 thousand soldiers. After this battle, the Cossacks brought with them 700 cuirasses (armor that protects the chest and back of cavalrymen) as trophies, which were subsequently transferred to the Pskov Dragoon Regiment.
I will quote excerpts from the formal list of Andrian Kuzmich Perekrest, a holder of many orders, who later commanded the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the Black Sea Cossack Army: “...812 was on a campaign to the border of the Duchy of Warsaw against the French who had entered Russia and actual battles with them. June 19 at Poviverki. 21 and 22 during the retreat from the town of Svintsian. 23 at Kocherzhishki in repelling a strong enemy attack, July 19
near the village of Voskresensk in the defeat and extermination of the enemy Vanguard, consisting of 1,500 people, who were driven to the rear to their located corps and captured several people of the lower ranks and one officer. 10 and 11 at the town of Bashenkevich in holding the enemy, who were intensifying in large numbers to break through the Dvina River. 14 during the retreat to the city of Vilna, 15 near the city of Vitepsk in Otaki during the extermination of two enemy regiments. 16, 17 and 18 during the retreat from the city of Vitepsk, August 4 and 5 while defending the city of Smolensk and holding the enemy there. For what deeds was he awarded the Insignia of the Military Order of St. George under number 13293. 26 at Borodino in a general battle in attack on an enemy battery under canister shots, September 7 and 8 in the Avangard under canister shots. On October 6, at Tarutino, in defeating an enemy detachment and for distinguishing himself in these matters, the All-Merciful One granted the rank of Hornet during the pursuit of the enemy from old Yaroslavets to the city of Krasny, 22 at Vyazma, 26 at Dorogebuzh in the complete defeat of enemy detachments, 28 at the village of Lyakhova in attack and taking General Augereau with his corps and defeating up to 2,000 cavalry and 800 hundred infantry men to liberate him. 30 when the enemy detachment was defeated at the village of Clementine and took possession of the store, on November 3, near the city of Krasny, when the enemy cavalry troops struck, they moved from Smolensk to Krasny when that party was defeated. 28 in an attack on enemy infantry columns outside the city of Vilna and repulsing 13 guns, 29 in an attack on part of the Vanguard of the enemy army at Shaboleshki station and 1,500 souls of various ranks were captured.”
Thus, the Black Sea Cossack Hundred went through the entire Patriotic War with the Russian army (until December 1812) and participated in almost all major battles of the Patriotic War, such as Smolensk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavl, etc.
On January 1, 1813, the Black Sea Cossack Hundred entered the Convoy of Emperor Alexander I and took part in foreign campaigns. The Black Sea people fought at Lützep, Pelzanz, Bautzen, Dresden, Kulm, and Leipzig. The Cossacks accompanied the Russian Emperor to Paris on March 19, 1814. were on the famous Champs Elysees. On October 25, 1814, the Black Sea Cossack Hundred arrived in St. Petersburg. For the campaign, she was awarded silver trumpets and the St. George standard - in memory of the battle on October 4, 1813. near Leipzig.
In addition to the Black Sea Guards Hundred, the 9th Foot Regiment of the Black Sea Cossack Army took part in the fight against Napoleon. In October 1812, the second son of the ataman, Colonel Pavel Fedorovich Bursak, became the commander of the regiment. Being part of the 3rd Western Army of Admiral P.V. Chichagov, the Cossacks took part in a number of battles with units of Napoleon’s army at the final stage of the Patriotic War of 1812, as well as in the foreign campaign of 1813 against the French and
Polish troops. In February 1813, by order of M.I. Kutuzov's regiment was disbanded as it suffered heavy losses. Of the 19 officers and 530 Cossacks of the regiment, only 209 people returned to their homeland.
The regiment was restored and given a new name, “First Combined Black Sea Cavalry Regiment.” It consisted of 5 hundreds: 19 chief officers, 11 constables and 556 Cossacks; Captain Daniil Savvich Plokhoy was appointed commander.
Having begun hostilities on March 29, 1813, the regiment heroically went all the way along with the Russian army and ended it with the capture of Paris on March 19, 1814.
In the Patriotic War of 1812 and in foreign campaigns of 1813–1814. The Black Sea Cossacks showed themselves to be true patriots. This patriotism was reflected in the campaign of voluntary donations for the needs of the army, as well as in the courage and bravery with which the Black Sea Cossacks fought together with the entire Russian people for the honor and national independence of the Motherland.
Notes
1. Kiyashko I.I. Kuban people in the war of 1812 // Kuban collection. Ekaterinodar, 1913. T. 18; Petin S.I. His Imperial Majesty's own convoy. St. Petersburg, 1899; Bardadym V.P. Military valor of the Kuban people. Krasnodar, 1993; Naumenko V.E., Frolov B.E. Life Guards Black Sea Cossack Division (1811-1861) Krasnodar, 2002, Khorolskaya N.A. Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak // Voice of the past. 2006. No. 1-2. P.70-83., Shevchenko G.N. Military awards of Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak // Under the shadow of St. George (to the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the military order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George). Materials of the 5th International Noble Readings (October 24-25, 2009) Krasnodar, 2009. P.149-151; Cossacks of the Black Sea Cossack Army in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813–1814: documentary album / Ex. for Archives of the Krasnodar Territory, State. archive of the Krasnodar region; [comp. L.M. Puras, B.E. Frolov, N.A. Khorolskaya]. Krasnodar, 2011; Shevchenko G.N. Military awards and seal of Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak // Russian wars of the 19th – early 20th centuries in documents from the archives of Kuban (to the 200th anniversary of Russia’s victory in the war of 1812). Materials of the VII regional scientific and practical conference of archivists, historians, local historians). Taman, 2012. pp. 28–32.
2. Bardadym V.P. Heroes of 1812 // Military valor of the Kuban people. Krasnodar, 1993. P. 56; Shishov A.V. Alexey Danilovich Beskrovny (1790–1832) // One Hundred Great Cossacks. M., 2007. P. 295.
3. Shevchenko G.N. Black Sea people in the Patriotic War of 1812 // The past and present of Kuban in the course of national history. Krasnodar, 1994. P. 87; State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory (GAKK) F. 802. Op. 1.D. 74. L. 9–13.
4. Cossacks of the Black Sea Cossack Army in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813–1814: documentary album. P. 72.
Goals and objectives:
Continue studying the history of your small homeland;
Develop interest in the history of the Kuban Cossacks;
To cultivate love and respect for your native Kuban.
Progress of the conversation:
At the beginning of the conversation, the mentor tells the children that on June 12, 1812, the huge army of Napoleon I, without declaring war, crossed the Neman and invaded the Russian Empire.
A patriotic impulse gripped the entire country and also stirred up the Kuban residents.
Some signed up as volunteers for the army, others donated money for its needs.
In the Patriotic War, the Life Guards (that is, the Tsar) took part in the Cossack hundred of the Black Sea, the 8th Black Sea Regiment, which was later transformed into the Combined Black Sea Cavalry Regiment.
The first to take part in hostilities against the French army was the Black Sea Guards Hundred, led by Colonel Afanasy Bursak, the son of Ataman Fyodor Bursak. Already on June 14, the hundred fought with the vanguard of the enemy army, often being in action for 10-12 hours a day.
“On July 9, near the village of Voskresensk, a Cossack hundred crashed like a whirlwind into the enemy vanguard of 1,500 people, capturing a French officer and several soldiers. On July 15, in front of the stunned French emperor, the Black Sea men, together with the Russian hussars, destroyed a cavalry regiment, two rifle companies, and captured an enemy battery .
Black Sea residents also took part in the famous Battle of Borodino. Here the future ataman of the Black Sea army, Cossack officer Alexei Danilovich Bezkrovny, distinguished himself. In a battle near the city of Mozhaisk, he distinguished himself again and was awarded the golden saber “For Bravery.”
In military operations near Tarutin, the Cossack regiment of General V.V. Orlov-Denisov, which included Black Sea troops, went behind enemy lines, causing him to panic.
“The Cossacks captured 20 cannons, many prisoners and a French convoy.
In the same battle, another future ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army, Nikolai Zavodovsky, distinguished himself. Wounded in battle, he did not leave the battlefield, showing military valor. For the battle of Tarutino N.S. Zavodovsky was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree.”
Pursuing Napoleon's retreating army, the Cossacks terrified the enemy. For example, near the village of Lyakhovo, they defeated the French infantry and captured a French general. Among the heroes of this battle were Life Guards A.F. Bursaka.
The 9th Black Sea Cossack infantry regiment, whose commander was brother A.F., fought no less successfully at this time. Bursak - Pavel Fedorovich Bursak. This regiment took part in the pursuit of the fleeing Napoleonic army through Poland and France, ending its journey in the French capital in March 1814.
On March 19, 1814, the Black Sea Cossack Hundred of Guards, accompanying the Russian Emperor Alexander I, entered defeated Paris as part of the Imperial Guard to the solemn sounds of a victorious march.
At the end of the conversation, it should be noted that this year the Kuban Cossack Army held a historical quiz dedicated to the participation of the Kuban Cossack Army in the Patriotic War of 1812; you can briefly recall the questions of the quiz, as well as the answers to them (all materials about the quiz are on the website of the Kuban Cossack Army) .
Literature to prepare for the lesson:
- “History of Kuban” 2009, textbook edited by V.V. Kasyanova
Posters of the Kuban Cossack Army
Historical map dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812
Materials from the website of the Kuban Cossack Army slavakubani.ru (section “Gallery of Cossack Glory”)
Sutyagin Efim
Participation of the Kuban Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812. Creation of the Black Sea Hundred. Participation of the Cossacks in the Battle of Borodino. Heroes of the Patriotic War on the canvases of artists.
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Slide captions:
"Kuban Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812" Black Sea Hundred
Goal: To study and reveal the role of the Kuban Cossacks in the Patriotic War of 1812.
Objectives: 1) Take the Black Sea Hundred as a basis 2) The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred 3) The heroic path of the Black Sea Hundred 4) Cossacks in the Battle of Borodino 5) Heroes in artists’ canvases
The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred. May 18, 1811 M.B. Baraklay de Tolly “The Emperor wishes to have with him among his cavalry guards one hundred Cossacks from the Black Sea Army from the best people”
The history of the creation of the Black Sea Hundred. March 1, 1812 Composition: 1 staff officer, 3 chief officers, 14 officers and 100 Cossacks. Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak
Black Sea hundred. Heroic path. Afanasy Fedorovich Bursak V.V. Orlov-Denisov F.P. Uvarov
A. F. Bursak From the very first days of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Black Sea Hundred took part in battles with the vanguard of the main forces of Napoleonic army on the Neman River. The hundred took part in the battles of June 14 - at New Troki, on the 16th - near the city of Vilno, on the 19th - near Pivovarki. On June 23, the hundred distinguished itself at Kocherzhishki, where it dashed like a wedge into the enemy cavalry and repelled its attack.
V.V. Orlov-Denisov On June 9, near the village of Voskresensky, a hundred defeated the enemy vanguard (up to 1,500 soldiers), officers and several French soldiers were taken prisoner. On July 15, near Vitebsk, Life Cossacks, Black Sea men and part of the Sumy Hussar Regiment destroyed the 16th Horse-Jager, almost two rifle companies and took the battery, near which Napaleon was surrounded by his retinue. Before the eyes of the French emperor, in one minute all the artillerymen were killed, and the cannons were thrown into the ravine. This forced Napaleon to pause his offensive.
The Black Sea Hundred and the Life Guards Cossack Regiment took part in the Battle of Borodino and attacked the left flank of the French army. F.P. Uvarov
Black Sea soldiers in the Battle of Borodino. The feat of Alexei Danilovich Bezkrovny. A.D. Bezkrovny - “Commander without mistakes”
Expressing his gratitude, Kutuzov said about Bezkrovny: “This is a Cossack without mistakes” M.I. Kutuzov As part of the Bezkrovny Guard, he participates in heavy and almost continuous rearguard battles. Commanding the Black Sea Guards Officer Hundred, in 1812. A. Bezkrovny distinguished himself in the Battle of Borodino, where, with two platoons of his hundred, despite strong grapeshot fire, he cut into a French battery and captured two officers and nine soldiers. During this desperate attack, his horse was killed under him, and he himself was wounded in the left leg by grapeshot. August 28, 1812 Bezkrovny with the Black Sea hundred, as part of a rifle chain, repelled enemy attacks from 3 pm to 7 pm. Nicholas I
Heroes on artists' canvases. Raid of the Cossacks M.I. Platov and F.P. Uvarov to the rear of the French troops. Borodino 1812.
Heroes on artists' canvases. Painting by Viktor Mazurovsky “The Case of Platov’s Cossacks near Mir on July 9, 1812”
Heroes on artists' canvases. “The French in 1812, captured by partisans (I.M. Pryanishnikov)”
PURSUIT OF FRENCH HORSE GUARDS NEAR POLOTSK BY HORSE GUARDS ON AUGUST 6, 1812. 1890 Heroes on the canvases of artists.
Heroes on artists' canvases. BATTLE FOR THE SHEVARDINSKY REDOUT. 2002 AVERYANOV A.YU.
Heroes on artists' canvases. FIRST ATTACK ON SEMYONOV FLASHES. 2004 AVERYANOV A.YU.
Heroes on artists' canvases. Council in Gorodnya - A.Yu. Averyanov.
Napoleon in his office. 1812 “Give me only the Cossacks, and I will go with them all over Europe.”
Resources: http://ukr-cazaks.ucoz.ua http://litvik.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org
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