Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For classes of general educational institutions / V.B. Zakharov, S.G. Mamontov, N.I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004).
Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - sea anemones is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.
Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, fungal hyphae, entwining cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus. Cetraria centrifuga
Typical mutualism is the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa that live in the intestines. Termites feed on wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Various types of mycorrhizae
Symbiosis Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word, “graze.”
Lodging An example of the transition of freeloading into closer relationships between species are the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. The biological meaning of the attachment of sticks is to facilitate the movement and settlement of these fish.
Housing If stickies use large fish as carriers, then often the bodies of other animal species or their habitats (buildings) serve as shelters. This form of relationship is called tenancy. In the body cavity of the holothurian (phylum Echinodermata), also called the sea cucumber, various species of animals find refuge.
Housing Plants also use other species as habitats. An example of this is epiphytes. Epiphytes can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants. Woody plants serve as a place of attachment for them, but not as a source of nutrients or mineral salts. Epiphytes feed on dying tissues and secretions of the host through photosynthesis. In our country, epiphytes are represented mainly by lichens and some mosses.
Literature Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For class general education Institutions/ V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. – 7th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004.
“Types of environmental interactions” - Features of competitive relations. Conclusion. Let's repeat. Orienting students to reasonable, environmentally sound activities. Commensalism Freeloading Companionship Lodging. Symbiotic connections and forms. Freeloading is the consumption of leftover food from the owner. (+ +) Mutually beneficial Symbiosis - living together, a certain degree of cohabitation.
“Biotic connections” - One-way connections and competition 100. Among the green plants capable of normal photosynthesis, there are insectivores. What type of biotic relationship does cockfighting illustrate? In the tropical forest. All participants in the biocenosis use energy... For example, lichen = mushroom + + algae. The fungus receives organic compounds from the plant.
“Symbiosis” - Symbiosis of animals with microbes. The simplest unicellular animals. Lichen. Symbiosis of autotrophs with heterotrophs. Practical significance. Algae. Integration of the symbiotic complex. Zoochlorella. Symbiosis in the world of plants and animals. Myrmecodia. Biochemical symbioses. Nitrogen-fixing symbioses. Algae cells.
“Food connections” - 3rd order consumers (3rd order consumers) -. Bacteria; Power circuits. Predatory animals. branched food chains. Ecological pyramid rule. Energy consumption by links. Food connections in biogeocenoses. Herbivorous animals. Chain of decomposition (detritus) Begins with plant and animal remains and animal excrement.
“Food trophic connections” - Necessary components of the ecosystem. Trophic relationships in nature. Fun test. Trophic chains. Decomposers. Nectar of flowers. Meaning. Rule. Select consumers. Let's live in peace. Ecology lesson. Food chain. Clover. Pairs of organisms. Type of biotic relationships. Table. Types of relationships. Detrital food chains.
“Unified State Exam in Biology 2013” - Part A task. Distribution of KIM tasks by content. A section of one of the two chains of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides. Establish a correspondence between the developmental stage of the moss cuckoo flax and its ploidy. A large number of earthworms. Specification. By what features can you recognize a DNA molecule? Documents regulating the development of the Unified State Exam KIM. In task B5-B6 it is necessary to establish a correspondence between the content.
“Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich” - Development of scientific theories. Nikolai Vavilov's office. Vavilov and Lysenko. Views of the book by Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. Monument to N.I. Vavilov in Saratov. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. Genetic scientist. Collection of corn cobs. Scientific achievements. Scientific activity and future life path. Lysenko with his employees in Odessa in 1938. First wife (from 1912-1926) - Ekaterina Nikolaevna Sakharova-Vavilova.
“Cenozoic period” - The beginning of the formation of the modern configuration of the world. Interglacial eras. Pleistocene vertebrates. Alpine soft-bodied types. Vegetation of the Ice Ages. Climate. Vegetation of interglacial eras. Early Cenozoic era. Tundra. Steppe. Ancestor of modern domestic bulls. Rhinoceroses of Merk. Taiga. Invertebrates. Cenozoic era. Period.
“Backgrounds of Darwin’s theory” - The term “evolution”. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, many scientific prerequisites accumulated. Basic provisions of the theory of evolution. Basic provisions of evolutionary theory. Discrepancy between the number of organisms born and the number of organisms. C. Darwin (1809–1882) was born into the family of an English doctor. Stay in the Galapagos Islands. General characteristics of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Evolution of the organic world.
“Brain hormones” - Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Structure and function of the pituitary gland. Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Gigantism and dwarfism. Harmony of the activity of the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Interesting facts about melatonin. Hypothalamus. Pituitary. Pineal gland hormones. Secretory activity of melatonin. Brain hormones. The effect of pituitary hormones on the body. Neurohormones of the hypothalamus. Functions of the pineal gland. Epiphysis "Sun" disease. Introduction to the central organs of the endocrine system.
Slide 2
Symbiosis concept
Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms.
Slide 3
Cooperation
- Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary.
- The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - anemones - is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.
Slide 4
Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the anemone to catch prey, part of which, affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.
Slide 8
They go into the crocodile's mouth and clean it.
Slide 10
Mutualism
- Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them
- One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are cohabitations of a fungus and an algae. In lichen, fungal hyphae, entwining cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus.
rice. Cetraria centrifuga
Slide 11
Typical mutualism
- Typical mutualism - the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa living in the intestines
- Termites eat wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.
Slide 12
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.
Slide 13
An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of so-called nodule bacteria and leguminous plants (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, white acacia, groundnuts or peanuts).
Slide 14
Nodules on soybean roots
These bacteria, capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of thickenings - nodules.
Slide 15
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants
Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow in soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.
Slide 16
On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heathers, lingonberries and many perennial grasses, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.
Slide 17
Mushroom hyphae
Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed with the help of the fungus.
Slide 18
Mycorrhiza - coexistence of a fungus with the roots of higher plants
The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it.
Slide 19
Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - “graze”.
Slide 21
Freeloading
Freeloading can take many forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of prey left uneaten by lions.
Slide 22
Tenancy
An example of the transition of parasites into closer relationships between species are the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. The biological meaning of the attachment of sticks is to facilitate the movement and settlement of these fish.
Co-evolution
Close contact of species during symbiosis causes their joint evolution. An example of this is the mutual adaptations that have evolved between flowering plants and their pollinators.
Slide 29
Literature
- Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For 10-11 grades. general education Institutions/ V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. – 7th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004.
View all slides
Slide 2
Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for 10-11 grades of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004).
Slide 3
Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary
The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - anemones - is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.
Slide 4
Cooperation
Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the anemone to catch prey, part of which, affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.
Slide 8
Some birds also lead a similar lifestyle. They go into the crocodile's mouth and clean it
Slide 10
Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them
One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are cohabitations of a fungus and an algae. In lichen, fungal hyphae, entwining cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus.
Cetraria centrifuga
Slide 11
Typical mutualism - the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa living in the intestines
Termites eat wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.
Slide 12
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.
Slide 13
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants
An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of so-called nodule bacteria and leguminous plants (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, white acacia, groundnuts or peanuts).
Slide 14
Nodules on soybean roots
These bacteria, capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of thickenings - nodules.
Slide 15
Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow in soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.
Slide 16
Mycorrhiza - coexistence of a fungus with the roots of higher plants
On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heathers, lingonberries and many perennial grasses, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.
Slide 17
Mushroom hyphae
Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed with the help of the fungus.
Slide 18
The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Various types of mycorrhizae
Slide 19
Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - “graze”.
Slide 20
Commensalism is a relationship in which one species benefits from cohabitation, but the other does not care.
Slide 21
Freeloading
Freeloading can take many forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of prey left uneaten by lions.
Slide 22
Tenancy
An example of the transition of parasites into closer relationships between species are the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. The biological meaning of the attachment of sticks is to facilitate the movement and settlement of these fish.
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