Connecting sentences using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Makar had not noticed before that it seemed to be dawning on the plain (Korolenko).

Since they are different, then this is parallel subordination. Are questions posed to subordinate clauses from one sentence or from different ones? Among the 712 sentences, find a COMPLEX SENTENCE with homogeneous subordinate clauses (7) The artist, who appears on stage, himself becomes a working instrument. Among sentences 6 7, find a complex sentence with a sequential connection. Find SPPs with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses 1. The whole difficulty is that the grain appears and that it falls into favorable conditions.

Complex sentence

An IPP is a sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions - what, because, if, although, so that, how, when, in order to, since and many others. The SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 conjunctions has a sequential subordination. From the main clause to the subordinate clause we always give a question. 3. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.

Combined submission. Homogeneous clauses, like homogeneous clauses, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause.

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive). 2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

Complex sentences with a complex structure

Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used. We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence. In this example, the homogeneity of the parts is established simply: between them there is the union AND, while in both parts the union HOW is repeated. Pay attention to punctuation with homogeneous clauses. In previous sentences, subordinate clauses were joined using the same conjunctions.

And on this day, when the count had already left, Alexander tried to find a moment to talk with Nadenka alone (A. Goncharov). Having said hello, dad said that he would beat us up in the village, that we had stopped being little and that it was time for us to study seriously (L.N. Tolstoy).

It consists of three ordinary sentences: the 1st is the main one, the others are additional clauses. In this sentence there is a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (which is the case). In addition, the coordinating conjunction a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with the subordinating conjunction in that case (and in that case). According to the general rules, they should be separated by commas, but what follows is the 2nd part of the double conjunction in that case... What are the rules for placing punctuation symbols in a complex sentence? What are the conditions for the inevitable division of a compound conjunction in a complex sentence? Where can I find exercises on the topic “Complex sentences”?

Read the sentence carefully, identify the grammatical basics in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences). Establish semantic connections between parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask question(s) from it to the subordinate clause(s). 2. The sentence consists of five parts, connected using a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. 13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordinating connections. I'm trying to instill a love for complex sentences and children. I say that you can give one sentence for analysis and understand how well the student knows Syntax.

First, let's practice drawing up IPS diagrams with one subordinate clause. The prefixes in the word “position” already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence. Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you may get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.

You will learn about all this in the lesson. Exercises, tests and simulators must be completed not only in order to master the topic, but also as a means of repeating the “Complex Sentence” section. We ask a question from the main part: sad to think about what? that youth was given to us in vain. The 1st subordinate clause is explanatory. One more question from the main one: what kind of thirst? which burns me – adjective attribute. But we are already asking the question from the subordinate measure and degree. We ask questions: which one? who in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to an external and wonderful cause, or at least to honest and useful work - a pronominal clause. The next question: can he consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter what? no matter how merrily she passed - a subordinate clause of concession.

Education

Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses - what is it? Examples of homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence

Complex sentences with subordinate elements are divided into several groups. There are three of them in total. In speech there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?

General information

Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. The latter option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. Thus, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. They are usually connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. If they have an enumeration value, then the connection is non-union, just like with homogeneous members. This, in general, is what homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses means.

Communication in context

1. The quiet boys looked after the car /1 until it drove away beyond the intersection /2, until the dust it raised dissipated /3, until it itself turned into a ball of dust /4.

This sentence is complex. It consists of four simple ones. The first of them is the main thing, the subsequent ones are subordinate tenses, which all relate to the main thing. Each one answers the same question: until when? The main conjunction “while” connects all additional elements. Thus, we have a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

2. Dad told me /1 that he had never seen such bread /2 and /that the current harvest is very good/3.

This sentence is complex. It consists of three simple ones. The very first of them is the main thing, the subsequent ones are subordinate or additional. They all refer to the single predicate “said.” It is expressed by the verb in the first sentence. You can ask them one question - “what?” Each subordinate clause is associated with the conjunction “what,” which is the main one. They are connected to each other by the connecting conjunction “and”. It follows from this that the construction of the expression used homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

3. The main conjunction connecting additional elements may be omitted in some cases, but it is easy to restore.

For example: The man watched /1 as the boat returned to the steamer /2 and / the sailors for a very long time, pushing each other, pulled it on the hoists /3. — The man watched /1 as the boat returned to the ship /2 and / as the sailors for a very long time, pushing each other, pulled it on the hoists /3.

Video on the topic

Punctuation marks

1. If a connecting or disjunctive conjunction (“yes”, “and” with the meaning “or”, “and”, “or”) connects homogeneous subordinate clauses, then a comma is not placed between them:

Dad told me that he had never seen such bread and that this year there was a very good harvest.

He seriously stated that we had to leave his house immediately or he would call the police.

2. A comma is placed between subordinate clauses of the same type if coordinating conjunctions are repeated.

Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.

3. If the conjunctions “whether... or” are used as repeating constructions (in the example it can be changed to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.

It was impossible to tell whether it was a fire or whether the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.

Structures with combined connection

A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is found in several variants. Thus, parallel and serial connections are possible together, for example. For this reason, when carrying out analysis, there is no need to immediately draw up a general outline or rush to place punctuation marks.

Context Analysis

Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is analyzed according to a certain scheme.

1. When highlighting grammatical basics, count the number of simple elements included in the structure.

2. Designate all subordinating conjunctions and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate clauses and the main clause.

3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.

4. Based on the construction of a vertical diagram of a complex sentence, the nature of the subordination of subordinate constructions is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, or combined.

5. A horizontal diagram is constructed, based on which punctuation marks are placed.

Analysis of the proposal

Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.

1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.

1) the dispute is;

2) if your king will be here for three days;

3) something... you are unconditionally obliged to do that;

4) what will I tell you;

5) if he doesn’t stay;

6) then any order will be carried out by me;

7) which you will give me.

2. The main clause is the first (the dispute is), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises the question (then I will carry out any order).

3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:

1->2: the dispute is that... then you are unconditionally obliged to do this;

2->3: you are unconditionally obliged to do this if your king is here for three days;

2->4: you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you;

6->5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;

6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.

Possible difficulties

In the example given, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of sixth sentence it is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating conjunction “a”. In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connective element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this purpose, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to subordinate clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 by a coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a conjunction that has a sentence of 2 and connect it with 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that any order will be carried out by me. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the conjunction “what” is omitted.

Conclusion

It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to determine the boundaries of simple elements. In this case, the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals is taken into account.

42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals

Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.

The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):

[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.

Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):

[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):

1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):

1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdayremained whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).

V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):

1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.

VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .

2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):

[Smallthe rain is falling since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT

44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures

The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Since a subordinating relationship is the closest connection (compared to a coordinating one, for example), it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.

1. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and fuller it is, the happier the days and years that we passed in a field of joys and sorrows, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.

In addition to the conjunction and, other coordinating conjunctions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house has been destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).

The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:

1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);

2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).

2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a non-union connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was riding on the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then if he met the Ukrainians... did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by the lexically non-free part cost...

3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of different types of syntactic connections in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section make it possible to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].

1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).

2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).

This structural type of complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).

In the above examples, there are different degrees of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.

As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).

Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.

A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).

4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.

Such sentences are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.

5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).

48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation

Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - formal and grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.

“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; insertions; addresses; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.

In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.

For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I then took Shchedrin to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.

The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is, finally, the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.

The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.

In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.

In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version, there is a designation for two different actions: walking along the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.

Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.

The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).

The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, focusing attention on the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned at an early age (gas). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.

On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.

Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in the context.

Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical principle. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.

The intonation principle does not operate in most cases in its “ideal”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.

So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as additional ones, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).

Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and a stage that characterizes a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. It is possible to single out individual principles only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).

It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.

Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:

1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;

2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.

I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example:

[I came to you with greetings, to tell you], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.)

[That, (who lives real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)

[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native place], (where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).

In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may lack a subordinating conjunction.

For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be a single fish in it), [I won't trust the water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies up) or ( an elk will trumpet in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)

2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With this subordination, subordinate clauses include:

a) to different words of the main sentence or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words;

b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)

(If we turn to the best examples of prose), [then we'll make sure], (that they are full of true poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)

[From the world (which is called nursery), the door leads into space], (where they have lunch and tea) (Chekhov).

II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc.

For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)

The specificity of subordinate parts is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the following one.

For example: Often in the fall I would closely watch the falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).

With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.

For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).

There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.

For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to find out), (where will the guest go). (Gogol)

This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating conjunctions.

For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was only delirious.(Cupr.)

I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who defended a great idea.(EU)

We remember the great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)

Comma not placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting conjunction (regardless of whether there is a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first).

For example: I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every smallest step we take matters for our present and future life.(Ch.)

The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest where the trucks were parked and where there was a dressing station.(L.T.)

When the rain began to fall and everything around sparkled, we followed the path... came out of the forest.(M.P.).

When repeating coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses.

For example: Everyone found out that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her in , and that she is now in the nursery...(L.T.).

Unions either... or when connecting predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.

For example: Whether there were weddings in the city, or someone cheerfully celebrating name days, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Writing).

In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or separated by commas.

For example: As soon as the heat passed, the forest began to get cold and dark so quickly that I didn’t want to stay in it.(T.)

Anyone who has not experienced the excitement of the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).

With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate clauses.

For example: If only our wanderers could be under their own roof , if only they could know , what happened to Grisha.(Necr.)

Helen smiled with such a look , who spoke , that she did not allow the possibility , so that anyone can see her and not be admired.(L.T.)

Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being yourself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depend on confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)

A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating conjunctions or between a conjunctive word and a subordinating conjunction, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating conjunction meets, if the internal subordinate clause is not followed by the second part of the double conjunction this or that.

For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , When he went somewhere, the animal anxiously sniffed the air.(M.G.)

We were warned that , If If the weather is bad, the excursion will not take place.

The night is over and , When the sun rose, all nature came to life.

The removal of the second (internal) part here does not require the restructuring of the first subordinate part.

If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a complex conjunction then, so, then a comma is not placed between the preceding two conjunctions.

For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched his hand out the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Cor.)

I thought that if at this decisive moment I did not out-argue the old man, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his tutelage.(P.).

Removing or rearranging the subordinate clause (if he reaches out his hand through the window and if at this decisive moment I don’t argue with the old man) is impossible, since parts of the double conjunction something will be nearby.

Dash in a complex sentence

Between the subordinate part (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent main part of the sentence Maybeput a dash , if a subordinate clause or a group of subordinate clauses preceding the main clause is pronounced with logical emphasis on an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually this is how subordinate explanatory clauses are distinguished, less often - conditional, concessive, etc.).

For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha didn’t know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time– the rocks began to move and crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come on their own?– Nejdanov never found out...(T.).

A dash is placed also between the subordinate and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.

For example: He who is cheerful laughs, he who wants will achieve it, he who seeks will always find!(OK.).

A dash is placed after the subordinate clause standing before the main clause, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the subordinate clause is an incomplete sentence.

For example: That she is an honest person is clear to me.(T.)

What he found in her is his business.

Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.

I answered something that - I don’t know myself(compare full - what did I answer).

A dash is placed between subordinate clauses in the absence of an adversative conjunction or the second part of a comparative conjunction between them.

For example: Artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and so that there are as few words as possible(Black).

A dash is placed to clarify the nature of the subordinate clause.

For example: Only once did she perk up - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)

A dash is placed to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate part before the main one or the intonation separation of the main part from the subsequent subordinate clause.

For example: What is influence?- You know?; Are you sure – is this necessary?

A dash is also placed when there are an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.

For example: But we gained experience , and for the experience , as the saying goes , no matter how much you pay, you won’t overpay.

Comma and dash in a complex sentence

Comma And dash as a single punctuation mark, they are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.

For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun with , – all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)

Who is to blame and who is right? , - It’s not for us to judge.(Kr.)

The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of a sentence in order to connect with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.

For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good man , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L.T.)

And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that in order to sell this forest he will seek reconciliation with his wife , – this thought offended him.(L.T.)

A dash is placed after the comma that closes the subordinate clause, including before the word this.

For example: The best he could do , - leave on time; The only thing I like here , - This is an old shady park.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).

Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1) [Look at the pale green sky strewn with stars,(on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot),and you will understand], (why is the warm summer air still?), (Why nature on guard) (A. Chekhov).

[...noun, ( on which…), And verb], ( Why…), (Why…).

(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand, answer the question What?, are joined by the conjunction word why)).

2) [Any Human knows], (what should he do?, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).

[...verb], ( What…., (What…), otherwise), (What…).

(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows, answers the question What?, joins by union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which (That)?, is added by a conjunctive word What).

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of three types of subordination of secondary (or dependent) parts in each type. Each type has its own subtleties and tricks, knowing which you can easily determine this type.

Homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

All three types characterize the order in which the answer to the question posed from the main part of the sentence occurs. It is worth noting that there can be (and most often is) several subordinate parts and they can stand both in front of the main part and after it.

Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is a subordination when all minor parts answer the same question. As a rule, such clauses have one common conjunction or For example: “Mom told me that everything would be fine and that she would buy me a doll.” In this case, you can see one common conjunction “what”. However, there are also cases when the conjunction is omitted, but it is implied. An example is the following sentence: “Nastya noticed that he was looking at her and there was a blush on his cheeks.” In this version, the conjunction is omitted, but the meaning remains the same. It is very important to see this omitted conjunction clearly, as such sentences often appear in the exam.

Consecutive subordination of subordinate clauses is such a subordination when the secondary members answer the question of their “predecessor”, that is, questions are asked from each part of the sentence to the subsequent member. For example: “I am confident that if I get an excellent score, I will get into a good educational institution.” The sequence is clearly expressed here: I am sure (of what?), that..., then (what will happen?).

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is a type of subordination when the secondary parts refer to one thing. They do not answer one question, but together they explain the meaning of the main statement. It is advisable to draw up diagrams of this kind so as not to make mistakes in determining the type. So, submissions: “When the cat jumped out of the window, Masha pretended that nothing bad had happened.” So, the main part is the middle of the sentence (and from it you can ask a question both to the first subordinate clause and to the second): Masha pretended (when?) and (what happened then?). It is worth noting that a simple complex sentence will not contain any of the types of subordination presented above. As a rule, they are built only between parts.

Thus, we can conclude that in a complex sentence the dependent parts have three types of attachment: homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Each type determines the dependence on the main member and the connection with the same secondary parts. To correctly identify this type, you just need to ask the question correctly and draw diagrams of complex sentences, indicating these same questions with arrows. After a visual drawing, everything will immediately become clear.