The post-war structure of the world, the creation of a socialist system. Post-war world structure. Cold War era. The emergence and confrontation of two world social systems. Foreign and domestic policy of the USSR

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COMMITTEE OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF KURSK REGION

regional budgetary professional educational institution

"Kursk State Polytechnic College"

(OBPOU "KGPK")

Methodicallesson development

« Beginning of the Cold War»

Subject "History"

mid-level specialist training program

specialty 02/08/01

Construction and operation of buildings and structures

OBPOU "KGPK"

Kursk

2016

REVIEWED AND APPROVED REVIEWED AGREED

at a meeting of the subject (cycle) methodological council of the college Deputy. Director of Academic Affairs

teachers' commission Chairman of the methodological

humanitarian cycle of the council _________Tarasova N.Yu. __________ N.Yu.Tarasova

specialties 20.02.04 "___"_____________2015 "___"___________2015

Fire safety

Protocol No.___from________2015

Chairman of the PCC _____ Deryugina S.L.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Methodological developmentlessonstories« Post-war world structure.Beginning of the Cold War» by specialty02/08/01 Construction and operation of buildings and structures (basic training)assumes continued work on buildinglearning model that is distinguished by a combination of pedagogical management with student initiative and activity. This model provides all the necessary conditions for further social adaptation of students, plays an important role in the formation of general and personal competencies of specialists and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education.

Studentsgain skills in participating in discussions, dialogue communication with others, which leads to mutual understanding, interaction, and joint solution of common but significant tasks for each participant. Joint activities contribute to the development of critical thinking, the ability to speak out, defend one’s opinion,solve complex problems based on analysis of circumstances and relevant information, weigh alternative opinions, and make thoughtful decisions. Interactive technology contributes not only to improving the quality of knowledge, but also to increasing efficiency; the student feels his success, his intellectual independence, which makes the learning process itself productive.

Methodological goal: introduction of interactive technologies as a way of intellectual development of the individual and the formation of critical thinking.

Type of lesson: learning new material.

Type of lesson: lesson-dialogue.

Training technologies: interactive technologies, business game.

Form of organization of educational activities : work in small groups, collective discussion, independent work.

Teaching methods and techniques:

working with historical sources;

conversation with elements of discussion.

Objectives of the lesson.

Educational:

students’ understanding of the essence of the “Cold War” concept,the causes of the Cold War, its impact on international relations and

consequences for the development of world politics;

Developmental:

Development of students' thinking skills;

Development of skills to work with historical sources;

Developing the ability to formulate and argue your point of view;

Educational:

fostering rejection of intolerance, hostility, mistrust, ideological confrontation, and aggressiveness.

Formed competencies and value orientations

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them

OK 4. Search and use information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development

OK 6.Work collaboratively and in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, and consumers

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates) and for the results of completing tasks

1. Personally significant and communicative:

positive attitude, orientation towards success;

the ability to take responsibility for the decision made.

2. Educational and cognitive competencies:

skills and abilities to solve situational problems;

skills and abilities to highlight key points, express reasoned judgments and conclusions;

ability to analyze the results obtained; formulate conclusions.

3. Communicative and speech competencies:

skills and abilities to prepare oral messages based on studied sources of information;

skills of monologue and dialogic speech;

skills and abilities to use historical terms in speech.

Providing classes:

Wall map "States of the World",

Multimedia projector; PC,

Multimedia presentation« Post-war world structure.Beginning of the Cold War»;

Handout.

Main literature:

Artemov V. IN., Lubchenkov Yu. N. History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: 2 hours: textbook for students. institutions prof. education. - M., 2015.

DURING THE CLASSES.

1. Temporal setting. Goal setting. (5 minutes.)

Creating motivation: students use materials from periodicals (newspapers “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, “Arguments and Facts”, “Kurskaya Pravda”) to imagine modern international relations and ask questions: Why are there so many issues today on which Russia and the United States cannot come to an agreement? opinion? Who is to blame for the confrontation between the great powers? Where and what will the confrontation between Russia and the United States lead to?

Teacher:

Thank you, sit down. Indeed, the current international situation makes us think about what is happening, why relations between states are developing this way, and what will happen next. The study of this topic is especially relevant. Today we will also talk about international relations, about relations between the two powers. We need to start from the beginning, so let's go back to the mid-40s of the 20th century. The topic of our lesson: “The post-war structure of the world. The beginning of the Cold War. Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson.

How many questions have been asked now, and we will try to find answers to these questions in class. Determine the goals of our lesson.

Suggested answers:

Objectives of our lesson:

Consider the post-war structure of the world; find out what the Cold War is, what its causes are, who is to blame for starting the Cold War and what its consequences are.

Teacher:

I want to remind you of the ancient wisdom: Find the beginning of everything, and you will understand a lot, so we will definitely talk about the lessons of the Cold War.

Pay attention to the list of statements by famous people of the world (Appendix No. 1). I suggest you read them carefully and choose an epigraph for our lesson in accordance with the purpose, justifying your choice.

Students offer options for the epigraph, justifying their choice. Words are chosen as an epigraphE. Yevtushenko “Our honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory separated us,” because they characterize the post-war state of the world.

2. Learning new material (30 min.)

Teacher:

So, we have chosen an epigraph, determined the goals of our lesson and begin to work according to the following plan

“Cold War”: concept, causes, signs.

"Bipolar World".

Consequences of the Cold War. Local conflicts.

Look at the photo (Appendix No. 2). Who is pictured here?

Suggested answers:

Heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - I. Stalin, G. Truman, W. Churchill.

What lesson did humanity learn from World War II?

Suggested answers:

The main lesson that was learned as a result of the war is that any war requires the mobilization of human and material resources and brings suffering to people. Therefore, we must by all means refrain from solving problems through military force.

Teacher:

On September 2, 1945, the Second World War, the most difficult and bloody one, ended. After it, the very thought of a new war seemed blasphemous. Much has been done as never before to prevent it from happening again: states that took the path of gross violation of international law and outright aggression were defeated. This meant the defeat of the policy of brute force, attempts to build a “new order” on the principles of militant nationalism and racism.

The main lesson that humanity has learned - to preserve peace - is reflected in the creation of the UN, an international organization to maintain peace and security on the planet.
The objective development of the situation led to the Cold War.

“Cold War” is not just a term, not just a metaphor, it is an entire era in the life of mankind, filled with facts, events, and faces. I propose today to find out how the image of this era was created, to complement its portrait with those touches without which it would not be expressive enough. To do this, you will need to study historical sources.

Today we have representatives of the USA, the USSR and outside observers who willfind out what the Cold War is, what its causes are, who is to blame for starting the Cold War and what its consequences are.

Everyone has a task on their desk that you will work on in a microgroup. Operating time – 5 min.

The teacher asks the representatives of the USA and the USSR to stand, asks them questions about the documents, and the students answer the questions.

Document "From speeches of W. Churchill on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA)" (Appendix 3)

Why is Churchill's speech considered by historians to be a harbinger of the Cold War?

Suggested answers:

W. Churchill accused the USSR of expansion, of creating an “iron curtain” that separated the West from the countries of Soviet influence. W. Churchill spoke about the need to create a “ring of power” around countries under the control of the USSR in order to force it to abandon the construction of socialism and the spread of socialist ideas.

- Document "Reaction of the USSR leadershipto Churchill's speech" (Appendix 4, on 2 sheets)

What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill’s speech? Determine J.V. Stalin’s attitude to W. Churchill’s speech.

Suggested answers:

J.V. Stalin stated that « Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a warmonger,” put him on a par with Hitler and assessed the speech as a call from the West for war with the USSR.

Historical facts(Appendix5)

What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples that prove the strengthening of the USSR's position in the post-war world.

Suggested answers:

J.V. Stalin sought to strengthen the influence of the USSR in all regions of the world. In 1946-1948. In the states of Eastern Europe and Asia, liberated by the Soviet army or with its participation, communist governments came to power, setting a course for building socialism along the Soviet model. A number of socialist countries allied with the USSR emerged.

Documentation(Appendix 6, on 2 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The United States did not want to put up with the changes that had taken place in the international arena. Therefore, they began to pursue a power policy towards the USSR. One of the means of containing the USSR was considered atomic weapons, the possession of which was enjoyed by the United States. The goals of the US plans towards the USSR were aggressive in nature.

- Document « Truman Doctrine. Marshall Plan"(Appendix 7)

What was the main idea of ​​Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Suggested answers:

In doctrineTruman talked about “containing” the USSR, exerting continuous pressure on it, and the possibility of US intervention in the internal affairs of other countries. The doctrine marked the beginning of the creation of a network of US military bases on foreign territories. At the same time, American Secretary of State Marshall put forward a program of economic assistance to post-war Europe. In fact, it became a continuation of the Truman Doctrine.

- Document "Marshall Plan."(Appendix 8, on 2 sheets)

How did the Soviet leadership react

Suggested answers:

I.V. Stalin and his entourage perceived« Marshall Plan" as an attempt to bring the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control. Fearing undermining the influence of the USSR in the states of Eastern Europe, the leadership of the Soviet Union demanded that they refuse to participate in the American project.

Teacher:

I want to ask the representatives of the USSR and the USA, standing opposite each other, what were your feelings? What did you experience? How do outside observers assess what happened?

Suggested answers:

A feeling of struggle, confrontation, conflict, on the other hand - a desire to get closer, to meet each other halfway.

Teacher:

Now let's draw conclusions on the issues discussed.

What is the Cold War?What were the causes of the Cold War?Who do you think was the culprit? Could it have been avoided?"Cold War"?

Suggested answers:

"Cold War"- the state of military-political confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as between their allies after World War II.

Causes of the Cold War: with the advent of nuclear weapons in the United States, military power began to play an increasing role in international relations. Politicians in both the Soviet Union and the United States were interested in creating the image of an enemy. In conditions when the fate of the countries liberated from fascism remained uncertain, betweenThe USSR and the USA began a confrontation for the right to determine the paths of their further development.

The main reason for the Cold War was the global, geopolitical, irreconcilable contradictions between the world's socio-political systems - capitalism and socialism, burdened by the ideology and subjective qualities of the leaders of the great powers.

The leaders of both the Soviet Union and the United States showed unconstructiveness and unwillingness to compromise and take into account each other's interests.

Teacher:

Not only superpowers were involved in the Cold War; a bipolar world was being formed. Your microgroups needed to determine the consequences"Cold War". (Appendix 9, on 3 sheets)

What is a “bipolar world”? How did it turn out? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

Suggested answers:

A bipolar world is a world divided into two opposing parts: East and West. RivalryThe USSR and the USA led to an arms race, a struggle for control over key areas of the world, an increase in the number of local conflicts and the creation of a system of military alliances.

To regulate economic relations in Eastern Europe in January 1949. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created (work with the map). CMEA became the first international organization of socialist countries. For their part, Western countries April 4, 1949 formed the military-political organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (working with the map). A response to Germany's entry into NATO in 1955. was the creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization, a military-political alliance of the USSR with its friendly countries of Eastern Europe (working with the map). The formation of a system of alliances in Europe was accelerated by the conflict between the USSR and the USA, which brought these countries to the brink of a military clash. The conflict was related to the unresolved German issue (working with the map).

The Western powers did not want to put up with Soviet influence established in eastern Germany. The Berlin crisis made the division of Germany inevitable.

The creation of two military bloc systems led to a significant aggravation of the international situation and affected the political development of many countries.

Teacher:

Asian countries were also involved in the confrontation.

Document “Korean War” (Appendix 10, on 3 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The Korean Civil War turned international. Soviet and American pilots had to fight each other.The military clash in Korea between two military bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war.

Teacher:

Let's summarize our dialogue. (5 min.)

Let's turn to the questions formulated at the beginning of the lesson. Have we received answers to them?

What lessons can be learned from the military confrontation between the USSR and the West in 1945 - 1953? G.

Which of these lessons are relevant in today's world?

Why is the Cold War dangerous?

Suggested answers:

Both countries claimed a leading role in the world. They used such means as economic blockade, political propaganda, arms race, and local conflicts to weaken each other. Local conflicts became a constant feature of the post-war years. In many regions of the world, the Cold War served as a detonator for bloody “hot conflicts.”

Teacher:

Imagine that you are present at a meeting of state leaders, what words, wishes, questions would you address to the leaders of Russia and the United States.

Students express their wishes.

Suggested answers:

Give up confrontation.

Give up sanctions.

Take care of the world.

Let us shake hands and direct our efforts towards using the atom for peaceful purposes.

Teacher:

Yes, indeed, only cooperation, interaction, and the desire to compromise will bring states closer together and help solve existing problems. Everyone must unite to prevent the cold war from escalating into a hot war.

The future is a consequence of the past and the present, but the present is the current moment, the only time in which something can be done that will add something to any past that will bring into being the desired future. If we do nothing in the present, then we risk finding ourselves in the future that approaches “by itself” - automatically or in fulfillment of someone else’s will that is alien to us.

3. Conclusion. (5 minutes.)

Teacher:

Our lesson is coming to an end, I suggest you continue the phrase: “After our lesson, I can .....”

Suggested answers:

Search for necessary information in historical sources;

Formulate concepts, highlight essential features;

Analyze historical events;

Express judgments about the cause-and-effect relationships of historical facts;

Determine your attitude and explain your assessment of the most significant personalities and events in history;

- explain the meaning and significance of the historical events and phenomena being studied;

Work in a group;

Treat your opponent with respect.

Homework: Write an essay whose topic is T. Carlyle’s statement “Any war is a misunderstanding.”

Giving and commenting on ratings.

Thank you, lesson is over!

Appendix No. 1.

Our honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory separated us.

E. Yevtushenko.

The results of our labor do not leave humanity

no choice but to create a united world, a world based on the rule of law and humanity.

R. Oppenheimer

What type of weapon will be used? III World War? I don't know, but the only weapon IV there will be a stone axe.

A. Einstein

The past must be known not because it passed, but because, when it left, it did not know how to “remove its consequences.”
IN. Klyuchevsky

• We move into the future, looking back at the past.

P. Valeria

Appendix No. 2

Appendix No. 3

Question for the document: Why is Churchill's speech, according to historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

From W. Churchill’s speech on March 5, 1946 in Fulton (USA)
From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, the Iron Curtain descended across the continent. Behind this line are stored all the treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and the populations in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also to a large extent to the increasing control of Moscow ... Only Athens, with its immortal glory, is free to decide its future in elections under the supervision of the British, Americans and French. The Polish government, under Russian control, was encouraged to make enormous and unjust encroachments on Germany...

The Communist parties, which were very insignificant in all the eastern states of Europe, have achieved exceptional power, far superior to their numbers, and are seeking to establish totalitarian control everywhere. Police governments prevail almost everywhere, and to this day... no real democracy exists in them.

Turkey and Persia are deeply alarmed and concerned about the demands that the Moscow government is making on them. The Russians made an attempt in Berlin to create a communist party in their zone of occupation of Germany (...) If the Soviet government now tries to separately create a pro-communist Germany in its zone, it will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones and divide the defeated Germans between the Soviets and the Western democracies.

With the exception of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the USA, where communism is in its infancy, the Communist Parties, or fifth columns, are a growing threat and danger to Christian civilization... The Russians admire nothing more than strength, and there is nothing they admire less respect than military weakness. For this reason our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight superiority in strength, thereby creating a temptation to test our strength...
If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth of Nations were added to the United States, and what such co-operation would mean at sea, in the air, in science and industry, no precarious and dangerous balance of power would exist. I drive away the thought that a new war is inevitable or, moreover, that a new war is looming... I do not believe that Soviet Russia wants war. She wants the fruits of war and the unlimited spread of her power and her doctrines. But what we must consider here today is a system for preventing the threat of war, providing conditions for the development of freedom and democracy as quickly as possible in all countries...”

Appendix No. 4.

Questions for the document: What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill’s speech? Determine the attitude of I.V. Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill?

Reaction of the USSR leadership to Churchill's speech:

“Yesterday in America, Comrade Churchill made a provocative speech. You will read about it in more detail in Pravda. This gentleman calls on the imperialist brothers not to stand on ceremony with us. Comrade Churchill is annoyed by the victory of communist ideology in the countries of Eastern Europe. He would like to return the pre-war peace. Let us thank Comrade Churchill, a longtime warmonger. It is reported that the leaders of the USA and England, Truman and Attlee, disowned Churchill’s calls. It’s too late, gentlemen. We, too, could pretend that nothing happened, but this is not in our interests. We will interpret Comrade Churchill's speech as a direct call for war with the USSR and the camp of socialism. A very good and timely speech for us... Between us, after the war, wrong sentiments appeared in our society. Some representatives of the intelligentsia allow themselves to openly admire the Western way of life, criminally forgetting that there is a class struggle going on in the world. Thank you, Comrade Churchill, for bringing us back to reality and reminding us of our main task. Now about our lag that this bastard mentioned... It's not true, and it is true! We all remember how Churchill and the imperialists did not open a second front for a long time, wanting to bleed us as much as possible. But the opposite happened. Bleeding, losing hundreds of thousands in battles, we created the most powerful army in the world... The imperialist gentlemen now have only one advantage left - the atomic bomb. This is a very serious advantage. Our task is to eliminate it as soon as possible - this time. And two: from today we resume our struggle. We must stop the mood of complacency and ideological weakness."

I.V. Stalin, in an interview with a correspondent of the Pravda newspaper, commented on W. Churchill’s Fulton speech:

“...In fact, Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a warmonger. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here - he has friends not only in England, but also in the United States of America... Hitler began the work of starting a war by proclaiming a racial theory, declaring that only people who speak German represent a full-fledged nation. Mr. Churchill begins the work of starting a war also with a racial theory, arguing that only nations speaking English are full-fledged nations called upon to decide the destinies of the whole world... In fact, Mr. Churchill and his friends in England and the USA present to the nations that do not speak English something like an ultimatum: recognize our dominance voluntarily, and then everything will be in order - otherwise war is inevitable... There is no doubt that Mr. Churchill’s attitude is an attitude towards war, a call for war with THE USSR. I don’t know whether Mr. Churchill and his friends will be able to organize a new campaign against “Eastern Europe” after the Second World War. But if they succeed - which is unlikely, because millions of “ordinary people” are guarding the cause of peace - then we can say with confidence that they will be beaten.”

Appendix No. 5.

Questions for the document: What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples that prove the strengthening of the USSR's position in the post-war world.

Data.

An acute conflict arose over the timing of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Northern Iran, where they entered back in 1941. by agreement with England. In December 1945 local authorities were formed in Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (Northern Iran). They declared autonomy. Western countries considered this a violation of the commitments made by the allies in Tehran in 1943. on respect for the territorial integrity of the country, they demanded that the USSR immediately withdraw troops from Iranian territory. The United States issued the first threat in the history of Soviet-American relations to use nuclear weapons in the event of a military solution to the conflict. Such a painful reaction was explained by fears that the USSR would put Iran's oil wealth under control. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the Iranian government, on the advice of the British, not only liquidated the autonomies, but also terminated the lease agreement with the Soviet Union for a number of oil fields for a period of 50 years.

In 1945-1946. In most Eastern European countries, coalition governments were in power. Along with the communists, other political forces were represented in them.

In 1945, communist rule was established in Yugoslavia and North Vietnam.

In 1946 – in Albania, Bulgaria.

1947 - The communists won the elections in Poland and Hungary.

December 1947 - Romanian King Mihai, under pressure from the Soviet military command, abdicated the throne and transferred power to the communists.

1948 - a communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia, a pro-Soviet regime was established in North Korea.

1949 - The communists came to power in China.

There was a complete subordination of the leaders of communist regimes to Stalin.

Appendix No. 6.

Questions for documents:Briefly formulate the main goal of the United States in relation to the USSR after the Second World War? Is it possible to regard the US struggle against the hated, unjust Soviet regime as fair actions reflecting the interests of the world community? What are the nature of the goals of the US plans towards the USSR? Does the United States currently carry out similar actions towards other states?

Excerpts from the directive of the US National Security Council: 20/1 of 08/18/1948 “Our goals regarding Russia” and NSC-68 of 09/30/1950.

“Our main goals in relation to Russia, in essence, come down to just two:

a) Reduce the power and influence of Moscow to the extent that it will not pose a threat to the peace and stability of international relations;

b) Carry out fundamental changes in the theory and practice of foreign policy, which are adhered to by the government in power in Russia.

…It is primarily a matter of making and keeping the Soviet Union weak politically, militarily and psychologically compared to external forces beyond its control.

…In other words, we must create automatic guarantees to ensure that even a non-communist and nominally friendly regime:

a) did not have great military power;

b) economically highly dependent on the outside world;

c) did not have serious power over the main national minorities;

d) did not install anything similar to the Iron Curtain.

In the event that such a regime should express hostility towards the Communists and friendship towards us, we must take care that these conditions are not imposed in an offensive or humiliating manner. But we are obliged to impose them by force or by force to protect our interests.”

From Directive NSB-68 of September 30, 1950

“...to sow the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system in order to force the Kremlin to at least change its policies... But without superior available and easily mobilized military power, the policy of “containment,” which is essentially a policy of calculated and gradual coercion, is nothing more than a bluff .

…We need to wage open psychological warfare in order to cause mass betrayal against the Soviets and destroy other plans of the Kremlin...

…In addition to affirming our values, our policies and actions must be such as to bring about fundamental changes in the character of the Soviet system; thwarting the Kremlin's plans is the first and important step towards these changes."

On September 4, 1945, a document was drawn up in the United States (Memorandum of the Joint Intelligence Committee No. 329), which stated: “Select approximately 20 of the most important targets suitable for strategic atomic bombing in the USSR and in the territory controlled by it.”

“The Russians,” US President Henry Truman wrote to Secretary of State John Byrnes on January 5, 1946, need to show an iron fist and speak in a strong language. I think we should not make any compromises with them now.”

Chairman of the Senate Atomic Energy Commission McMahon openly stated: “War with the Russians is inevitable. We must sweep them off the face of the earth and quickly.”

"Evaluation of Plans for Strategic Air Offensive against the USSR Prepared by the Chief of the American Air Force and Submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff," December 21, 1948.

“The war will begin before April 1, 1949. Atomic bombs will be used on such a scale as is possible and desirable... it is very important to outline the areas where the most significant Soviet industrial centers are located... Maps with designated targets and flight routes for operations affecting the first 70 cities will be ready by February 1, 1949."

From an article by West German historian B. Greiner
There was a group in Washington that was completely indifferent to what the USSR or Stalin thought and did. These are the developers of military plans. Since the summer of 1945 at the latest, they firmly knew their enemy and mass-produced military plans. In 1948-1949, for example, it was considered possible to put an end to the Soviet Union by destroying its 70 cities and industrial centers with atomic bombs. All the details were spelled out with maniacal precision: 1,947 targets would be attacked, and within 30 days, 2.7 million people were planned to be killed and 4 million to be wounded. In March 1954, the Strategic Air Forces command saw itself at the peak of its power. If necessary, it undertook to rain down 750 bombs on the USSR from all directions and turn it into “smoking radioactive ruins” within two (!) hours. Note that in this scenario the United States would not suffer in any way.

Appendix No. 7.

Document Questions: What was the main idea of ​​Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Truman Doctrine.

Western leaders feared that the USSR would continue toexpand your “sphere of interests”, including more and more new onescountries where the position of communists will strengthen. INMarch1947 US Congress upon requestG.Trumanapprovedallocationmoney from Greece and Turkey and a parceltheremilitary personnel forprotectionthese countriesfrom"communist aggression". The US President's message to Congress was calledTruman Doctrine. The task was to “contain” the USSR and its alliesfrom"capture" of new territories.Subsequently, the doctrine of discarding was proclaimed, i.e. liberation from the influence of the USSR of countries that came under its control.This policy was associated withensuring the security and vital interests of the United States itself.

Marshall Plan.

An integral part of the new US foreign policy was a program for the economic revival of war-torn Europe. It was developed by the new US Secretary of State Marshall. The plan named after him was approved at an international conference in Paris (12.7-22.9.1947). The USSR did not participate in the conference, as it regarded this plan as aimed at the economic enslavement of Europe by America and put pressure on Eastern European countries so that they would refuse to participate in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. In total, 16 Western countries signed the Marshall Plan.

Marshall, in a speech at Harvard University, stated: He said that European states that want to use his plan must themselves take the initiative and work out the details of this plan, calculating the necessary funds, provide data on the state of their economy, needs, and plans for using incoming funds.

The Marshall Plan began to be implemented in April 1948, when the US Congress passed the “Economic Cooperation Act,” which provided for a 4-year program of economic assistance to Europe. The total amount of appropriations under the Marshall Plan (from April 1948 to December 1951) amounted to about 12.4 billion dollars, with the main share coming from England (2.8 billion), France (2.5 billion), and Spain (1.3 billion), West Germany (1.3 billion), Holland (1 billion). At the same time, the Americans, as a precondition for providing assistance, demanded the removal of the communists from the governments of the countries that signed the treaty. By 1948, there were no communists in any government in Western Europe.

Appendix No. 8.

Questions for the document: How did the Soviet leadership reactto the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Did Stalin not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall? Why did Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan in Moscow was initially met with interest. Hopes for American loans to restore the country have not yet disappeared. Therefore, the Soviet leadership hesitated. According to the recollections of one of the leaders of the MGB, P. Sudoplatov, initially the Soviet leadership seriously considered the USSR's participation in the Marshall Plan. V. Molotov’s assistant Vetrov told P. Sudoplatov before leaving for Paris to participate in negotiations on the future of Europe that “our policy is based on cooperation with Western allies in the implementation of the Marshall Plan,” meaning primarily the revival of war-damaged industry in Ukraine, in Belarus and Leningrad."

The Soviet Union was invited to a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Paris on the problems of American assistance, to which the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks gave a positive response on June 21, 1947. This is how Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov recalls this time: “At first I agreed, by the way, I made a proposal to the Central Committee: we must participate. And then he came to his senses and sent a second note on the same day: let’s refuse. ...But there (in Paris) such a gang gathered that one could not count on a conscientious attitude... There was a lot of confusion. But if they think that it was our mistake to abandon the Marshall Plan, then we did the right thing... And at first we at the Foreign Ministry wanted to invite all socialist countries to participate, but we quickly realized that this was wrong. They pulled us into their company, but a subordinate company. We would depend on them, but nothing would really work out, but we would definitely depend on them.”

An even more negative assessment can be found in the memorandum of Academician E. Varga, written on the instructions of V. Molotov. The academician believed that the Marshall Plan was based on the economic interests of the US leadership: “The economic situation of the United States was of decisive importance for the promotion of the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was, first of all, supposed to be a weapon to mitigate the next economic crisis, the approach of which no one in the United States denies. The American financial oligarchy and American politics are looking for means to mitigate the upcoming economic crisis. Such a means is the sale of surplus (under capitalist conditions) goods abroad.” Based on an assessment of the economic situation in the United States, E. Varga concludes: “The meaning of the Marshall Plan against this background is as follows. If in the interests of the United States itself it is necessary to give many billions of dollars worth of American goods abroad on credit to unreliable debtors, then we must try to extract maximum political benefits from this.” Such benefits, according to academician E. Varga, are “a demonstration of the superiority of the United States”, “the role of the saviors of “all of Europe”.

July 2, 1947 Stalin ordered Molotov to leave the French capital.

JV Stalin and his entourage perceived the Marshall Plan as an attempt to bring the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control. JV Stalin ordered the countries of “people's democracy” of Eastern Europe to abandon the “Marshall Plan”. V. M. Molotov announced that US assistance “will inevitably lead to interference of some states in the affairs of others”, “splitting Europe into two groups of countries.” JV Stalin prohibited countries of “international democracy” from joining the International Monetary Fund.

In 1947, the communists of Eastern European countries, at the direction of the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties, sharply condemned the Marshall Plan and put forward the idea of ​​​​accelerated development of their countries relying on their own forces with the support of the USSR.

Appendix No. 9.

Questions for documents: What is a “bipolar world”? How did it turn out? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

On the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance


In January of this year, an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia was held in Moscow...

To implement broader economic cooperation between the people's democracies and the USSR, the meeting recognized the need to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from representatives of the countries participating in the meeting on the basis of equal representation with the task of exchanging economic experience, providing each other with technical assistance, providing mutual assistance with raw materials, food, machinery, equipment and so on.

The meeting recognized that the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is an open organization that can be joined by other European countries that share the principles of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and wish to participate in broad economic cooperation with the above countries.<...>

Appendix No. 10.

Questions for documents:What are local conflicts? Why were they dangerous to international security? Why did the Korean War start? What were the results of the Korean War? What conclusions should the parties to the conflict draw from the results of the Korean War?

Korean War

Local conflicts are military clashes in a limited area with direct or indirect participation of the Soviet Union and the United States. During the Cold War, they became the main threat to international security.

The largest conflict on the Asian continent took placewent to Korea. AfterThe war between the USSR and the USA divided the Japanese colony of Korea.In the southern part of this countryof this country occupied during the warWithJapan by US troops, elections were held in May 1948ment. The establishment of the Republic of Korea was proclaimedwith its capital in Seoul.

In the northern part of Korea, liberated by Soviet troops,arose in August 1948Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) with its capital in Pyongyang. Both the North Korean government and the South Korean government believed that they were the only legitimate representative of all Korean people.

North Korea received significant assistance from the USSR and China for strengthening its defense capabilities. In particular, in Northern More than 4 thousand foreign military specialists worked in Korea. Leader of the DPRKKim Il Sung (1912-1994) was confident that the government of the South, with the help of the United States, was preparing to seize all Korea.

N.S. Khrushchev recalled:"Kim Il Sung, having a conversationwith Stalin,putquestion what you wantedwouldprobe Southern Korea with a bayonet,And said that there at the first aftershock from North Korea there will be an internal explosion people's power will be established, the same as in the Northern Korea. Stalin did not oppose this. After all, thisimponisupported Stalin's point of view, his convictions,thoseMoreover, an internal Korean question was raised here:Northern Korea wants to extend a friendly hand to itsbrotherswho are under the thumb of South KoreaLee Son Mana... Stalin expressed some doubtshe's worriedwondering whether the US will get involved orthey will let you pass by ears?Bothinclined to believe that if everything is donefast, AKim Il Sung was confident that everything would happen quickly and US intervention would be ruled out.Stalin after alldecided to ask More Mao Zedong's opinion on Kim's proposalIR Sena. ...Mao responded with approval. I must clearly state that this promotion was not offeredStalin, A Kim Il Sung. That one was the initiator, but Stalin did not restrain him. Yes, I believe that no communist has becomewould like him keep in such a rush of liberation of the South Korea fromLee Seungman and Americanreactions. This was contradictory wouldcommunist worldview. I'm here I don't judgeStalin. On the contrary, I am completely on his side. Iand myself would,I probably made the same decision too,if only I had to decide.”

June 25, 1950 Korean The People's Army (KPA) launched an offensive in the south of the country.

Clashes on the border, initiated both by the North, and the South, have happened before. However, large-scale war,AlthoughThis was denied for a long time by Soviet historical science; it was North Korea that started it. The United States took advantage of the fact that the representative of the USSR temporarily did not participate in the work of the UN Security Council and achieved the adoption of a resolution declaring North Korea an aggressor.

The Korean Civil War turned international. G. Truman stated4 October1952 g.: “We are fighting in Korea so that we don’t have to fight in Wichita, in Chicago, in New Orleans or in San Francisco Bay." Events in Korea became for the West confirmation of the existence of the “communist threat.”
In September 1950G.armed forces of the United States and its allied countries under flag of the UN troops landed in the rear of the North Korean troops and occupied almost the entire territory of Korea, advanced to the Chinese border. On October 25, 1950, the government of the People's Republic of China made a decision send volunteers to Korea. In November, the Soviet Unionrethrew an air corps (26 thousand) into the territory of China and North Korea. people, 321 aircraft) to cover the Allied troops from the air. For the first time in air battles, a test of strength of Soviet and American aviation took place. On the US side, up to 2,400 aircraft took part in the fighting. The US command was considering the use of nuclear weapons. At a press conference on November 30, 1950. The American president called for worldwide mobilization against communism.

By February 1951, the front line cut through Korean territory along the 38th parallel. The fighting before the armistice in 1953 acquired a positional character.

In total, North Korea lost 2.5 million people during the war. China - about 1 million people, South Korea - 1.5 million people, USA - 140 thousand (34 thousand killed and 103 thousand wounded). The USSR lost 335 aircraft in air battles, the PRC - about 600 aircraft, USA - 1182 aircraft.

Korean Warrevealed the clear superiority of the new Soviet MIG-17 jet aircraft over the American ones. INThatsame timebehindDuring the war, the United States re-equipped its aircraft fleet, after which the ratio of their and Soviet losses changed approximatelyWith8:1 to 2:1.

The military clash in Korea between two military bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war. The deployment of troops began in Chukotka, which in the event of hostilities between the USSR and the USA were to land in Alaska. The Soviet Union adopted a program to build a powerful submarine fleet designed to deprive the United States of supremacy in the seas.

As can be seen fromdocuments published in recent years, the Soviet leadership sought to limit the scope of the USSR's involvement in the conflict in Korea and prevent it from escalating into a war between the two alliance systems. Similar sentiments existed in the United States, where the ruling circles were widely convinced that the war in Korea was taking place “in the wrong place and at the wrong time” so that it would spark a global clash between the two blocs.

From the memoirs of pilot B. S. Abakumov, a participant in the Korean War:

At one of the airfields near Moscow, after the November air parade over Red Square, by order of the government in 1950, a group of fighter pilots was selected to assist the Democratic People's Republic of Korea during the Korean War. The group was led by three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub. The pilots were tasked with covering the skies of North Korea from American air raids and thereby protecting the borders of the Soviet Union at the distant approaches... The theory of jet fighter attacks has been nurtured by our theorists for a long time. Now it allegedly found confirmation precisely on the Korean front, when the Americans did not have to fight massive battles for air superiority... Not only captured English and Australian pilots, but also the American press and the US high command spoke about the skill of our pilots...

The Marshall Plan did provide the economic and political basis for an aggressive military alliance. Almost 20 years later, the US Senate openly admitted: “The Marshall Plan laid the foundation for the North Atlantic Alliance.” Thus, the “Marshall Plan,” along with some economic objectives, had, like the “Truman Doctrine,” a military-political purpose. But they officially decided to present this plan as a purely economic event. Marshall, in a speech at Harvard University, stated: In general, the “Marshall Plan,” like the “Truman Doctrine,” pursued military-strategic and political goals, but only incomparably larger ones. He also, although more cautiously, veiledly provided for US intervention in the internal affairs of Western European countries. But formally Marshall tried to give his plan a democratic flavor. He said that European states wishing to use his plan must themselves take the initiative and work out the details of this plan, calculating the necessary funds, etc.

Questions:

1. Try to explain why J.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall.

2. How do you think should have been responded to this proposal?

3. Why did J.V. Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

4. Explain the growth of expansionist sentiments in the Stalinist leadership after the war.

1939 – 1935 relations between the leading powers are influenced by two factors.

The basis of the first trend was the awareness by the world community of the need for interaction between states to ensure peace and security, cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian nature.

The second trend was the dominance of two superpowers: the USSR and the USA.

The share of the United States in world industrial production by the end of the war was 60%. The USA after WW2 concentrated in its hands

After 1945, the Cold War began - a global military-political confrontation between the USSR and the USA.

Former British Prime Minister Churchill in March 1946, speaking in the city of Culton, called for the unification of all democratic peoples to defend their freedom.

In March 1947, US President Truman, in a message to Congress, identified the containment of the USSR and its allied political forces as a vital interest in ensuring US security.

The main directions of the Cold War were:

1. Arms race
2. Development and deployment of new types of weapons of mass destruction, increasing their number
3. Confrontation between military-political blocs
4. Direct military confrontation in local wars
5. Psychological warfare, that is, subversive propaganda and support for the opposition
6. Fierce confrontation between intelligence and special services
7. The struggle for influence in third world countries

Major milestones of the Cold War:

Marshall's plan. In 1947, US Secretary of State George Marshall presented a plan to help European countries.

Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones between the USA, USSR, England and France. In January 1948, England, France and the USA united their zones into Trizonia. In April 1948, the USSR introduced a control regime on highways and railways. In June 1948, the Soviet military administration banned the import of banknotes and cargo from Trizonia into Berlin. During May-October 1949, the division of Germany took shape into a liberal democratic state of the Western type - the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR - a state with a socialist orientation. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Germany were established only in 1955. East Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the GDR. As a result, in 1961, East German authorities, through the mediation of the Soviet Union, erected a wall that divided the city into two parts.

On April 4, 1949, in Brussels, representatives of 12 countries (USA, Canada, UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Portugal) signed the North Atlantic Pact, creating NATO. In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined the alliance, and in 1955, Germany.

In 1949, CMEA—the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance—was created.

The culmination of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. On January 1, 1959, a revolution took place in Cuba directed against the dictatorial regime of the American protege Bastista. The leader of the Cuban revolution, Castro, declared the socialist nature of the revolution, his Marxist-Leninist views and orientation towards the USSR.

The first crisis - in the conditions of 1 mv

Second - 2mv

Third - the Cuban Revolution

The USSR secretly decided to deploy 42 nuclear missiles with a medium range of 2000 km on Liberty Island. There were 40,000 Soviet soldiers and officers in Cuba. The American leadership announced an economic blockade of Cuba. In October 1962, the United States prepared to launch a powerful attack on Cuba. Over the territory of Cuba on the night of October 27-28, an American reconnaissance aircraft was shot down by a Soviet missile. The pilot died. As a result of the negotiations that began, the Soviet Union removed all nuclear missiles from Cuba, and the United States abandoned plans for armed aggression against Cuba and the deployment of its own nuclear missiles in Turkey.

After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1963, a treaty was signed banning the testing of atomic weapons in three areas: on land, under water and in space. This treaty was signed by the USA, USSR and England.

Following the USA in 1945, the USSR in 1949 – nuclear weapons. Great Britain first tested nuclear weapons - 1952, France - 1960, China - 1964, India - 1974, Pakistan - 1998. North Korea - 2006. Israel does not comment on the presence of nuclear weapons.

1968 The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was signed.

In the post-war period there was new alignment of political forces on the world stage . German power was eliminated in the center of Europe and Japan - in the Far East, the forces of Great Britain were exhausted and France was paralyzed after four years of German occupation. The collapse of the colonial system began. Two new superpowers, the USSR and the USA, powerful politically and militarily, came to the forefront of the world stage.

After the war a new one emerged - bipolar world order , i.e. The bipolar structure of international relations was established in the form of a confrontation between two socio-political systems. The USA declared itself the defenders of the free world, capitalism, and the USSR - the bastion of peace, democracy and socialism. The core priority was a tough confrontation with the external enemy of two blocs - NATO and the Warsaw Pact Organization. In the context of the confrontation between the two poles, a bloc of non-aligned countries was formed. The whole world was divided into spheres of influence and interests. The concepts of “East” and “West” acquired an ideological and political dimension. When major revolutionary changes emerged in the countries of Africa and Asia, the line of the United States and other Western countries was aimed at pushing aside leftist forces adhering to a “socialist orientation” and preserving the liberated countries in the orbit of the “free world.” The USSR sought to expand the “sphere of socialism” as much as possible, imposing the “Soviet model.” The USSR managed to create its own sphere of influence, over which strict control was established. However, the Stalinist leadership failed to extend the influence of the USSR in the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East. The tough confrontation was complicated by a new military-strategic factor - the presence of nuclear weapons among the bloc leaders.

In the post-war period, a new structure of the world order emerged: two superpowers - the top of the pyramid, followed by England, France and China, which, along with the USSR and the USA, were among the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, then countries that have less weight in solving international problems .

And now, within the framework of a bipolar world order, let us consider the trends in global development towards integration and separation, democratization and violence. Back in 1944, they created international economic organizations – IMF (International Monetary Fund) and IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). They influence the formation of the world economy and the world market. By the way, the USSR participated in the Brettnoe-Woods conference during their creation, but did not ratify the agreements, that is, did not become a member of these organizations. The Marshall Plan (American aid plan for Europe) also had a unifying role. Let us recall that the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe took part in the discussion of the Marshall Plan. Archive documents show that there was a heated discussion among the country's top leadership about the possibility of adopting the plan. Just as there was then, and now there is no unambiguous assessment of the refusal of the USSR, and under its pressure, the countries of Eastern Europe, to participate in the Marshall Plan. This plan was adopted by 18 European countries and the economic European community was gradually formed. Countries that did not participate in these organizations and processes were gradually pushed to the periphery of the world economy and ultimately suffered serious damage, because their economic mechanism was not brought into conformity with the rules in force in world economic communication, they did not move along the path of convertibility of the monetary unit, and were not included in the world monetary and credit system. A prerequisite for membership in these organizations was the recognition and implementation of a market economy in various modifications as the most effective. The CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) countries focused on the integration of collective isolation and isolation from the world market.

After the end of the war it gained strength democratization trend . In order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and develop cooperation between states, it was created in 1945 UN . UN specialized agencies such as World Health Organization , UNESCO, and the Children's Fund were created in 1946 to develop sanitary rules, improve the sanitary state of the external environment, combat especially dangerous diseases, for cooperation in the field of education, science and culture, to help children. The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948. The 30 articles of the declaration set out human rights and freedoms with the aim of ensuring recognition and respect, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. On November 20, 1959, the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.

However, the tendency towards violence was also gaining strength, "cold war" . Many domestic and foreign historians see the reasons for the emergence of the Cold War in the hegemonic aspirations of I. Stalin and G. Truman, in the actions of the West aimed at isolating the USSR in the post-war world and the aspirations of the USSR in this direction. As indicators of its beginning, two speeches are most often cited: Stalin - in February 1946, that “the capitalist system of the world economy contains elements of a general crisis and military clashes and it is necessary to guarantee the country from any accidents”; and W. Churchill in March 1946, in which he proclaimed a “crusade” against the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe, and put forward a program of Anglo-American world domination. If we talk about the reasons for the origin of the Cold War, then first of all it is a clash of interests; as well as a knot of contradictions in the Near and Middle East.

These are the “Iranian” and “Turkish” crises of 1945–1946. This is the division of Europe, the Berlin crisis of 1948–1949. The Korean War (1950–1953) was the climax of the Cold War and the world was close to World War III. The construction of the Berlin Wall (1961) became a unique symbol of the Cold War. During the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the world again found itself on the brink of a global nuclear war. The period from 1945 to the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s can be called a state of the world with a forced arms race, “balancing on the brink of war.” Isolation, ignorance of each other, tendentious selection of information, targeted psychological processing of mass consciousness formed the “image of the enemy”, confrontational thinking. Currently, historians, using archival documents, are establishing what opportunities were missed in politics between the USSR and the USA, where wrong steps were taken that dragged the world into a harsh confrontation that undermines economic stability, trust between peoples, and in the nuclear age creates a mortal danger for humanity.

The post-war world realized various models of economic development . Thus, in West Germany a transition was made (after 12 years of National Socialism) from a totalitarian regime and centralized management methods to a social market economy. The priority of the economic reform proposed by Vice-Chancellor L. Erhard was the development of industries working for the consumer market. The reform created conditions that encouraged people to put money into investments. All prohibitions were lifted, and a flexible tax system was proposed. The Marshall Plan attracted outside investment. Competition, freedom of enterprise, and encouragement of personal interest have borne fruit. The country received an effective economy and a decent standard of living, an open industrial society. The social market model of the economy in various modifications, as the most effective, became dominant on the planet and, accordingly, the further evolution of the bourgeois-democratic political system took place. The leading direction in politics has become neoliberalism (policy of flexible state regulation of the economy, carried out, as a rule, by socialist and social democratic parties). In political life in the West, bourgeois conservatives and neoliberals (socialists) periodically replaced each other in power.

Eastern European countries have tried to implement model of democratic socialism : various forms of ownership (state, collective, private), democracy, not the dictatorship of the proletariat; multi-party system, multiplicity of ideologies; economic independence of enterprises with access to foreign markets. But Stalin already in 1948 managed to impose an authoritarian system and a command-distribution economy. During the post-war years, these countries achieved certain results in economic, scientific and technological growth, albeit through pressured, anti-democratic methods. The USSR helped them in restoring the national economy, but later they began to exploit the USSR economically, since cooperation and integration within the framework of the CMEA were carried out on a basis unfavorable for the Soviet state.

Thus, the post-war world order was characterized by the process of forming a new world order. As a result, a bipolar confrontational world emerged, two new superpowers, and bloc confrontation. The main feature of the post-war world was brinksmanship.

Victory provided USSR the opportunity to choose: to develop together with the developed countries of the West or to lower the “iron curtain”, dooming the country to isolation, and keep the pre-war model unchanged. The possibility of change and reform existed immediately after the war, in 1945 . Contacts between officers and soldiers with the Western world during the war made it possible to compare living conditions and have a more realistic attitude towards reality. There was a tendency towards a restructuring of thinking, a democratic renewal of society, and freedom. At the top, the country's development prospects were modeled. In 1946, a draft of a new Constitution of the USSR was prepared, in 1947 a draft of a new program of the CPSU (b). They contained a number of progressive provisions: the state was recognized as dominant in the forms of ownership, but small private farming of peasants and artisans was allowed. During the discussion of the documents, it was proposed: to decentralize economic life, give more rights to the people's commissariats, local authorities, limit the terms of tenure in leadership positions, nominate several candidates for elections to the Soviets, etc. Both documents were discussed only in a narrow circle of responsible workers and the emergence of liberals in this environment ideas spoke about the new mood of part of the leadership - N.A. Voznesensky, A.N. Kosygina, G.K. Zhukova and others. Doubts about the feasibility of the current administrative-command economy arose among economists L.D. Yaroshenko, A.V. Savina, V.G. Venzhera and others. They defended the use of commodity-money relations, and not command-volitional methods. Letters from ordinary citizens to the Party Central Committee substantiated the need to transform state-owned enterprises into joint-stock enterprises, suggested that collective farmers be given the opportunity to freely sell their products at market prices, etc. The Central Committee’s assessment of these documents: “harmful views”, “into the archives.”

I.V. Stalin defined in my own way prospects for the development of society . At a reception in the Kremlin on May 24, 1945, he notes that the Soviet people “believed in the correctness of the policy of their government... And this trust turned out to be the decisive force that ensured the historic victory... over fascism.” In a speech to voters in February 1946, he justified the policies of industrialization, collectivization and repression. In the law on the five-year plan for 1946–1950. the extremely high rates of industrial recovery ran counter to the idea of ​​balanced economic development. In the draft of the new program of the CPSU (b), the party fixed the goal: within 20-30 years to build communism in the USSR and solve the main economic task - within 15-20 years to surpass the main capitalist countries in per capita production. The utopian nature of these plans is evidenced by the ratio between the industrial potential of the USSR and the USA in 1945 – 1:4. In Stalin's book “Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR” (1952), a return to the development model of the 30s was justified. Stalin objected to any concession to the market; he believed that the categories money, prices, value, cost, etc., operate formally under socialism, and cash payments in the near future should replace product exchange. He reduced the transition to communism primarily to administrative measures in the sphere of distribution.

The declared utopia contradicted objective reality, where there were both successes and failures. Thanks to the heroism of the people, the pre-war level industrial production was achieved in 1948 G.; many cities have been restored. But in 1949, there was a revision of the fourth five-year plan and the adoption of super-voluntaristic principles of economic growth, with preference given to heavy industry. In industry, the phases of growth (1947–1948) and “overheating” (1949–1950) were followed by a phase of obvious slowdown (until 1954). The shift in capital investment in favor of heavy industry (88% of 100%) undermined the base of light industry working for the consumer market. Heavy industry also developed on the basis of outdated solutions, without taking into account technological achievements and innovations created in the world. Metallurgy has made enormous progress, but chemistry and petrochemistry have remained neglected. In the fuel and energy balance, the world gave preference to oil and gas, and the USSR gave preference to coal. The development of transport, communications, and roads has been left in disarray.

A very difficult situation has arisen in agriculture . After the drought and famine of 1946, in 1947 the government resorted to coercive measures against collective farmers, and an impressive breakthrough in development followed. But in subsequent years, growth rates remained very low, and only in 1952 did grain production in the country reach pre-war levels. The size of obligatory supplies from villages to the state increased annually. Collective farms were enlarged (since 1950) and at the same time individual plots were significantly reduced, and payment in kind for workdays was reduced. High taxes were imposed on everything. There were no passports, pensions, or trade unions in the village.

In 1947, the USSR, the first European country, abolished the food rationing system, but at the same time prices for consumer goods were increased more than three times (to the level of 1940), and workers' wages were reduced by 50%. Then the annual seasonal reduction in prices for milk and meat was presented as concern for people and had a great political effect. But even in 1952 these prices were higher than pre-war levels. Simultaneously with the abolition of cards, the government is introducing a tough monetary reform (an exchange of new money for old money has been introduced in an average ratio of 1:10), although it was possible to choose a “softer” option. The current economic model did not allow the housing crisis to be resolved.

Complex processes were taking place in spiritual life . In the first years after the victory, the prevailing thought among workers was “the main thing is that the war is behind us,” and the post-war difficulties were temporary. However, at the turn of 1947–1948. in the mass consciousness the limit of the “temporariness” of difficulties had been exhausted. There have already been successes in post-war reconstruction. And people’s reaction to the authorities’ tough decisions became more harsh. In 1947, there was a mass desertion (29 thousand workers) from the mines of the Kemerovo region. Criticism of the authorities intensified, but the authorities ignored the historical chance to implement reforms and took the path of a hard line and repression.

All the difficulties of the post-war years were attributed to the machinations of “enemies” and “spies”. Let us recall that in a resolution of 1946, the Central Committee of the Party attacked the magazines “Leningrad” (reprimand), “Zvezda” (closed) for the fact that they are conductors of the “ideology of alien parties,” especially after the publication of the works of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko . Some films, including the second series of “Ivan the Terrible” by S. Eisenstein, were criticized as “idealess.” Composers (in 1948) S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, V. Muradeli, A. Khachaturian were criticized for “formalism”. The intelligentsia was accused of cosmopolitanism, genetics and cybernetics were called pseudoscience.

People known for reformist views were removed from leadership positions in the center and locally. The “Leningrad affair” dealt a blow to the leading cadres. A feature of the new stage of personnel purge was the intensification of anti-Semitism. The “Doctors' Plot” was a shameful provocation against the medical intelligentsia. In January 1953, fifteen well-known doctors were accused of the murder of Zhdanov and the attempt on the lives of military leaders Konev, Vasilevsky, and Shtemenko. The persecution of scientists continued. In 1947, Doctor of Medical Sciences, world-famous scientist, Deputy People's Commissar of Health, Scientific Secretary of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences V.V. was arrested. Parin. He was released from prison in 1953 and became one of the founders of space medicine. The machine of fear, persecution, and reprisals was set in motion again. As a result of emergency measures in the country, all shoots of political opposition - real and potential - were strangled. The liberals were destroyed. In the countries of the Eastern Bloc, leaders obedient to Stalin were implanted. Things were heading towards a new wave of terror. This was put to an end by the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953.

Decisions of the Potsdam Conference. The conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and England in Potsdam ran from July 17 to August 2. A system of quadripartite occupation of Germany was finally agreed upon; it was envisaged that during the occupation, supreme power in Germany would be exercised by the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France - each in its own zone of occupation.

A sharp struggle broke out at the conference over Poland's western borders. Poland's western border was established along the Oder and Neisse rivers. The city of Königsberg and the surrounding area were transferred to the USSR, the rest of East Prussia went to Poland.

US attempts to make diplomatic recognition of some Eastern European countries conditional on the reorganization of their governments ended in failure. Thus, the dependence of these countries on the USSR was recognized. The three governments confirmed their decision to bring major war criminals to justice.

The generally successful solution to important political problems for the USSR in Potsdam was prepared by the favorable international situation, the successes of the Red Army, as well as the interest of the United States in the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan.

Education of the United Nations. The UN was created at the final stage of World War II at a conference in San Francisco. It opened on April 25, 1945. Invitations were sent to 42 states on behalf of the four great powers - the USSR, the USA, England and China. The Soviet delegation managed to organize an invitation to the conference for representatives of Ukraine and Belarus. In total, 50 countries participated in the conference. On June 26, 1945, the conference ended its work with the adoption of the UN Charter.

The UN Charter obliged members of the organization to resolve disputes among themselves only by peaceful means, and to refrain in international relations from the use of force or threats to use force. The Charter proclaimed the equality of all people, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the need to comply with all international treaties and obligations. The main task of the UN was to promote global peace and international security.





It was established that a session of the UN General Assembly should be held annually with the participation of delegates from all UN member countries. The most important decisions of the General Assembly must be made by a majority of 2/3 of the votes, less important ones - by a simple majority.

In matters of maintaining global peace, the main role was given to the UN Security Council, consisting of 14 members. Five of them were considered permanent members (USSR, USA, England, France, China), the rest were subject to re-election every two years. The most important condition was the established principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the Security Council. Their consent was required to make any decision. This principle protected the UN from turning into an instrument of dictatorship in relation to any country or group of countries.

The beginning of the Cold War. By the end of the war, contradictions between the USSR, on the one hand, and the USA and Great Britain, on the other, sharply emerged. The main issue was the question of the post-war structure of the world and the spheres of influence of both sides in it. The West's tangible superiority in economic power and monopoly on nuclear weapons gave hope for the possibility of a decisive change in the balance of power in its favor. Back in the spring of 1945, a plan of military action against the USSR was developed: W. Churchill planned to start the Third World War on July 1, 1945 with an attack by the Anglo-Americans and formations of German soldiers against Soviet troops. Only by the summer of 1945, due to the obvious military superiority of the Red Army, this plan was abandoned.

Soon, both sides gradually moved to a policy of brinksmanship, an arms race, and mutual rejection. In 1947, American journalist W. Lippman called this policy the “Cold War.” The final turning point in relations between the USSR and the Western world was W. Churchill’s speech at the Fulton Military College in the USA in March 1946. He called on the “English-speaking world” to unite and show “the Russians strength.” US President G. Truman supported Churchill's ideas. These threats alarmed Stalin, who called Churchill's speech a "dangerous act." The USSR actively strengthened its influence not only in the countries of Europe occupied by the Red Army, but also in Asia.

The beginning of the formation of a bipolar (bipolar) world. In 1947, relations between the USSR and the USA continued to deteriorate. Europe then lay in ruins. In the conditions of people's suffering, the influence of the ideas of communism and the prestige of the USSR grew. To undermine these sentiments, the United States adopted a program of assistance to Europe - the Marshall Plan (named after US Secretary of State J. Marshall). The condition for the assistance was its use under US control. This condition was unacceptable for the USSR. Under his pressure, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Finland refused to participate in the Marshall Plan.

In response to the Marshall Plan and with the goal of strengthening Soviet influence in the world, in the fall of 1947, the Information Bureau of Communist Parties (Cominform) was created - a similarity to the Comintern, which was disbanded in 1943. Soon Stalin decided to abandon the course of a gradual transition of Eastern European countries to socialism through parliamentary methods. With the active intervention of the Soviet military and diplomats, pro-Moscow communist governments came in 1947-1948. to power in Poland, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In 1949, the civil war in China ended with the victory of the communists. Even earlier, the communists came to power in North Vietnam and North Korea.

The USSR, despite colossal internal difficulties, provided all these countries with enormous material assistance, which allowed them by the early 50s. XX century basically overcome the post-war devastation. In 1949, to coordinate development issues, a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). At the same time, in these countries, which were called countries of “people's democracy,” repressions were carried out against political forces, including leaders of communist parties, suspected of trying to take their states out of the control of the USSR. As a result, all countries of “people's democracy” became dependent on the Soviet Union. Only the ruler of Yugoslavia, J. Tito, managed to defend his right to an independent policy, which became the reason for the rupture of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia in 1948.

The Marshall Plan and the USSR's response to it led to a further division of the world into two opposing parts - East and West (bipolar world).

The first international crises. In 1948, the United States decided to consolidate the division of Germany by creating a separate West German state. Before this, Stalin sought to implement the decisions of the Yalta Conference on a united democratic Germany, hoping to make it a neutral buffer between the West and the East. Now the Soviet Union had to take a course to strengthen its positions in East Germany. Soviet troops blocked the communications routes connecting Berlin with the western occupation zone. The West created an “air bridge” that supplied the western part of Berlin (the zone allocated for the Allied occupation forces) for almost a year.

The Berlin crisis brought the world to the brink of war and led to the final division of Germany. On September 20, 1949, the western occupation zone of Germany was declared the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). On October 7, 1949, the pro-Soviet German Democratic Republic (GDR) was formed.

Even earlier, in April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) was signed, formalizing the military-political alliance of Western countries under the leadership of the United States. It included 11 states: the USA, England, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Iceland and Canada.

Korean War. After the defeat of Japan, its former colony Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into Soviet and American occupation zones. After the withdrawal of troops, both the northern government of communist Kim Il Sung and the pro-American southern government of dictator Rhee Seung-min wanted to extend their power to all of Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korean (DPRK) troops began to successfully advance south. In September 1950, troops from 15 countries, led by the United States, under the UN flag, landed troops in the rear of the DPRK army. During fierce fighting, UN forces reached almost the Korean-Chinese border. To save the DPRK, “volunteers” from China acted on its side, and Soviet aviation operated successfully (Soviet fighters destroyed 1,097 enemy aircraft, the Americans destroyed 335 Soviet aircraft).

The American military was planning to start a war with China and drop atomic bombs on it, but did not dare to do so. In 1951, the front line was established in the area of ​​the same 38th parallel. In 1953, a truce was signed. The Korean War gave impetus to a new stage in the arms race.