Physical violence is the actual or potential use of physical harm, which is understood as a violation of the anatomical and physical integrity of a person. By nature, it can be expressed in striking, beating, wounding and in other impacts on a person through the use of physical force, bladed or firearms, or other objects.
About 2 million children under 14 years of age suffer annually from the arbitrariness of their parents. Every tenth of them dies or commits suicide.
According to statistics, the most common manifestations of ill-treatment are deprivation of food, drink (%), locking in the dark (%), expulsion from home (12.6%).
Adults who are victims of violence experienced in childhood strive for loneliness, they are often suspicious, and have difficulty communicating with others. Many of them have low self-esteem, consider themselves unworthy, inadequate, and unloved. Rarely experiencing deep attachments in childhood, they often seek love and understanding from those who cannot meet their expectations, entering into marital or partnership relationships with people who have similar experiences of domestic violence. When they become parents, they demand from their children a reflection of their own competence and self-worth. All this causes them to have unrealistic expectations about the behavior, success and development of their own children. 21
Violence The use of force or various types of threats in relation to certain social entities or their property with the aim of intimidating and coercing certain actions
About 40% of all murders and serious bodily injuries in Russia occur in the family. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 2007, every 2 minutes (!) in Russia a husband beats his wife, and every hour a husband kills his wife. According to the UN, in Russia every year ( !) killed by husbands and partners 14,000 women 75% of husbands hit their wife at least once
Fleeing from domestic violence, every year 50,000 children leave home, and 2,000 children commit suicide Every seventh woman in Russia is afraid of her husband, expecting a “sudden breakdown” from him 57% of women systematically experience violence in the form of insults, humiliation, and bullying 30% women are forced to beg money from their husbands for every little thing and to account for purchases. About 70% of children in families where violence against their mother is practiced experience the same violence
Criteria for violence: intentional action, asymmetry of power, violation of human rights, action that causes physical pain and mental suffering to the victim of violence
Traits of violence ESCALATION ISOLATION CYCLICITY REPEATIBILITY
Types of violence Physical Psychological Economic Sexual Use of physical force or tools to harm another person Total control over another person Constant criticism Blackmail Insults Isolation of the victim Denial of access to livelihood Concealing income Spending family money alone Solving most financial issues on your own Forced sexual intercourse (rape) ) Sexual harassment Coercion
Stage 1 – Increasing tension CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE 1979 – Leonor Walker, The Abused Woman
Stage 2 – Act of violence CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
Stage 3 – “Honeymoon” CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
VIOLATION OF IMAGE ABOUT SELF AND ABOUT THE WORLD VICTIMIZATION (trauma) Level I
Level I loss of a sense of security feeling like a small child desire to isolate oneself from the environment feeling of powerless anger VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
VIOLATION OF IMAGE ABOUT SELF AND ABOUT THE WORLD I level II level SECONDARY TRAUMA VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
Level II = secondary trauma questioning the idea of being a victim of violence denying or minimizing the experience blaming the victim for the violence refusal to help indifference to the problems of domestic violence VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
ACCEPTING THE IDENTITY OF A VIOLENCE VICTIM VIOLATION OF THE IMAGE OF SELF AND THE WORLD Level I Level II Level III SECONDARY TRAUMA VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
Level III: thinking about yourself as doomed to violence, blaming yourself for everything, questioning any personal difficulties, creating a philosophy of life characteristic of the victim, not recognizing your own rights, VICTIMIZATION (traumatism)
Alcoholism Drug addiction Physical defense Verbal defense Minimizing contact with the abuser Threats STRATEGIES OF VIOLENCE VICTIMS Fleeing Conversation Promises
ROLE OF SOCIETY FAMILY PARTNER FRIENDS Debunking stereotypes and prejudices associated with domestic violence
Myth: Only men who drink beat their wives
Fact: alcohol is not the cause of violence; alcohol can only be a contributing cause when a situation of violence already exists; alcohol can become a convenient excuse for violence; some women convince themselves that this would never have happened if the man had been sober.
Domestic violence is typical only for working-class families Myth:
The profession and business success of women do not influence the behavior of offenders. Women with brilliant careers and housekeepers are beaten. These studies showed that more than half of women have higher or incomplete higher education. Fact:
Probably, everything is not so bad, otherwise women would not stay with such men Myth:
They are ashamed to tell strangers about what happened They are afraid of being judged by others Some believe that children should grow up in a family where there are both parents Some women are afraid of being left completely without money (economic dependence) Fear that the offender will become more aggressive Nowhere to go (housing problems) Fact:
By their behavior, women themselves are asking to be beaten - they deserve to be beaten Myth:
No human being deserves to be beaten. An abuser will always find an excuse for his actions - no matter how the victim behaved. Fact:
A slap in the face does not seriously hurt Myth:
Even a single incident of violence brings pain and grief Remains a humiliating and humiliating event in a person’s life Becomes serious psychological trauma Fact:
WHY DOES A WOMAN STAY WITH AN ABUSER? EXPERIENCES A REAL FEAR OF ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE FROM PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE, THE VICTIM OFTEN KNOWS THAT AS SOON AS SHE TRY TO TAKE SOMEONE'S HELP, THE INTENSITY OF VIOLENCE INCREASES ISOLATION SUPPORTS HER BELIEF IN HIS OMNIPOTENTITY O CONSIDERS HIMSELF TO BE GUILTY FOR EVERYTHING
BELIEVES THAT THEY WILL NOT BELIEVED SHE IS EXPERIENCED OF SHAME THE WOMAN CAN BE SURE THAT ONLY SHE IS IN SUCH A DIFFICULT SITUATION ECONOMICALLY AND DEPENDS ON THE RAPIST ILLNESS, LONELINESS BELIEF IN TRADITIONAL VALUES SUCH AS THE INBREAKABILITY OF MARITALITY A - AT ALL COSTS WE SHOULD STRIVE TO SAVE THE FAMILY WHY A WOMAN STAYS WITH THE ABUSER?
BELIEVE IN PARTNER'S PROMISES THAT HE WILL ACTUALLY CHANGE - CYCLES OF VIOLENCE LOVE FOR PARTNER AND BELIEF THAT IF YOU LEAVE HIM, SOMETHING TERRIBLE WILL HAPPEN CONFIDENCE THAT NO ONE IS ABLE TO HELP HER OR MAY BE IN THE PAST SHE MENTIONED ABOUT YOUR PROBLEM, HOWEVER, NO ONE HELPED HER HE DOESN'T THINK OF HIMSELF AS A VICTIM OF VIOLENCE WHY DOES A WOMAN STAY WITH AN ABUSER?
General characteristics of women victims of violence Low self-esteem; Commitment to traditional ideas about the family, the role of women in the family and society, “women’s destiny”; Taking responsibility for the actions of the offender; Feelings of guilt and denial of the anger they feel towards the offender;
General characteristics of women victims of violence Pronounced reactions to stress and psychophysiological complaints; The belief that sexual relationships can stabilize relationships as a whole; Feeling helpless and not believing that anyone can help them; Psychological dependence on a partner
Psychological characteristics of the rapist Low self-esteem; Low tolerance to frustration; Desire for power and control over another person; Emotional instability (inability to adequately cope with strong emotions); Potential for alcohol or drug abuse; Presence of traumatic events in the past (being a victim or witness of violence)
Consequences of domestic violence Self-confidence is destroyed Self-esteem decreases An irresponsible attitude towards one’s life develops, and at the same time one takes responsibility (self-accusation) for the violent behavior of the partner, for his tendency to offensive, violent behavior
Consequences of domestic violence Anxiety develops Noogenic neurosis is formed (loss of meaning in life) A realistic perception of the situation and surrounding reality is lost A distorted “portrait” of the partner and a distorted perception of oneself and one’s feelings are formed Decisions regarding one’s actions and satisfaction of various needs are made depending on the partner’s reactions
Consequences of domestic violence Evaluation of the actions of surrounding people occurs in accordance with the assessments of the partner A desire arises to “save” the partner when he finds himself in an unpleasant or difficult situation, and there is often joyful excitement as an expectation of a softening of the relationship as a response for care (which in fact never not happening)
Consequences for children subjected to male violence: 1) immediately after the violence they experience a state of trauma; 2) the course of normal processes of child development changes; 3) they live in fear for themselves and their mothers and suffer from other stress-related problems; 4) their role models are violent men; 5) in later adult life may demonstrate a higher risk of developing problems such as physical and mental problems, chemical dependency, relationship problems including violence and child abuse, and involvement in criminal activity. Adapted from Barnett, Miller-Perrin, and Perrin, Family Violence Across the Lifespan.
first conversation police intervention first conversation with a specialist PLAN TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF THE VICTIM family friends referral to a help center help from social workers legal help police help medical help therapy self-help groups ongoing counseling CARE PLAN
NEVER BLAME THE VICTIM
THE RAPIST IS ALWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR VIOLENCE
Recommended reading Moskalenko V.D. Addiction: a family disease - M.: PER SE, 2009 Savina E.A. The Return of Kai - M.: Adrus Publishing House, 2006 Savina E.A. “I love him...” -M.: Adrus Publishing House, 2008 Johnson V. Method of persuasion. How to help a drug addict or alcoholic make a decision - M.: IOI, V. Sekachev, 2007 Beatty M. Alcoholic in the family, or Overcoming codependency - M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 1997 Smith W. Grandchildren of alcoholics: problems of interdependence in family - M., Education, 1991 Emelyanova E.V. Crisis in codependent relationships. Principles and algorithms of counseling. – St. Petersburg, Speech, 2004 Emelyanova E.V. How to communicate with a drunk husband. Practical advice for women - St. Petersburg, Speech, 2008 Emelyanova E.V. Women are in trouble. Program for working with victims of domestic violence “Dignity of Love” - St. Petersburg. Speech, 2008
These books can be ordered by email: http://kseniya-steps.ucoz.ru/
Child abuse-
This is any action (or inaction) of parents, other legal representatives, educators and other persons that leads (or is likely to lead) to death, serious physical or emotional harm, or sexual abuse.
Violence– any form of relationship aimed at establishing or maintaining control by force over another person.
From the history
Mentions of cruelty to children in various literary sources are found until the 2nd century. AD
- children were killed for ritual purposes: it was believed that a killed child could help infertile women cope with illnesses, ensure health and youth;
- they were buried under the foundation of the building to make it stronger;
- children were bought and sold.
Scientific research has found that:
- violence in one form or another is committed in every fourth Russian family;
- Every year, about 2 million children under the age of 14 are beaten by their parents;
- for 10% of these children the outcome is death, and for 2 thousand - suicide;
- more than 50 thousand children leave home during the year, fleeing their own parents, and 25 thousand minors are wanted.
- in 2008, 1,914 children died from child abuse and 2,330 children were maimed (according to data from the Federation Council);
- about 10 thousand parents are deprived of parental rights by the courts and more than 2.5 thousand children are taken from their parents without such deprivation, since the child’s presence in the family poses a threat to his life and health.
Psychologist D. Gill divided child victims of abuse into several age groups:
first - from 1 year to 2 years;
the second - from 3 to 9 years (the number of cases doubles);
the third - from 9 to 15 years (the frequency decreases again until the initial level is reached, and after 16 years it gradually disappears completely).
Types of violence against children in the family
- physical violence;
- neglect of the needs and needs of the child;
- sexual violence;
- psychological emotional violence.
Neglecting the child's needs
Neglecting a child's basic needs is
inattention to the child’s basic needs for food, clothing, and medical care. Neglect includes a number of such manifestations as neglect of the needs for education and development, medical care if the child has chronic diseases.
Most often, parents or persons replacing them neglect the basic needs of children:
Alcoholics, drug addicts;
Persons with mental disorders;
Young parents who lack parenting experience and skills;
Parents with a low socio-economic standard of living;
Parents with chronic diseases, disabilities, mental retardation; survivors of childhood abuse; socially isolated.
Consequences of neglect
External manifestations :
- tired, sleepy appearance, pale face, swollen eyelids;
- in infants, dehydration, diaper rash, rashes;
- clothes are sloppy and do not match the season and size of the child;
- uncleanliness, stale smell.
Physical signs:
- lagging behind peers in weight and height;
- pediculosis, scabies;
- frequent “accidents”, purulent and chronic infectious diseases;
- advanced caries;
- lack of proper vaccinations;
- delayed speech and mental development.
Features of behavior:
- constant hunger and thirst: can steal food, rummage through garbage, etc.;
- inability to play;
- constant search for attention/participation;
- frequent absences from school;
- extremes of behavior: childish or takes on the role of an adult and behaves in a “pseudo-adult” manner; aggressive or withdrawn, apathetic; hyperactive or depressed; indiscriminately friendly or unwilling and unable to communicate;
- tendency to set fires, cruelty to animals;
Psychological (emotional) violence
Emotional (psychological) violence includes constant rejection, accusations against the child, humiliation of his dignity, long-term deprivation of the child's love, tenderness, care and safety from parents.
Psychological violence includes:
- threats against a child, manifested in verbal form without the use of physical force;
- insult and humiliation of his dignity;
- open rejection and constant criticism;
- depriving the child of the necessary stimulation, ignoring his basic needs in a safe environment, parental love;
- placing excessive demands on a child that are not consistent with his age or capabilities;
- a single gross mental impact that caused mental trauma in the child;
- deliberate isolation of the child, depriving him of social contacts;
- involving a child or encouraging him to engage in antisocial or destructive behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.).
Features of children exposed to emotional (psychological) violence:
- impaired mental function;
- inability to concentrate, poor academic performance;
- low self-esteem;
- emotional disturbances in the form of aggression, anger (often directed against oneself), depressed state;
- excessive need for attention;
- depression, suicide attempts;
- inability to communicate with peers (ingratiating behavior, excessive compliance or aggressiveness);
- lies, theft, deviant (or “deviant”, antisocial) behavior;
- neuropsychic and psychosomatic diseases: neuroses, enuresis, tics, sleep disorders, appetite disorders, obesity, skin diseases, asthma, etc.).
Children at risk for emotional abuse
- children from an unwanted pregnancy, similar to unloved relatives of the wife or husband;
- young children;
- disabled children, children with hereditary diseases or other special needs;
- children from families with an oppressive, authoritarian, controlling style of parenting and relationships;
- children from families where intra-family violence is a way of life;
- children whose parents (or one of the parents) use alcohol, drugs, or suffer from depression;
- children whose family has many socio-economic and psychological problems.
Peculiarities of behavior of adults who commit emotional abuse
- do not console the child when he needs it;
- publicly insult, scold, humiliate, ridicule a child;
- they compare him with other children not in his favor, they are constantly hypercritical of him;
- they blame him for all their failures, make a “scapegoat” out of the child, etc.
Sexual abuse of children
American researchers define sexual abuse of children as any sexual experience between a child under 16 years of age (according to some sources - up to 18 years of age) and a person who is at least 5 years older than him. This type of violence is characterized either as the involvement of dependent, mentally and physiologically immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that violate social taboos of family roles, which they cannot yet fully understand and to which they are not able to give meaningful consent. Sexual violence is considered an option especially cruel treatment of children.
Sexual violence most often occurs in families where :
- patriarchal-authoritarian way of life;
- poor relationship between the child and parents, especially with the mother;
- conflictual relationships between parents;
- the child's mother is overly busy at work;
- the child lived for a long time without his own father;
- instead of the natural father - the stepfather or the mother's partner;
- the mother has a chronic illness or disability and spends a long time in the hospital;
- mother was sexually abused as a child, etc.
Physical violence
Physical violence is the deliberate infliction of injury and/or damage to a child, which causes serious (requiring medical care) physical and mental health problems and developmental delays.
Most often this happens in families where:
- are convinced that physical punishment is the method of choice for raising children;
- parents (or one of them) are alcoholics, drug addicts, substance abusers;
- parents (or one of them) have mental illness;
- the emotional and psychological climate is disturbed (frequent quarrels, scandals, lack of respect for each other);
- parents are under stress due to the death of loved ones, illness, job loss, economic crisis, etc.;
- parents make excessive demands on children that are inappropriate for their age and level of development;
- children have characteristics: a history of prematurity, the presence of somatic or mental illnesses; they are hyperactive and restless.
Physical violence manifests itself as:
- blows to the face;
- shaking, tremors;
- cracks,
- strangulation,
- kicks;
- confinement in a locked room where they are held by force;
- beating with a belt, ropes;
- mutilation with heavy objects, even with a knife.
Recognizing physical abuse of a child
Nature of damage:
- bruises, abrasions, wounds, marks from blows with a belt, bites, cauterization with hot objects, cigarettes, located on the face, body, limbs;
- burns with hot liquids on the hands and feet in the form of a glove or sock (from immersion in hot water), as well as on the buttocks;
- damage and fractures of bones, swelling and tenderness of joints;
- knocked out and loose teeth, tears or cuts in the mouth, on the lips;
- areas of baldness, bruises on the head;
- damage to internal organs.
Features of the child’s mental state and behavior that allow one to suspect physical abuse, depending on the child’s age.
Ages 3 years – 6 years:
- reconciliation with what happened, lack of resistance;
- passive response to pain;
- painful attitude towards comments, criticism;
- ingratiating behavior, excessive compliance;
- pseudo-adult behavior (outwardly copies the behavior of adults);
- negativism, aggressiveness;
- deceit, theft;
- cruelty to animals;
Junior school age:
- the desire to hide the cause of damage and injury;
- loneliness, lack of friends;
- fear of going home after school;
Adolescence:
- running away from home;
- suicide attempts;
- delinquent behavior;
- drinking alcohol, drugs.
The main features of the behavior of parents or guardians if they beat children are:
- conflicting, confusing explanations for the causes of injuries in children;
- accusation of injury to the child himself;
- late seeking or failure to seek medical help;
- lack of emotional support and affection in dealing with the child;
- unprovoked aggression towards staff;
- paying more attention to one’s own problems than to the child’s existing injuries.
Consequences of child abuse in the family
- joining religious sects;
- associations in informal groups with a criminal and fascist orientation;
- aggressive, criminal behavior of children;
- children who run away from home die from hunger and cold, become victims of other children who also escaped from domestic violence, etc.
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Protection of children's rights in legislative acts
Family Code of the Russian Federation guarantees:
the child’s right to respect for his human dignity (Article 54)
the child’s right to protection and the duties of the guardianship and trusteeship authority to take measures to protect the child (Article 56)
deprivation of parental rights as a measure to protect children from abuse in the family (Article 69)
immediate removal of a child in the event of an immediate threat to life and health (Article 77)
Protection of children's rights in legislative acts
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child defines the concept of “cruel treatment” and defines protection measures (Article 19), and also establishes:
ensuring, to the maximum extent possible, healthy personal development (Article 6)
protection from arbitrary or unlawful interference in the personal life of a child, from attacks on his honor and reputation (Article 16)
ensuring measures to combat disease and malnutrition (Article 24)
recognition of the right of every child to a standard of living necessary for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development (Article 27)
protection of a child from sexual assault (Article 34)
protection of the child from other forms of abuse (Article 37)
measures to help a child who is a victim of cruel treatment (Article 39)
Stages of solving the problem in Russia
- 2010 in Russia has been declared the year of a national information campaign to combat child abuse.
- May 25, 2010 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev supported the movement "Russia - without cruelty to children!" and became its first participant.
- In August-September, Russia created a single all-Russian helpline for children who have been subjected to cruel treatment.
- The website www.ya-roditel.ru is already operational
Children are the main gift for the world, With them the earthly picture is more wonderful. They understand everything, they take on everything. Human life is best with them. Their hands are often weak and unskillful, But the guys have no time to think about boredom. In movements and worries, their time passes, Luck comes to the diligent over the years. Dreams blossom in childhood, but adults often don’t know about it. We need to explain the rights to the kids, we need to teach them a lot. The world will become a better place on our planet if all children are happy!
Slide 1
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW State budgetary educational institution of higher professional education of the city of Moscow "Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University" FACULTY "SOCIAL COMMUNICATION" The problem of violence against children: types, forms, consequences, assessment of risk factors Shilina Irina Borisovna, Doctor of Historical Sciences ., Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Social Communication, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, 2013Slide 2
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of violence against children In Russia, domestic violence leads to an increase in the number of social orphans and the army of homeless and neglected children by 100 thousand every year. Violence is the power of the weak, largely due to the human need for self-affirmation through the suppression of others.
Slide 3
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of violence against children Domestic violence can have different vectors of direction: on the part of the husband in relation to his wife; on the part of the wife in relation to the husband; on the part of one or both parents in relation to children; on the part of older children in relation to younger ones; on the part of adult children and grandchildren in relation to parents or elderly relatives; on the part of some members seven in relation to others. In 70% of cases, victims of domestic violence are women and children.
Slide 4
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of violence against children Myths: Facts: 1. Children are more often exposed to violence in socially disadvantaged families. Domestic violence is not limited to certain social groups or segments of the population. It may be present in families with high levels of education and income. Socially disadvantaged families are more transparent; the problems of a child from such a family are noticeable to others and government officials. Families with a high income are more closed and next to a child suffering from violence in a “socially prosperous” family there is no one who could stand up for him. The external well-being of the family is not a guarantee of the child’s safety.
Slide 5
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of child abuse Myths: Facts: 2. Physical punishment can benefit the child. Physical punishment leaves children with a feeling of fear, humiliation and a desire for revenge. They increase the state of rage and frustration, while the moral norms and values instilled in this way are not absorbed and do not become internal values. Punishment forces the child to hide the outward manifestations of unwanted behavior, but does not eliminate it. Parents who physically punish their children serve as examples of aggressiveness for them.
Slide 6
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of child abuse Myths: Facts: 3. Children can provoke adults to abuse them. Children, like other people, can make adults feel dissatisfied, irritated, and even very angry. But only adults are responsible for what methods - violent or non-violent - they choose to express their anger. Adults' commitment to violent methods, according to social learning theory, reinforces immature forms of self-regulation and destructive forms of behavior in children.
Slide 7
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of child abuse Myths: Facts: 4. Cases of sexual abuse against children are rare. According to the Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry named after. Serbian Russian internal affairs bodies annually register 7-8 thousand cases of sexual abuse of children, for which criminal cases are initiated. These figures do not reflect the real state of affairs, because... they only record cases of violence where the perpetrators were arrested and deservedly punished. There are on average 3 times more cases of sexual abuse of children than cases of beating. About 25% of women in our country were sexually abused as children.
Slide 8
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of child abuse Myths: Facts: 5. Child sexual abuse is most often committed by strangers. In 75-80% of cases, the rapists are known to children, of which 45% are relatives, parents and persons in their stead. On average, 9 out of 10 child victims are believed to know or be related to their abusers. 6. It is mostly teenagers who are sexually assaulted by adults. Sexual abuse can occur when a child is still an infant; children of preschool age are also considered an increased risk group. Children aged 8 to 11 years are most often exposed to violence.
Slide 9
1.1. Myths and facts regarding the problem of child abuse More than 50 thousand children in Russia run away from home every year to escape domestic abuse; more than 50% of domestic crimes are committed in the presence of children; The number of street children in Russia has reached 3-4 million. Myths: Facts: 7. Children can act as seducers in sexual relationships between an adult and a child. Children, like all living beings, can experience sexual feelings, but they lack the knowledge and experience to initiate sexual activity outside of their peer group. Adults, having such knowledge and experience, realize that sexual acts with a child cause him physical and moral harm and, in fact, constitute his exploitation.
Slide 10
1.2. Types of violence against children There are four main types of family violence against children, each of which can be present in varying degrees of severity. 1. Physical violence. 2. Psychological (emotional) violence. 3. Neglect of the child's basic needs. 4. Sexual violence.
Slide 11
1. Physical violence is the deliberate infliction of physical harm on a child by parents or persons in their stead. These damages can cause serious 1.2. Types of violence against children impair the child's physical or mental health, delay development or even lead to death. Physical violence can be recognized by characteristics of appearance, the nature of injuries, characteristics of the mental state and behavior of children. Appearance: multiple injuries of a specific nature and varying degrees of age; delayed physical development, retardation in height and weight, dehydration (for infants); signs of poor care.
Slide 12
Main types of injuries: - on the body: abrasions, bruises, scratches, wounds, burns from cigarettes or from burning with other objects, marks from slaps, slaps, blows with a hand, foot, belt, bruises, scars, marks from binding, from squeezing, from bites. - on the head: areas of baldness, hemorrhage in the eyeball, knocked out or loose teeth, tears in the mouth and lips. - damage to internal organs: fractures, liver ruptures, bruises of the kidneys, bladder, concussion. - change in physical condition due to forcing a child to use alcohol, drugs, toxic substances or medications. 1.2. Types of violence against children
Slide 13
Features of the child's mental state and behavior that allow one to suspect physical abuse: 1.2. Types of violence against children The direct psychological consequences of physical violence against a child include the appearance of characteristic emotional reactions - anxiety, fear, anxiety. Many children who have been subjected to physical punishment exhibit sleep and appetite disorders, various tics, enuresis, encopresis and other neurosis-like symptoms. Age 0-6 months: inactivity, indifference to the outside world, weak reaction to external stimuli or its absence, rare smile between the ages of 3 and 6 months.
Slide 14
1.2. Types of violence against children Age 6 months -1.5 years: fear of parents, fear of physical contact with adults, unreasonable wariness, tearfulness, isolation, fear or depression when adults try to pick up the child. Age 1.5 - 3 years: fear of adults, rare manifestations of joy, tearfulness, fearful reaction to the crying of other children, extremes in behavior - from excessive aggressiveness to indifference. Age 3 years - 6 years: presence of fears, passive reaction to pain, ingratiating behavior, excessive compliance, negativism, aggressiveness, deceit, theft, cruelty towards animals, tendency to set fires.
Slide 15
1.2. Types of violence against children Primary school age: desire to hide the cause of damage and injury, tired appearance, drowsiness, loneliness, lack of friends, fear of going home after school. Adolescence: running away from home, suicide attempts, criminal or antisocial behavior, alcohol, drug use. Features of the behavior of parents or caregivers that make it possible to suspect cruelty towards a child: - contradictory, confusing explanations of the causes of the child’s injuries; - late seeking of medical help or the initiative to seek medical help comes from another person;
Slide 16
1.2. Types of violence against children - blaming the child's injuries; - inadequacy of the parent’s reaction to the severity of the injury, the desire to minimize or exaggerate it; - lack of concern for the fate of the child; - inattention, lack of affection and emotional support in relationships with the child; - stories about how they were punished as children; - signs of alcoholism, mental disorders or manifestation of pathological character traits (aggression, excitability, inadequacy).
Slide 17
2. Psychological (emotional) violence - periodic, long-term or constant influence of parents or persons in their stead on a child, leading to a decrease in self-esteem, loss of self-confidence, causing the formation of pathological character traits and disruption of socialization. 1.2. Types of violence against children Forms of psychological violence: Rejection; Terrorization; Insulation; Exploitation/corruption; Ignoring. Manifestations of psychological violence are the emotional deprivation of a child, depriving him of the opportunity to experience a genuine feeling of attachment to his parents, security, warmth, and deep communication.
Slide 18
Features of the mental state and physical development of the child that allow one to suspect psychological violence: delayed physical and intellectual development; nervous tics; finger sucking; enuresis; sad look; loss of appetite; sleep disturbance; somatic reactions (weight loss, obesity, stomach ulcers, skin diseases, allergic pathologies). 1.2. Types of violence against children
Slide 19
Peculiarities of a child’s behavior that make it possible to suspect susceptibility to psychological violence: anxiety; anxiety; tendency to solitude; depression; aggressiveness; excessive compliance and obedience; ingratiating; obsequious behavior; running away from home; threats and attempts at suicide; communication problems; poor academic performance; low self-esteem. 1.2. Types of violence against children
Slide 20
Features of the behavior of parents or caregivers that make it possible to suspect psychological violence towards a child: a constant hypercritical attitude towards the child; unwillingness to support the child or console him in cases where he needs it; identification of a child with an unloved relative; shifting responsibility for one's own failures onto the child; exposure to stereotypes about the benefits of harsh parenting measures for children. 1.2. Types of violence against children
Slide 21
3. Neglect of the child’s basic needs – the unwillingness or inability of parents or persons in their stead to satisfy the child’s basic needs, as a result of which his emotional state is disrupted and a threat to health and development appears. 1.2. Types of violence against children Neglect of the interests and needs of a child is understood as: - lack of food, clothing, hygienic care, housing, education, medical care adequate for the child’s age and needs, including refusal of treatment;
Slide 22
1.2. Types of violence against children - leaving a child unattended, which leads to accidents, poisoning and other consequences dangerous to life and health; - deprivation of the child due attention and care, as a result of which the child increases the risk of becoming a victim of an accident, being involved in the use of alcohol or drugs, as well as committing crimes.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Features of a child’s appearance that make it possible to suspect neglect of his needs and interests: sanitary and hygienic neglect; low body weight, growth retardation; general retardation in physical development; delayed speech and motor development; tired look; drowsiness; swollen eyelids; dehydration (in infants); pediculosis; unkempt or inappropriate clothing for the season; chronic infections; multiple hospitalizations; repeated damage from accidental injuries or poisoning.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Features of the child’s mental state and behavior that make it possible to suspect a neglectful attitude towards his needs and interests: experiences constant hunger or thirst; steals food; intensively attracts the attention of other people; easily comes into contact with strangers; independent beyond his age; has learning difficulties; low academic performance; shows aggressiveness; passivity; depression; regressive behavior; communication difficulties; masturbates; demonstrates delinquent behavior.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Features of parents and families who neglect the basic needs of the child: did not receive the experience of full emotional intimacy with their own parents in childhood; have undeveloped parental feelings and parenting skills (for example, they themselves were raised in orphanages); ignore generally accepted moral standards, considering the child their property; abuse alcohol or drugs; have mental illness; are members of destructive sects.
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4. Sexual violence is the involvement of a child, with or without his consent, in sexual activities with adults, whether conscious or unconscious, due to functional immaturity, with adults for the purpose of obtaining sexual satisfaction or benefit for the latter. 1.2. Types of violence against children A child’s consent to sexual contact does not give grounds to consider it non-violent, since the child: - does not have free will, being dependent on an adult who relies on authority or force; - cannot fully understand, due to his functional immaturity, what an adult is pushing him to do and therefore his “consent” to sexual relations is conditional;
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1.2. Types of violence against children - cannot foresee all the negative consequences of sexual acts and the harm that will be caused to his physical, psychological and social health. Features of the child's appearance that allow one to suspect sensory violence: damage to the genital, anal or oral area, abrasions, abrasions, repeated or chronic infections of the genitourinary tract, the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, itching in intimate parts of the body, pain during urination or defecation, pain in abdomen, bleeding, poor personal hygiene, awkward position of legs when walking, psychosomatic disorders.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Features of the mental state and behavior of a child that allow one to suspect sexual abuse: Preschool children: nightmares, fears, regressive behavior, neuropsychic disorders, open masturbation, age-inappropriate drawings of people in which intimate parts of the body are clearly depicted, previously unusual sexual games with oneself, peers or toys, imitation of sexual intercourse with dolls or toys, knowledge about sexual behavior unusual for age.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Children of primary school age: decreased academic performance, isolation, desire for privacy, fearful response to hugs and kisses, deterioration of relationships with peers, sexually tinged behavior inappropriate for age, desire to completely cover the body with clothes, even if this is not necessary. High school-age children, adolescents: depression, sensory disorders, running away from home or institutions, threats or attempts at suicide, sexualized behavior, drug or alcohol use, prostitution or promiscuity.
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1.2. Types of violence against children Features of the behavior of parents or caregivers that allow one to suspect sexual violence against a child: demonstration of an exaggerated caring and protective attitude towards the child; frequent desires to be alone with the child; a deliberate desire to accompany the child during hygiene procedures, bathing, changing clothes; desire for physical contact with the child and violation of his physical boundaries (sitting on his knees, kissing on the lips, sexual stroking, desire to sleep in the same bed, etc.); manifestation of jealousy towards the child, limiting his contacts with other children and adults; accusing a child of sexual provocation; An adult has problems with alcohol or drugs.
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1.3. Features of the physical and personal development of children that increase the risk of violence Groups of children most susceptible to violence from adults: Disabled children with physical or mental disabilities; Children with congenital deformities; Children born as a result of rape or casual sex; Premature babies with low birth weight; Children born after a difficult pregnancy and childbirth; Children who were separated from their mother during the first year of life; 1.4. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of violent parental behavior Experience of violence in childhood; Personality characteristics of an adult; Features of the attitude towards the child; Low level of development of social skills; Underdevelopment of parenting skills and feelings; Mental Health; Situational factors. Slide 34
1.5. Consequences of violence: short-term and long-term The severity of long-term consequences of violence in a child’s development depends on a combination of a number of factors: Characteristics of violence: from whom the violence came; whether the child was a direct object of violent acts or witnesses violence against people significant to him; the type(s) of violence he was subjected to; duration of the violent situation; frequency of violent acts and episodes; severity of violent acts; features of disclosing the fact of violence, in particular the fact of sexual abuse. Slide 36 
Physical consequences - changes in the physical health and development of the child: 1.5. Consequences of violence: short-term and long-term delays in physical, speech or motor development; physical injuries and injuries; disruption of the action and development of the nervous and other vital systems of the body; the appearance of neurosis-like symptoms (sleep disorders, appetite disorders, various tics, etc.) the acquisition of psychosomatic diseases; acquisition of physical injuries and injuries.
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Cognitive consequences: changes in the cognitive sphere and in the system of ideas about the world and about oneself: difficulties concentrating; memory impairment; decline in academic performance; delayed intellectual development; the formation of distorted (negative or irrational) ideas about oneself and the world around us. 1.5. Consequences of violence: short-term and long-term 39
Behavioral consequences – sustainable negative changes in the child’s behavior: 1.5. Consequences of violence: short-term and long-term decline in academic performance and learning problems; self-destructive behavior; aggression towards people and animals; sexualized behavior; “sacrificial” and dependent behavior; prostitution; offenses; low social status; run away from home. withdrawal from drug addiction and alcoholism; suicide attempts.
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Social consequences - changes in the child's ability to build effective social relationships: a tendency to isolate from social contacts due to depression and a traumatized self-image; difficulties in creating relationships due to aggressive behavior and impulsiveness; difficulty forming stable relationships due to mistrust and damaged self-esteem; reproduction and replication of violent relationships in one’s own family and with one’s own children. Among the long-term social consequences of violence, self-destructive behavior and the reproduction of violent relationships in the future come to the fore. 1.5. Consequences of violence: short-term and long-term
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