Question 01. What was the nature of political power during the period of fragmentation?
Answer. The nature of power varied in different lands into which the Old Russian state broke up. In some lands there was a strong monarchy, in others there was an aristocracy, in others there were strong democratic traditions. But the central power of the Grand Duke of Kyiv completely lost its significance.
Question 02. What events happened in Novgorod in 1136? Why did some historians call them the “Novgorod revolution”?
Answer. In 1136, the Novgorodians arrested and then exiled Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. From that time on, there were no princes in Novgorod who received power on dynastic grounds; the Novgorodians themselves elected their princes. This completely changed the nature of political power and marked the beginning of the veche republic, which is why this event is called a “revolution.”
Question 03. What is the uniqueness of Novgorod statehood?
Answer. Novgorod eventually became a republic, where all issues were resolved by veche of different levels: the whole city, streets, ends, etc. The citywide veche elected officials: mayor, thousand, archbishop. The prince of the city council was invited from the outside, first of all, as the head of the armed forces and his terms of reference were strictly specified.
Question 04. What points of view on the nature of the Novgorod veche organization exist in modern historical science?
Answer. Historians argue whether the Novgorod Republic was predominantly democratic (this is the opinion, in particular, of O.V. Martyshin), representing the interests of broad sections of its population, or aristocratic (this is the opinion, in particular, of V.L. Yanin), representing the interests of only a limited according to the composition of the top.
Question 05. Remember what events Andrei Bogolyubsky carried out to raise Vladimir’s authority. Why did he get his nickname?
Answer. Andrei Bogolyubsky sent ambassadors to Constantinople with a request to establish a separate patriarchate in Vladimir, but was refused. There is a version that this same ruler was the first to call himself “tsar and grand duke,” thereby placing himself on the same level as the emperor of Byzantium. This prince was named Bogolyubsky (that is, who loved the Lord) for his large-scale church construction.
Question 06. How can one explain the relative weakness of the veche organization in the Vladimir-Suzdal region?
Answer. The lands of the Vladimir-Suzdal region were colonized relatively late by the Slavs, and immediately under the leadership of the princes. In other principalities, the princes headed a ready-made political structure that had to be taken into account; in the newly populated lands of North-Eastern Rus', the princes themselves built a political system from scratch. In addition, the new place required consolidation around a single leader, who became the prince.
Question 07. What were the political features of the Galicia-Volyn principality?
Answer. In the Galicia-Volyn principality, the most influential social stratum were the boyars. They actually deprived the prince of real power, and even publicly insulted some representatives of the ruling dynasty. Moreover, the boyars did not allow the strengthening of representatives of less high-born strata of society.
Try it
- List the largest lands and principalities that arose after the division of the Old Russian state
Reasons for the fragmentation of the Old Russian state
In Soviet times, the prevailing point of view was that the fragmentation of the Old Russian state was caused, as in the countries of Western Europe, primarily by economic reasons - the growth of large land ownership under the dominance of subsistence farming. However, the latest research proves that private ownership of land developed extremely slowly in Rus', and subsistence farming was only one element of a complex economic structure.
Many historians pay attention to the political aspects of this problem, believing that the fragmentation of the Old Russian state is based on the process of natural evolution of princely relations, which ultimately led to the fall of the all-Russian grand-ducal power. Managing the state with the help of viceroy sons in the conditions of the existence of stable traditions of democracy led to the fact that the governor received into his hands a ready-made administrative apparatus, armed force in the person of the people's militia. This inevitably provoked him to fulfill an independent political role, independent of Kyiv. Such sentiments were even more fueled by the local population, who wanted to have their own controlled ruler, and not obey the decisions of the Kyiv prince.
During the 12th century. The Old Russian state finally disintegrated into independent lands and principalities.
Almost every principality had its own sovereign prince, a representative of one or another princely dynasty, who pursued an independent foreign and domestic policy; their charters (legal documents) were published; chronicles were kept. At the same time, the traditions of direct democracy were preserved and even strengthened everywhere - the activities of the veche intensified, the importance of elected positions and the people's militia increased. At the same time, various trends began to appear in the political development of the Russian lands, which indicated the beginning of the formation of three types of statehood: republican, monarchical and aristocratic. These trends manifested themselves most clearly in the Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn lands, respectively.
Novgorod Republic
In the XII-XIII centuries. The Novgorod land firmly adhered to communal-republican forms of living. State administration was carried out through a system of veche bodies: the citywide veche, individual parts of Novgorod (sides, ends, streets) convened their own veche meetings. The veche was the highest authority (each at its own level), which decided the most important economic, political, military, judicial, and administrative issues. The competence of the veche included: declaring war or concluding peace, establishing the amount of tribute, authorizing the payment of indemnities. The citywide veche elected senior officials: mayor, thousand, lord (archbishop), and concluded an agreement with the prince.
| The Novgorod veche was distinguished by a certain level of organization and had a number of legal characteristics. According to historian O.V. Martyshin, the veche ““was authorized to make decisions in the name of Veliky Novgorod, when it was attended by: 1) the highest officials of Novgorod; 2) representatives of all five ends of Novgorod; 3) representatives of all social groups. The veche, consisting only of black people, was not recognized as valid.” At the same time, some historians insist on the aristocratic nature of the Novgorod veche. Thus, Academician V.L. Yanin believes that “the composition of the veche meeting was relatively small - a maximum of 400-500 people.” The historian emphasizes that the Novgorod veche system is an example of democracy in its boyar version. Power in the Novgorod state belonged “not to some ideal interclass community, but to the richest landowners.” |
In 1136, events sometimes called the “Novgorod Revolution” took place in Novgorod. The Novgorodians arrested Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, and then “showed him the way” (expelled him). From that time on, Novgorod stopped hosting Kyiv proteges. The princes were invited to the evening. Princely power lost its former political significance and turned into one of the links of the elected city administration.
The executive body of power, controlled and accountable to the council, was the government - the Council of Gentlemen. It consisted of three parts. The first administrative part consisted of the posadnik (head of the Council), the thousand and the prince as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The second part of the Novgorod government was formed from elected representatives of the local administration. During the period of performance of their state duties they were called sedate, i.e., active figures who have the right to cast a decisive vote. The third part consisted of persons who had completed their term in active public service, the so-called “old” members. They had an advisory voice with the right to unlimited criticism and control of the current government.
The Council of Gentlemen was presided over by the Bishop, who in 1156 began to be elected by the veche. He played the role of an arbitrator in disputes at the veche itself, between the veche and the prince, between the Novgorod opposing parties. The archbishop had the right of first signature in all foreign policy treaties of Novgorod.
Thus, in the Novgorod Republic there was a stable state system with a clear division of power functions. The basis of the state system of the Novgorod land was the contractual relationship between the veche, the city administration and the invited prince.
Reasons for political fragmentation
ancient Russian state
POLITICAL
CAUSES
ECONOMIC
CAUSES
Gain
princes-deputies
Comes in
decline path
"From the Varangians to
Greeks"
Princes-deputies
become
independent
from Kievsky
prince
Kyiv
stops
be
economic
center
The Kyiv prince loses
former influence
NEGATIVE
CONSEQUENCES
POSITIVE
CONSEQUENCES
Princely
strife
Economic
and cultural
development
principalities
Weakening
defense
Rus'
Height
population
PECULIARITIES
Single
language
The same
laws
One Faith
and church Consequences and features of political
fragmentation of the ancient Russian state
GREAT
Kyiv
PRINCE
GREAT
SPECIFIC
PRINCE
PRINCE II. Models of socio-political
development
during the period of fragmentation Models of socio-political development
NOVGORODSKAYA
EARTH
VLADIMIROSUZDAL
PRINCIPALITY
NOVGORODSKAYA
EARTH
VLADIMIROSUZDAL
PRINCIPALITY
REPUBLIC
MONARCHY
GALICKOVOLYNSKOE
PRINCIPALITY
GALICKOVOLYNSKOE
PRINCIPALITY
ARISTOCRACY Novgorod land
1136 - NOVGOROD
REVOLUTION
"In 1136
Novgorodians expelled
Prince Vsevolod;
they put him in jail
to the bishop's courtyard.
And he sat for two months.
And they accepted his son
Vladimir."
Novgorodians expelled their protege
Kyiv Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich Novgorod land
VECHE
SELECTS:
INVITES:
POSADNIK
PRINCE
WITH A FRIEND
TYSYATSKY
LORD
(BISHOP)
SOLVES QUESTIONS
WAR AND PEACE
REPUBLIC –
FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH
POWER BELONGS
TO ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
1147 - first
mention of Moscow
VLADIMIR
MONOMACH
YAROSLAVL
ROSTOV
SUZDAL
VLADIMIR
YURI
DOLGORUKY
(1125-1157)
1147 YURI WENT TO FIGHT NOVGOROD.
ANDREY
VSEVOLOD
AND SVYATOSLAV (CHERNIGOVSKY) SENT TO SMOLENSK TO FIGHT.
BOGOLYUBSKY
BIG
NEST
SVYATOSLAV TOOK PRISONERS THERE.
AND SENT
TO HIM YURI
(1157-1174) WITH THE WORDS: “COME TO ME,
(1176-1212)
BROTHER, TO MOSCOW."
AND HE ORDERED A GREAT Feast TO BE ARRANGED. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
ACTIVITY
ANDREY BOGOLYUBSKY
1157 - becomes Prince of Kyiv,
but remains in the Rostov-Suzdal land
Moves the capital to Vladimir
Took the title of TSAR and GRAND DUKE
He subjugated Kyiv and Novgorod to his power,
having planted obedient princes there
Tried to create Vladimirskaya
metropolis
Created an administrative apparatus
represented by the “junior squad” (nobles)
ANDREY BOGOLYUBSKY
(1157-1174)Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
1174 - Bogolyubsky was killed in
the result of a boyar conspiracy
BOGOLYUBOVO
BOGOLYUBOVO Galicia-Volyn Principality
Subordinated
boyars
VECHE
BOYAR
PRINCE
VLADIMIRVOLYNSKY
Is in
permanent acute
fight against the boyars
Very rich
They have their own
administrative
apparatus
Have
military forces
GALICH
III. Horde rule
Power of Genghis KhanCAUCASUS
AVERAGE
ASIA
IRAN
YURTA –
home
Mongols
CHINA "When the Tatars
mastered
lands of the Polovtsians,
then they left
to Russian lands..."
"Tatars
didn't stop
retreat, and those
were chasing
12 days…"
"But then the Tatars
contacted
Russians
and Polovtsy"
Battle of Kalka
1223
"And everyone gathered
and decided to fight
with the Tatars...
And they hit the road
Tatars..." Testament of Genghis Khan
ULUS JUCCHI
KHAN BATY Invasion of Ryazan land
DECEMBER
1237
KOLOMNA
"The Tatars captured
Ryazan land...
Ryazan was captured
and they burned the prince
killed.
Captured
some were cut,
others with arrows
Squad
shot"
Evpatiya Kolovrata
RYAZAN
1236The defeat of the Vladimir principality
FEBRUARY
1238
r.Sit
VLADIMIR
MOSCOW
KOLOMNA
“That same winter they took
Moscow Tatars and
"That same winter
Voivode
killed
"On Sunday
The Tatars came
Philippa
Nanka...
February 7
to Vladimir...
And people
from the elder
Let's start
to the city
Broke the walls
and pre-baby
took the city
at Vladimir and
interrupted
before lunch…
started
aA
city
and churches
bishop
and princesses
install
the Saints
and sat down
with kids,
and boyars,
stone-throwing
burned..."
and other people
guns..."
locked themselves in
Church of the Virgin Mary,
and they were set on fire
fire" Hike to Novgorod and the end of the hike
NOVGOROD
TORZHOK
KOZELSK Invasion of southwestern Rus'
September
1239
1242
1241
1240
VLADIMIR
CHERNIGOV
KYIV
GALICH
PEREYASLAVL The nature of Rus''s dependence on
Golden Horde
Stage 1
"Every
must
EXIT – tribute to the Horde
Dansed:
collect
1 bearish
skin,
merchants
whom
money
1 beaver skin, no,
Muslims
that one
child
1 skin
sable,
VLADIMIR
will take;
1(busurmans)
skin
ferret,
whose child
No,
RUSSIANS
1 skin
foxes.
KHAN BATY
VOLZHSKAYA
that one
wife
BULGARIA
And everyone
who doesn't
will pass
PRINCIPALITY
will take;
this must
be
PRURALIE
at
whom
wives
No,
Stage 2
assigned
Tatars
GOLDEN HORDE
himself
total
converted
Tribute
collect
WESTERN
POLOVETSKAYA
STEPPE
head
into their slave"
SIBERIA
BARN
Russians
princes
will take"
Plano
Carpini
AVERAGE
From a folk song
Stage 3
Tribute collects
Grand Duke
Vladimirsky
ASIA The nature of Rus''s dependence on
Golden Horde
KHAN OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
KHAN BATY
SPECIFIC
PRINCE
SPECIFIC
PRINCE
LABEL –
Khan's
diploma,
giving
right to
reign
SPECIFIC
PRINCE
SPECIFIC
PRINCE
GRAND DUKE
RUSSIANS
EARTH The nature of Rus''s dependence on
Golden Horde
BASKAKI - khan's governors
in Russian lands
monitored the timely
arrival of tribute
monitored compliance
khan's orders
called an army from the Horde for
punishment of the guilty Dependence of princely power
from the Golden Horde
MAIN TRENDS
YAROSLAV II
(1238-1246)
ALEXANDER
(1252-1263)
Russian princes adopt
political techniques of the khans:
begin to handle
subjects as with
defeated, i.e. with people,
deprived of rights
YAROSLAV III
(1263-1272)
BASIL
(1272-1276)
The role of the prince in the conditions
external danger increases:
are gradually fading away
veche traditions
IV. Rus' and Lithuania
EDUCATION
DUCHINITY OF LITHUANIA
UNDER THE PRINCE
MINDOVGE (1230-1264) Formation of the Lithuanian-Russian state
Polotsk
ACCESSION
RUSSIAN LANDS
Vitebsk
under MINDOVG
and VOISHELKA
Vilnius (GEDEMINOVICI) Features of the situation of Russian lands in
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The rules continued to apply
"Russian Truth"
Vilnius
GREAT
PRINCIPALITY
LITHUANIAN
Supreme governing body in
cities had EVERYTHING left
Folk is preserved
militia
Church hierarchs are elected
REASONS FOR FRAGRANCE: (independent work with the textbook text) Page
REASONS FOR FRAGRATION (self-test): ECONOMIC: the growth of large land ownership under the dominance of subsistence farming; POLITICAL: the desire of the sons - governors to separate from Kyiv (they had a governing apparatus and military force); Support of the local prince by the local population (control of the prince through the veche); 4
7
10
Table for self-test (group 1) Political features Reasons for their appearance 1. Manifestation of monarchical features in princely power (strong princely power, its transformation to a monarchy) 2. Absence of a strong council that could limit the power of the prince 3. Adoption of the title of Grand Duke of Kiev 4. Reducing the role of the senior squad 1. Late colonization of the region 2. Victory of the prince in the fight against relatives and boyars: expulsion of relatives and senior squad 3. Moving to Vladimir, where there was no assembly 4. Placed his assistants in Kiev, dependent on the prince 5. Strengthening the role junior squad (nobles), who were in strict personal dependence on the prince 17
Table for independent work for group 2 Political features Reasons for their appearance (different points of view) Page
Table for self-test (group 2) Political features Reasons for their appearance 1) Instability of princely power. 2) The enormous political influence of the boyars (the power of the boyars) 3) The local boyars managed to subjugate the veche. 4) The constant struggle of princes and boyars for power 1) The strength of the boyars is in their positions. 2) The boyars were the holders of income from feeding and thereby subjugated the local population 3) The large land holdings of the boyars 4) The boyars were the spokesmen for the interests of the city community, in which there was a struggle between parties. 5) Boyars are descendants of the tribal local nobility. 20
Literature and Internet resources: 1. Danilov A.A. Russia and the world: antiquity. Middle Ages. New time: textbook. for 10th grade general education institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, Danilov A.A. History of Russia: From ancient times to the end of the 16th century. For 6th grade. general education institutions/A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina.-2nd ed.-M.: Enlightenment, Toc;
REASONS FOR FRAGRANCE: (independent work with the textbook text) Page
REASONS FOR FRAGRATION (self-test): ECONOMIC: the growth of large land ownership under the dominance of subsistence farming; POLITICAL: the desire of the sons - governors to separate from Kyiv (they had a governing apparatus and military force); Support of the local prince by the local population (control of the prince through the veche); 4
7
10
Table for self-test (group 1) Political features Reasons for their appearance 1. Manifestation of monarchical features in princely power (strong princely power, its transformation to a monarchy) 2. Absence of a strong council that could limit the power of the prince 3. Adoption of the title of Grand Duke of Kiev 4. Reducing the role of the senior squad 1. Late colonization of the region 2. Victory of the prince in the fight against relatives and boyars: expulsion of relatives and senior squad 3. Moving to Vladimir, where there was no assembly 4. Placed his assistants in Kiev, dependent on the prince 5. Strengthening the role junior squad (nobles), who were in strict personal dependence on the prince 17
Table for independent work for group 2 Political features Reasons for their appearance (different points of view) Page
Table for self-test (group 2) Political features Reasons for their appearance 1) Instability of princely power. 2) The enormous political influence of the boyars (the power of the boyars) 3) The local boyars managed to subjugate the veche. 4) The constant struggle of princes and boyars for power 1) The strength of the boyars is in their positions. 2) The boyars were the holders of income from feeding and thereby subjugated the local population 3) The large land holdings of the boyars 4) The boyars were the spokesmen for the interests of the city community, in which there was a struggle between parties. 5) Boyars are descendants of the tribal local nobility. 20
Literature and Internet resources: 1. Danilov A.A. Russia and the world: antiquity. Middle Ages. New time: textbook. for 10th grade general education institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, Danilov A.A. History of Russia: From ancient times to the end of the 16th century. For 6th grade. general education institutions/A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina.-2nd ed.-M.: Enlightenment, Toc;
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