1. The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb - predicate, for example: Walking next to him, she silently looked at him with curiosity and surprise.(Bitter); Joy, entering one house, introduced inescapable grief into another.(Sholokhov); ...Heavy clouds rushed around all day, now revealing the sun, then again covering and threatening...(Prishvin).

An adverbial phrase standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word is separated from it by a comma (such a participial phrase can be torn off from a conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence), for example: He never spoke about the revolution, but, somehow smiling menacingly, he was silent about it(Herzen); You could hear the water dripping from the tap, counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome.(Paustovsky).

Exception are those cases when the participial phrase comes after the adversative conjunction A(the participial phrase cannot be torn away from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating the structure of the latter), for example: While still in the rooms, I heard the samovar humming unnaturally angrily, and when I entered the kitchen, I saw with horror that it was all blue and shaking, as if it wanted to jump off the floor(Bitter); It is necessary to make an urgent decision, and having made it, strictly implement it. However, when contrasting corresponding homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma is also placed after the conjunction A, For example: The element of the old quality does not disappear, but, transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of the new qualitative state.

Two participial phrases connected by a non-repeating conjunction And, commas are not separated, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in similar cases, for example: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful along with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the action had passed(Fedin). But if the union And connects not two participial phrases, but other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a complex sentence), then a comma can also appear before a conjunction And, and after it: for example: The horses stood with their heads bowed and occasionally shuddered.(Pushkin); The steamer shouted and, slapping its wheels, dragged cargo barges past(Serafimovich); Alexander Vladimirovich silently pushed forward, pushing his wife aside, and, going down two steps, looked down on the battlefield(Fedin) (the first participial phrase refers to the preceding predicate squeezed through, and the second refers to the subsequent predicate looked around).

Note. Participial phrases are not isolated:

a) if the phrase (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement, for example: She sat with her head slightly thrown back, thoughtful and sad.(G. Markov) (it is indicated not simply that “she was sitting”, but “she was sitting with her head thrown back”); The boy walked with a limp on his left leg. This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes; Students acquire knowledge not only by listening to lectures, but also by doing practical work; He usually wrote with his head tilted and his eyes narrowed. Wed. from M. Gorky: The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone; I do not humiliate myself, but I speak with pain in my heart; Huge height, rare strength, hairy, he walked on the ground with his head bowed like a bull; You can live without bragging about your intelligence, without these conversations... Wed. as part of another construction (the adverbial phrase is not separated by a comma from the participle to which it is closely adjacent): The coachman, who was sleeping leaning on his elbow, began to five horses(Goncharov); Even Laska, who was sleeping curled up in a ring at the edge of the hay, reluctantly got up(L. Tolstoy);

b) if the phrase is an idiomatic expression, for example: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.(Griboyedov). Wed: scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue out, lie staring at the ceiling, listen with bated breath, listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up, rush around without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes etc. The exception is frozen expressions in the form of participial phrases, acting as introductory combinations, for example: To be honest, I expected better results; Apparently, spring will be early;

c) if the gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate clause (such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma), for example: Reformers always face dozens of everyday problems, without solving which it is impossible to move forward. In poetic texts there are participial phrases that include a subject that is not separated within the phrase by commas, for example: Hearing her walk and cursing his lodging for the night and the wayward beauty, the run turned shameful(Pushkin); I will call the satyrs for help, persuade them, and everything will go smoothly(Lermontov);

d) if the participle has lost its verbal meaning; so, simple verbal prepositions thanks, including, excluding, ending, starting, counting, after and compound verbal prepositions depending on, judging by, despite, despite, not reaching, based on, starting from together with the words related to them do not form participial phrases and are not isolated, for example: You can start work starting next week(word beginning can be omitted without affecting the meaning and structure of the sentence); Statistical indicators are derived from many data points(word based on can be omitted).

The possibility of isolating such phrases is related to the conditions of the context. They can be isolated if the participle as part of the phrase is used in its direct meaning, if it is in the nature of clarification, incidental explanation, or if it has not lost the meaning of time, for example: Anosov, starting from the Polish war, participated in all campaigns except the Japanese(Kuprin); With the mistress of the house was an elderly lady, all in black, from her cap to her boots.(Goncharov); The calculator made a calculation based on the data presented to it; Rowers, depending on the size of the boat, range from 4 to 8 and even up to 12 people(Goncharov).

Among the indicated phrases, as a rule, phrases with the preposition are isolated despite And regardless of;

e) if the phrase acts as a homogeneous member paired with a non-isolated circumstance (in artistic speech), for example: Alyosha looked long and narrowed his eyes at Rakitin.(Dostoevsky); ...Suddenly she screamed with a tearing scream and burst into tears(Dostoevsky); At first, Mishka removed the tanks while lying down and squatting, then, becoming insolent, he climbed out to his full height(Simonov). Wed. also in combination with a single gerund: The janitor looked at Raskolnikov with bewilderment and a frown.(Dostoevsky); The spindles made noise evenly and incessantly from different sides.(L. Tolstoy); Prince Andrei looked at Timokhin, who looked at his commander in fear and bewilderment.(L. Tolstoy); He answered him without embarrassment and frankly(Pomyalovsky). But it is possible to isolate such a construction on the same grounds on which circumstances expressed by adverbs are isolated (see below, paragraph 5), for example: In the dark sky, tired and not sparkling, yellow specks of stars appeared(Bitter); Guilty and coughing, mother said goodbye to us.(Leonov). This also applies to combinations of an adverb with an adverbial phrase, for example: Katerina Ivanovna spoke quietly and as if turning a little pale.(Dostoevsky); Incredulously, but still smiling with all his being, he went to her(Leonov).

2. Two single gerundial participles are distinguished, acting as functions of homogeneous circumstances, for example: The key of youth, the key is fast and rebellious, runs, boils, sparkling and murmuring(Pushkin); Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room(Chekhov). But: At that same moment an old woman, whitewashed and rouged, adorned with flowers and tinsel, came in singing and dancing.(Pushkin) (close connection with the predicate, see above, paragraph 1, note “a”).

3. A single gerund is isolated if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate and indicating the time of the action, its reason, condition, etc. (but usually not the course of action); More often such a gerund comes before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example: “But it’s time to sleep,” said Burkin, getting up(Chekhov); Thanks to the Cossack in a deliberately nasal voice, the grandfather, groaning, climbed into the cart(Bitter); Having rested, he prepared to leave...(Fedin); Satisfied passengers fell silent and admired the sunny day(Fedin); The Cossacks looked at him restrainedly, parting(Sholokhov) (i.e. they looked and parted); He, smiling, squinted from the light, still smelled of smoke, covered in dust.(Shchipachev); Without studying, you can't weave bast shoes.

Note. Single gerunds are not isolated, usually directly adjacent to the predicate verb and close in function to adverbs of manner of action (such gerunds answer the questions: How? how? in what position?), For example: Those seeking manifestations of power turned inward and withered away(Goncharov); Neretyev sat leaning over and patted the grass with a branch.(Turgenev); Classes were supposed to go on without interruption until two o'clock.(L. Tolstoy); He slept without undressing(L Tolstoy); She returned from there having lost weight(Gorky) (cf.: came back thinner); Dmitry listened to him frowning...(Bitter); He stared at one point for a long time without blinking.(O. Forsh); At first I answered with a frown(O. Forsh); She[Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking(Sholokhov) (cf.: came in without knocking).

The dependence of isolation on the place occupied by the gerund in relation to the predicate verb and on other conditions is shown by a comparison of such examples; compare: A squat, short-legged, round-headed man walked slowly across the yard.(G. Markov). – We ate dinner slowly and almost silently(G. Markov).

Wed. Also: Messages cannot be read without worrying(same as without worry); We stood motionless for about five minutes; The young man rushed to help without hesitation; I'm not suggesting this in jest; The sniper fired without aiming; We ran without looking back. The rain poured down non-stop and so on.

4. For semantic highlighting or just incidental explanation in artistic speech, circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions and standing in the middle or at the end of a sentence can be isolated, for example: Apparently, the Chichikovs, for a few minutes in their lives, turn into poets...(Gogol); ... I fell behind a little, then, with the help of a whip and legs, I dispersed my horse(L. Tolstoy); And then he met her in the City Garden and in the square, several times a day(Chekhov); In the morning he woke up early, with a headache, awakened by noise...(Chekhov); And the silence, over time, became more ominous(Bitter); One evening, having picked porcini mushrooms, on the way home, we went out to the edge of the forest(Bitter); She will go there on the first of December, but for the sake of decency, at least a week later(Bunin); After keeping Ragozin in prison for a year, he was sent–for participating in street riots–three years into exile(Fedin) (placing dashes instead of commas is optional).

Note. Constructions with simple or compound prepositions thanks to, in view of, as a result of, for the reason of, like, similarly, provided, in the presence of, with, contrary to, for lack of, according to, with the consent of, in order to avoid and others are usually not isolated, but in artistic speech, depending on the degree of prevalence of the phrase, its semantic proximity to the main part of the sentence, the place it occupies in relation to the predicate, the presence of additional adverbial meanings, stylistic tasks, etc. can be separated for example Bulba, on the occasion of the arrival of his sons, ordered to convene all the centurions and the entire regimental rank(Gogol); As a result of this incident, Vasily no longer saw his parent(Turgenev); However, due to lack of time, we will not deviate from the subject of the lecture(Chekhov).

As a rule, the turnover with the prepositional combination is isolated despite, For example: Every summer dawn, Gerasim, despite his blindness, went to the field to catch quails(Bunin) But with a close semantic connection with the word after which this phrase is located, it does not stand alone, for example: The administrator arrived, called despite the late hour.

5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (single and in combination with dependent words) may be isolated under the conditions specified in the previous paragraph, for example: A moment later, a man in a nankeen caftan, with a head as white as snow, ran out into the yard, from nowhere.(Turgenev), The awakened rooks, silently and alone, flew above the ground(Chekhov), Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly(Bitter); Passing along Teatralny Lane, I almost always saw a man at the door of the small shop(Bitter); And now, unexpectedly for everyone, I pass the exam brilliantly(Kuprin); So, to spite them all, tomorrow morning I’ll sit down with my books, get ready and enter the academy(Kuprin); Near them - prone - lay Ivan Gora(A.N. Tolstoy) (placing dashes instead of commas is optional); Sometimes he made some request, timidly, shyly(Kataev)

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an action or other characteristic. The circumstances are explained by predicates or other members of the sentence. When parsing a sentence, circumstances are emphasized with a dotted line (dash, dot, dash). Circumstances must be separated by commas in three cases. Let's look at each of them in turn.

First case

Circumstances in sentences can be expressed in four parts of speech:

adverb, for example: The janitor gets up early;

participle or participial phrase, for example: The men, seeing the landowner, took off their hats;

infinitive, for example: Everyone went outside (why?) to clear the snow;

In addition, the circumstance can be expressed by an expression that is integral in meaning, for example: It rained for two weeks straight.

It is necessary to remember that It is necessary to highlight with commas the circumstances that are expressed by the participle or participial phrase. Compare: He sat leafing through a magazine and was bored And He was sitting on a bench. In the first sentence the circumstance leafing through a magazine stands out, since it is expressed by an adverbial phrase, and in the second, the circumstance on the bench is not isolated, since it is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Second and third cases

According to their significance, circumstances are divided into the following main groups:

circumstances of a place that answer the questions WHERE? WHERE? WHERE? For example: We entered (where?) into the city;

circumstances of time that answer the questions WHEN? SINCE WHEN? HOW LONG? HOW LONG? For example: We waited for them for about two hours;

circumstances reasons that answer the questions WHY? FROM WHAT? FOR WHAT REASON? For example: I could not speak from fatigue;

circumstances of the goal that answer the questions WHY? FOR WHAT? FOR WHAT PURPOSE? For example: In the sanatorium everything is prepared for the treatment of vacationers;

circumstances of the manner of action and degree, answering the questions HOW? HOW? IN WHAT DEGREE? For example: I got a little thoughtful or My father did not let me go one step;

circumstances conditions that answer the question UNDER WHAT CONDITION? For example: With effort you can achieve success;

circumstances of the assignment that answer the question DESPITE WHAT? For example: The street, despite the frost, was crowded;

circumstances of comparison that answer the question HOW? For example: Her head is shorn, like a boy's.

In the classification of circumstances by meaning, one of the eight types are circumstances of comparison: they answer the question HOW? and begins with the conjunctions AS, AS WELL or AS IF. For example: She had long hair, soft as flax. In some textbooks and reference guides, circumstances of comparison are also called comparative phrases. It is necessary to remember that circumstances of comparison in sentences are separated by commas.

Another type of circumstances that must be separated by commas are the circumstances of the assignment. Such circumstances answer the question DESPITE WHAT? and begin with the preposition DESPITE (or, less commonly, despite). For example: On the streets, despite the bright sun, lanterns were burning.

So, you should remember three cases when circumstances need to be separated by commas:

if they are expressed by an adverbial phrase,

if they represent comparative turnover,

if they begin with the preposition DESPITE.

Look at the examples again. Sparks swirled quickly in the heights.(Lermontov) She suddenly disappeared, like a bird scared out of a bush.(Lermontov). Despite unforeseen difficulties, the work was completed on time.

This rule has several important notes:

The adverbs STANDING, SITTING, LYING, SILENTLY should be distinguished from gerunds. RELUCTANTLY, JOKINGLY, WITHOUT LOOKING, PLAYING. They were formed due to the transition of words from the category of gerunds to adverbs. The circumstances expressed in such words are not isolated. For example: He stood silently.

Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are also not highlighted, for example: They worked with their sleeves rolled up or I spin around all day like a squirrel in a wheel.

In addition to the circumstances of the assignment, which are always distinguished, circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions THANKS, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, IN VIEW, CONSEQUENCE, can optionally be isolated, for example: Thanks to good weather, we swam in the river all summer. Usually such circumstances are isolated if they are common and come before the predicate.

Exercise

In two weeks_ our employee will return from vacation.

Peter went to the library to prepare for the exam.

Running out to the podium, he quickly spoke.

Overtaking a truck, the car drove into the oncoming lane.

Despite the danger, the captain ordered to continue moving.

For the sake of victory_ they are ready to do anything.

The wet steps turned out to be slippery like ice.

The port will be closed_ in case of strong wind.

It was dark, only two stars, like two rescue beacons, sparkled on the dark blue vault (Lermontov).

- Flies_ headlong! Almost knocked me off my feet! - muttered the old woman.

A precious stone stuck out like an eye on the side of the jacket (M. Bulgakov).

The old woman, despite her advanced age, sees and hears perfectly (A. Chekhov).

Having gone through difficult trials, he managed to preserve his human dignity (M. Sholokhov).

The stove was humming like a fire (M. Bulgakov).

He answered the investigator's questions reluctantly.

The boat dived like a duck and then, flapping its oars, as if with wings, jumped out on the surface (M. Lermontov).

Having grabbed the German major and a briefcase with documents, Sokolov gets to his people (M. Sholokhov).

Having experienced a strong shock, he fell asleep like the dead.

Everywhere and in everything he tried to emphasize his superiority, considering himself well-mannered and humane (A. Fadeev).

And then hundreds of small incendiary bombs were sprinkled on the fires like grains on freshly plowed ground (K. Vonnegut).

There are quite a few people in this world who are lonely by nature, who, like a hermit crab or a snail, try to retreat into their shell (A. Chekhov).

Some kind of bastard, Siberian-looking stray cat emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled the Krakow cat (M. Bulgakov).

For a long time he struggled with his guess, taking it for a dream of an imagination inflamed by food supplies, but the more often the meetings were repeated, the more painful the doubts became (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

B5

Teacher's comments

Possible difficulties	Good advice
Most often, isolated members of a sentence are common, so you can skip single isolated definitions or circumstances, especially if they are at the junction of parts of a complex sentence or between homogeneous members of a sentence.	To avoid such a mistake, it is necessary to analyze all the commas in the sentence and establish the reasons for their use. Sometimes one comma is placed for two reasons at once, as in the example given. Hoping that no one would notice, Andrei silently left the room. Firstly, the word hoping is separated by a comma, because it is a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund. Secondly, a comma is placed before the conjunction that to separate the subordinate clause.
You can confuse an isolated member of a sentence with a subordinate part of a complex sentence. The table that my parents bought is quite small. The table my parents bought is quite small.	An isolated member of a sentence cannot contain a predicate. If the predicate is present, then you have part of a complex sentence: The table that was bought by the parents. It should be noted that the target phrase with the conjunction so is the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the grammatical basis of which consists of a predicate expressed by an infinitive: Natasha got up early to have time to prepare breakfast for the children.
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a stand-alone consistent application and a stand-alone inconsistent definition. Natalya, in a fluffy blue dress, was sitting by the fireplace. Fedor, a philologist by training, worked as a journalist.	It is necessary to change the word to which the dubious isolated member refers. If it changes along with the main word, that is, it agrees in number and case, then this is a consistent application. If the isolated term does not change, then it is an inconsistent definition. Fedor, a philologist by training, was interested in modern literature. - Appendix. Natalya, in a fluffy blue dress, was unrecognizable. - inconsistent definition.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members of a sentence are those that:

1) play the same syntactic role in a sentence;

2) connected with the same main word through the same question;

3) are connected by a coordinating connection, which indicates their semantic equality in the sentence;

4) are often expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's explain this with a diagram:

She loved dancing, books and romantic encounters.

We have before us a number of homogeneous additions (dances, books, meetings), they all depend on the same predicate, answer the same question and are equal in meaning.

Homogeneous members of a sentence (OSP) can be connected to each other both by a non-union connection and with the help of coordinating conjunctions:

Means of communication between private security forces
Homogeneous members are connected by a non-union bond	Aibolit walks through forests and swamps.
Homogeneous members are connected by connecting unions and, yes(in meaning i), neither - nor, not only - but also, both - so and, not so much - as and etc.	Long live soap fragrant, and a towel fluffy, and tooth powder! (K. Chukovsky). Neither countries, neither I don’t want to choose a graveyard!(I. Brodsky). He is not so much poor as he is greedy.
Homogeneous members are connected by adversarial unions ah, but, yes(in meaning But), but	The stars fall for them on the shoulders, not in the palms. Small spool Yes, dear. Flea small, but evil.
Homogeneous members are connected by dividing unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that	I I’ll either burst into tears, or scream, or faint. Is there somewhere city ​​or village with that name.

Homogeneous definitions

In a sentence containing a number of definitions, the definitions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions relate equally to the word being defined, are pronounced with enumerative intonation, and usually allow the insertion of a conjunction And.

It was an exciting, unforgettable event.

Heterogeneous definitions refer to the word being defined differently.

In the sentence, the thin gray line also indicated the horizon. the adjectives thin and gray are heterogeneous. Only one of them (gray) directly relates to the noun line, while the other relates to the entire phrase. (First it is indicated that the line is gray, and then it is specified that this gray line is also thin.)

In this case, there is no enumerative intonation, and the insertion of a conjunction And impossible.

Often, the question of homogeneity of definitions can be resolved only by taking into account the intonation of the sentence (the speaker usually intonationally emphasizes homogeneous definitions).

Separate members of the sentence

Minor members of a sentence can be deliberately separated by the speaker into special groups using special intonation. Such emphasis always draws the listener's attention to the secondary members. Secondary members highlighted using intonation are called isolated.

Isolation is one of the ways of semantically highlighting one or another minor member in order to give it greater independence in a sentence.

Typically, the reason for separating is the connotation of additional message that the speaker wants to bring to the sentence. In oral speech, such isolated terms are pronounced with a special intonation; in writing they are distinguished by commas (less often, dashes).

The shade of the additional message contained in the isolated members complicates a simple sentence, that is, brings it closer in meaning to a complex one.

She regretted the gloves she had forgotten at home (a simple sentence, not complicated by isolated members).

She regretted the gloves forgotten at home (a simple sentence complicated by isolated members).

She regretted the gloves that she forgot at home (complex sentence).

In the school course on syntax, the following types of isolated members of a sentence are distinguished:

1) separate definitions and separate applications;

2) isolated circumstances;

3) isolated clarifying members of the sentence;

4) separate comparative turnovers.

Stand-alone definitions and stand-alone applications

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can be distinguished.

Agreed standalone definitions usually expressed by participial phrases and adjective-based phrases.

waves, tearing the coast apart, buzzed victoriously and menacingly.

The master waddled in,all black with coal dust.

Less commonly, agreed-upon isolated definitions are expressed by single participles and adjectives.

Sleeping, he seemed even more severe to her.

Buildings, new, fresh , seemed gingerbread.

A special case of a separate definition is a separate application - a definition expressed by a noun.

The lyceum students especially fell in love with Galich,professor of Russian and Latin literature.

Individual agreed definitions should not be confused with subordinate defining clauses.

Inconsistent separate definitions usually expressed by phrases based on a noun in the indirect case, less often - an adverb or the comparative form of an adjective.

Watchman, in a torn earflap and mittens, nevertheless looked impressive.

Concrete blocks, end-to-end and in some places overlay, piled up behind the site.

This room, much lighter and wider than the previous one, I like it.

Special circumstances. Types of special circumstances

Usually, circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, as well as nouns with a derivative preposition, are isolated.

Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are almost always isolated.

Segregation does not occur under the following conditions:

• The participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning ( carelessly, headlong and etc.).

Don't rush into a fight headlong!

• A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing and etc.).

Live _ laughing! (i.e. fun, no worries.)

He walked slowly. (i.e. slowly.)

• A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the point that it becomes part of the predicate). In this case, the semantic emphasis of the sentence falls on the gerund.

It is especially difficult for biathletes to shoot while standing. (The speaker does not mean that it is difficult for biathletes to shoot, but that it is difficult for them to shoot while standing.)

The old woman stood with her head down. (What is important to the speaker is not that the old woman was standing, but that she stood with her head bowed.)

For more information about the conditions for isolating gerunds and participial phrases, see: Punctuation marks for isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases. Isolated circumstances can also be expressed by nouns in indirect cases with derived prepositions.

Many derived prepositions in the Russian language have meanings that contribute to the semantic emphasis of nouns with such prepositions. These are the meanings of cause, condition, concession, consequence, accompanying event, etc. Listed below are derived prepositions, combinations with which are isolated more often than others:

in spite of anything;

no matter what;

thanks to something;

according to something;

due to something;

for lack of something;

due to something;

in the absence of something;

in the presence of something;

subject to something;

in view of something;

contrary to anything, etc.

Circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are always isolated if they have the meaning of concession (when one event occurs despite the presence of another, which is an obstacle to the first).

Despite the rains, the weather was warm.

Despite the resistance of those around him, he quickly moved through the crowd.

The isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions is not mandatory. It depends on the intentions and goals of the author, on the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and on their place in the sentence.

Usually, circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are isolated if they are common and appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

Thanks to his organizational skills, he turned out to be a good leader.

Due to lack of free time, he did not have time to do everything he promised.

Uncommon circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are usually not isolated if they are at the end of the sentence.

The regiment arrived at the garrison on Friday as ordered.

Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members of the sentence serve to specify or clarify the meaning of other members of the sentence (clarified).

To the right (to be specified), near the forest (clarifying), thickets of nettles were noticeable.

It was empty (tbc), without residents (clarification), village.

Usually under the term isolated clarifying members of a sentence refer to three related phenomena:

1) actual separate clarifications,

2) isolated phrases containing a different name of the item (a special type of application),

3) isolated phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, emphasis.

Most often, the role of actual clarifying members is played by circumstances of place and time, less often - definitions and applications, and other types of circumstances. The nominal part of the predicate can also act as a clarifying member of a sentence.

Clarifying, explanatory and informative meaning is inherent in phrases that contain a different name for the subject.

Ship's cook or cook , is considered an untouchable person in our country.

I fell in love with growing beetroot at that time -beets according to you.

Phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, emphasis (usually in the role of addition) are often isolated as clarifying phrases.

The rule applies to everyone including for you.

There is nothing, except five kopecks.

Citizens, mainly young people , were not active in the elections.

With isolated clarifying members, special conjunctions are often used: that is, or etc., as well as words emphasizing the clarifying meaning of the members of the sentence: especially, even, mainly, in particular, including.

We live well i.e. not without income.

You look like robbers here, especially Frol.

Everyone passed the examincluding Kopytin.

Comparative turnover

Comparative phrases also belong to isolated members of a sentence.

A comparative phrase is a special syntactic construction in a sentence that has the meaning of comparison. The comparative phrase includes the comparative conjunction ( as if, as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than etc.) and the comparing part, which is usually expressed by a noun, but can be represented by an adjective, an adverb, and a verb.

Clouds, like twisted threads, stretch across the sky.

He seemed taller than his brother.

He continued to move his lips, as if he was muttering something to himself.

Comparative phrases usually act as adverbials in sentences.

Introductory words and introductory sentences

A sentence may contain words and combinations that are not connected with its members by a syntactic connection and are not themselves members of this sentence. Such words, however, do not lose their semantic connection with the content of the sentence, reflecting the assessments and intentions of the speaker. Similar phenomena include introductory words and introductory sentences.

Introductory words

Introductory words are special words or combinations of words with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating. Introductory words are not parts of the sentence and have different meanings.

Unfortunately, there were no more tickets.

You underestimated the danger. Therefore, you did not take into account the consequences.

The following groups of introductory words are distinguished by meaning:

Group value	Its subtypes
Varying degrees of speaker confidence	Complete confidence	Naturally, without a doubt, indisputably, certainly, of course, of course.
	Varying degrees of doubt	It seems, probably, probably, perhaps, apparently.
		According to..., according to..., according to testimony...
Different feelings of the speaker		Fortunately, to joy..., to surprise…
Notes on how to better express thoughts and how to connect them together	What comes first, what comes next, what follows from where, what is opposed to what	Firstly, secondly, etc., finally, therefore, means, thus, on the contrary.
	What's important, what's not so important	And most importantly, in general, in general, in particular, by the way, by the way.
	How to better formulate an idea	In short, or rather, more precisely, so to speak, in a word, in truth, in conscience.
	How to clarify and explain	For example, viz.
Etiquette forms of attracting the attention of your interlocutor		Please be kind, you see.

Introductory words can be expressed in different ways. They are often represented by frozen forms of a verb, a noun with a preposition, an adverb, a comparative degree of an adjective, or a phrase.

They seemed to have already fallen asleep in the cabin.

The gun, fortunately, turned out to be unloaded.

When will you finally finish?

I've already thought about it, or rather, I've already made a decision.

Note! It is necessary to distinguish between the same forms in the role of introductory words and in the role of sentence members. He's obviously resting. His superiority is obvious to everyone. (In the first example it obviously acts as an introductory word, in the second example it is the nominal part of the predicate.) I think I understand you. She seems tired. The wind seems to be dying down. (In the first example, it seems to act as an introductory word; in the second example, we have a predicate. In the third example, it seems to be the predicate of the main part of a complex sentence, and not an introductory word, since it is joined by the subordinate part that the wind subsides.) Many words and combinations are similar in meaning to introductory words, but are not them. They should be remembered. The following words are not introductory: perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by proposal, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly.

Introductory sentences

Sometimes the meanings of introduction are expressed in sentences.

I am sure you will cope with this matter.

It's just fatigue, I think.

Introductory sentences that have the nature of additional comments or explanations to the thought being expressed are also called inserted constructions.

Everyone asked my father to sing (he had a wonderful tenor).

Such a member of a sentence as an adverbial clause can be expressed by different parts of speech and be in different positions in a sentence, and can also be isolated. What does this mean, in what cases does it happen - all this is included in the 8th grade program “Russian Language”. Mastering the topic helps the student understand the principles of the language and become more literate.

Isolated circumstance: what is it and in what cases does isolation occur?

Isolation is the separation of a circumstance with commas (on both sides or only on one), that is, an isolated circumstance is a member of the sentence that is highlighted in this way. In what cases is separation necessary? There are several of them.

The first is when a circumstance is expressed by an adverbial phrase, and in this case its place in the sentence does not matter: it can stand in the middle of the sentence and be separated by two commas, or at the beginning or at the end - and then the comma will be on only one side, but the circumstance will in any case be considered separate.

Here is an example of such a circumstance: Left alone, Vanya began to cry. Cried (when?) – left alone.

If a circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase is part of a phraseological unit, it should not be isolated, for example: He worked carelessly.

The second case is when the circumstance is expressed only by a gerund, that is, not by a phrase, but by a single part of speech:

He regretted that, when leaving, he did not have time to say goodbye to his parents.

There is a difficult case: when a gerund is at the end of a sentence and is close in meaning to an adverb, then a comma is not placed in front of it.

Example: The king stood lost in thought.

If a sentence contains two homogeneous circumstances, expressed either by an adverbial phrase or a single participle, then they should be isolated together. An example will help you understand the case better: Mom, untying her apron and straightening her sleeves, ordered everyone to wash their hands and sit down at the table.

The third case of isolation is when the circumstance is also expressed by a phrase, but not by an adverbial participle, but by a comparative one. This rule is quite complex, since such turnovers are not always isolated. But in the general case, a comparative phrase (usually easy to recognize by such auxiliary words: as, exactly, as if and as if) is still highlighted in the sentence by commas or a comma, depending on its place in the sentence.

Optional separation of circumstances

This is a difficult case when punctuation marks are placed at the discretion of the author of the text. These can be circumstances expressed by a noun with or without a preposition, clarifying members of a sentence that indicate time or place, as well as a manner of action. Here are examples of isolated circumstances of this type:

Despite his position, he remained calm. She headed to the other end of the room, towards the closet.

What have we learned?

Typically, isolated circumstances are expressed by participial phrases or single participles, which answer questions characteristic of this member of the sentence. They can appear at the beginning, end or middle of a sentence and are separated by commas in all cases, with the exception of some particularly difficult ones. It is because of the use of commas that such circumstances are called isolated. Also, in most cases, this member of the sentence is isolated if it is expressed in a comparative phrase; sometimes the circumstance is also highlighted with punctuation marks if it is expressed as a noun (it can be used with a preposition) or is used to clarify the place or time of an action, its conditions. But these are more complex cases, each of them requires separate consideration.

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

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