Brazil's river network is very dense and rich in water. From west to east, the country is crossed by the deepest and largest river in the world in terms of basin size - the Amazon, which irrigates the northern regions of the country. It is formed outside of Brazil by the confluence of the Marañon and Ucayali rivers and has a length of 6,400 km from the source of the Marañon, and more than 7,000 km from the source of the Ucayali. Its length within the country is 3165 km. The area of the Amazon basin in Brazil is about 4.8 million square meters. km (almost 60% of the total basin area). The width of its channel on the border with Peru is more than 1.5 km, in the middle reaches, near the city of Manaus - 5 km, in the lower reaches - up to 20 km, and at the mouth reaches 80-150 km. The depth of the river in the middle reaches is about 70 m, near the city of Obidus - 135 m, at the mouth - from 15 to 45 m.
Numerous tributaries flow into the Amazon. The largest right tributaries are the Purus (3 thousand km), Jurua, Tapajos and Xingu (the length of each is about 2 thousand km), Madeira (about 1.5 thousand km). Large left tributaries are the Rio Negru (more than 1.5 thousand km), Zhapura, Isa. The Amazon mode is complex and varied. Due to the fact that its tributaries are located in different hemispheres, floods occur on them at different times: on the right - from October to April (summer season in the southern hemisphere), on the left - from April to October (summer season in the northern hemisphere) , and seasonal fluctuations in flow in the Amazon are smoothed out. The average water flow in the lower reaches is about 220 thousand cubic meters. m/sec. The average annual flow of the river is approximately 7,000 cubic meters. km - about 15% of the annual flow of all rivers on Earth. The Amazon carries an average of more than 1 billion tons of sediment per year. Its muddy yellow waters are visible in the ocean up to 300 km from the coast. The regime of the river is also influenced by sea tidal waves, which the Tupi Indians called “Amazunu”, hence the name of the river. These waves reach 5 m in height and travel up the river for 1400 km, flooding the low floodplains of the Igapo. The Amazon has significant energy potential (about 280 million kW), which is extremely underutilized.
The second largest river in South America, the Paraná, irrigates the south and southwest of Brazil (more than 1/10 of its territory). The main tributaries of the Paraná are the Paraguay, Tieteux, Iguazu, and Paranapanema. There are many rapids and waterfalls on the Parana and its tributaries. The largest of the waterfalls are: Iguazu (height about 80 m), located on the left tributary of the same name, and the cascade of waterfalls Seti-Kedas (Guaira) (33 m) on Parana. Paraná accounts for 57% of Brazil's enormous hydroelectric potential, estimated at 79.4 billion kW. The eastern part of the country belongs to the basin of the San Francisco River (more than 2900 km long), in the lower reaches of which there is a cascade of Paulo Afonso waterfalls with a total height of 84 m. The rivers are characterized by sharp fluctuations in water flow. Other significant rivers in this area are Pa-raiba, Paraguaçu, Jequitinbna, etc. All of them are full-flowing, fast-moving and have great hydroelectric potential.
The largest rivers in the northeast of Brazil - Tocantins and Parnaiba - have rapids and are characterized by variable regime, which is also typical for other rivers in the region. During the dry season, some of them dry out. The rivers of the southeast are few in number and have the most stable regime, which is explained by the relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year. The constancy of the regime of these rivers is very important for the production of hydroelectric power. The largest river is Zhakuy. There are relatively few lakes in Brazil. These are mainly lagoon lakes and floodplain oxbow lakes, widespread in the Amazon floodplain. The largest of the lagoon lakes are the shallow lakes Patus (area exceeding 10 thousand sq. km) and Lagoa Mirin, connected by a channel.
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BRAZIL, Federative Republic of Brazil (Republica Federativa do Brasil), the largest state in South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean. It borders French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. Area 8.5 million km2. Population 179.383 million people (2004). Capital of Brazil. Major cities: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Recife, Porto Alegre, Manaus. Large seaports: Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Rio Grande, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Tubaran, San Sebastian.
The administrative division of Brazil is the Presidential Federal Republic. A federation consisting of 26 states and the Federal (Capital) District. The head of state and government is the president. The legislative body is the bicameral National Congress. Consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
Population of Brazil. St. 95% of us. - Brazilians, a nation formed as a result of the mixing of Portuguese and other European settlers with the aborigines - Indians (Tupi-Guarani, etc.) and with those exported in the 16-19 centuries. from Africa by black slaves (Yoruba, Bantu, Ewe, etc.). The ethnic composition is 54% white, 38.5% mulatto and 6% black. Indians (over 1 million people) inhabit mainly the interior areas of the river basin. Amazon.
The official language is Portuguese. The majority of believers are Catholics (over 72%), the rest are Protestants (22.5%), and African cults are also preserved. Average. population density 21.4 people/km2. In the northeast, southeast and south of the country (40% of the territory) St. lives. 90% of the population, including approx. 50% of the population lives on a narrow strip of the Atlantic coast, which makes up 8% of the country's territory. Urban population 78% (1995). More than half of the country's population are young people under the age of 20. People over 50 make up only 10%.
Climate of Brazil
The vast territory of Brazil is divided into two main natural areas: the equatorial forest plains of the Amazon in the north and the mosaic of tropical landscapes of the Brazilian Plateau in the remaining 2/3 of the country.
More than 4,000 species of trees grow in the humid equatorial forests of the Amazonian lowland (Amazonian jungle) (every fourth tree in the world grows in the Amazon basin). These forests are considered the lungs of the planet. Their accelerated deforestation causes legitimate concern among environmentalists around the world. The forests are rich in fauna: broad-nosed monkeys, sloth, anteater, opossum, jaguar, puma, ocelot, peccary pigs, tapir, capybara. Snakes, reptiles, and birds are numerous. The Amazonian lowland lies in the region of equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature all year round is 24 - 28 °C, precipitation falls from 3000 to 3500 mm per year, in the subequatorial climate zone there is a relatively dry period - from August to October.
Brazil statistics
(as of 2012)
The Amazon River provides about 15% of the total annual flow of all rivers on the globe. Together with its tributaries, it forms a gigantic water system more than 25 thousand km long. The main channel of the Amazon is navigable for 4,300 km, and ocean-going ships rise 1,690 km from the mouth to Manaus.
To the east, the selva gradually gives way to rocky open forest (caatinga). Prickly and stinging subshrubs and all kinds of cacti are characteristic; dry-loving shrubs and trees, columnar cacti and tree-like euphorbias rise above them. Bottle trees are a landmark of Caatinga. During the winter-spring dry period, less than 10 mm of precipitation falls here per month at average temperatures of 26–28 °C. In autumn, heavy downpours bring 300 mm or more in one month, with an annual precipitation of 700–1000 mm. Precipitation is extremely uneven not only throughout the year, but also from year to year. Out of 100 years, 50 are characterized by either extreme drought or catastrophic floods, when rivers flood fields and buildings and remove the already thin layer of soil. The main river of the Caatinga is the San Francisco. In the very center of the Brazilian plateau is the kingdom of shrubby and small-tree savannas and woodlands (campos cerrados). This is the main pastoral area of the country.
To the west, south of 17–18° south latitude, lie the vast plains of the upper Parana - the Parana Plateau. There are optimal conditions for growing coffee here: the average temperature of the coldest month is not lower than 14 °C, precipitation is about 1500 mm per year, and the dry period necessary for drying the beans is well defined, but not too sharp. Humus-rich lilac-red soils (“terra rocha”) are especially favorable for the coffee bush. To the south of 24° south latitude, extensive lava plateaus come directly to the surface. The ledges of hardened lava make all the left tributaries of the Parana “jump” down, as if on steps, forming numerous rapids and waterfalls. Iguazu Falls is especially famous.
A very special natural region of Brazil - the Pantanal (translated from Portuguese as “swampy area”) - is located in the upper reaches of the Paraguay River, almost in the center of South America. This is a vast tectonic basin lying only 50–70 m above sea level. From the north, east and southeast it is sharply limited by the cliffs of the Brazilian Plateau. For many months, the Pantanal turns into a kind of lake-swamp. And in the winter drought it is a patchy landscape of never-drying, half-overgrown marshes, lakes and barely discernible wandering river beds, salt marshes, sandbanks and grassy areas. Birds are found here in abundance: storks, herons, ibises, cormorants, ducks, roseate spoonbill. Many people fly here for the winter from the northern hemisphere. 38% of the country's territory is under forest. St. 20 nat. parks (Araguaia, Jau, Iguazu, Pico da Neblina, Tapajos, Xingu, etc.); nature reserves, sanctuaries.
Rivers and lakes of Brazil
Brazil's river network is very dense and rich in water. From west to east, the country is crossed by the deepest and largest river in the world in terms of basin size - the Amazon, which irrigates the northern regions of the country. It is formed outside of Brazil by the confluence of the Marañon and Ucayali rivers and has a length of 6,400 km from the source of the Marañon, and more than 7,000 km from the source of the Ucayali. Its length within the country is 3165 km. The area of the Amazon basin in Brazil is about 4.8 million square meters. km (almost 60% of the total basin area). The width of its channel on the border with Peru is more than 1.5 km, in the middle reaches, near the city of Manaus - 5 km, in the lower reaches - up to 20 km, and at the mouth reaches 80-150 km. The depth of the river in the middle reaches is about 70 m, near the city of Obidus - 135 m, at the mouth - from 15 to 45 m.
Numerous tributaries flow into the Amazon. The largest right tributaries are the Purus (3 thousand km), Jurua, Tapajos and Xingu (each about 2 thousand km long), Madeira (about 1.5 thousand km). Large left tributaries are the Rio Negru (more than 1.5 thousand km), Zhapura, Isa. The Amazon mode is complex and varied. Due to the fact that its tributaries are located in different hemispheres, floods occur on them at different times: on the right - from October to April (summer season in the southern hemisphere), on the left - from April to October (summer season in the northern hemisphere) , and seasonal fluctuations in flow in the Amazon are smoothed out. The average water flow in the lower reaches is about 220 thousand cubic meters. m/sec. The average annual flow of the river is approximately 7,000 cubic meters. km - about 15% of the annual flow of all rivers on Earth. The Amazon carries an average of more than 1 billion tons of sediment per year. Its muddy yellow waters are visible in the ocean up to 300 km from the coast. The regime of the river is also influenced by sea tidal waves, which the Tupi Indians called “Amazunu”, hence the name of the river. These waves reach 5 m in height and travel up the river for 1400 km, flooding the low floodplains of the Igapo. The Amazon has significant energy potential (about 280 million kW), which is extremely underutilized.
The second largest river in South America, the Paraná, irrigates the south and southwest of Brazil (more than 1/10 of its territory). The main tributaries of the Paraná are the Paraguay, Tieteux, Iguazu, and Paranapanema. There are many rapids and waterfalls on the Parana and its tributaries. The largest of the waterfalls are: Iguazu (height about 80 m), located on the left tributary of the same name, and the cascade of waterfalls Seti-Kedas (Guaira) (33 m) on Parana. Paraná accounts for 57% of Brazil's vast hydroelectric potential, estimated at 79.4 billion kW. The eastern part of the country belongs to the basin of the San Francisco River (more than 2900 km long), in the lower reaches of which there is a cascade of Paulo Afonso waterfalls with a total height of 84 m. The rivers are characterized by sharp fluctuations in water flow. Other significant rivers in this area are Pa-raiba, Paraguaçu, Jequitinbna, etc. All of them are full-flowing, fast-moving and have great hydroelectric potential.
The largest rivers in the northeast of Brazil - Tocantins and Parnaiba - have rapids and are characterized by variable regime, which is also typical for other rivers in the region. During the dry season, some of them dry out. The rivers of the southeast are few in number and have the most stable regime, which is explained by the relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year. The constancy of the regime of these rivers is very important for the production of hydroelectric power. The largest river is Zhakuy. There are relatively few lakes in Brazil. These are mainly lagoon lakes and floodplain oxbow lakes, widespread in the Amazon floodplain. The largest of the lagoon lakes are the shallow lakes Patus (area exceeding 10 thousand sq. km) and Lagoa Mirin, connected by a channel.
Nature of Brazil
When the conversation turns to the nature of Brazil, the tropical Atlantic coast and the Amazon immediately come to mind. And this is not without reason: the endless forests, occupying more than half of the country’s territory, attract and delight. The vast expanses of Brazilian nature also contain an extraordinary diversity of flora and fauna. For example, of the 290 thousand plant species that exist on Earth, 90 thousand grow in Latin America, mainly in Brazil. Scientists claim that of the 1 million 400 thousand species of animals existing on the planet, 10% again live in Brazil.
The Amazon is a unique fauna reserve, and Panta-nal, an endless kingdom of swamps inhabited by a variety of animals, is translated into Russian as “swampy area.” The Pantanal is a legacy of the Quaternary period, a vast tectonic depression, remnants of an inland sea (which began to dry up 65 thousand years ago), bounded by the inaccessible mountain peaks of the Serra de Maracajou to the east, the Bolivian Chaco to the west and the Serra do Roncador to the north. This territory lies in the center of the mainland, and its area is equal to France, and the lands belong to two Brazilian states - Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraguay and Bolivia, but almost half of these vast territories lie within the borders of Brazil.
The Pantanal is characterized by a constant influx of water: streams, rivers, dams, lakes, interconnected, intersect, entangling the river channels. “No Man's Land” - this is how this area was rightly dubbed, a true kingdom of ornithologists and wildlife lovers who can observe here the life of birds, crocodiles, iguanas, jaguars, fallow deer, deer, otters, giant and dwarf ants, monkeys and tapirs . The waters that feed the Pantanal come down from the surrounding mountains. They also give life to the Paraguay River, which runs south to the Atlantic Ocean. This area, whose Brazilian center is the city of Cuiaba, located on the border of the Amazon and the Pantanal, can only be visited from April to September. At other times of the year, when the rainy season begins here, it is practically inaccessible: mountain streams turn into rivers, land into islands where animals find shelter.
Gradually, the swamps turn into forests, stretching from the northeast to Paraná, a state in southern Brazil. It was here, on the shores overgrown with impenetrable forest, that the first Portuguese conquistadors landed. Over the centuries, nature in Brazil has retreated under the onslaught of large cities, the first of which was São Paulo. Groves were planted that changed the bioclimate, for example, in the area of the Ara Cruz pulp mill in the state of Espiritu Saitu, where the planting of eucalyptus trees, from the wood of which paper is made, acquired a truly industrial scale. The area is characterized by endless forests, the flora and fauna of which are extremely diverse. The most common bird species are parrots, toucans and seagulls. One of the most untouched areas lying south of Sao Paulo is a forest area of 35 thousand square meters. km, declared a national park in 1958. Another is the Jureia mountain range, which means “protruding peak” in the Tupi-Guarani language, a huge mountain range that stretches to the coast of São Paulo. This is a real paradise with 40 km of pristine beaches.
400 species of medicinal plants grow here, and a large number of animals and birds live here. And all this is located 200 km from the chaotic metropolis of São Paulo and 130 km from Cubatán, a city that has gained notoriety for dumping toxic industrial waste, causing genetic changes to the flora and fauna of the area. Before these areas were declared a national reserve in 1987, they risked being wiped off the face of the Earth several times. In 1980, President Joao Bautista Figueiredo ordered the development of 236 square meters. km of area for the construction of a nuclear power plant. Fortunately, the work never began: the project did not find support, including financial support. Perhaps because of these precedents, it is impossible to visit the national park today: tourist excursions are prohibited, and only scientists and researchers can get here. Other areas, such as the Amazon, the Pantanal and Mata Atlantica, offer endless natural diversity thanks to the prevailing microclimate.
For example, the flora of the Serra Duquipo National Park in the state of Minas Gerais is famous for having the maximum plant density per square meter. m. Scientists have recorded 1,600 of their species (and they believe that there is still room for research work), which bloom throughout the year, constantly changing the landscape. Heading down to the borders of Argentina, Rio Grande do Sul is home to the Torres Reefs, a famous resort area reminiscent of Dover in the UK. Dolphins and sea lions are found near these giant rocks, who swim to these waters every year, driven by the Antarctic winter. Much further south, in the state of Bahia, other giant marine mammals, whales, come ashore each year during mating season. They occupy the coastal waters of Abro-lus, giving birth and feeding their young here. The name Ab-rolhos comes from the phrase abra os olhos - “open your eyes”, invented by seafarers who were horrified by coral reefs, which they nicknamed cabecas - “heads” - suddenly growing 20-30 m out of the water and threatening to tear the sails . In 1983, the archipelago, consisting of several islands (Santa Barbara, Suesti, Redona and Guarita), was declared a National Marine Sanctuary. Other islands of the Brazilian coast acquired the same status: Fernando de Noronha and Trindade. They are not very popular among tourists: the tours are quite expensive.
Vegetation and soil of Brazil
More than half of Brazil's territory is covered by forests on red ferrallitic soils. The vegetation of Brazil is extremely rich and diverse and has about 50 thousand species (i.e. 1/4 of all species known to scientists). Humid equatorial evergreen forests, called gilea (in Brazil - selva), occupying the western part of the Amazon, are particularly rich in species composition, density, and multi-layered nature. They grow on red-yellow, often gleyed, ferrallite soils, which quickly lose structure and fertility when forests are cleared. The forest wealth and species composition of Amazonian forests have not yet been sufficiently studied. There are more than 4 thousand species of tree species alone, of which 600 are of economic importance. Hundreds of palm species grow, with the tallest (up to 60 m) characteristic of the Varzea zone, which is flooded only during high floods. The following types of palm trees are common here: ivory, pashiuba, attalea and acai-euterna, from the fruits of which a popular refreshing and tonic drink and vegetable oil are prepared in the country, and a vegetable dish is prepared from the shoots. There are such valuable tree species as cotton (sumauma-ceiba), which produces silky kapok fiber; zedrela, which is a source of valuable wood; Copafeira, which supplies Copai balsam; cocoa tree and the most valuable of the rubber plants - seringueira, or hevea, whose homeland is the Amazon (now these plants are widespread on tropical plantations around the world). Ficus and strychnos grow here, containing the strongest of the poisons, “curare,” which the Indians used to poison their arrows.
Even richer and more diverse are the forests of the unflooded “solid land” - “terra firma”, or “ete”. It contains such valuable species of trees as mogno (mahogany-glowing) and caesalpinia (or pau-brazil, which gave the name to the country), which have red wood; “milk tree” - galactodendron with a sweet milky sap that tastes like milk; “melon tree” with edible fruits; castanya-bertolecia, which produces fruits rich in protein and oil, which are exported under the name “Brazil nuts” or “Para chestnuts”, etc. The trees are densely intertwined with vines and covered with epiphytes. The forests abound with flowers, especially orchids. Vegetation is also rich on the rivers of the Amazon.
One of the most famous aquatic plants is the giant water lily Victoria Regia, the leaves of which reach a diameter of 2.5 m. To the east of the mouths of the Rio Negro and Madeira rivers, the gilea gradually turns into lighter deciduous evergreen forests, under which red ferrallitic soils are developed . The species composition of these forests is less rich than the composition of the Giles. They are characterized by a significant admixture of tall trees that shed their leaves during the dry season. There are many palm trees here, and above all the babasu species, which produce valuable nuts with a very high content of edible oil. There are open forests and areas of high-grass savannahs “Campos Gerais” with groups of palm trees: acai, Mauritius, inaja, etc. The “Varzea” and “Igapo” zones are characterized by evergreen vegetation on alluvial soils.
The southern border of the natural complexes of the Amazon is very unclear. As the relief increases to the southeast and the duration of the dry period increases, there is a gradual replacement of evergreen leafy forests by bottom evergreen and ferrallite-reddish-yellow soils by red ones. South of 5° S tropical rainforests stretch along the eastern edge of the Brazilian plateau and the Atlantic coast, which in the coastal part are largely reduced to plantations of tropical crops. The eastern windward slopes and high mountain plateaus of the Brazilian Plateau are characterized by pronounced altitudinal zonation. Tall-grass evergreen forests, similar in appearance and species composition to the Amazonian jungle, are common on the slopes. Higher up they give way to tree ferns and bamboos, and at an altitude of 1800 m deciduous trees and coniferous araucaria appear. Above 2200-2400 m, mountain meadows begin, giving way to peat bogs, mosses and lichens. The western leeward slopes of the eastern ridges of the highlands are characterized by seasonally wet deciduous forests. The central part of the Brazilian plateau is occupied by subequatorial open forest and shrub savanna (“campos cerrados”), formed on red coarse soils. During the rainy season, they are overgrown with turf-grass vegetation.
Deciduous low-growing trees and shrubs, growing here along with evergreens, are covered with small leaves with a waxy coating. Chaparro-curatella, licheira (“emery tree”), mangabey-ra, the milky juice and fruits of which are used as food by local residents, seem to have fruits very rich in vitamins, as well as agaves, cacti and some types of palms. During the dry period, everything burns out, and in some places a dense crust forms in the upper horizons of lateritic soils. In the west, the “Campos Cerrados” transition into the marshy low-lying Pantanal plain, which is flooded during the rainy season and during drought, which is a combination of swamps and lakes with areas of forests, shrubs and meadows. On the arid interior plains of the highlands, composed of porous sandstone and, in some places, clayey rocks, treeless grassy savannas (prairies), the so-called “campos-limpos” on reddish-black soils, are common, with gallery forests along river valleys. "Campos-Limpos" are beautiful pastures. The driest parts of Brazil - the interior of the northeastern part of the Brazilian Plateau - are covered with thickets of low-growing thorny bushes and cactus open forests ("caatinga") on thin, gravelly red-brown and red-brown soils. The “caatinga” is characterized by a bottle tree, the trunk of which contains a reserve of moisture accumulated by the tree during the rainy season; in the gallery forests along the river valleys grows the carnauba palm, the trunk and leaves of which are covered in the dry season with vegetable wax, which is widely used in technology and is an export item. Carnauba trunks are used as a building material, and the leaves are widely used by local residents in everyday life to make mats, hats, baskets, roofs, etc. The oil palm babasu is also common here.
In the lower left-bank part of the Paraná River basin, dense tropical rainforests grow, which, as they rise along the eastern edge of the Brazilian Plateau, are gradually replaced by subtropical light coniferous forests of araucaria. The low-growing mate tree grows here in abundance, the leaves of which are used to prepare a tonic drink called Paraguayan tea, very popular in South American countries. These forests have been largely converted to coffee plantations. The humus lilac-red soils formed on lavas and the natural conditions of the area are extremely favorable for the cultivation of coffee bushes. In the south of the Brazilian Plateau, forests consisting only of araucaria are common. The extreme south of the country is occupied by treeless grassy humid subtropical savannas - “campos-limpos”. Almost the entire Atlantic coast of Brazil is bordered by a strip of mangroves.
Flora and fauna of Brazil
In the Amazon basin and along the Atlantic coast there is a tropical forest with luxurious broad-leaved trees. Much of central Brazil is covered with cerrado, a type of vegetation that consists of trees and shrubs with twisted branches, hard bark and dense leaves. The north-west of the country is dominated by caatinga, which is characterized by trees and shrubs that are drought-tolerant and have the ability to shed their leaves to retain moisture.
In the south are the Mata Araucaria pine forests, occupying the Southern Plateau. The plains, located at sea level, are covered with pastures. The wetlands of Mato Grosso, covering 230,000 sq km in the west-central part of the country, are covered with tall grass, weeds and trees. During the rainy season, the soil becomes flooded.
The Amazon jungle is the largest tropical forest in the world, covering an area of 5.5 million square meters. km., of which 60% are in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas, Para, Mato Grosso and Maranhao. The remaining 40% covers the territory of both Guianas, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Of the twelve types of tropical mammals found in the Western Hemisphere, eleven are found in Brazil, numbering more than 600 species. This includes several species of the cat family, such as the spotted jaguar, and smaller ones such as the puma, sucuarana, jaguarundi and ocelot. Other mammals include: sloths, anteaters, tapirs, armadillos, dolphins, capivars and 30 species of monkeys.
The Toucan bird is practically the national calling card of this amazing country.
Brazil has the world's largest diversity of birds, with 1,600 different species, including parrots. There are at least 40 species of turtles, 120 lizards, 230 snakes, 5 crocodiles, 331 amphibian species and 1,500 freshwater fish species. Biologists have cataloged about 100,000 species of invertebrates, 70,000 of which are insects.
In Brazil, there are about 3,000 species of fish in the lakes and rivers of the Amazon. Among the typical fish of the region, the following stand out: pirarucu (the largest freshwater fish in the world, individual specimens of which reach 2 meters in length and 125 kilograms in weight); tambaci from the family of caracids, fruit eaters, whose teeth easily chew the seeds of the rubber tree and jauari palm; and finally piranha.
Brazil is geographically located in a subtropical and tropical climate. This explains the abundance of water in its territories. We will present to your attention the largest rivers and lakes in Brazil. We attach a list (in alphabetical order) below.
- Amazon.
- Parana.
- San Francisco.
- Lagoa-Mirin.
- Patus.
- Underground lake.
Rivers of Brazil
The largest rivers and lakes in Brazil are characterized by impressive water volumes and considerable length.
We will begin the description with the largest river in the country - the Amazon. Researchers who took part in the 1995 expedition found that the river (together with the Apurímac and Ucayali tributaries) is the longest in the world. Its length is 7000 km.
Its depth at the mouth is 100 m. And upstream it is still quite solid. This allows large ocean-going ships to sail along it to the port of Iquitos (Peru). The width of the mouth is about 200 km. It must be said that the river does not flow into the ocean in a single stream, but is broken into branches by numerous islands.
The waters of the Amazon are called white. This is due to the fact that they contain a large amount of silt. Near the city of Manuas you can see an interesting phenomenon. Here a tributary, the Rio Negro, flows into the mighty river. In this area, its depth and volume of water give the feeling that it has poured into the Amazon, the waters do not mix for several kilometers and flow in parallel in white and black branches.
Almost all major rivers and lakes in Brazil have interesting flora and fauna. Most of the existing species are concentrated on the banks of the Amazon. In addition, the river is the “lungs” of the Earth, since its forests produce huge amounts of oxygen.
The largest rivers and lakes in Brazil - Parana, Paranaiba, Rio Grande
The second largest river in the country is the Paraná. It originates in the south of the Brazilian Plateau. Its length is 4880 km.
Paranaiba
This is its right tributary, originating in the mountains of Minas Gerais. Its length is 1000 km. It has a fairly calm flow.
Rio Grande
Left tributary of the river. Its source is in the same state, but in the Mantiqueira mountain range. Length - 1090 km. The upper reaches of the river are distinguished by a large number of rapids. This is the result of its passage through a lava plateau. In addition, there are cascading waterfalls. The largest of them is Iguazu, located on the tributary of the same name. This is a favorite place for many tourists coming to Brazil.
Paraná has a small coastline and does not flow into the sea. The river bank is marshy and low. Only in the south is there an open space called “Campos”.
Here are the main tributaries of this river.
The river is navigable. Boats carrying vacationers who came to these places on an excursion sail along it. Passengers and cargo are not transported along it. Due to the fact that this river is not very deep, large ships are not recommended to navigate it.
The Paraná Valley contains flat plateaus. Serra Uru ui is the largest of them. The National Park of Brazil is also located here. It is the southwestern border of the state.
San Francisco
Large rivers and lakes in Brazil, the list of which continues with Sao Francisco, are characterized by high water content. Its length is 2900 km. Its source is located at the highest point of the Brazilian Plateau. Descending from it, she passes a large number of rapids.
In its middle reaches, the river is quite calm, as it flows mainly through a wide valley. After the city of Cabrobo, San Francisco carries its waters to the Atlantic Ocean through mountain ranges. It passes through a cascade of waterfalls of extraordinary beauty - Paulo Afonso, whose height is 81 m.
San Francisco is in the driest part of the country, so its water levels vary greatly depending on the season. The river is navigable, but not along its entire course.
The large rivers (and lakes) of Brazil, or more precisely its eastern part, are characterized by regime instability. These include Parnaiba and Tocantins. During the dry season, some rivers in the northeast dry up.
Now let's go to the south of the country. There are few rivers here, but they have a constant regime, thanks to the relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year. This is important for the hydroelectric power plants located here. The largest river in this territory is Zhakuy.
Lakes
As follows from the above, there are very large rivers on the territory of this country. And the lakes of Brazil are distinguished by their considerable size and magnificent landscapes. The country is not very rich in individual lakes. More often they are located in river basins.
Most of Brazil's lakes are located off the Atlantic coast. The largest of them is Lagoa Mirin. It is also the largest in Latin America. The reservoir is located in the south of the country.
It should be noted that the large rivers and lakes of Brazil, photos of which you can see in our article, are surprisingly picturesque. An example of this is this beautiful lagoon lake. It is separated by applied sandstone and a spit of swamps. It connects with another lake - Patus. A rich fauna is represented here.
Until recently, Lagoa-Mirin was not very popular among tourists, although today it is very often included in excursion programs. Fishing lovers get special pleasure here.
Patus Lake
Not all large rivers and lakes in Brazil are deep. For example, Lake Patus. It is not connected to the ocean. Its area is 10,000 square kilometers. This is the world's largest shallow lake. It stretches 240 km in length and 48 km in width.
It is separated from it by a sand spit 8 kilometers long. The surroundings of the lake cannot be called deserted. In the northwest is the city of Porto Alegre, which is the capital of the southern Brazilian state.
Today this city is a modern port, a major political, cultural and economic center of the area. Europeans first appeared here at the beginning of the 16th century. They mistakenly thought that Patus was Rio Grande. This misconception persisted for several decades.
The lake was named by the Dutchman Frederik de Wit (1670) when he created maps of this region of the mainland. More precise coordinates of the lake were determined in 1698. A few years later, settlers from the Azores appeared here. It was they who called this territory the Great River of St. Peter.
A city was founded here, which later became the state capital. In those distant times, it was a land with virgin nature. The area around the lake was surrounded by endless dense forests with rich wildlife.
The peculiarity of the lake is that its water level constantly fluctuates. This phenomenon is caused by river runoff. In these places, river levels largely depend on the amount of precipitation.
In the vicinity of Patus, coal is mined and soil irrigation is carried out. In turn, this led to a negative impact on the entire ecology around the island.
underground lake
It is difficult to describe the major rivers and lakes of Brazil briefly. They are all very interesting. For example, a unique natural site is Gruta do Lago Azur. The name can be translated as “blue lake”.
It was discovered in the early 20s of the last century by local Indians. Having descended 100 meters to the bottom of the cave, they discovered a lake whose depth reached 90 m.
Today, scientists believe that this is one of the most flooded voids underground. Most of the cave is occupied by the lake. The water in it is clean and has a bright blue tint. This is an ideal place for diving - the amazing clarity of the water makes it possible to observe the life of the underwater kingdom.
No less interesting are the lakes located in Lenções Maranhensens (national park). This is no ordinary desert. During the rainy season, water appears here, which forms many freshwater lakes. No one knows where a lot of fish, crabs and other marine life immediately appear in them. There is a version that the eggs are carried by birds from the sea coast.
The rainy season here lasts four months (from March to June). At this time, nomadic Indians come here and enjoy fishing. After the rains stop, the lakes dry up, and the Indians go to work in neighboring villages.
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- Abuna
A river in northeastern Brazil and northern Bolivia. Length – 375 km. It originates in the Peruvian Andes, after which it flows eastward into Maideira. The river is navigable for 320 km. - Abakasis
River in South America. Located in Brazil. The river originates in the southeastern part in the state of Amazonas, near the city of Port Vila Franco. The length of the river is about 610 km. Flows from west to east. It has a number of large tributaries. It flows into the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon, and is one of its largest tributaries. - Akri
A river in central South America. Located in northwestern Brazil and northern Bolivia. Length – 650 km. It originates in the Peruvian Andes, after which it flows eastward to form part of the border between Bolivia and Brazil. It is a right tributary of the Purus River. The river is navigable for 480 km and even further during the rainy season between January and May. - Demeny
A river in northwestern Brazil, in the state of Amazonas, near the border with Venezuela. Belongs to the Amazon basin, is one of the tributaries of the Rio Negro, into which it flows near the city of Barcelus. Its tributaries include the Toototobi and Queyras rivers. The Tukano and Yanomamo Indian tribes live in the vicinity of the river. - Javari
A river in central South America. It is located in northwestern Brazil, a right tributary of the Amazon. Length – 1056 km. The source is in Peru. It originates in the Peruvian Andes (La Montagna), after which throughout, except for the upper reaches, it serves as the border between Brazil and Peru. The river is navigable for 500 km and even further during the rainy season from January to May. - Zhapura
River in Colombia and Brazil; left tributary of the Amazon. Length 1930 km, basin area 282,000 km². It originates in the southern part of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. In the upper reaches, in the Andes and in the western part of the Guiana Highlands, it is very rapids; in the Amazonian lowland it is wide and calm; in the lower reaches it forms numerous branches, channels and oxbow lakes, connecting with the Amazon 600 km from the mouth. Rain power. From March to July there is a flood, due to which the river floods widely, forming lakes. - Jurua
Right tributary of the Amazon. The length is 3280 km, the area of the river basin is 224 thousand km². The source of the river is La Montaña (Peru), in the foothills of the Peruvian Andes, in the upper reaches it flows in the direction from south to north, in the middle and lower reaches the Jurua channel is winding. - Zhutai
A river in western Brazil, in the state of Amazonas, a right tributary of the Amazon. The length of the river is about 1200 km, the catchment area is 60,000 km². It originates and flows entirely within the Amazonian lowland. The riverbed is very winding. It is fed by rain, the average water flow is 2400 m³/s; Major spills occur between March and June. In the lower reaches it is dammed by the flood waters of the Amazon. Navigable in the lower reaches. - Queiras
A river in northwestern Brazil, in the state of Amazonas, near the border with Venezuela. Belongs to the Amazon basin, is one of the tributaries of the Demeni River. The length of the river from source to mouth is about 120 km. The jungle on the banks of the Queiras River is home to a large number of parrots. The water in the river is quite dark in color. - Madeira
A river in South America, the largest tributary of the Amazon. It is formed by the confluence of the Mamore and Beni rivers on the border of Bolivia and Brazil. A section of the river with a length of about 100 km represents the state border between these states. Further, the river flows to the northeast through the territory of the Brazilian states of Rondonia and Amazonas, flowing into the Amazon on the right in two branches. The length of the river is 3230 km, the basin area is 1158 thousand km². - Purus
The river, a right tributary of the Amazon, is about 3,200 kilometers long. The source of the Purus is in Peru on the eastern slope of the Andes, but the river mainly flows through the territory of Brazil, in the Amazonian lowland in the humid equatorial forest zone. After the rainy season in March-April, the river experiences high water. The river bed is one of the most winding in the world, and the clay banks are easily washed away. However, the depth in the fairway for 2000 kilometers from the mouth always exceeds 15 meters, there are no rapids, and a thousand kilometers from the confluence with the Amazon, the altitude above sea level is just over 33 meters. Therefore, the river is navigable almost all the way to the slopes of the Andes (about 2.8 thousand km). - Putumayo
River in South America. Mainly located in the northwestern part of Brazil, in the upper reaches it flows through the territory of Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. The length of the river is about 1800 km. Flows from northwest to southeast. It has a number of large tributaries. Flows into the Amazon. - Rio Negro
The largest left tributary of the Amazon. The waters of the river belong to the Amazon River basin, and part of the waters enters the Rio Negro from the basin of the other largest river in South America, the Orinoco (via the Casiquiare channel, which is an excellent example of a bifurcation). Seasonal fluctuations in level, low water and high water are strongly pronounced, when the river spills over the adjacent jungle to a width of up to 35 kilometers and the current is practically not felt. It is navigable 600 kilometers above its confluence with the Amazon near the city of Manaus, Brazil. The river waters have a pronounced brown pigmentation. - Solimões
The section of the Amazon River in its upper reaches, from the confluence of the Ucayali and Marañon rivers, to its confluence with the Rio Negro. Flows through the territory of Peru and Brazil. It is an important transport artery of the region, as well as a place of recreation and tourism. - Tefé
A river in Brazil, a right tributary of the Amazon. Length 450 km. The river has a dark color of water, which is typical for rivers flowing in areas with dense woody vegetation, which is Tefe. - Amazon
A river in South America, the largest in the world in terms of basin size, depth and length of the river system. Formed by the confluence of the Marañon and Ucayali rivers. The length from the main source of Marañon is 6992.06 km, from the source of Apacheta, discovered at the end of the 20th century, about 7000 km, from the source of Ucayali over 7000 km. The area of the basin is 7,180 thousand km² (according to other sources, 6,915 thousand km²). Most of the Amazon basin belongs to Brazil, the southwestern and western regions belong to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. Flowing mostly through the Amazon Lowland in a sublatitudinal direction near the equator, the Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the world's largest delta (with an area of over 100 thousand km² and including the world's largest river island, Marajo). The Amazon is fed by numerous tributaries; about 20 of them are more than 1500 km long. - Araguari
A river in northern Brazil, the second largest river in the state of Amapa (after the Amazon River). Length 380 km, originates on the western slope of the Serra Lombarda hill, flows south to the municipal Serra do Navio, then southeast to Porto Grande, where the Amapari tributary flows into it, and, after a series of rapids, heads north -east, where it forms a winding estuary as it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. - Kalsoene
A river in the municipality of Calloene, in the north of the state of Amapa, Brazil. Length 160 km. It begins on the slopes of the Serra Lombarda hill and flows to the northeast, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. It has a small, winding estuary. - Kunani
A river in Brazil, in the state of Amapa, municipality of Calloene. It flows from east to west, flows into the Atlantic Ocean, and has a small estuary at the mouth of the Amazon River. The length of Kunani is about 120 km. - Oyapok
River in South America. It flows along the border between French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapa, making up most of it. The length of the Oyapoqui River is about 370 km. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean, where its estuary forms a large bay - Oyapok Bay. The source is in the Serra Tumucumaki mountains. - San Francisco
The third longest river in South America, including the largest river in the Northeast region. It crosses the Brazilian plateau and the strip of arid Caatinga savannas, for whose population it is the only major source of fresh water all year round. The length of the river is 2830 km, the basin area is about 641 thousand km². A cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the river in the mid-20th century and is used for extreme tourism (kayaks, canoes). - Gurupi
River in South America. Located in the northern part of Brazil. The length of the river is about 720 km, the basin area is about 35,000 km². It has a number of large tributaries. Flows into the Atlantic Ocean. - Iguara
A river in the state of Maranhao in northeastern Brazil. Left tributary of the Munin River. In 1838, the Balayada popular uprising broke out in the settlement of Manga on the Iguara River. - Itapikuru
A river in northeastern Brazil, in the state of Maranhão. The length of the river is about 1650 km, the drainage area is 46500 km². Itapicuru originates on the Serra das Alpecatas ridge in the northeast of the Brazilian Plateau, flows in a northerly direction and flows into the Gulf of São José of the Atlantic Ocean. - Parnaiba
River in northeastern Brazil. Length is about 1,450 km. It originates on the Brazilian plateau, on the slopes of the Chapada das Mangabeiras mountains. In the upper and middle reaches it has a rapids bed, in the lower reaches it crosses the Parnaiba depression, where it becomes navigable (from the city of Terezina). - Tocantins
A river in eastern South America, flows through Brazil (the states of Goiás, Tocantins and Maranhão). The length of the river is 2850 km. It originates from the confluence of the Maranhão and Almas rivers, the source of which is on the eastern slopes of the Serra Dorada mountains, in the central part of the Brazilian Highlands. It flows through mountainous terrain to the Amazonian lowland, forming numerous rapids, including the Guariba rapids. - Araguaia
River in Brazil. Length – 2630 km, basin area – 370 thousand km². Flows across the Brazilian plateau. In the middle course it branches into two branches, forming one of the largest river islands in the world with a length of 300 km (Bananal). In the lower reaches there are rapids, in the middle reaches it is navigable for 1300 km. Average water consumption is 8500 m³. During the rainy season (November-May) there is a flood, during the dry season (June-September) there is little water. The cities of Araguacema and Macauba with a population of more than 30 thousand people are located on it. In the area where it flows, subequatorial forests, savannas and evergreen gallery forests alternate along the banks. - Arinos
A river in central South America. Throughout its entire length (760 km), the Arinos River flows in Brazil. It originates near the city of Diamantino, at 14°.5 south. lat. flows through the state of Mato Grosso, flowing into the Juruena, which below gives rise to the Tapajos River. - Guapore
A river in western Brazil, on the border with Bolivia. The river originates in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, approximately 150 km from Pontis y Lacerda. It then flows in a westerly direction for about 120 km to Vila Bela da Santísima Trindade, where it joins the Alegre River. - Juruena
A river in central South America. Located in Brazil, the left tributary of the river. Tapajos. The length of the river is about 1000 km. It originates in the Serra dos Paresis mountains, after which it flows along the sparsely populated Brazilian plateau to the north, forming rapids and waterfalls. Flood occurs between December and April. - Cuiaba
River in South America. Located in western Brazil. The length of the river is about 980 km. The source of the river is on the Mato Grosso plateau. Sewage and industrial waste from the city of Cuiaba flow into the river and it is heavily polluted. Flows into the Paraguay River. - Roosevelt
River in South America. Located in southern Brazil. The length of the river is about 640 km. The source of the river is in the state of Rondonia. It has a number of large tributaries. It merges with the Aripuana River, a tributary of the Madeira. The river has rapids and waterfalls. Formerly called Rio da Duvida ("River of Doubt"), the river is named after Theodore Roosevelt, who traveled to central Brazil during a scientific expedition in 1913. - Tapajos
A large river in South America (Brazil), a right tributary of the Amazon, flows into it near the city of Santarem. It is formed by the confluence of the Telis Piris (São Manuel) and Juruena rivers, which originate in the Serra dos Paresis highlands and flow through a highly rapid section through the Brazilian Highlands. After the confluence of tributaries on the Tapajos River, the Maranhão Grande rapids are located, then the river enters the Amazonian lowland. In this section of the river there are also rapids; in the lower reaches the width of the riverbed reaches 15 km. From the source of the Juruena River to its mouth, the length is 2200 km; basin area – 487,000 km². - Telis-Piris
River in South America. Located in the northwestern part of Brazil. The length of the river is about 1370 km. Flows from west to east. It has a number of large tributaries. It merges with the Juruena to form the Tapajos, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. - Xingu
A river in South America, a right tributary of the Amazon. Length 1980 km, basin area 513 thousand km², entirely located in Brazil. The river (called Culueni) originates in the eastern part of the Mato Grosso plateau, then, after passing through a rapids section on the Brazilian plateau, it enters the Amazonian lowland. - Paraguay
The right tributary of the Paraná, one of the largest rivers in the central and southern parts of the South American continent. Flows through Brazil (near the Bolivian border) and Paraguay; from the city of Bahia Negra to the confluence with the Parana River it serves as the state border of Paraguay and Brazil; in its southern part it is the state border between Paraguay and Argentina. The length of the channel from its source in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Parana River north of the Argentine city of Corrientes is about 2,549 km. - Parana
A river in South America, the second longest river on this continent (after the Amazon). It flows in the southern part of the continent through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. The length from the confluence of tributaries is 4380 km. The basin area is 2582672 km². It flows into La Plata Bay of the Atlantic Ocean near the city of Buenos Aires. There is maritime traffic to the city of Rosario in the lower reaches. In its middle reaches, the river forms part of the natural border between Paraguay and Argentina, and below it is the western border of the low-lying region of the Argentine Mesopotamia. - Paranaiba
A river in Brazil, a right tributary of the Paraná. The source is in the northern spurs of the Serra da Canastra mountains (another name is the “Mata da Corda Mountains”), in the state of Minas Gerais. Length 900 km. It flows through the Brazilian Highlands, in its central part, forming a deep valley with many waterfalls and rapids. - Pinairus
A river in the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo. The length is about 25 km, known for flowing through the city of Sao Paulo. - Sao Joao do Paraiso
A river in Brazil, located in the state of Minas Gerais. Left tributary of the Rio Pardo. The city of São João do Paraiso is located on the river. - Zhamanshin
A river in Brazil, the right and largest tributary of the Tapajos River (Amazon basin). Length 510 km. It originates on the northern slope of the Serra do Cachimbo mountains. It flows mainly to the north, in the lower reaches - to the northwest. - Trombetas
River in the Brazilian state of Pará. The length of the river is about 760 km. It is formed by the confluence of the Puana River and the Anamu River. Flows from northwest to southeast. It has a number of large tributaries. Flows into the Amazon. - Iriri
A river in central South America. It flows through Brazil, a left tributary of the Xingu River. The origins are on the Mato Grosso plateau. The river flows mainly in a northern direction, its length is about 1100 km. - Iguazu
A river in South America with a length of 1320 km. Its name comes from the Guarani language and means “big water”. Iguazu is formed by the confluence of the Irai and Atuba rivers near Curitiba in the Serra do Mar mountains. In the upper reaches it winds strongly, constantly breaking off with 70 waterfalls. In its middle course, the river becomes navigable for 500 km within the state of Parana. - Akari
The Acari flows in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in southeastern Brazil. It is one of the main watercourses of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The source of the river is Serra do Gericino. It flows into the Pavuna River. The Akari flows from the western end of the city and ends in the north, is not silted and has a very high flow of water, with little riparian vegetation present. One of the last ecosystems in the city is on the verge of extinction. - Potensi
River in northeastern Brazil. Length – 176 km. The source of the river is located in the municipality of Serru Cora, where Potengi flows into the Atlantic Ocean in Natal. Throughout its entire length, the river flows through the state of Rio Grande do Norte. - Piranhas
River in northeastern Brazil. Length – 447 km. The origins are located in the municipality of Bonito di Santa Fe (Paraiba) near the state of Ceara. It flows mainly through caatinga. The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Macau (Rio Grande do Norte). - Chuy
A small river in South America. It originates in the extreme south of Brazil in the state of Rio Grande do Sul near Santa Vitória do Palmar. It flows in a direction from north to south to the city of Chuy and then becomes a natural border between Brazil and Uruguay, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The total length of the river is about 45 km. The name of the river comes from a word in the Tupi-Guarani language, which translates as bird. - Jaguaran
The river is in the south of Brazil, in its lower reaches it forms the border with Uruguay. Length – 208 km. The river flows through the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Navigable for 32 km from the mouth. The average depth is 2.5 m. - Kuarai
A river in South America, a left tributary of the Uruguay River. In Uruguay it is called Quareim. The Cuarai River originates in the southern part of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul on the Cuchilla Negra hill northwest of the city of Santana do Livramento. - Mamore
A river in South America in Brazil and Bolivia. Length – more than 1900 km. It originates in the central regions of Bolivia, after which it flows northward into Madeira. The river is navigable throughout almost its entire course. - Rio Branco
River in South America. Located in Brazil in the state of Roraima. The length of the river is about 584 km, the basin area is about 195 thousand km². It has a number of large tributaries. It flows into the Rio Negro River. During the rainy season, the river is navigable to the city of Caracaray. - Ipiranga
A small river flowing in the Ipiranga area of São Paulo. On the banks of this river, on September 7, 1822, the independence of Brazil was symbolically proclaimed by the prince and heir to the Portuguese throne, Don Pedro. After this, the Brazilian Empire was founded, which he headed. Currently, the river is heavily polluted and most of it is underground. - Tiete
River in Brazil. The source of the river is at an altitude of 1120 m in the Serra do Mar mountains near Salezopolis, 22 km from the Atlantic Ocean. The river flows mainly in a northwesterly direction through the state of São Paulo (including through the city of São Paulo itself), emptying into the Jupia reservoir on the Paraná River in the municipality of Tres Lagoas. - Rio Pardo
A river in Brazil, located in the state of Minas Gerais. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean in the municipality of Canavieiras. Tributaries: Catole Grande, São João do Paraiso. - Rio Grande
A river in south-central Brazil. It originates in the Mantiqueira Mountains near the Atlantic Ocean in the state of Minas Gerais. Length 1230 km. Flows through the Brazilian Highlands. There are rapids in the upper reaches. It flows into the Paranaiba and together with it forms the Parana River, the second largest in South America. The river is fed by rain and floods in January-March. - Paranapanema
A river in Brazil that flows through the states of Sao Paulo and Parana. The total length is 929 km. The river originates in the southeast of the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil at a distance of 100 km from the Atlantic coast, after which it flows westward to the Parana River. - Paraiba do Sul
River in South America. Flows in the southeastern part of Brazil. The length of the river is about 1120 km. It is formed at the confluence of the Paraitinga and Paraibuna rivers. Flowing from the state of São Paulo along the Atlantic coast in a direction from southwest to northeast, it serves as a natural border between the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, in the municipality of São Joao da Barra it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. - Uruguay
River in South America. The river begins in Brazil, formed at an altitude of 1800 m by the confluence of the Pelotas and Canoas rivers, then the river flows from north to south, forming the border between Brazil and Uruguay, located on the left bank, and Argentina, located on the right. It flows into the estuary of the Parana River (called La Plata). - Cachoeira
River in Brazil. The length of the river is about 14 km. The source is 40 meters above sea level. Flows in a southeast direction. Flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The river receives sewage and industrial waste from the city of Joinville and is heavily polluted. The flood lasts from October to April - May. - Pelotas
River in South America. Located in southern Brazil. The length of the river is about 450 km. Flows to the northeast. It has a number of large tributaries. Merges with the Canoas River to form the Uruguay River. The high water period lasts from October to April–May. - Jaguaribe
A river in central South America. Located in northeast Brazil. Length – 610 km. Its basin is located almost entirely in the state of Ceara. Flood occurs between December and April. The name means “river of jaguars” in the Tupi-Guarani Indian language. - Sergipe
River in northeastern Brazil. In the local Tupi dialect the name means "river of crabs". The length of the river is 210 km, the basin area is 3673 km². The origins of the Sergipe are located on the Serra Negra highlands near the border with the state of Bahia. The river bed is located entirely within the territory of the state of the same name. The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean, dividing the municipalities of Aracaju and Barra dos Coqueiros. - Rio Dosi
River in South America. Located in the southeastern part of Brazil. The length of the river is about 853 kilometers, the basin area is about 83,400 km². Flows from west to east. It is formed at the confluence of the Piranga and Carmo rivers near the historical city of Ouro Preto. Flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
The name of the country comes from the Portuguese brasa, which means “heat, hot coals” (this was the name of red sandalwood, which for some time was the main export item from to).
Brazil Square. 8511996 km2.
Population of Brazil. 207.8 million people (
Brazil GDP. $2.346 trillion (
Location of Brazil. Brazil is the largest state. In the north it borders with, French Guiana, in the northwest - with, in the west - with and, in the southwest - with and, in the south - with. In the east it is washed by waters.
Administrative divisions of Brazil. The state is divided into 23 states, one capital district and 3 federal territories.
Form of government of Brazil. Republic, with a federal government structure.
Head of State of Brazil. President, elected for 5 years.
Supreme legislative body of Brazil. National Congress (bicameral parliament consisting of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies).
Supreme executive body of Brazil. Government.
Major cities in Brazil. Sao Paulo, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belem, Manaus, Fortaleza.
National language of Brazil. Portuguese.
Climate of Brazil. On the territory of Brazil there are 6 main ones: equatorial, tropical, tropical highland, tropical Atlantic, semi-arid, subtropical. In most of the country, the average annual temperature is above + 20 °C, which is due to the proximity and low rise. In general, areas of Brazil are characterized by dry winters and rainy summers. Annual precipitation decreases from 3000 mm in the western Amazon lowland to 500 mm in the northeast.
Flora of Brazil. The basin area is covered with selva - evergreen, moist, impassable forests. They predominate in the rest of the territory.
Fauna of Brazil. The fauna of Brazil is characterized by puma, jaguar, ocelot, anteater, fox, monkeys, deer, armadillo, tapir, rare bush dog, sloth, opossum, crocodile, and a large number of birds, insects and reptiles. Caimans and piranhas are dangerous in the rivers.
Rivers and lakes of Brazil. The largest rivers are the Amazon and San Francisco. The latter forms a cascade of Paulo Afonso waterfalls with a height of 84 m.
Sights of Brazil. The historic quarters of Ore Preto have been carefully restored and are now protected as a national treasure of Brazil and a monument of global importance. In the capital there is the Itama-rati Palace, the Cathedral, the Museum of Modern Art, the Indian Museum, the Ethnographic Museum and many others. The symbol of Rio de Janeiro is Mount Corco Vado with the statue of Christ the Savior. The annual carnival is famous.
Useful information for tourists
Traditional purchases include interesting and entertaining souvenirs: Indian vessels, Negro amulets or pau-Brazil mahogany products. The best place to buy souvenirs is the Hippie Fair, which takes place on Sunday. Rio also has large shopping centers - Rio Sul and Barra Shopping. Serious purchases worth making in Brazil are natural gemstones: diamonds, emeralds, topazes.
Brazil is one of the ten most criminal countries. It is not recommended to wear expensive jewelry, large sums of money, leave clothes, cameras and wallets unattended, or accept invitations from strangers. Avoid visiting torch (slum) areas even during daytime. Never leave documents, money or jewelry in your hotel room (hotels are not responsible for items missing from your room). In the resort outskirts of Rio, in Manaus, it is safe.
Tipping in expensive restaurants and bars is 10% of the bill (if it does not include a service charge); in cheap eateries - 1-2 reais; the cafes on the beach are not accepted; the porter at the hotel or airport is given 1 real; The taxi driver's bill is rounded up.
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