Death of a shhors. The death of Nikolai Shchors. Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors. Birth of a hero

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Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors (May 25 (June 6), 1895 - August 30, 1919) - officer of the Russian Imperial Army of wartime (second lieutenant), commander of the Ukrainian rebel formations, head of the Red Army during the Civil War in Russia, member of the Communist Party since 1918 (before that was close to the Left SRs).

Biography

Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (since 1924 - Snovsk, now the regional center of the city of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine) in the family of a railway worker.

In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. On August 1, 1914, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front as a volunteer military paramedic.

Civil War

In March - April 1918, Shchors led the united insurgent partisan detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st revolutionary army, participated in battles with the German invaders.

In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German invaders and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which liberated Chernihiv, Kyiv and Fastov from the troops of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

On February 5, 1919, 23-year-old Nikolai Shchors was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon.

Front in December 1919

From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a swift offensive, recaptured Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the area of Sarny - Rivne - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 defended in the region of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the east under pressure from superior forces.

On August 15, 1919, during the reorganization of the Ukrainian Soviet divisions into regular units and formations of the unified Red Army, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming 44th Rifle Division of the Red Army. On August 21, Shchors became her head, and Dubova became the deputy head of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.

The division stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.

On August 30, 1919, in a battle with the 7th brigade of the 2nd corps of the Ukrainian Galician Army near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine), while in the forward chains of the Bogunsky regiment, Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 paces.

The likely perpetrator of the murder of the red commander is Pavel Samuilovich Tankhil-Tankhilevich. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.

Interesting Facts
The rebuke of "ataman" Shchors to "pan-hetman" Petliura, 1919

Until 1935, the name of Shchors was not widely known, even the TSB did not mention him. In February 1935, presenting Alexander Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin, Stalin suggested that the artist create a film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev", which was done. Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors, schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. In 1936, Matvey Blanter (music) and Mikhail Golodny (lyrics) wrote "Song of Shchors":

The detachment was walking along the shore,
Went from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment commander.
The head is tied
Blood on my sleeve
A trail of bloody creeps
On wet grass.

"Boys, whose will you be,
Who will lead you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded man coming?"
"We are the sons of laborers,
We are for a new world
Shchors goes under the banner -
Red commander.

In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But not in vain shed
His blood was.
Thrown behind the cordon
fierce enemy,
Tempered from youth
Honor is dear to us."

Like many commanders of the Civil War, Nikolai Shchors was only a "bargaining chip" in the hands of the powers that be. He died at the hands of those for whom their own ambitions and political goals were more important than human lives. These people did not care that, left without a commander, the division had practically lost its combat capability. As the hero of the Civil War and a former member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front E. Shadenko said, “only enemies could tear Shchors away from the division, into whose consciousness he had grown roots. And they tore it off."

V. M. Sklyarenko, I. A. Rudycheva, V. V. Syadro. 50 famous mysteries of the history of the XX century

Nikolai Shchors was one of the brightest representatives of the "new wave" of commanders of the regular Red Army. To what extent the results of the victory of the Red Army would satisfy this independent, charismatic personality, this is another, difficult question. People of a completely different plan took advantage of its fruits - Stalin, Trotsky (they were still formally together), Voroshilov, Budyonny. Heroes or anti-heroes of the Civil War (on the part of the "winners"), for the most part, did not survive the repressions of the 30s

Sergey MAKHUN, "The Day", (Kyiv - Shchors, Chernihiv region - Kyiv)

The purpose of this article is to find out how the vile murder of the hero of the Civil War NIKOLAY SHCHORS is embedded in his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If your screen shows a shift in numbers and letters, adjust the scale of the image.

26 41 58 76 90 100 111 126 138 139 149 150 162 168 179 197 198 212 217 234 249 252 262 286
SCH O R S N I K O L A Y A L E X A N D R O V I C
286 260 245 228 210 196 186 175 160 148 147 137 136 124 118 107 89 88 74 69 52 37 34 24

14 24 35 50 62 63 73 74 86 92 103 121 122 136 141 158 173 176 186 210 236 251 268 286
N I K O L A Y A L E X A N D R O V I C H S O R S
286 272 262 251 236 224 223 213 212 200 194 183 165 164 150 145 128 113 110 100 76 50 35 18

SHCHORS NIKOLAY ALEKSANDROVICH = 286.

286 = 139-SHOT + 147-BRAIN DAMAGE(s).

139 = FROM SHOT
___________________________
148 = BRAIN DAMAGE

90 = DAMAGED(s)
________
210 = (damage) BRAIN FROM SHOT

74 = BRAIN WOUND(s)
___
213 = BRAIN WOUND FROM SHOT

(incarnation) W (enie) (zagovor) OR (a) S (general) NIKO (m) + (death) L (no) (r) A (nenny) Y + (z) A (stre) LE (n) + (stop) K (a) C (heart) + (pulev) A (i) (ra) N (a) + (times) DR (blowing) (m) O (zga) + (kro) B (o outpouring) (internal) ICH (collar)

286 \u003d, W, OR, C, NIKO, +, L, A, Y +, A, LE, +, K, C, +, A, N, +, DR, O, +, V, ICH,.

19 36 46 51 74 75 94 109 115 116 119 123 143 161 180 181
T R I D C A T O E A V G U S T A
181 162 145 135 130 107 106 87 72 66 65 62 58 38 20 1

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

(sbi) T RI (tm) (ser) DCA + (death) T (eln) OE (r) A (nenie) V G (tin) U + (for) ST (relen) (nap) A (l)

181 \u003d, T RI, DCA +, T, OE, A, V G, Y +, ST, A,.

286 \u003d 162- (t) THIRTETH OF AUGUST + 124- (t) THIFTETH OF AUG (hundred).

162 \u003d (t) THIRTETH OF AUGUST
_____________________________
136 = FROM NAGAN SHOOT (EN)

162 = (kill) BULLET ON THE SHOT
________________________________
136 = FROM NAGAN SHOOT (EN)

Code of full YEARS OF LIFE: 86-TWENTY + 100-FOUR = 186.

5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 110 116 135 163 180 186
TWENTY FOUR
186 181 178 177 172 149 148 129 100 76 70 51 23 6

"Deep" decryption offers the following options, in which all columns match:

D (breathing) (interrupt) V (ano) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + (death) T + (scon) H (als) + (cm) E (h) (o) T (c) Y ( arrow)

D (breathing) (interrupt) B (ano) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + (death) T + (scon) H (als) + (cm) E (h) (o) T (wound) S ( che)RE(pa)

186 \u003d D, B, +, A, DCA +, T +, H, +, E, T, S, RE,.

We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

186 = TWENTY FOUR
________________________
110 = TWENTY H(four)

186 = ENVY MURDER
_____________________________
110 = (stuck) HEAD

186 - 110 = 76 = MESSAGE (nickname).

186 = BRAIN DIES FROM BLOOD
_____________________________
110 \u003d (from vys) RELA CUM (on)

We look at the column in the upper table of the FULL NAME code:

111 = COMMUNICATOR; CONSPIRATOR
________________________________
186 = (y) HIT A BULLET IN THE NECK

186 - 111 = 75 = VENGEANCE.

Here the word COMMUNICATOR is more suitable.

We look at the reading: SCHORS \u003d 76 \u003d MESSAGE (nickname); SHORS H = 90 = MESSAGE(ik); SHORS NI \u003d 100 \u003d MESSAGE (k); SCHORS NICK = ACCOMPLICANT; SCHORS NIKO = COMMUNICATE (m).

Reference:

accomplice - Wiktionary
en.wiktionary.org›wiki/accomplice
accomplice. 1. disapproved like-minded person in any business.

ACCOMPLAINER
dic.academic.ru›dic.nsf/ushakov/1035322
ACCOMPLOYER COO; BOSSCHNIK, accomplice, husband. (official). An accomplice in a criminal intent or act.

collusion - Wiktionary
en.wiktionary.org›wiki/conspiracy;-thief. 1. secret agreement; CONSPIRACY

conspiracy - Wiktionary
en.wiktionary.org›wiki/conspiracy
conspiracy I. 1. a secret agreement of several persons on joint actions against someone, something to achieve any goals. 2. secret agreement, conspiracy. CONSPIRACY

Envy and revenge: evan_gcrm - LiveJournal
evan-gcrm.livejournal.com›836249.html
Envy and revenge. Original taken from westaluk. ... Envy is born only where an attempt to get a thing by these methods failed and where there was a consciousness of one's own impotence.

The meaning of the word VENGEANCE. What is VENGEANCE?
kartaslov.ru ›meaning-words/revenge
The meaning of the word "vengeance". MSHCHE; NIE, -I, cf. 1. Action by value. vb. take revenge. Revenge for an insult. 2. The desire to take revenge, the feeling of revenge; revenge.

For low natures, there is nothing more pleasant than to avenge your insignificance,
throwing the dirt of their views and opinions into the holy and great.
V. G. Belinsky

It has long been known that the revolution is made by the romantics. High ideals, moral principles, the desire to make the world better and fairer - only an incorrigible idealist can really set such goals for himself. Such a person was Nikolai Shchors, the son of a railway worker, an officer in the tsarist army and a red commander. He lived only 24 years, but entered the history of the country as a symbol of a just struggle for the right to live in a happy and prosperous state.

parental home

A small wooden house nestled under the crown of a large spreading maple tree. It was built in 1894 by Alexander Nikolaevich Shchors. In search of a better life, he moved to Snovsk from the small town of Stolbtsy in the Minsk region at the age of 19. He was drafted into the tsarist army, but after the service he returned to the town he liked. Here Alexandra was waiting for him - one of the daughters of the Tabelchuk family, from whom Alexander Nikolaevich rented a room. In their neighborhood, the newlyweds bought a plot of land and built a house on it. On June 6, their first child was born, named after his grandfather, Nikolai Shchors. It was 1895.

Father worked on the railroad. First, a handyman, a locksmith, a stoker. Then he became and in 1904 he passed the exam for a machinist - he drove a shunting locomotive along the Libavo-Romenskaya railway. By this time, four more children had appeared in the house. This is how the future hero of the Civil War Shchors began his life.

Childhood

Life in the family was not remarkable. The father worked, and the mother was engaged in household chores and raising children. Nikolai did not give her much trouble. The boy was smart and wise beyond his years. He learned to read and write at the age of six, and at the age of eight he began to attend classes with the teacher Anna Vladimirovna Gorobtsova - she prepared children for admission to the railway parochial school. In 1905, Shchors began to study there. His biography could not have been otherwise - the boy's craving for knowledge was extraordinary.

A year later, grief befell the family - the mother died. She suffered from consumption and died in Belarus, where she went to visit relatives. Five children, a large household and work on the railroad. The house needs a woman - so decided the elder Shchors. Nikolai Alexandrovich later recalled that at first he took his stepmother with hostility. But gradually their relationship improved. Moreover, the new wife of her father, her name was Maria Konstantinovna, in subsequent years gave birth to five children. The family grew, and Kolya was the oldest of the children. He graduated from school in 1909 with a commendable diploma and really wanted to continue his education.

Admission to military school

But my father had other plans. He hoped that his son would go to work and help the family. To understand the events that made up the life story of Shchors, one must imagine his immense craving for knowledge. So strong that in the end the father gave up. The first attempt was unsuccessful. When entering the Nikolaev Marine Paramedic School, Kolya missed one point.

In a depressed state, the young man returned home - now he agreed to go to work at the railway depot. But suddenly my father objected. By this time, his younger brother Konstantin also graduated from high school with a good certificate. Alexander Nikolayevich gathered both sons and took them to enter the Kyiv military medical school. This time everything turned out well - both brothers passed the entrance exams. Having allocated one ruble each to his sons, the satisfied father left for Snovsk. For the first time, Nikolai Shchors went so far from home. A new phase of his life began.

Royal army officer

The conditions of study at the military school were strict, but they had a great influence on the formation of the character of the future legendary commander of the Red Army. In 1914, a graduate of the Kyiv military school Shchors arrived in one of the units stationed near Vilnius. Nikolai Alexandrovich began his service as a junior paramedic. The entry of the Russian Empire into the First World War soon followed, and the 3rd Light Artillery Battalion, in which the volunteer Shchors serves, is sent to the front line. Nikolay takes out the wounded and provides first aid. In one of the battles, the paramedic himself gets injured and ends up in a hospital bed.

After recovery, he enters the Vilnius military school, which was evacuated to Poltava. He diligently studies military sciences - tactics, topography, trench work. In May 1916, Ensign Shchors arrived in the reserve regiment, which was quartered in Simbirsk. The biography of the future division commander during this period of life made sharp turns. A few months later he was transferred to the 335th regiment of the 85th infantry division. For the battles on the South-Western Front, Nikolai Aleksandrovich received the rank of second lieutenant ahead of schedule. However, the unsettled trench life and poor heredity did their job - the young officer began to develop a tuberculosis process. For almost six months he was treated in Simferopol. In December 1917, having been demobilized from the army, he returned to his native Snovsk. Thus ended the period of service in the tsarist army.

The beginning of the revolutionary struggle

In difficult times, Nikolai Shchors returned to his homeland. There was an active struggle for power between various political parties. A civil fratricidal war swept over the Ukrainian lands, and soldiers returning from the front joined various armed formations. In February 1918, the Central Rada of Ukraine signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria. German troops entered the country to jointly fight the Soviets.

Nicholas made his political choice at the front, when he met the Bolsheviks and understood the program of their party. Therefore, in Snovsk, he quickly established contacts with the communist underground. On the instructions of the party cell, Nikolai goes to the Novozybkovsky district, to the village of Semenovka. Here he was to form a partisan detachment to fight the German troops. An experienced front-line soldier coped well with the first responsible task. The united detachment he created consisted of 350-400 trained fighters and fought in the Zlynka and Klintsy regions, carried out daring partisan raids on the Gomel-Bryansk railway line. At the head of the detachment was the young red commander Shchors. The biography of Nikolai Alexandrovich from that time was associated with the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power throughout Ukraine.

Retreat

The activity of the partisan detachment forced the German troops to suffer significant losses, and the German command decided to put an end to its existence. With heavy fighting, the partisans managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat to the area of the city of Unecha, which was located on Russian territory. Here the detachment was disarmed and disbanded - as prescribed by law.

Shchors himself went to Moscow. He always dreamed of studying and wanted to go to medical school. The revolutionary whirlpool changed the plans of a recent front-line soldier. In July 1918, the First Congress of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine took place, followed by the creation of the Central Committee of the Party and the Revolutionary Committee, whose task was to create new military units from the fighters of partisan detachments - Nikolai returned to Unecha. He was instructed to form and lead a regiment of local residents and fighters of the Dnieper partisan detachment. In September, the regiment was named after Ivan Bohun, an ally of Bogdan Khmelnitsky who died in the Chernihiv region. In memory of these days, opposite the railway station in Unecha, there is a monument to Shchors, one of the youngest commanders of the Red Army.

A squad was walking along the shore

The Bogunsky regiment consisted of 1,500 Red Army soldiers in its ranks and was part of the First Insurgent Division. Immediately after the formation, the Red Army began to make sorties to the rear of the German troops. In combat conditions, they gained military experience and obtained weapons. Later, Nikolai Shchors became the commander of a brigade, which included two regiments - Bogunsky and Tarashchansky.

On October 23, 1918, a large-scale offensive began, the purpose of which was the complete expulsion of German troops from the territory of Ukraine. The soldiers liberated Klintsy, Starodub, Glukhov, Shostka. At the end of November, the Tarashchansky regiment entered Snovsk. The advancing Red Army soldiers rapidly occupied more and more new cities. In January 1919 Chernigov, Kozelets and Nizhyn were taken. The ultimate goal of the offensive was The brigade commander was at the forefront all the time. The soldiers respected him for his personal courage and caring attitude towards the soldiers. He never hid behind the backs of the Red Army and did not sit in the rear. Written in 1936, the "Song of Shchors" almost documented the memories of soldiers about their commander.

Commandant of Kyiv

When approaching Kyiv, the elite units of the Petliura troops stood in the way of the Red Army. Shchors decides to immediately engage in battle and two regiments, Bogunsky and Tarashchansky, attack the positions of a numerically superior enemy. On February 1, 1919, the Petliura troops were defeated, and the Shchors brigade liberated the city of Brovary. After 4 days, Kyiv was taken, Shchors was appointed commandant of the capital of Ukraine. For his great contribution to the defeat of the enemy troops and for his personal courage, he was awarded a nominal golden weapon. In 1954, perpetuating the memory of this heroic time, a monument to Shchors will be erected in the capital of Ukraine.

The respite between battles was short-lived. The brigade again entered into hostilities and liberated Berdichev and Zhitomir. In March 19, Shchors became the commander of the First Ukrainian Soviet Division. The Petliurites suffered one defeat after another. The Red Army liberated Vinnitsa and Zhmerinka, Shepetovka and Rivne. The division was replenished with recruits from among the local residents, but there was a catastrophic lack of combat commanders. On the initiative of Shchors, a military school was created, in which 300 of the most experienced Red Army soldiers with front-line experience were sent to study.

fatal bullet

In June 1919, the Revolutionary Military Council reorganized the Ukrainian Front. The Shchors division became part of the 12th Army. The formation already had solid combat experience and glorious victories behind it. It is hard to imagine that the division was commanded by a commander who was only 24 years old. Shchors really had an amazing military talent. But this was the reason why superior enemy forces advanced against his formation.

Under pressure from a numerically superior enemy, the Shchors retreated to the Korosten region. On August 30, N. A. Shchors, his deputy I. N. Dubovoi and political worker Tankhil-Tankhilevich arrived at the Bogun division, which occupied positions near the village of Beloshitsa. Being at the forefront of defense, Nikolai Shchors was wounded in the head. I. N. Dubovoy bandaged him, but after 15 minutes the division commander died. His body was sent to Klintsy and then to Samara, where he was buried. Thus ended the life of one of the youngest and most talented commanders of the Civil War.

Strange story

In 1949, when the reburial of the remains of N. A. Shchors took place, a previously unknown detail came to light. A deadly bullet was fired from a short-barreled weapon and entered the back of the fearless commander's head. It turns out that Shchors died at the hands of a man who was behind him at close range. Various versions appeared - death at the hands of the "Trotskyists" and even the revenge of the Bolsheviks on the intractable and popular commander in the troops.

The name of N. A. Shchors was not forgotten, and his exploits were immortalized by many monuments, names of streets and cities. The people still hear the "Song of Shchors" - a courageous and selfless man who, until the last minute of his life, believed in the possibility of building a just and honest state.

In the Soviet Union, his name was a legend. Streets and state farms, ships and military formations were named in his honor. Every schoolboy knew the heroic song about how “the commander of the regiment walked under the red banner, his head was tied, blood on his sleeve, a bloody trail spreads over damp grass.” This commander was the famous hero of the Civil War, Nikolai Shchors. In the biography of this man, whom I. Stalin called the "Ukrainian Chapaev", there are quite a few "blank spots" - after all, he even died under very strange and mysterious circumstances. This mystery, which has not been revealed so far, is almost a hundred years old.

In the history of the Civil War 1918-1921. there were many iconic, charismatic figures, especially in the camp of the "winners": Chapaev, Budyonny, Kotovsky, Lazo ... This list can be continued, no doubt including the name of the legendary Red Divisional Commander Nikolai Shchors. It is about him that poems and songs were written, a huge historiography was created, and the famous feature film by A. Dovzhenko “Shchors” was shot 60 years ago. There are monuments to Shchors in Kyiv, which he courageously defended, Samara, where he organized the partisan movement, Zhitomir, where he smashed the enemies of the Soviet regime, and near Korosten, where his life was cut short. Although a lot has been written and said about the legendary commander, the history of his life is full of mysteries and contradictions, over which historians have been struggling for decades. The biggest secret in the biography of the division chief N. Shchors is connected with his death. According to official documents, the former lieutenant of the tsarist army, and then the legendary red commander of the 44th Infantry Division, Nikolai Shchors, died from an enemy bullet in the battle near Korosten on August 30, 1919. However, there are other versions of what happened ...

Nikolai Shchors, a native of Snovsk Gorodnyanskosh district, in his short life, and he lived only 24 years, managed a lot - he graduated from a military paramedic school in Kyiv, took part in the First World War (after graduating from the cadet school evacuated from Vilna in Poltava, Shchors was sent to the Southwestern Front as a junior company commander), where, after difficult months of trench life, he developed tuberculosis. During 1918-1919. the former warrant officer of the tsarist army made a dizzying career - from one of the commanders of the small Semenovsky Red Guard detachment to the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (from March 6, 1919). During this time, he managed to be the commander of the 1st regular Ukrainian regiment of the Red Army named after I. Bohun, the commander of the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division, the commander of the 44th rifle division and even the military commandant of Kyiv.

In August 1919, the 44th Streltsy Division of Shchors (the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division joined it), which was part of the 12th Army, held positions at a strategically important railway junction in the city of Korosten west of Kyiv. With the last of their strength, the fighters tried to stop the Petliurists, who at all costs tried to take over the city. When on August 10, as a result of a raid by the Don Cavalry Corps under General Mamontov, the Cossacks broke through the Southern Front and set off towards Moscow along its rear, the 14th Army, which had taken the main blow, began to hastily retreat. Between the whites and the reds, only the Shchors division, which was fairly battered in battles, now remained. However, the fact that Kyiv could not be defended was clear to everyone, it was considered only a matter of time. The Reds had to hold out in order to evacuate institutions, organize and cover the retreat of the 12th Army of the Southern Front. Nikolai Shchors and his fighters managed to do it. But they paid a high price for it.

On August 30, 1919, divisional commander N. Shchors arrived at the location of the Bogunsky brigade near the village of Beloshitsa (now Shchorsovka) near Korosten and died on the same day from a fatal wound to the head. The official version of the death of N. Shchors was as follows: during the battle, the divisional commander watched the Petliurists from binoculars, while listening to the reports of the commanders. His fighters went on the attack, but suddenly an enemy machine gun came to life on the flank, the burst of which pressed the Red Guards to the ground. At this moment, the binoculars fell out of the hands of Shchors; he was mortally wounded and died 15 minutes later in the arms of his deputy. Witnesses of the mortal wound confirmed the heroic version of the death of the beloved commander. However, from them, in an unofficial setting, there was also a version that the bullet was fired by one of their own. To whom was it beneficial?

In that last battle, there were only two people in the trench next to Shchors - assistant commander I. Dubova and another rather mysterious person - a certain P. Tankhil-Tankhilevich, a political inspector from the headquarters of the 12th Army. Major General S.I. Petrikovsky (Petrenko), who at that time commanded the 44th cavalry brigade of the division, although he was nearby, ran up to Shchors when he was already dead and his head was bandaged. Dubovoy claimed that the division commander was killed by an enemy machine gunner. However, it is surprising that immediately after the death of Shchors, his deputy ordered the dead head to be bandaged and forbade the nurse, who ran from a nearby trench, to unbandage it. It is also interesting that the political inspector lying on the right side of Shchors was armed with a Browning. In his memoirs, published in 1962, S. Petrikovsky (Petrenko) cited Dubovoy's words that during the skirmish, Tankhil-Tankhilevich, contrary to common sense, shot at the enemy from a Browning. One way or another, but after the death of Shchors, no one else saw the staff inspector, traces of him were already lost in the first days of September 1919. It is interesting that he also got to the front line of the 44th division under unclear circumstances by order of S.I. Aralov, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, as well as the head of the intelligence department of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Tankhil-Tankhilevich was a confidant of Semyon Aralov, who hated Shchors "for being too independent." In his memoirs, Aralov wrote: "Unfortunately, persistence in personal conversion led him (Shchors) to an untimely death." With his intractable character, excessive independence, and recalcitrance, Shchors interfered with Aralov, who was a direct protege of Leon Trotsky and therefore was endowed with unlimited powers.

There is also an assumption that Shchors' personal assistant I. Dubova was accomplices in the crime. General S.I. Petrikovsky insisted on this, to whom he wrote in his memoirs: “I still think that the political inspector fired, and not Dubova. But without the assistance of Dubovoy, the murder could not have happened ... Only relying on the assistance of the authorities in the person of Deputy Shchors Dubovoy, on the support of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, the criminal [Tankhil-Tankhilevich] committed this terrorist act ... I knew Dubovoy not only from the Civil War. He seemed like an honest man to me. But he also seemed weak-willed to me, without special talents. He was nominated, and he wanted to be nominated. That's why I think he was made an accomplice. And he did not have the courage to prevent the murder.”

Some researchers argue that the order to liquidate Shchors was given by the people's commissar and head of the Revolutionary Military Council L. Trotsky, who liked to purge among the commanders of the Red Army. The version associated with Aralov and Trotsky is considered by historians to be quite probable and, moreover, consistent with the traditional perception of Trotsky as the evil genius of the October Revolution.

According to another assumption, the death of N. Shchors was also beneficial to the "revolutionary sailor" Pavel Dybenko, a more than well-known personality. The husband of Alexandra Kollontai, an old party member and friend of Lenin, Dybenko, who at one time held the post of head of the Central Balt, provided the Bolsheviks with detachments of sailors at the right time. Lenin remembered and appreciated this. Dybenko, who had no education and was not distinguished by special organizational skills, was constantly promoted to the most responsible government posts and military positions. He, with invariable success, failed the case wherever he appeared. First, he missed P. Krasnov and other generals, who, having gone to the Don, raised the Cossacks and created a white army. Then, commanding a sailor detachment, he surrendered Narva to the Germans, after which he not only lost his position, but also lost his party card. Failures continued to haunt the former Baltic sailor. In 1919, while holding the post of commander of the Crimean army, the local people's commissar for military and naval affairs, as well as the head of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Crimean Republic, Dybenko surrendered Crimea to the whites. Soon, however, he led the defense of Kyiv, which he mediocrely failed and fled the city, leaving Shchors and his fighters to their fate. Returning to his possible role in the murder of Shchors, it should be noted that as a person who came out of poverty and managed to get a taste of power, Dybenko was terrified of another failure. The loss of Kyiv could be the beginning of his end. And the only person who knew the truth about how Dybenko “successfully” defended Kyiv was Shchors, whose words could be heeded. He knew all the ups and downs of these battles thoroughly and, moreover, had authority. Therefore, the version that Shchors was killed on the orders of Dybenko does not seem so incredible.

But this is not the end. There is another version of the death of Shchors, which, however, hardly casts doubt on all the previous ones. According to her, Shchors was shot by his own guard out of jealousy. But in the collection "The Legendary Commanding Officer", published in September 1935, in the memoirs of Shchors's widow, Fruma Khaikina-Rostova, the fourth version of his death is given. Khaikina writes that her husband died in battle with the White Poles, but does not provide any details.

But the most incredible assumption, which is associated with the name of the legendary divisional commander, was expressed on the pages of the Moscow weekly Sovremennik, which was popular during the “perestroika and glasnost” period. An article published in 1991 in one of his issues was truly sensational! It followed from it that the divisional commander Nikolai Shchors did not exist at all. The life and death of the red commander is supposedly another Bolshevik myth. And its origin began with the well-known meeting of I. Stalin with artists in March 1935. It was then that the head of state allegedly turned to A. Dovzhenko with the question: “Why do the Russian people have the hero Chapaev and a film about the hero, but the Ukrainian people do not have such a hero?” Dovzhenko, of course, instantly understood the hint and immediately set to work on the film. As the heroes, according to Sovremennik, they appointed the unknown Red Army soldier Nikolai Shchors. In fairness, it should be noted that the meeting of the Soviet leadership with cultural and art workers in 1935 really took place. And it was precisely from 1935 that the all-Union glory of Nikolai Shchors began to actively grow. The Pravda newspaper in March 1935 wrote about this: “When the director A.P. Dovzhenko was awarded the Order of Lenin at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and he returned to his place, he was overtaken by the remark of Comrade Stalin: “Your debt is Ukrainian Chapaev” . Some time later, at the same meeting, Comrade Stalin asked Comrade Dovzhenko questions: “Do you know Shchors?” “Yes,” Dovzhenko replied. "Think about him," said Comrade Stalin. There is, however, another - absolutely incredible - version, which was born in "near-cinema" circles. Until now, the legend roams the corridors of GITIS (now RATI) that Dovzhenko began filming his heroic revolutionary film not at all about Shchors, but about V. Primakov, even before the arrest of the latter in 1937 in the case of the military conspiracy of Marshal Tukhachevsky. Primakov was the commander of the Kharkov Military District and was a member of the party and state elite of Soviet Ukraine and the USSR. However, when the investigation into the Tukhachevsky case began, A. Dovzhenko began to re-shoot the movie - now about Shchors, who by no means could be involved in conspiratorial plans against Stalin for obvious reasons.

When the Civil War ended and memoirs of participants in the military and political struggle in Ukraine began to be published, the name of N. Shchors was always mentioned in these stories, but not among the main figures of the era. These places were reserved for V. Antonov-Ovseenko as the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian Soviet armed forces and then the Red Army in Ukraine; Commander V. Primakov, who suggested the idea of creating and commanded units and formations of the Ukrainian "Red Cossacks" - the first military formation of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine; S. Kosior, a high party leader who led the partisan movement in the rear of the Petliurists and Denikinists. All of them in the 1930s. were prominent party members, held high government positions, represented the USSR in the international arena. But during the Stalinist repressions of the late 1930s. these people were ruthlessly exterminated. About who I. Stalin decided to fill the empty niche of the main characters of the struggle for Soviet power and the creation of the Red Army in Ukraine, the country learned in 1939, when the Dovzhenko film “Shchors” was released. The very next day after its premiere, the lead actor E. Samoilov woke up popularly famous. At the same time, no less fame and official recognition came to Shchors, who had died twenty years earlier. Such a hero as Shchors, young, brave in battle and fearlessly killed by an enemy bullet, successfully “fitted” into the new format of history. However, now the ideologists face a strange problem, when there is a hero who died in battle, but there is no grave. For official canonization, the authorities ordered to urgently find the burial of Nikolai Shchors, which no one has remembered so far.

It is known that in early September 1919, the body of Shchors was taken to the rear - to Samara. But only 30 years later, in 1949, the only witness to the rather strange funeral of the divisional commander was found. It turned out to be a certain Ferapontov, who, as a homeless boy, helped the caretaker of the old cemetery. He told how late in the autumn evening a freight train arrived in Samara, from which they unloaded a sealed zinc coffin, which was very rare at that time. Under the cover of darkness, keeping secrecy, the coffin was brought to the cemetery. After a short “funeral meeting”, a three-time revolver salute sounded and the grave was hastily covered with earth, setting up a wooden tombstone. The city authorities did not know about this event and no one looked after the grave. Now, after 30 years, Ferapontov led the commission to the burial place ... on the territory of the Kuibyshev cable plant. Shchors' grave was found under a half-meter layer of gravel. When the hermetically sealed coffin was opened and the remains were exhumed, the medical commission that conducted the examination concluded that “the bullet entered the back of the head and exited through the left parietal bone.” “It can be assumed that the bullet was revolver in diameter ... The shot was fired at close range,” the conclusion wrote. Thus, the version of the death of Nikolai Shchors from a revolver shot fired from a distance of only a few steps was confirmed. After a thorough study, the ashes of N. Shchors were reburied in another cemetery and finally a monument was erected. The reburial was carried out at a high government level. Of course, materials about this were kept for many years in the archives of the NKVD, and then the KGB under the heading "Secret", they were made public only after the collapse of the USSR.

V. M. Sklyarenko, I. A. Rudycheva, V. V. Syadro. 50 famous mysteries of the history of the XX century

Date of death Affiliation

Russian empire
Ukrainian SSR

Type of army Years of service Rank

served as chief

Nikolai Shchors on a postcard from IZOGIZ, USSR

Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors(May 25 (June 6) - August 30) - second lieutenant, red commander, division commander during the Civil War in Russia. Member of the Communist Party since 1918, before that he was close to the Left SRs.

Biography

Youth

Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (from - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version - from the family of a railway worker).

Civil War

In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German interventionists and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian directory .

On August 15, 1919, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming the 44th rifle division. On August 21, Shchors became her head, and Dubova became the deputy head of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.

The division, which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.

Doom studies

The official version that Shchors died in battle from a bullet of a Petlyura machine gunner began to be criticized with the onset of the “thaw” of the 1960s.

Initially, the researchers charged the murder of the commander only with the commander of the Kharkov military district, Ivan Dubovoi, who during the Civil War was Nikolai Shchors's deputy in the 44th division. The 1935 collection “Legendary Chief Division” contains the testimony of Ivan Dubovoy: “The enemy opened heavy machine-gun fire and, I especially remember, showed“ dashing ”one machine gun at the railway booth ... Shchors took binoculars and began to look where the machine-gun fire came from. But a moment passed, and the binoculars from the hands of Shchors fell to the ground, Shchors' head too ... ". The head of the mortally wounded Shchors was bandaged by Oak. Shchors died in his arms. “The bullet entered from the front,” writes Dubovoy, “and exited from behind,” although he could not help but know that the entrance bullet hole was smaller than the exit one. When the nurse of the Bogunsky regiment, Anna Rosenblum, wanted to change the first, very hasty bandage on the head of the already dead Shchors to a more accurate one, Dubovoy did not allow it. By order of Oak, Shchors' body was sent without a medical examination to be prepared for burial. Witness to the death of Shchors was not only Oak. Nearby were the commander of the Bogunsky regiment, Kazimir Kvyatyk, and the authorized representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, sent with an inspection by a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Semyon Aralov, a protege of Trotsky. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.

The exhumation of the body, carried out in 1949 in Kuibyshev during the reburial, confirmed that he was killed at close range by a shot in the back of the head. Near Rovno, Shchorsovite Timofey Chernyak, the commander of the Novgorod-Seversky regiment, was later killed. Then Vasily Bozhenko, the brigade commander, died. He was poisoned

Nikolai was born on June 6, 1895 on the Korzhovka farm in the Chernihiv province. The first education in the biography of Nikolai Shchors was received in 1914. Then he graduated from the Kyiv military paramedic school. Two years later, he took a course at the Vilna Infantry Military School.

In his biography, Shchors took part in the First World War (paramedic, after junior officer, second lieutenant). In 1918, Nikolai organized a partisan detachment, and a month later he became the commander of the united detachment. The merits of Shchors include the creation of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment. Commanding this regiment, he fought against the hetmans, the Germans. In the same year, he liberated Ukrainian cities from the Ukrainian directory, joined the Communist Party.

When the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government came to power, Shchors became the commandant of Kyiv. In 1919, in his biography, Nikolai Shchors fought against the Petliurists and liberated many cities. In August 1919 he began to command the 44th Infantry Division. Thanks to a desperate struggle, Shchors at the head of the division helped the evacuation of Kyiv.

August 30, 1919 Nikolai Shchors was killed. His fame and heroism were not remembered until 1935, when Stalin ordered a film about Nikolai Shchors to be made, calling him "Ukrainian Chapaev."