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Can/ Be able to / Can’t CAN Different uses: Abilities or capacities (to know or to be able to). Mary can swim very fast. Request, ask or give permission Can you call me tonight. Possibility I can meet you later. It can also be used for suggestions. You can eat ravioli if you like pasta.
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Be able to It expresses abilities like can and it is used in all the verbal tenses where can is not used. I was able to finish my homework on time Can't Different uses: Impossibility in the present Mary can't swim very fast Lack of ability (not to know) or capacity (not to be able to): I can't eat a whole cake by myself Prohibition You can't drive without a license Disbelief That can't be the price – it's much too cheap.
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Could It is the past of can and it is used to express: Ability or capacity in the past She could run fast when she was a child Polite request Could you help me with these suitcases? Polite suggestion You could exercise and eat healthier food Possibility – less probable than with can- Mark could join us the cinema.
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May/ might Both of them express possibility, but might is more remote. It may/ might rain tomorrow In questions, may is the polite way of asking for things. May I have a coffee, please?
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Would In questions, it is a formal way of asking for things. Would you open the window, please? With the verb “like” is used to make offers and invitations. Would you like something to drink?
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Must / Have to Both express obligation, but must is only used in the present and have to in the other tenses. Authority people use must, while have to is used by everyone. You must bring your books to class I have to buy the tickets today. Must is also used to express a logical deduction about present fact. She's got a great job. She must be very happy.
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Need to / Needn’t Need to is not a modal, but it is used in affirmative sentences, like have to, to express obligation and necessity. I need to cook dinner tonight. Needn’t, on the contrary, is a modal and indicates lack of oblication and necessity, like don’t have to You needn’t bring anything to the party.
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Musn’t / Don’t have to Musn’t shows prohibition. You musn’t exceed the speed limit Don’t have to means not have to, i.e., lack of obligation and necessity, like needn’t I don’t have to get up early tomorrow
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Should /Ought to Both of them express advise or opinion, but should is used more frequently, since ought to is quite strange in negative and interrogative. You should/ought to improve your pronunciation
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Shall It is used in the interrogative to offer oneself to do something and to make a suggestion. Shall I help you with your luggage?
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PROHIBITION DISBELIEF SUGGESTION/ OFFER OBLIGATION/ NECESSITY You can"t drive without a license That can"t be the price - it"s much too cheap You could exercise and eat healthy food (plite) Would you like something to drink? You must bring your books to class (strong) I have to buy the tickets today I need to cook dinner tonight. You musn"t exceed the speed limit Shall I help you with your luggage?
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CERTAINTY OF TRUE LACK OBLIGATION/ NECESSITY ADVICE/ OPINION She "s got a great job. She must be very happy. You needn"t bring anything to the party I don"t have to get up early tomorrow You should/ ought to improve your pronunciation CAN BE ABLE TO CAN"T COULD MAY/MIGHT MAY WOULD MUST HAVE TO NEED TO NEEDN"T DON"T HAVE TO MUSTN"T SHOULD/OUGHT TO SHALL
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MODAL PERFECTS Must have + participle It expresses a logical conclusion about a past fact. Rob has arrived late. He must have been in a traffic jam. May/might have + partial We use it to make a supposition about something in the past. She may/might have taken the wrong bus.
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MODALS (modal verbs)
Can’t/Could/Might/Should + have + V3 He can’t have written this. - He couldn't write it. I could have lent you some money. - I could lend you some money. She might have fallen ill. - She could get sick. You should have visited the dentist. – You should have visited the dentist. Perfect infinitive (for an action that was possible but did not happen)
Must have is translated as MUST BE He must have forgotten the keys. - He must have forgotten the keys. She must have gone home. “She must have gone home.” But please note:
He must may might can’t have forgotten your address. lost your book. missed the train. caught a cold. fallen ill. left the country. bought a car. Say out loud all possible sentences. Translate into Russian.
Translate into Russian.
Translate into English.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The notes have been developed for conducting a mathematics lesson in a classroom with students in grades 5 and 6...
Author's works of students of the literary circle "Inspiration" (Victoria Baeva (6-8 grades), Sofia Orlova (8-9 grades), Yana Masnaya (10-11 grades), Nadezhda Medvedeva (10-11 grades)
Modal verbs express not an action, but an attitude towards it, i.e. ability, opportunity or necessity to perform an action I can answer your question. He can play the piano. May I come in? - Yes you may. She must stop eating much. Modal verbTranslation can (could) I can, I can may (might) must must
Characteristic features of modal verbs Compare: But: can, may, must But: I can swim. He English well. But: He can speak English well. But: Can he speak English well? He cannot speak English well. speak – spoke – spoken But: can – could –... () may – might –... () must –... () –... () 1. Modal verbs do not have non-finite forms (infinitive, participle , gerund). 2. The infinitive of the semantic verb follows modal verbs without the particle to. 3.Modal verbs do not change in person or number (they do not have endings). 4.Modal verbs form interrogative and negative forms without an auxiliary verb. In the interrogative form, the modal verb is placed before the subject; in a negative sentence, the negative particle not is placed after the modal verb. 5. Modal verbs do not have all tense forms. I like swim.to speaks Does he speak English well? He doesn't speak English well. does liketo cannot = cant
The meaning and difference in the use of the modal verbs can and may She can speak English quite well but she cant write it at all. Modal verb MeaningTranslation can 1) 2) 3) may 1) 2) 3) My friend can play the guitar well. We can have a good time here.I could not speak English when I first went to school. ability (physical and mental) ability skill can able May I open the window? You may stay at home today. It may rain today. Past tense form Equivalents could to be able to I shall be able to come in an hour. He was not able to come yesterday. I think they will be allowed to go with us. He was allowed to miss classes yesterday. might request (in interrogative sentences) permission (in affirmative sentences) possible assumption, uncertainty maybe, perhaps to be allowed to get permission am / is / are able (to) can (t), can (t), maybe was / were able (to) could (whether), could (whether), was (and) in a state will be able (to) will be able to, will be able to am / is / are allowed (to) (to someone) allowed was / were allowed (to) (someone) will be allowed (to) (someone) will be allowed Was he able to come yesterday? Will you be able to come in an hour? Was he allowed to miss classes yesterday?
Meaning and use of the modal verb must I must go home now. Modal verb MeaningTranslation must 1) obligation, necessity 2) prohibition (in negative sentences) must, necessary, necessary impossible You must be hungry. Past tense form Equivalents netto have (to) He must not do it. - He can't do this. He shouldn't do this. 3) probability (except for interrogative and negative sentences and sentences expressing future action) But: If there is no need, instead of mustnt you should use neednt (not necessary) it must be, probably You neednt translate the text. – You don't need to translate the text. Note: In the interrogative and negative form, the equivalent of to have (to) is used with the auxiliary verb do in the correct tense. I had to read the book again. you have to read the book again. He have to read the book again.did not Did have to has to had to – had to will have to – will have to Must I go there? - No, you don't need it.
If it is not clear in a sentence who is performing the action, then the pronoun one acts as the subject, and the entire sentence is translated into Russian as an indefinite personal sentence. Remember: One can is possible One may is possible One must is necessary One must not be impossible One neednt is not necessary Translate into Russian: One can easily do it. This can be done easily. One may go home now. Now you can go home. One must know it. You need to know this. One mustn't miss classes. You can't miss classes. One needn't hurry. No need to hurry.
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