IN oral speech certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]yn or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.
In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist, etc.
Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulator, veto, gross, netto, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento, etc.
Soft Pronunciation:
Firm pronunciation:
4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:
6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis [g"ene], relay [rel"e], etc.
7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in the words para shu t [shu], bro shu ra [shu]. The word jury has a soft hissing [ and"]. The names Julien and Jules are pronounced just as softly.
8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear.
Should be pronounced:
incident, not incident;
precedent, not precedent;
compromise, not compromise;
competitive, not competitive;
extraordinary, not extraordinary;
institution, not institution;
future, not future;
thirsty, not thirsty
In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, in borrowed words both soft and hard consonants are pronounced. Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [z], [s], [n] and the sound [r]. However, the consonant before is pronounced softly e in words academy,cream,press, museum,tenor and many others. See lists of such words below.
Words with firmly pronounced consonants before e
adept [de]
detective [dete]
adequate [de]
anesthesia [ne, te]
annexation [ne] [ add. Not]
antiseptic [se]
atheism [te]
atheist [te]
take-take [be, be]
business [ne]
businessman [ne] [ add. Not, meh]
hetaera [te]
grotesque [te]
landing stage [de, der]
devaluation [de] [ add. de]
degradation [de]
depression [de]
dehumanization [de]
disabillier [de]
disavow [de]
disintegration [dezynte]
disinformation [disinformation] [ add. misinformation]
disorganization [de] [ add. de]
disorientation [de] [ add. de]
decahedron [de]
dequalification [de]
neckline [de, te]
low-cut [ add. de]
decompensation [de]
decor [de]
delicacy [te]
demarche [de]
demos [de]
dumping [de]
dendrologist [de]
denomination [de]
denunciation [de]
dermis [de]
desegregation [de]
detective [dete]
detector [dete]
determinism [dete]
de facto [de]
deflector [de]
deflation [de]
decibel [de]
decimeter [de]
de-escalation [de]
de jure [de, re]
indexing [de]
computer [te]
condensate [de]
capacitor [de]
consensus [se]
confidential [de] [ add. de]
corps de ballet [de]
cosecant [se]
crater [te] [ add. those]
credo [re] [ add. re]
crepe de Chine [de] [ add. re]
laser [ze]
manager [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
management [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
minstrel [re] [ add. ne]
simulate [de]
nonsense [se]
orchid [de]
pantheon [te]
panther [te] [ add. those]
ground [te]
reverence [ie] [ add. no]
pretentious [te]
providential [de]
producer [se]
protégé [te]
prosthesis [te]
protection [te]
rendezvous [de]
requiem [re, uh]
reputation [me] [ add. re, meh]
secant [se]
St. Bernard [se]
maxim [te] [ add. se]
sepsis [se]
setter [se, te]
synthesis [te]
sonnet [ne] [ add. Not]
stress [re]
thesis (anti-) [te]
thesaurus [te]
thesis (anti-) [te]
timbre [te]
tempera [te]
tendency [te, de]
tender [te, de]
tennis [te]
T-shirt [te]
thermos [te]
terms [te]
terracotta [te]
terzetto [te]
third [te]
tête-à-tête [tetatet]
tetrahedron [te]
track [re] [ add. re]
phoneme [ne]
phonetics [ne]
maid of honor [re]
meatball [de]
cicerone [ne]
showman [meh]
psychic [se]
Words with softly pronounced consonants before e
academy [not de]
takes [not bere]
degenerate
tasting [ de and de]
deduction [ add. de]
disinfection, disinfect
deodorant [ de and de]
decade [ add. de]
decadent [ add. decade]
recitation
declaration
decoration
demilitarization [ add. de]
demi-season
dismantling [ add. de]
depression [ add. de, re]
leatherette
definition [ add. de]
hyphen [ add. de]
deformation [ add. de]
dividend
kinescope
competent
competence
congress [ add. re]
congressman [ add. re, meh]
context
correct
cream [ add. re]
compartment, But: coupe [ pe]
legionary
mixer [ add. se]
policeman
mystery
cologne
policeman
press conference
pressing
progression [ add. re]
registry [ add. es]
referent
safe [ add. se]
sexology [ add. se],But: sex [se]
cervelat [ add. se]
service [ add. se]
session [ add. se]
athlete [rts]
therapist [ add. te]
Terminator
thermonuclear [ add. te]
terror [ add. te]
fashionable [ add. ne]
shrapnel
express [ add. re]
expression [ add. re]
epidemic
essence
jurisprudence
Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text e And e , since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors. There are two sets of words to remember:
1) with a letter e and the sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , Grenada e r, op e ka, os e long, idiot e native, foreigner e nny, w e non-hater;
2) with a letter e and the sound [" O]: hopeless e payment e capable, man e vry, white e syy, bl e cool, w e personal, w e lch (option - w e lie), alone e ny.
In some pairs of words different meaning accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) – but: ist e kshiy (blood), screams like a loud voice e nal – but: decree, announced e in the morning, etc.
§1.2. Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants
1. According to old Moscow standards, the spelling combination -chn- should always have been pronounced like [ shn ] in words: bakery, on purpose, cheap, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. The vast majority of other words are pronounced [chn], as they are written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, glass etc.
Pronunciation [ shn] preserved today also in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna and so on..
According to old Moscow standards, the combination -wha- pronounced as [pcs] in the word What and in words derived from it: nothing, something etc.: currently this rule remains the same (except for the word something[Thu]). In all other words the spelling is - th- always pronounced as [thu]: mail, dream, mast.
2. In words man, defector on site zhch, in the shape of comparative degree adverbs tougher, harsher(And more scathingly) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch And sch customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, pere[sch]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.
3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: ucha[s"n"]ik, ve[s"n"]ik po[zn]o, pra[zn]ik, conscientious[s"l"]ivy, maximal[ss]ky and so on. .
4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:
a) necessarily softens n before soft ones h And With: face[n"z"]iya, pretension[n"z"]iya;
b) n before soft T And d softens: a["n"t"]ichny, ka[n"d"]idat.
Ppronunciation of borrowed words
Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, unstressed O sound is pronounced [ O]: bO mond, threeO, bO ah, kakaO , biO stimulant, vetO , grossO , noO , adviceO , O Azis, RenO meh. Pronunciation of words PO ezia, creedO etc. with unstressed [ O] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [ O] as a variant of literary pronunciation: ShO pen, VO lter, SacramentO and etc.
2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [ uh]: uh guide,uh revolution, duuh lant and etc.
3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before a letter in borrowed words e: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]ine or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.
Soft Pronunciation:
|
akade Mia[d"e] de wet[d"e] inthose llekt[t"e] cofe [f"e] Tore m[r"e] muze th[z"e] ABOUTde ssa[d"e] Pre ssa[r"e] |
Pre ssing[r"e] those rmin[t"e] fede ral[d"e] jurisprudde nation[d"e] take T[b"e r"e] shiNot l[n"e] pioNot R[n"e] de but[d"e] |
de on foot[d"e] computerthose ntny[t"e] corere ktny[r"e] pathose nt[t"e] Decre T[r"e] conkre thick[r"e] |
In other cases, before e a hard consonant is pronounced.
Firm pronunciation:
|
barthose R[te] businessmeh n[meh] childrenasset [dete] |
aboutthose ction[te] tande m [de] re yting[re] |
de -juro[de] computerthose R[te] summarymeh [meh] |
|
inde xation[de] inthose vomited[te] inthose I'm tearing up[te] code ks[de] laze R[ze] mode l[de] sellse R[se] |
Renaultmeh [meh] those mp[te] uhNot rgy[ne] meh nejer[meh] those zis[te] those st[te] de -fact[de] |
boothose rbrod[te] enNot Ksia[ne] inthose naive[te] Gre ipfruit[re] de gradate[de] dispanse R[se] Andde antique[de] |
4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:
|
de inform[d"e/de] |
bassse yn[s"e/se] |
Tore before[r"e/re] |
|
Xie Russia[s"e/se] |
de when[d"e/de] |
progre ss[r"e/re] |
|
de fis[d"e/de] |
de press[d"e/de] |
de kan[d"e/de] |
|
prethose nzia[t"e/te] |
Both hard and soft pronunciation is possible.
In borrowed words starting with prefixes de- before vowels dis-, as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d And n:
5. In foreign-language proper names, it is recommended to firmly pronounce consonants before e: De cart, Flobe r, miNot lly,"De Cameron",Re Egan.
6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis[g"ene], relay[rel"e] and etc.
7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pairshu T[shu], broshu ra[shu]. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [ and"]. Names are pronounced just as softly Julien, Jules.
8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:
incident, Not incident;
precedent, Not precedent;
compromise, Not compromise;
competitive, Not competitive;
emergency, Not h[e]extraordinary;
institution, Not institution;
future, Not future;
thirsty Not thirsty
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