A project that involves capital construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures during its implementation must be properly documented. At the same time, the question often arises of what design and working documentation are, and how they differ from each other. Some experts argue that these concepts are one and the same. Let's try to figure out further whether this is so.
What are the functions of design and working documentation in accordance with the regulatory framework
A project can be called a set of materials and documents prepared as a result of design. In turn, design is a certain sequence of actions, a process as a result of which an image or prototype of the required object is created. Accordingly, for this purpose, special calculations (of an economic and technical nature) are made, estimates, calculations, explanatory notes, drawings, and diagrams are developed.
Projects can be individual or standard. Often, during the preparation of a separate project for individual use, the author uses standard solutions used in various buildings. Based on the specifics of the tasks set by the customer, all developed design solutions can be divided into the following types:
- New construction;
- modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, expansion of already constructed facilities;
- major repairs, restoration, strengthening of buildings.
Before the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 came into force, the law provided for a certain staged approach to the development of the project. First, a “feasibility study” (TES) was prepared, then a “project” and only after that a “detailed design”. Now other concepts are used: “working documentation” and “project documentation”.
At specialized forums there are often lively discussions on the issue: working documentation and project documentation, the difference between them. There are a wide variety of opinions, but in order to understand the essence, it is worth turning to the legal norms.
Based on Article 48 of the Town Planning Code of Russia, under project documentation refers to a specific set of documents containing a number of materials in the form of text, diagrams and maps. Such materials indicate the defining structural, architectural, engineering and technological solutions, using which it is planned to carry out reconstruction or construction of structures or parts thereof. The same applies to major repairs of buildings when we are talking about work that affects structural elements and the safety and reliability characteristics of the facility can be changed.
Design documents regarding certain types of work that may affect the safety of the structure can only be carried out by legal entities or individual entrepreneurs who have the appropriate permit, confirmed by a certificate. The list of works that have an impact on the safety of capital facilities is listed in the regulatory document - order of the Ministry of Regional Development dated December 12, 2009 No. 624. In general, any individual or legal entity can prepare project documentation, most often on a contractual basis. In this case, the contractor is responsible for compliance with its technical regulations.
The design documentation includes 13 approved sections:
- explanatory note;
- layout of the allocated plot of land;
- architectural solutions;
- space-planning and structural solutions;
- data on utility networks (water and electricity supply, drainage, air conditioning and ventilation, heating and heating networks, gas supply, communications);
- organization of construction (project);
- dismantling of capital facilities (project);
- environmental protection measures;
- fire safety measures;
- accessibility for disabled people;
- energy efficiency and availability of energy metering devices;
- estimate materials;
- other required materials.
Based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87, this is a package of documents developed to make it possible to implement technical, architectural or technological solutions directly during the construction process. Its content and composition are determined by the developer, based on the level of detail of the components of the design documentation, and are indicated in the design specification.
The legislator did not indicate a clear sequence in the preparation of these two packages of documents. Therefore, you can draw them up at the same time, or prepare working documentation after agreeing on the design documentation. If all the papers are developed simultaneously, then both packages can be submitted for state examination, by agreement between the expert organization and the customer.
According to the recommendations of the Ministry of Regional Development, the base price of design, which is calculated using a directory containing base prices for work, can be broken down as follows:
- project documentation – about 40%;
- working – up to 60%.
At the same time, this ratio is not rigidly fixed and can change in any direction depending on the completeness of the development of papers and the specifics of the object being built. The main thing is the agreement between the designer and the customer.
What are the differences between document packages?
If we explain the differences between sets of documents in simple words, without complex terminology, we can come to the following conclusions:
- The basis of any investment project is precisely project documentation, which may include graphic and text parts. It indicates the most important technical solutions that prove both the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of implementing a specific investment project. It is this package of documents that the developer submits for state examination and is approved after its positive conclusion. The only exception is the construction of individual residential buildings. It should be noted that it is impossible to build a structure solely based on design documents, since they are relatively general in nature and do not contain all the necessary details and specifications.
- In order for a construction organization to perform its work efficiently, it will need a more detailed description of the task: what exactly, how and from what materials to build. This data is contained in working documentation, which details all the designers’ decisions and consists of a text description of the work and numerous diagrams, drawings, graphs, specifications of all components and finished products. The volume of information must be sufficient to carry out construction and installation work, provide the construction site with the required amount of raw materials, equipment, materials and finished products, workers and engineering personnel.
The question naturally arises: if all these actions constitute the project stage, then why was it divided into two parts. The answer may be that in this way the legislator wanted to speed up the starting phase of the investment cycle. To obtain permission to carry out construction work, high-quality design documentation is sufficient, which can be expertly studied without going into unnecessary details. After the state examination has been carried out and all comments have been corrected, working issues can be worked out.
During construction control activities, the compliance of the work performed with the requirements of both the design and the working documentation prepared on its basis is checked. In addition, compliance with the urban planning plan, engineering surveys and technical regulations is studied. The developer and the contractor are equally responsible for compliance with legal norms, design and working documents during the capital construction process.
Since a clear sequence for the production of these two packages of documents has not been determined, the following types of design stages can be distinguished:
- Single stage. Both packages are being developed in parallel, this is what used to be called a “working draft”, i.e. approved part with working applications.
- Two-stage. Packets are prepared sequentially. Approximately corresponds to the previously existing concepts of “feasibility study” and “detailed documentation”.
- Three-stage. Relevant only for objects of III (individual projects), IV and V categories of complexity. In addition to the above phases, it also includes a pre-design proposal (FEED).
There is only one requirement - the development of working documentation cannot precede the design documentation.
Discussion of the issue among specialists
By studying specialized forums on the Internet, you can pay attention to how different specialists understand and relate to the project stage differently. The division into two parts and the requirements for these parts are not adequately perceived by everyone.
Here, for example, is one of the comments in the discussion of the topic: “Of course, I know about Resolution 87. But in order not to complicate life, it is better to fully prepare the working documentation and stamp it as PD. And after the examination, simply change the stamps from PD to RD ".
This approach will create difficulties for experts, since the submitted papers will contain too many details that will only complicate and slow down the examination process, as well as distract specialists from really important things that can affect the safety of the facility being constructed. For example, it is important for an electricity expert to know the correspondence between consumed and incoming power, the presence of redundancy and protection systems, the parameters of panels and power cables. And information about where the sockets will be installed and what circuits will be connected to them is completely unnecessary at this stage.
Some developers believe that the project is being prepared solely for examination, and convince planners of this. In fact, all these papers are needed primarily by the customer himself, who can subsequently do with them as he pleases. And if a “paper for experts” is made, then this may subsequently cost the developer serious money to refine it for practical use. The schematic diagram of the building and its descriptive part must be carefully worked out, and, based on the schematic diagram, specific details can be worked out.
So, in the design part you can indicate “fencing according to GOST standards” and schematically indicate its location, and in the working part you can decipher in detail what material it will be built from, using what fastenings, and what components it will have. In the same way, having shown the layout of the partitions schematically in the project, their features are described in the working part: the presence and quantity of reinforcement used, the specification of the material used, the location of door or window openings.
However, if, in the process of detailing the working documents, noticeable disagreements arise with the already approved design documentation, then reasonable changes should be made to it and the examination of the modified part should be undertaken again. However, this issue is very painful for many design participants, because it is not easy to understand when changes reach a level that requires re-examination. This is left to the customer for consideration, but he will also bear the full measure of responsibility (criminal or administrative) if a violation is detected by state construction supervision or if the wrong decision results in serious consequences that threaten the health and lives of people.
As a rule, attention is paid not to changes in engineering systems, but in the capital object itself, especially in load-bearing structures.
If, instead of general design ones, the experts were given detailed working diagrams, replacing the stamp “P” with “P”, then subsequently any alteration in the drawings or explanations will entail a repeat examination and greatly slow down the entire process. Ideally, the most basic and fundamental indicators noted in the expert opinion, as well as documents of the “P” and “R” levels should converge. It is also stipulated that contingencies (unaccounted costs) should not be more than 2% of the official estimated cost of the structure. True, this does not apply to construction carried out at public expense.
Therefore, it is important to treat both phases of design work with full responsibility, so as not to waste precious time and money on improvements and clarifications.
A project that involves capital construction or reconstruction of buildings and structures during its implementation must be properly documented. At the same time, the question often arises of what design and working documentation are, and how they differ from each other. Some experts argue that these concepts are one and the same. Let's try to figure out further whether this is so.
What are the functions of design and working documentation in accordance with the regulatory framework
A project can be called a set of materials and documents prepared as a result of design. In turn, design is a certain sequence of actions, a process as a result of which an image or prototype of the required object is created. Accordingly, for this purpose, special calculations (of an economic and technical nature) are made, estimates, calculations, explanatory notes, drawings, and diagrams are developed.
Projects can be individual or standard. Often, during the preparation of a separate project for individual use, the author uses standard solutions used in various buildings. Based on the specifics of the tasks set by the customer, all developed design solutions can be divided into the following types:
- New construction;
- modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, expansion of already constructed facilities;
- major repairs, restoration, strengthening of buildings.
Before the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87 came into force, the law provided for a certain staged approach to the development of the project. First, a “feasibility study” (TES) was prepared, then a “project” and only after that a “detailed design”. Now other concepts are used: “working documentation” and “project documentation”.
At specialized forums there are often lively discussions on the issue: working documentation and project documentation, the difference between them. There are a wide variety of opinions, but in order to understand the essence, it is worth turning to the legal norms.
Based on Article 48 of the Town Planning Code of Russia, under project documentation refers to a specific set of documents containing a number of materials in the form of text, diagrams and maps. Such materials indicate the defining structural, architectural, engineering and technological solutions, using which it is planned to carry out reconstruction or construction of structures or parts thereof. The same applies to major repairs of buildings when we are talking about work that affects structural elements and the safety and reliability characteristics of the facility can be changed.
Design documents regarding certain types of work that may affect the safety of the structure can only be carried out by legal entities or individual entrepreneurs who have the appropriate permit, confirmed by a certificate. The list of works that have an impact on the safety of capital facilities is listed in the regulatory document - order of the Ministry of Regional Development dated December 12, 2009 No. 624. In general, any individual or legal entity can prepare project documentation, most often on a contractual basis. In this case, the contractor is responsible for compliance with its technical regulations.
The design documentation includes 13 approved sections:
- explanatory note;
- layout of the allocated plot of land;
- architectural solutions;
- space-planning and structural solutions;
- data on utility networks (water and electricity supply, drainage, air conditioning and ventilation, heating and heating networks, gas supply, communications);
- organization of construction (project);
- dismantling of capital facilities (project);
- environmental protection measures;
- fire safety measures;
- accessibility for disabled people;
- energy efficiency and availability of energy metering devices;
- estimate materials;
- other required materials.
Based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87, this is a package of documents developed to make it possible to implement technical, architectural or technological solutions directly during the construction process. Its content and composition are determined by the developer, based on the level of detail of the components of the design documentation, and are indicated in the design specification.
The legislator did not indicate a clear sequence in the preparation of these two packages of documents. Therefore, you can draw them up at the same time, or prepare working documentation after agreeing on the design documentation. If all the papers are developed simultaneously, then both packages can be submitted for state examination, by agreement between the expert organization and the customer.
According to the recommendations of the Ministry of Regional Development, the base price of design, which is calculated using a directory containing base prices for work, can be broken down as follows:
- project documentation – about 40%;
- working – up to 60%.
At the same time, this ratio is not rigidly fixed and can change in any direction depending on the completeness of the development of papers and the specifics of the object being built. The main thing is the agreement between the designer and the customer.
What are the differences between document packages?
If we explain the differences between sets of documents in simple words, without complex terminology, we can come to the following conclusions:
- The basis of any investment project is precisely project documentation, which may include graphic and text parts. It indicates the most important technical solutions that prove both the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of implementing a specific investment project. It is this package of documents that the developer submits for state examination and is approved after its positive conclusion. The only exception is the construction of individual residential buildings. It should be noted that it is impossible to build a structure solely based on design documents, since they are relatively general in nature and do not contain all the necessary details and specifications.
- In order for a construction organization to perform its work efficiently, it will need a more detailed description of the task: what exactly, how and from what materials to build. This data is contained in working documentation, which details all the designers’ decisions and consists of a text description of the work and numerous diagrams, drawings, graphs, specifications of all components and finished products. The volume of information must be sufficient to carry out construction and installation work, provide the construction site with the required amount of raw materials, equipment, materials and finished products, workers and engineering personnel.
The question naturally arises: if all these actions constitute the project stage, then why was it divided into two parts. The answer may be that in this way the legislator wanted to speed up the starting phase of the investment cycle. To obtain permission to carry out construction work, high-quality design documentation is sufficient, which can be expertly studied without going into unnecessary details. After the state examination has been carried out and all comments have been corrected, working issues can be worked out.
During construction control activities, the compliance of the work performed with the requirements of both the design and the working documentation prepared on its basis is checked. In addition, compliance with the urban planning plan, engineering surveys and technical regulations is studied. The developer and the contractor are equally responsible for compliance with legal norms, design and working documents during the capital construction process.
Since a clear sequence for the production of these two packages of documents has not been determined, the following types of design stages can be distinguished:
- Single stage. Both packages are being developed in parallel, this is what used to be called a “working draft”, i.e. approved part with working applications.
- Two-stage. Packets are prepared sequentially. Approximately corresponds to the previously existing concepts of “feasibility study” and “detailed documentation”.
- Three-stage. Relevant only for objects of III (individual projects), IV and V categories of complexity. In addition to the above phases, it also includes a pre-design proposal (FEED).
There is only one requirement - the development of working documentation cannot precede the design documentation.
Discussion of the issue among specialists
By studying specialized forums on the Internet, you can pay attention to how different specialists understand and relate to the project stage differently. The division into two parts and the requirements for these parts are not adequately perceived by everyone.
Here, for example, is one of the comments in the discussion of the topic: “Of course, I know about Resolution 87. But in order not to complicate life, it is better to fully prepare the working documentation and stamp it as PD. And after the examination, simply change the stamps from PD to RD ".
This approach will create difficulties for experts, since the submitted papers will contain too many details that will only complicate and slow down the examination process, as well as distract specialists from really important things that can affect the safety of the facility being constructed. For example, it is important for an electricity expert to know the correspondence between consumed and incoming power, the presence of redundancy and protection systems, the parameters of panels and power cables. And information about where the sockets will be installed and what circuits will be connected to them is completely unnecessary at this stage.
Some developers believe that the project is being prepared solely for examination, and convince planners of this. In fact, all these papers are needed primarily by the customer himself, who can subsequently do with them as he pleases. And if a “paper for experts” is made, then this may subsequently cost the developer serious money to refine it for practical use. The schematic diagram of the building and its descriptive part must be carefully worked out, and, based on the schematic diagram, specific details can be worked out.
So, in the design part you can indicate “fencing according to GOST standards” and schematically indicate its location, and in the working part you can decipher in detail what material it will be built from, using what fastenings, and what components it will have. In the same way, having shown the layout of the partitions schematically in the project, their features are described in the working part: the presence and quantity of reinforcement used, the specification of the material used, the location of door or window openings.
However, if, in the process of detailing the working documents, noticeable disagreements arise with the already approved design documentation, then reasonable changes should be made to it and the examination of the modified part should be undertaken again. However, this issue is very painful for many design participants, because it is not easy to understand when changes reach a level that requires re-examination. This is left to the customer for consideration, but he will also bear the full measure of responsibility (criminal or administrative) if a violation is detected by state construction supervision or if the wrong decision results in serious consequences that threaten the health and lives of people.
As a rule, attention is paid not to changes in engineering systems, but in the capital object itself, especially in load-bearing structures.
If, instead of general design ones, the experts were given detailed working diagrams, replacing the stamp “P” with “P”, then subsequently any alteration in the drawings or explanations will entail a repeat examination and greatly slow down the entire process. Ideally, the most basic and fundamental indicators noted in the expert opinion, as well as documents of the “P” and “R” levels should converge. It is also stipulated that contingencies (unaccounted costs) should not be more than 2% of the official estimated cost of the structure. True, this does not apply to construction carried out at public expense.
Therefore, it is important to treat both phases of design work with full responsibility, so as not to waste precious time and money on improvements and clarifications.
Design
Main goals of the project stage:
— development project documentation necessary to obtain a positive expert opinion
(if necessary) and building permits;
— development working documentation, which is required by the Contractor to organize production and conduct
construction and installation works;
— development of estimate documentation.
Obviously, construction cannot begin without design documentation!
The list of capital construction projects for which project development is not required is small and specifically defined (Article 49 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation):
In most cases, the project may not be developed if, in accordance with Article 51 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a construction permit is not required:
| 17. Issue no building permit required when: 1) construction of a garage on a land plot provided to an individual for purposes not related to business activities, or construction on a land plot provided for gardening or dacha farming; 2) construction, reconstruction of objects that are not capital construction objects (kiosks, sheds and others); 3) construction of buildings and structures for auxiliary use on the land plot; 4) changes to capital construction projects and (or) their parts, if such changes do not affect the structural and other characteristics of their reliability and safety and do not exceed the maximum parameters of permitted construction and reconstruction established by town planning regulations; 4_1) major repairs of capital construction projects; 5) other cases, if in accordance with this Code, the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on urban planning activities, obtaining a construction permit is not required. |
Following the letter of the law in the above cases, the decision on the need to develop a project is made by the Developer. In order to avoid misunderstandings, in each specific case the requirements of the local Land Use and Development Rules of the municipality and the Town Planning Regulations should be clarified.
Basic documents regulating the scope of project activities
Project documentation: a set of text and graphic design documents defining architectural, functional-technological, constructive and engineering solutions, the composition of which is necessary to assess the compliance of the decisions made with the design assignment, legal requirements, regulations, documents in the field of standardization and sufficient for the development of working documentation for construction.
Working documentation: a set of text and graphic documents, ensuring the implementation of technical solutions adopted in the approved design documentation capital construction project, necessary for construction and installation work, providing construction with equipment, products and materials and/or manufacturing construction products.
Note. The working documentation includes the main sets of working drawings, specifications of equipment, products and materials, estimates, and other attached documents developed in addition to the working drawings of the main set.
Regulatory basis for design
The issue of the regulatory framework for technical regulation for the implementation of design work is inextricably linked with the organization of technical regulation of the entire construction industry. The hastily adopted methodological framework for technical regulation is not fully implemented and does not meet the needs of the professional community. Changes occur almost daily, it was already outdated at the time of publication and has still not been updated, and here he sees one of his tasks - to inform his colleagues and site guests about new technical regulation documents and, whenever possible, add them to our Library.
After the appearance in 2008 of the “Regulations on the composition of sections of project documentation,” the staged design was canceled. It was replaced by the concepts of working or design documents. To understand the difference between design documentation and working documentation, you need to understand the meaning of the concepts themselves.
Project documentation should be understood as the main project document created from parts with graphics and text. It is sent to the developer for state examination - examination - in order to approve the papers.
Working documentation includes official papers containing texts or graphics, as well as specifications and drawings of equipment necessary for making technical decisions during the work.
The main differences between project documentation and the so-called working documentation
Let's outline the main differences:
The formation of basic working documents is necessary for the implementation of various solutions, including technological, architectural and technical ones. The definitions of such documentation do not say anything about the sequence of its development, and therefore this can be done both together with the design documents and after them.
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