Food waste is the remains of various human foods, consists of many food components and is a valuable feed for pigs. Among them, kitchen waste occupies a special place, as it is the most nutritionally balanced and regularly supplied to animal feed. They include leftovers from first and second courses, bread, fish, vegetables, fruits, waste from cutting meat (films, tendons, bones) and other high-calorie foods.
The composition and nutritional value of kitchen waste varies with the seasons, so the dry matter content in it ranges from 19 to 24%. The nutritional value of 1 kg of dry matter is on average 1.2-1.3 feed. units It contains 100-150 g of digestible protein, 25-27 g of calcium, 10 g of phosphorus. The nutritional value of 1 kg of fresh kitchen waste is 0.26-0.39 feed units, 20-35 g of digestible protein, 2.5-5 g of calcium, 1.5-2 g of phosphorus.
Every 4-5 kg of food waste is equal in nutritional value to 1 kg of concentrated feed, and in terms of the content of essential amino acids and vitamins in dry matter, it significantly exceeds grain feed. 1 kg contains: lysine - 3-10 g, methionine - 1-5 g, tryptophan - 1.6-1.9 g, carotene - 1-2 mg, vitamin B1 - 0.21-0.25 mg, B2 - 0.45-0.54 mg, B12 - 2.5 mg, choline - 35 mg. As a percentage of crude protein, lysine contains 4.76, metmyonine with cystine - 2.55, which corresponds to the requirements of growing pigs.
From the table of one city resident, 50-70 kg of highly nutritious food waste can be collected per year; from the table of a rural resident, slightly more. A city family of three can gain an additional 8 to 12 kg of gain by using kitchen waste when fattening pigs; a rural family of the same composition can gain 12-15 kg of gain. The opportunity to save expensive and scarce concentrated feed is obvious.
In addition to kitchen waste, homestead farms have other sources of additional feed. These are waste from milk processing (whey, skim milk, buttermilk), from the slaughter of animals and poultry (blood, spleen, trimmings, leather flaps, intestines, poultry heads and legs), crop and gardening waste (cabbage leaves, tops, overripe cucumbers, zucchini , unripe tomatoes, small potatoes, carrots, beets, fallen fruits and waste from their processing).
Farms, as independent self-supporting units, have greater opportunities for using food waste in animal husbandry. Based on agreements with enterprises in the food, fish, meat, dairy, brewing, fruit and vegetable processing industries, they can receive fish waste(entrails, heads, tails, minced meat), canning waste(substandard vegetables, residues after cleaning and sorting, peels, greens, coarse fibers), flour-grinding industry (low-value mill waste, flour dust, flour slurry, bran), meat processing, oil processing, brewing, alcohol industries and other industries. The carcasses of fur-bearing animals that are exhausted and cannot be treated, and dead animals after thorough boiling, can be used as feed for pigs.
The most valuable of these feeds is animal waste, and they need to be used rationally from 3 to 5% in nutritional value.
Food waste is a perishable product. If they are collected and used incorrectly, they quickly lose their nutritional value and cause gastrointestinal diseases in animals.
In a private household, it is better to feed kitchen waste fresh daily. Other food waste, including kitchen waste, received from public catering establishments, must be boiled for at least 2 hours at a temperature of 100 °C. After cooling to a temperature of 40-50 °C, they are mixed with concentrated feed to the consistency of a thick mash and distributed to the pigs. To provide pigs with vitamins, especially carotene, grass meal must be included in their diets.
When raising and fattening pigs up to 60-70 kg of live weight, food waste can account for 30-45% of the nutritional value of the diet; at the final stage of fattening from 70 kg and above, the proportion of food waste in the diet can be increased to 50-65%, reducing at the very end of fattening to 40%.
With a well-established system for the flow of such waste into the household or farm, it makes sense to equip a feed kitchen for their processing and preparation for feeding.
The feed kitchen is equipped with four lines: receiving, grinding and storing food waste, heat treating it with steam, receiving, storing and dosing concentrates and grass flour, and preparing feed mash.
Thermal treatment of waste is best carried out in special autoclave boilers under pressure up to 4 atm. With this treatment, the waste does not need to be crushed. Autoclaving also ensures reliable neutralization of food waste and prevents gastrointestinal diseases.
Pigs are gradually accustomed to eating feed mixtures with the addition of food waste over 3-7 days, replacing concentrates with them by 30-35% by the end of this period.
One of the pressing problems of the food industry is the introduction of effective methods for processing secondary raw materials. In the food industry, the main share of recyclable materials is biological waste. At current production volumes, their quantity amounts to several hundred thousand tons per year. The production of feed additives from biowaste significantly increases profitability.
What is biological waste
Biological waste is the name given to organic waste that is generated during food production and agriculture. These include food production waste, veterinary confiscations, as well as carcasses of farm animals approved by veterinary authorities for processing. When decomposed, biowaste releases toxic and foul-smelling substances, and also serves as a breeding ground for various harmful microflora - microscopic fungi and bacteria that infect the soil, air, groundwater and reservoirs. But at the same time biological waste is a valuable recyclable material, which can be used as a starting material for feed production.
The problem of biological waste disposal in Russia
Currently, only about 20% of biowaste is processed in Russia.
But most of them are legally prohibited from burial!Current economic conditions, as well as stricter environmental regulations, require the use of highly efficient
Energy-saving technologies, low or completely waste-free. One of the most pressing issues is the introduction of environmentally friendly production methods.
There are very few old Soviet workshops that produced meat and bone meal and were previously at large processing enterprises, as well as veterinary and nutritional plants. Many such factories have not been operating for a long time, and the remaining ones cannot cope with the volume of waste. In addition, both in such factories and in many enterprises with their own production of animal flour, the technology and equipment are morally and physically outdated. Therefore it is very important.
Traditional technologies
There is a technology for producing meat and bone, fish and other meal from waste. Such flour is obtained as a result of long-term cooking of crushed waste in vacuum horizontal boilers, followed by drying and grinding.
Once upon a time, this technology simultaneously solved two issues: waste disposal and the production of feed additives. But over the years, high levels of energy consumption, additional load on water treatment plants and low environmental safety due to the formation of wastewater and gas emissions have become noticeable.
In addition, the weight gain of an animal or bird depends not only on the crude protein content in the feed, but also on the degree of its digestibility. According to some data, the share of easily digestible protein in meat and bone meal does not exceed 40%. The remaining part, due to prolonged cooking, turns into a form that is difficult to split and ultimately increases not the weight gain, but the yield of manure, thereby exacerbating the problem of its disposal.
In the last decade, the Russian feed industry began to switch to feed granulation.
Pelleted feeds are in quite high demand because they have a number of advantages: easier transportation and storage, increased digestibilityBut since the granulation process occurs only at 80–90 degrees, then, unlike extruded feed, starch is not converted into easily digestible sugars. Compared to extruded feed, granulated feed has lower digestibility and less sterility.
New generation extruded feed
Most countries with high-tech agriculture have switched to the production of new generation feeds with 
using extrusion technologies. Extrusion processing doubles the nutritional value of feed, due to which the weight gain of livestock increases and milk yield increases, and the incidence of disease and cases of sudden death of animals are sharply reduced.
When extruding biological waste, the raw material is subjected to short-term exposure to high pressure and temperature due to dry friction. This method allows you to obtain feed that is highly digestible. The final product, or extrudate, is essentially a plant food enriched with proteins and fats in a highly digestible form. The high operating temperature allows us to obtain a practically sterile product.
When using extruded feed, food digestibility increases by almost 40%. Milk yield, average daily weight gain, egg production and egg size increase by an average of 25%. In addition, as a result of using extruded feed, overall food consumption is reduced and the number of gastrointestinal diseases is almost halved.
Extrusion processing technology
The operation of the extruder is based on the extrusion of primary raw materials at high pressure and temperature, formed due to dry friction, through special forms in the extruder barrel, called forming dies. The extruder barrel sequentially undergoes the operations of mixing, compression, grinding, heating, cooking, sterilization and shaping the final product.
The extruder has several working zones. From the loading zone, the raw material moves to the plasticization zone, where the temperature rises to 80–130 °C and the pressure increases. Then the resulting homogeneous mass is again subjected to pressure (up to 50 atmospheres) and elevated temperature (up to 100–150 °C), and the jelly-like mass is pressed through a matrix with a die.
When the mass exits the extruder die, the pressure immediately drops and moisture instantly evaporates from the product. The finished product has a foamy structure. Thanks to harsh heat treatment and high pressure, the cells of microscopic fungi and bacteria die, which ensures the sterility of the product and the duration of storage.
Feature of extrusion technology: it is necessary that the initial moisture content of the raw materials does not exceed 25–30%. Therefore, crushed waste is mixed with dry vegetable filler in a ratio of one to three or one to five. As a result, the mass of the final product is three to five times greater than the mass of the original biowaste, and the protein content in the extrudate is not much higher than in the plant filler. Usually the filler is feed grain, but you can also use substandard grain and grain waste (bran), cake and the like.
Introduction of extrusion processing of biological waste in Russia
Currently, there are several Russian factories producing extruders for processing biological waste. These include:
- "Agro-Stimul"
- "Expro M"
- "KMZ" and others.
Extrusion line equipment costs less than digestion equipment for the same amount of waste. In addition, extruders are multifunctional. They are used for processing not only biowaste, but also all types of grain crops, soybeans and cakes. This technology is much more environmentally friendly than cooking technology, since fatty waste is not formed.
Recently, a regular remark in the development of NLR projects has become the mandatory inclusion in the general list of regulated waste from the repair of elevator equipment - waste oils, scrap ferrous metals, as well as cleaning material contaminated with oils. If the company has an agreement with a special organization for the maintenance of elevator equipment, incl. its maintenance and routine repairs, is it possible not to include these wastes in the NLR project?
The company does not have the right to independently carry out maintenance of elevator equipment, which is a dangerous object, in the absence of a specially trained and certified employee. In the vast majority of cases, work on technological maintenance and repair of elevators is carried out by a special organization on a contractual basis. According to GOST 30772-2001 “Resource conservation. Waste management. Terms and definitions “waste is the remains of products or an additional product generated during the process or upon completion of a certain activity and not used in direct connection with this activity. Since waste is generated in the process or upon completion of the activity of a third party organization, it is the owner of this waste. In the process of maintaining or repairing elevator equipment, special organizations use consumables purchased by it - rags (or special napkins), oils (for gear elevators), parts and metal products, etc. Consequently, some of these materials are consumed, and some are considered waste (for example, rags that become oily during work). Of course, a special organization can leave waste where it carried out repairs, but there are two “buts”.
1. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 4 of the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ (as amended on July 28, 2012) “On Production and Consumption Waste”, ownership of waste belongs to the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products) , as a result of the use of which this waste was generated. Thus, the owner of consumables (oils, parts, rags) is also the owner of the waste generated during their use, i.e. in the process of repair and maintenance of elevator equipment.
2. Any enterprise will be against littering the territory with other people's waste, despite the fact that such waste is not generated as a result of the activities of the enterprise itself and there are no temporary storage places for it. Elevators, of course, are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, but waste is generated in the process of the activities of a third-party organization, and not its own. However, from the standpoint of paragraph 3 of the above article, the owner of waste of hazard classes I–IV has the right to alienate this waste into the ownership of another person, transfer to him, while remaining the owner, the right to own, use or dispose of this waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities for the use , neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of no less hazard class. Most organizations operating elevators do not have such a license. If a special organization for the repair of elevators leaves them waste from its activities, then this can be classified as collection, since the organization that owns the elevator has neither workers nor consumables for carrying out technical processes, and this is a serious violation that entails corresponding penalties for collection waste without a license.
In our opinion, first of all it is necessary to study the contract with the service organization. If it states that it does not transfer ownership of the waste generated in the process of its activities to the customer, then this waste does not need to be included in the NLR project. If this is not specified in the contract, you should obtain the appropriate certificate from the service organization.
TRANSFER OF FOOD WASTE TO FEED LIVESTOCK
We keep several pigs at the enterprise as a subsidiary farm. In the near future we plan to add food scraps from the canteen to their feed. How legal is this?
According to clause 2.4.9 of SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 “Sanitary rules for the maintenance of territories of populated areas” (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the USSR on August 05, 1988 No. 4690-88), “food waste is collected using a separate system and only if there is sustainable sales to specialized fattening farms. Distributing waste to private individuals is prohibited!” . It is the last phrase of this paragraph that usually creates problems when using food waste. Let us note that the mentioned document regulates the management of food waste from populated areas, and the first phrase of this paragraph even emphasizes the possibility of collecting food waste if it is possible to sell it to specialized farms.
According to clause 2.4.1 of the specified SanPiN, food waste should be collected and used in accordance with the “Veterinary and Sanitary Rules on the procedure for collecting food waste and using it for livestock feed.” For the case indicated in the question, in our opinion, the following document can be used - Veterinary and sanitary rules for the collection of food waste and their use for feeding pigs (approved by the Main Veterinary Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture on December 29, 1970; hereinafter referred to as the Rules), according to which the collection and use of food waste for pig feed is not prohibited.
In accordance with paragraph 1 of the Rules for feeding pigs on pig farms of collective farms, state farms and other farms, it is allowed to collect food kitchen waste in canteens, restaurants, factory kitchens, cafes, snack bars, children's institutions, canteens of hospitals, rest homes, sanatoriums and in residential buildings, as well as food waste in grocery stores, grain, vegetable, fruit processing plants and breweries, confectioneries, fisheries and other food enterprises. Collection of food waste in canteens of infectious diseases hospitals, as well as in special sanatoriums, is permitted in each case only with the permission of local health authorities.
The conditions for collecting and preparing feed from food waste, requirements for containers, etc. are also regulated by the Rules.
In our opinion, the correct collection and use of food waste for feeding pigs fully complies with the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 “Hygienic requirements for the disposal and disposal of production and consumption waste” (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on April 30, 2003). As evidence, we quote subparagraph. 2.1 SanPiN data:
"2.1. The purpose of this document is to reduce the adverse impact of production and consumption waste on public health and the human environment by:
– introduction of modern low-waste and waste-free technologies in the production process;
– minimizing their volume and reducing their danger during primary processing;
– use of intermediate products and waste from the main workshops of the enterprise as secondary raw materials in the production cycles of auxiliary workshops or at special processing enterprises;
- preventing their dispersion or losses during transshipment, transportation and intermediate storage.”
Thus, collecting food waste to feed pigs from your own dining room (kitchen), subject to other requirements of regulatory documents, in our opinion, not prohibited.
M.A. answers questions. Maltseva, chief specialist of PURSEY Corp. CJSC, Ph.D. biol. sciences
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