Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Aristotle is an outstanding ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they greatly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287–212 BC)
Archimedes is a famous ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. His contributions to the field of physics include the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of lever action. He is credited with inventing innovative machinery, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564–1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo, an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called the "father of observational astronomy" and the "father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867)
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday to be the best experimentalist in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific magazine Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record number of patents issued to his name - 1,093 in the United States and 1,239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, improvements in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
Marie Skłodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. The first woman professor to teach at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work on bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and later named after him. All of Pasteur's works became a striking example of the combination of fundamental and applied research in the fields of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)
Isaac Newton was an outstanding English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, biblical scholar and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, constructed the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to describe the phenomenon of tides mathematically.
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theories of relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers on physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
Nikola Tesla is considered the greatest scientist of all time - a Serbian and American inventor, physicist, electromechanical engineer, known for his achievements in the field of alternating current, magnetism and electrical engineering. In particular, he invented the alternating current, polyphase system and alternating current electric motor. In total, Tesla is the author of about 800 inventions in the field of electrical and radio engineering, including the first electric clock, solar-powered engine, radio, etc. He was a key figure in the construction of the first hydroelectric power station at Niagara Falls.
One of the fundamental sciences of our planet is physics and its laws. Every day we take advantage of the benefits of scientific physicists who have been working for many years to make people's lives more comfortable and better. The existence of all humanity is built on the laws of physics, although we don’t think about it. Thanks to whom the lights are on in our homes, we can fly airplanes across the sky and sail across endless seas and oceans. We will talk about scientists who dedicated themselves to science. Who are the most famous physicists, whose work changed our lives forever. There are a huge number of great physicists in the history of mankind. We will tell you about seven of them.
Albert Einstein (Switzerland) (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists of mankind, was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm. The great theoretical physicist can be called a man of peace; he had to live in difficult times for all mankind during two world wars and often moved from one country to another.
Einstein wrote more than 350 papers on physics. He is the creator of the special (1905) and general theories of relativity (1916), the principle of equivalence of mass and energy (1905). He developed many scientific theories: quantum photoelectric effect and quantum heat capacity. Together with Planck, he developed the foundations of quantum theory, which represents the basis of modern physics. Einstein has received a large number of awards for his works in the field of science. The crowning achievement of all awards is the Nobel Prize in Physics, received by Albert in 1921.
Nikola Tesla (Serbia) (1856-1943)
The famous physicist-inventor was born in the small village of Smilyan on July 10, 1856. Tesla's work was far ahead of the time in which the scientist lived. Nikola is called the father of modern electricity. He made many discoveries and inventions, receiving more than 300 patents for his creations in all the countries where he worked. Nikola Tesla was not only a theoretical physicist, but also a brilliant engineer who created and tested his inventions.
Tesla discovered alternating current, wireless transmission of energy, electricity, his work led to the discovery of X-rays, and created a machine that caused vibrations in the surface of the earth. Nikola predicted the advent of an era of robots capable of doing any job. Due to his extravagant behavior, he did not gain recognition during his lifetime, but without his work it is difficult to imagine the daily life of a modern person.
Isaac Newton (England) (1643-1727)
One of the fathers of classical physics was born on January 4, 1643 in the town of Woolsthorpe in Great Britain. He was first a member and later the head of the Royal Society of Great Britain. Isaac formed and proved the main laws of mechanics. He substantiated the movement of the planets of the solar system around the Sun, as well as the onset of ebbs and flows. Newton created the foundation for modern physical optics. From the huge list of works of the great scientist, physicist, mathematician and astronomer, two works stand out: one of which was written in 1687 and “Optics”, published in 1704. The pinnacle of his work is the law of universal gravitation, known even to a ten-year-old child.
Stephen Hawking (England)
The most famous physicist of our time appeared on our planet on January 8, 1942 in Oxford. Stephen Hawking received his education at Oxford and Cambridge, where he later taught, and also worked at the Canadian Institute of Theoretical Physics. The main works of his life are related to quantum gravity and cosmology.
Hawking explored the theory of the origin of the world due to the Big Bang. He developed a theory of the disappearance of black holes due to the phenomenon called Hawking radiation in his honor. Considered the founder of quantum cosmology. A member of the oldest scientific society that Newton belonged to, the Royal Society of London for many years, having joined it in 1974, he is considered one of the youngest members accepted into the society. He does his best to introduce his contemporaries to science through his books and participating in television programs.
Marie Curie-Skłodowska (Poland, France) (1867-1934)
The most famous female physicist was born on November 7, 1867 in Poland. She graduated from the prestigious Sorbonne University, where she studied physics and chemistry, and subsequently became the first female teacher in the history of her Alma mater. Together with her husband Pierre and the famous physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel, they studied the interaction of uranium salts and sunlight, and as a result of the experiments they received new radiation, which was called radioactivity. For this discovery, she and her colleagues received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Maria was a member of many scientific societies around the globe. She forever went down in history as the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in two categories: chemistry in 1911 and physics.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany) (1845-1923)
Roentgen first saw our world in the city of Lennep, Germany on March 27, 1845. He taught at the University of Würzburg, where on November 8, 1985 he made a discovery that changed the life of all mankind forever. He managed to discover X-rays, which were later named X-rays in honor of the scientist. His discovery became the impetus for the emergence of a number of new trends in science. Wilhelm Conrad went down in history as the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov (USSR, Russia)
On May 21, 1921, the future creator of the hydrogen bomb was born. Sakharov wrote many scientific papers on the topic of elementary particles and cosmology, magnetic hydrodynamics and astrophysics. But his main achievement is the creation of the hydrogen bomb. Sakharov was a brilliant physicist in the history of not only the vast country of the USSR, but also the world.
It’s not uncommon to hear anti-Russian articles on the Internet on the topic: Russians are a worthless people, they only know how to copy and steal achievements from the West, like the Chinese. All this is fundamentally wrong and the best way to dispel myths is to provide facts.
WHAT THE RUSSIANS CREATED:
P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin (the world's first electric light bulb)
A.S. Popov (inventor of Radio)
V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
A.F. Mozhaisky (inventor of the world's first airplane)
I.I. Sikorsky (The great aircraft designer created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber)
A.M. Ponyatov (the world's first video recorder)
S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite)
A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)
S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)
CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)
A. A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)
F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)
F. A. Blinov (the world's first crawler tractor)
V.A. Starevich (3D animated film)
EAT. Artamonov (invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel),
O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)
V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction combine)
A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvesting machine)
V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)
A.D. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)
A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes)
I.I. Polzunov (the world's first thermal engine)
G. E. Kotelnikov (the first backpack rescue parachute)
I.V. Kurchatov (the world's first nuclear power plant)
M. O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)
V. P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)
S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)
V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine)
V.V. Petrov (discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge)
N. G. SLAVYANOV (electric arc welding)
I. F. Aleksandrovsky (invented the stereo camera)
D.P. GRIGOROVICH (CREATOR OF SEAPLANT)
V.G. Fedorov (the world's first machine gun)
A.K. Nartov (built the world's first lathe with a movable support)
M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science he formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)
I.P. Kulibin (Mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)
V.V. Petrov (Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered the electric arc)
P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames)
N.I. Lobachevsky (Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”)
D.A.Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar track)
B.O. Jacobi (invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)
P.P. Anosov (Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel)
D.I.Zhuravsky (first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world)
N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world he compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more)
I.R. Hermann (for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals)
A.M.Butlerov (first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)
I.M. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”)
D.I.Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)
M.A. Novinsky (Veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology)
G.G. Ignatiev (for the first time in the world he developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable)
K.S. Dzhevetsky (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)
N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed a design for a rocket aircraft)
N.N.Benardos (invented electric welding)
V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)
V.I. Sreznevsky (Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)
A.G. Stoletov (Physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect)
P.D. Kuzminsky (built the world's first radial gas turbine)
I.V. Boldyrev (The first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography)
I.A. Timchenko (developed the world's first movie camera.)
S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg (created the world's first automatic telephone exchange)
N.D. Pilchikov (Physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system)
V.A. Gassiev (Engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine)
K.E. Tsiolkovsky (founder of cosmonautics)
P.N. Lebedev (physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids)
I.P. Pavlov (creator of the science of higher nervous activity)
V.I. Vernadsky (naturalist, founder of many scientific schools)
A.N. Scriabin (Composer, for the first time in the world, used lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”)
N.E. Zhukovsky (creator of aerodynamics)
S.V.Lebedev (first produced artificial rubber)
G.A. Tikhov (Astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space)
N.D. Zelinsky (developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask)
N.P. Dubinin (geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene)
M.A. Kapelyushnikov (invented the turbodrill)
E.K. Zavoisky (discovered electric paramagnetic resonance)
N.I. Lunin (proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings)
Svyatoslav N. Fedorov – (the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma)
S.S. Yudin (First used blood transfusion of suddenly deceased people in the clinic)
A.V. Shubnikov – (Predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures).
L.V. Shubnikov (Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
ON THE. Izgaryshev (discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes)
P.P. Lazarev (creator of the ion excitation theory)
P.A. Molchanov (meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde)
ON THE. Umov (physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow, by the way, was the first to explain, practically and without ether, the errors of the theory of relativity)
The importance of biological science in our lives is difficult to overestimate. Without the research and knowledge carried out by scientists in this field, medicine and pharmaceuticals would not have developed, humanity would not be armed with antibiotics and vaccinations and would be powerless against viruses. Therefore, it is so important to know the names of the great biologists who, at the cost of their health, and sometimes even their lives, made such significant scientific discoveries.
Great Scientists in Biology
The term “biology” itself appeared at the end of the nineteenth century, so the world’s scientists working in this field earlier were called doctors or natural scientists.
Discoverers
Below is a list of famous biologists and their discoveries.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
Leeuwenhoek was engaged in research in the field of biology in the seventeenth century. During this period, science did not have basic knowledge; the available data was very primitive. In addition to natural sciences, Leeuwenhoek was interested in physics and was an excellent designer.
The scientist is the inventor of the world's first perfect microscope, which allowed him to make discoveries in the field of biology: Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe sperm and the process of fertilization of an egg. The scientist also has the honor of discovering microbes.
Charles Darwin
The English naturalist Darwin was the first to conclude that a living organism can evolve. He is the author of a theory about the origin of man, which is still one of the most popular in the world. Darwin traveled a lot and observed various living organisms. Many observations helped the scientist in creating his scientific theories.
Robert Brown
The English scientist Robert Brown is best known as the discoverer of the possibility of molecular motion, which is named after him. However, he also made a most valuable discovery in the field of biology: while studying plant cells under a microscope in 1832, he discovered identical round elements in each cell. Later, this cellular organelle was called the cell nucleus, and Brown proved the existence of a nucleus not only in plant cells, but also in animal cells.
Carl Woese
American scientist Carl Woese is the man who first identified a new domain of living organisms - archaea. In 1990, Woese created a classification that was fundamentally different from the previously existing ones: he divided living organisms into 23 subgroups.
They are located within three independent domains:
- eukaryotes;
- bacteria;
- archaea.
According to Woese, archaea are a separate independent branch of living beings. The scientist’s views were not accepted in the scientific community for a long time, but at present this classification is fundamental.
Hans Krebs
In 1932, German researcher Han Krebs first discovered the stages of chemical reactions during which urea is formed from ammonia in animal cells. These reactions are called the “Krebs cycle”; currently this term refers to the process of oxidation of nutrients in animals.
William Baylis and Ernest Starling
In 1905, two English scientists-partners described and gave a name to substances unknown at that time - hormones. As an example, they described secretin, a hormone that regulates the release of pancreatic juice into the intestines. Scientists have also described in detail the role of hormones as chemical messengers.
Jan Ingenhouse
In 1770, the German scientist Jan Ingenhaus described the process of plants converting sunlight into energy. Currently, this process is called photosynthesis. The scientist made this discovery thanks to his observations, during which he established that plants react to light differently than to shadow. The enormous significance of this discovery was later recognized, as it was established that all life on Earth ultimately depends on photosynthesis.
Russian explorers
Famous Russian biologists worked and made discoveries in our country. Their contribution to science is very significant.
Koltsov Nikolai Konstantinovich
Founder of Russian experimental biology. In 1928, he presented and proved a hypothesis about the molecular structure of chromosomes. This hypothesis subsequently became the basis of modern molecular biology and genetics.
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich
Great Russian physiologist, author of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. He is the author of the chronic experiment as a method aimed at studying a healthy organism, and the method of conditioned reflexes. Provided evidence that the basis of all mental processes is the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex.
Timiryazev Kliment Arkadevich
Russian biologist-naturalist. Described the laws of photosynthesis as the process of plants converting light into energy.
Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich
He is the founder of popular and evolutionary genetics. He was one of the first to describe the patterns of selection in actively evolving populations.
Founders of Science
Biology as a science originated many centuries ago. Many ancient thinkers laid the foundation of the natural sciences.
Avicenna
Persian scientist, doctor and philosopher. He lived and carried out his activities in the Middle Ages. The author of more than 450 works, he is the founder of modern psychophysiology: he described four types of temperament that a person can have depending on the predominance of a certain type of fluid in his body.
Aristotle
Ancient Greek scientist encyclopedist. He gave a detailed description of many animals living in Greece and areas close to it. He suggested that plants and animals are transformed into more perfect forms, climbing the ladder of nature, that is, he described the basics of the theory of evolution.
Galen
An ancient Roman physician, author of a work on the parts of the human body, in which he gave the first detailed description of human anatomy and physiology in the history of medicine. He was the first to use vivisection experiments on animals in scientific activities. He summarized all the available knowledge of ancient medicine, creating a separate branch of science.
Rene Descartes
English physicist, naturalist, biologist. For the first time he introduced the concept of reflex.
Dioscorides Pedanius
Ancient Greek naturalist, physician and pharmacologist. He was one of the first in the world history of biology to begin research in the field of pharmacy and botany, which is why he is considered the father of these sciences.
Pliny the Elder
An ancient Greek writer whose stories were about animals and plants. He created the multi-volume work “Natural History”, which is one of the oldest encyclopedias about living organisms.
Theophrastus
Ancient Greek scientist, one of the first botanists. Theophrastus's contribution to biology lies in the systematization of existing observations about the places of growth and beneficial properties of plants, and he also created their classification.
Popular biologists and their discoveries
Below is a list of scientists who have made other valuable discoveries in the field of biology.
Alexander Fleming
Scottish bacteriologist. He discovered the substance lysozyme, which is an enzyme that kills bacteria in the body, but does not harm healthy tissues.
Wilhelm Roux
Claude Bernard
He discovered the phenomenon of homeostasis in the human body and proved its importance. According to the scientist, a living body is relatively independent of the environment, although it needs it. The tissues of the human body are protected and are a perfect environment in themselves. True, this theory received scientific recognition after Bernard’s death.
James Sumner
For the first time in 1926, a scientist managed to isolate the ureaplasma enzyme in its pure form. This is a substance that breaks down urea into chemical elements. It took the scientist 26 years to achieve this goal, while the entire scientific community of that time was confident that this was impossible, and even after receiving the result, most of the scientist’s colleagues doubted this success. However, Sumner's achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in 1946.
Frederick Sanger
Sanger is the only person in history to receive two Nobel Prizes in chemistry. He received the second award together with his colleague and comrade Walter Gilbert. In 1977, scientists published a method that allows them to determine the sequence of building blocks in the DNA network. This method has become a real breakthrough in the field of medicine, evolutionary biology, and has become indispensable in criminal law.
List of biologists
Biology is an ancient science with several branches. At different periods, many inventors were involved in its study and development. A short list of famous biology researchers is in the table.
| Hippocrates | 470-360 BC e. |
| Claudius Galen | 130-200 n. e. |
| Avicenna | 980-1048 |
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519 |
| Andreas Vesalius | 1514-1564 |
| William Harvey | 1578-1657 |
| Carl Linnaeus | 1707-1778 |
| Charles Darwin | 1809-1882 |
| Gerhard Mendel | 1822-1884 |
| Robert Koch | 1843-1910 |
| Dmitry Ivanovsky | 1864-1920 |
| Ilya Mechnikov | 1845-1916 |
| Louis Pasteur | 1822-1895 |
| Ivan Sechenov | 1829-1905 |
| Hugo de Vries | 1848–1935 |
| Thomas Morgan | 1866-1943 |
| Vladimir Vernadsky | 1863-1945 |
| Ivan Shmalgauzen | 1884-1963 |
Timeline of discoveries
Many scientists, being and working in different parts of the world, helped their colleagues working in the same field.
Many discoveries were made based on a knowledge base formed years and even centuries earlier:
- In 1831, Robert Brown, while studying plant cells he obtained in Australia under a microscope, noticed that each of them had a round opaque element. The scientist called it the cell nucleus. The German naturalist Theodor Schwann, having learned about his colleague’s discovery, began to look for something similar in animal cells: the cells of tadpoles were studied. Schwann's hypothesis was confirmed; the nucleus was also found in animal cells. At that time, this discovery was revolutionary: it proved the connection of all life on the planet.
- Almost a century after the discovery of the cell nucleus, the German scientist Carl Woese made the following discovery that shocked the scientific world. Until that moment, it was believed that the animal world consisted of two large classes: bacteria (protozoa) and eukaryotes (all others). They differed only in the location of the DNA - in protozoa it was located near the cell walls, in eukaryotes it was located in the nucleus. Carl Woese, while studying methane-producing bacteria, discovered a feature unknown at that time: the cell wall was unique and secreted unusual enzymes. The scientist discovered that this form of life is different from those already known. Representatives of this species are able to survive even in the most aggressive environment, on the ocean floor or several kilometers deep in the earth. This type was called archaea.
- About 30 years later, the German zoologist Walter Flemming published a work in which he describes the process of cell division, and although scientists had previously known about this fact regarding a living cell, Flemming is considered the pioneer in this matter. In the process of working on this issue, the scientist used a powerful microscope, with which he was able to detect certain structures, which he called chromosomes. The picture of cell division became clear to the scientist, and he was able to describe cell division in detail, calling this process mitosis.
- The chain of discoveries in the field of cell reproduction and division was continued by the German biologist August Weismann. The biologist has the idea that at a certain point, a developing organism gives a signal to the cells responsible for reproduction to split the chromosomes in half. This process is called meiosis.
Of course, this is only a tiny part of all human discoveries in the field of biology. For many centuries in a row, biologists, biochemists, and natural scientists from all over the world have directed the forces of their minds to develop the field of knowledge related to biology. Many of their thoughts, actions and conclusions overlapped, giving the opportunity for the development of science, and this development continues to this day. study at the link.
Test
Based on the materials in the presented article, it is proposed to take a test, the purpose of which is to identify the degree of assimilation of information.
Test conditions: you must choose the correct answer from those proposed. There can only be one correct answer.
A. Pliny the Elder.
b. Aristotle.
V. Avicenna.
2. First discovered the nucleus of cells:
A. Pavlov.
b. Vernadsky.
V. Mechnikov.
4. The only scientist in the world to receive two Nobel Prizes in chemistry is:
A. Sanger.
b. Schmalhausen.
V. Flemming.
5. First introduced the concept of reflex:
A. Hippocrates.
b. Descartes.
V. Avicenna.
6. For the first time he described the types of human temperament:
A. Avicenna.
V. Aristotle.
7. The concept of “homeostasis” was first introduced by:
A. Bernard.
A. Descartes.
V. Avicenna.
9. For the first time he described the stages of chemical reactions of energy conversion in living cells:
b. Darwin.
V. Mendel.
10. A new type of living organisms was discovered:
b. Mechnikov.
V. Sechenov.
Right answers:
Video
Watch an interesting video about great discoveries in biology.
Great discoveries can only be made by great people. The school curriculum in most cases appeals to the scientific geniuses of yesteryear. But practical experience proves that brilliant minds are still born today. And their achievements are no less significant. They worthily continue the glorious work of their predecessors, improving their discoveries, finding new ways to use them and, of course, making their own. But the names of people who take civilization to a new level are by no means household names. The time has come to correct such injustice, so that the geniuses of our time are known and revered not only in scientific circles. Here are just some of the most famous scientists.
1. Tim Berners-Lee
In the list of computer geniuses, the name of this man confidently occupies the leading place, since it is to this handsome and modest Englishman that we owe the opportunity to use anywhere in the world. In fact, it is he who is its official inventor. At the same time, when he started working on the project in 1989, he did not set such an ambitious goal. His task was to create an intra-organizational electronic document management system at the European Nuclear Research Laboratory. Tim also wrote the book “Weaving the Web: The Origins and Future of the World Wide Web.” There he outlined in detail the process of creating the Internet and his vision of how it should develop.
2. Stephen Hawking
Few famous scientists can match the fortitude of Stephen Hawking. This man with an outstanding mind became one of the most famous theoreticians in the field of physics, despite his illness. Perhaps the most significant research that provided new and unexpected knowledge about the existence of outer space was his theory of evaporation. So, this discovery took place back in 1975, which in no way detracts from its significance today. Hawking devoted many of his works to the study of space and quantum gravity. On top of that, he was one of the few who managed to obtain a degree in mathematics without even having the appropriate basic education. And also, in addition to scientific works, Hawking is known for his literary works: “A Brief History of Time”, “Black Holes and Young Universes”, etc.
3. Grigory Perelman
One of the most outstanding and at the same time mysterious personalities in modern science. World fame came to the scientist in 2006, when he managed to do what humanity had been struggling with for many years - to prove Poincaré's theorem. Moreover, this was a breakthrough in the mathematical world, and the Poincaré conjecture was the only solved problem of the millennium. And it was formulated for the first time in 1904. For this outstanding achievement, the mathematician was awarded the Fields Medal. But he refused it, which greatly puzzled famous scientists of the scientific community. In addition, Gregory did not give any comments on this matter. He generally leads a very secluded lifestyle, ignores the press and does not like to be in the public eye.
4. Robert Edwards
Today, reproductive technology has reached unprecedented heights. Moreover, even those people who would not be able to do so naturally have a chance to have offspring. And all thanks to the English physiologist Robert Edwards, who, in fact, is the inventor of in vitro (artificial) fertilization. By the way, he first performed a successful embryo transfer in 1977. The result was the birth of the first test tube human, Louise Brown.
5. Flossie Wong-Staal
The Chinese-born scientist made an invaluable contribution to modern molecular and virology. Her research ultimately saved and continues to save millions of lives, because she managed to discover and substantiate the structure of HIV. This subsequently allowed the successful development of drugs for antiretroviral therapy. The result was that HIV was no longer a uniquely fatal disease. Now doctors can keep the disease under control, not only giving carriers a chance to live as long as healthy people, but also curbing the spread of infection.
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