Medical waste: concept, features. Technical methods of waste management Industrial waste management

In a number of countries, waste management policies today are based on waste recycling. Unfortunately, this is not developed in Russia, because... ours is full of resources. Without using recycled materials, we accumulate a large amount of garbage, which does not go anywhere.

As you remember, With There are three ways to dispose of waste: bury, incinerate and recycle.

Waste disposal

In most cases, a significant part of the waste is buried, which could, at the current level of technology, be recycled with great benefit to society. This approach is extremely dangerous for the environment and human health.

Garbage is usually dumped in quarries or other places. The thickness of the garbage layer (or more correctly, the “landfill body”) can reach 80 meters or more. During the decomposition of this mixture, watered by rain, a filtrate is formed - a liquid saturated with waste products, which penetrates the soil and pollutes groundwater with toxic substances and heavy metal compounds.
Since household waste contains many flammable substances, spontaneous combustion of the landfill body regularly occurs in the summer, which is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of combustion, not only fire gases (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and furans), but also such extremely dangerous super-ecotoxicants as dibenzofurans and dioxins enter the atmosphere. In total, any landfill releases more than one hundred toxic substances into the environment that have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Also, do not forget that in addition to toxic gases, landfills produce huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane as a result of the decomposition of organic waste. It is one of the main gases, the accumulation of which in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect.

Dioxins
Dioxins are 67,000 times more potent than cyanide. By interfering with the process of formation of new cells in the body, they provoke the development of cancer; affect the delicate functioning of the endocrine glands, which in turn leads to a complete imbalance of all vital functions of the body; strongly affect reproductive function, often inhibiting puberty or even leading to infertility. The lethal dose is so microscopic that it makes dioxins more dangerous than chemical warfare agents. And one more terrible characteristic is that they are weakly broken down and are capable of accumulating both in the human body and in the environment, moving from one natural cycle to another.

Every year, more than 300 million tons of waste are sent to landfills and natural dumps in Russia. There is no exact data on how much area is currently occupied by garbage, but even approximate figures are impressive. Thus, the country's landfills cover about 1 million hectares, which is approximately 10 areas of Moscow! What if we add to this “unaccounted for” illegal waste disposal sites? This figure may have to be increased significantly.
Today, Russia operates landfills that were opened in the 30-50s. 20th century. The vast majority of landfills are located in waste quarries and do not meet environmental standards. It’s hard to even imagine the damage these objects cause to ecological systems. But regarding emissions of methane gas into the Earth’s atmosphere, it is known that landfills and landfills in Russia annually emit up to 1 million tons of methane (about 90 billion m3) into the atmosphere, which is approximately 3% of the planetary flow.

What about other countries? All developed countries have long been implementing mechanisms to reduce the negative impact of landfills on the environment. Thus, modern landfills are equipped in accordance with strict requirements that exclude contact of waste with soil, and include systems for collecting and discharging leachate and biogas.
A modern polygon should look something like this. The pit prepared for backfilling is lined with an inert and impermeable film, which makes it possible to reliably separate the body of the landfill and the leachate from the ground. An embankment is created around the landfill to protect it from wind drift. When dumped, waste is compacted and covered with layers of inert soil. And finally, even during the design, a system for monitoring and collecting wastewater and biogas generated is laid out. In a number of countries, special installations are used at landfills to collect and utilize the methane released. The collected gas is used to produce heat and electricity.

Burning

Incineration is another method of waste disposal, which, moreover, allows you to significantly reduce the volume of waste and even gain benefits - the energy generated during combustion can be used.
However, it is important to note a few points.

Relatively safe waste incineration technology, Firstly, always involves preliminary waste sorting. Mixed garbage has low combustible properties, as it may contain a large proportion of non-combustible fractions, resulting in the need to support the combustion process with additional fuel. Pre-sorting also eliminates the possibility of burning hazardous waste. Secondly, the combustion process itself must take place under strictly defined characteristics (the combustion temperature must be at least 1000°C), which allows the formation of environmentally hazardous products (in particular, dioxins) to be minimized. Third, the plant must be equipped with an expensive ventilation system, which must be properly maintained throughout its operation. And fourthly, the plant must ensure the processing and safe disposal of ash generated as a result of waste combustion and accounting for about 1/5 of the original volume of waste.
Summarizing the experience of many countries, we can summarize that the waste incineration route is the most expensive. It is impossible to completely stop burning waste. However, the use of this technology can be justified only after the selection and processing of useful fractions.
In Russia, waste incineration is poorly developed. There are about a dozen factories throughout the country.

Collection and disposal of solid and liquid household waste in accordance with sanitary and hygienic requirements is carried out according to a planned and regular system in accordance with approved schedules.

The frequency of disposal of household waste is established by the sanitary and epidemiological station, based on local conditions, in accordance with the rules for maintaining territories of populated areas.

At the facilities to be serviced, the necessary conditions must be created for waste collection and the operation of special vehicles. The operating mode of special vehicles is determined from the conditions of daily operation of the machines.

Household waste is removed according to route schedules, which provide for a sequential order of movement of special vehicles.

The procedure for collecting and disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) is determined by local conditions. Basic solid waste collection and disposal systems:

A system of replaceable waste bins (containerized), solid waste is removed from household territories to disposal sites in stationary metal containers with a capacity of 0.75 m 3 using an M-30 garbage truck, and empty, clean containers are left in return. With the container system, containers are washed at unloading points without being removed from the machine;

A system of non-replaceable waste bins, solid waste from containers is reloaded into a garbage truck, and the containers themselves remain in place. To operate this system, garbage trucks are used, the special equipment of which ensures mechanized loading of solid waste from stationary containers into the body of the garbage truck.

The accumulation of scrap metal and bulky waste (old furniture, construction waste generated during routine repairs, etc.) is carried out in removable storage bins.

Storage bins are placed in places where garbage or scrap metal is stored, and as it accumulates (garbage is stored directly in the bunker), special organizations, at the request of housing organizations, replace the bins with empty ones, and take the full ones to a landfill, where they are unloaded by dump truck.

The neutralization and processing of solid household waste is carried out by storing it in landfills (landfills) and by industrial methods at waste processing and incineration plants. Disposal of household waste in landfills is currently the main method of recycling. This is the simplest and cheapest method, but it requires annually new land areas of at least 0.5 hectares per 100 thousand.

residents. In the presence of free territories, favorable hydrogeological conditions and compliance with the rules of construction and operation, landfills will remain for a long time the main method of neutralizing solid household waste for many cities.

To reduce the need for land plots and improve the sanitary condition of suburban areas, new designs of high-load landfills have been proposed, allowing the load per unit area to be increased to 10 -12 t/m2 and the storage height to 25 - 35 m.

Waste at such landfills is stored in layers of 0.2 - 0.3 m, with each layer compacted by bulldozers or special compactor rollers.

When the total height of the waste layer reaches 2 m, they are covered with an intermediate insulating layer of soil 0.25 m thick.

Storage is carried out using the card method, i.e. waste from garbage trucks is unloaded simultaneously not onto the entire area of ​​the landfill, but only within the limits of the card allocated for a given day. The compacted layer is laid 2 m high and covered with an insulating layer. The slope angle is assumed to be 1:4. Thanks to this organization of work, the entire area of ​​the landfill, with the exception of one map, is isolated, which creates good sanitary conditions at the landfill. Under the influence of the overlying layers, the waste is further compacted to 0.9 t/m 3 . The top insulating layer must be at least 1 m thick, of which 0.2 m is plant soil.

In recent years, industrial methods of waste dehydration and recycling at special enterprises have been used in our country.

On December 23, 2014, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted in two readings the bill “On amendments to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation” . On December 25, the bill was approved by the Federation Council, and on December 29, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law No. 458-FZ dated December 29, 2014 with the corresponding title (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 458-FZ). This law makes significant changes to the legislation regulating waste management. The entry into force of many provisions was postponed until January 1, 2016, some provisions until 2017 and even until 2019. This article provides an overview of the main changes in legislation that have already entered into force and will enter into force in the near future. Since the changes are too extensive, we will dwell in detail only on the most relevant in our opinion. Some of the new legislation will require additional regulations, but we will briefly touch on these provisions as well.

The bill was submitted by the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma on July 21, 2011, and was adopted in the first reading on October 7 of the same year. It took more than three years for the law to be finally adopted. Initially, the goal of the bill was to create economic incentives for involving waste in economic circulation as secondary material resources, but in the process of working on the bill, the goals were expanded. Thus, the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ is intended to:

• increase the efficiency of regulation in the field of waste management;
• create new economic instruments for involving waste in economic circulation;
• create conditions for attracting investment in the field of municipal waste management.

Let's try to figure out what the essence of the changes in legislation provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ is.

First of all, changes have been made to the terminology used in the field of waste management. First of all, they touched upon Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ).

A NEW DEFINITION OF WASTE

Formulation of the concept familiar to everyone "production and consumption waste" was changed (highlighted and underlined by the author):

[…] - remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that formed in progress production or consumption, and goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties;	production and consumption waste […] — substances or items, which educated in progress production, performance of work, provision of services or in progress consumption, which are deleted, intended for deletion or subject to deletion in accordance with this Federal Law;

If previously waste (according to the wording of the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) could be generated exclusively in the process production or consumption, and when goods and products lose their consumer properties, then waste can now also be generated when performing work And provision of services. Of course, this clarification is quite logical, and one can only wonder why it was made only now. True, the new wording excludes mention of goods that have lost their consumer properties, but legislators have separated such waste (along with some other waste) into separate categories, which will be discussed further.

Taking a closer look at the new formulation, you can see that previously the concept "waste" was determined only from the point of view of the process education(appearance) of waste. Now, in addition to the actual description of the waste generation process, the wording includes a mention of removal appropriately formed substances and objects. At the same time, the second part of the new definition (if we consider it in the context of domestic legislation) raises many questions:

1. What in this case should be understood by deletion substances or objects? In Federal Law No. 89-FZ itself, the term “deletion” is not disclosed. The linguistic interpretation of this rule of law can lead us into a dead end, since in the Russian language there are many meanings of this word and different dictionaries give different interpretations of the noun “removal” and, accordingly, the verbs “delete”/“delete”. In GOST R 53692-2009 “Resource conservation. Waste management. Stages of the waste technological cycle" (hereinafter - GOST R 53692-2009) (clause 3.1.26) there is the following definition: "waste removal is the last stage of the waste technological cycle, at which the decomposition, destruction and/or disposal of waste of classes I-IV is carried out dangers while ensuring environmental protection." However, we note that here we are no longer talking about substances or subjects, and about waste, while disposal is considered as the last stage of the waste technological cycle.

2. For what purpose was the definition supplemented by reference to deletion waste? Was it meant that certain substances and objects, formed accordingly, may not be subject to removal and not to be intended for removing? If such substances and objects were formed during the activities of the enterprise, then in this case they should not be considered waste?

3. How can you determine whether a substance or item should be removed? Or did it mean that ALL appropriately formed substances and objects should be removed?

4. For what purpose is the reservation made? ...in accordance with this Federal Law"? Perhaps this is just an unnecessary mention (in addition to paragraph 2 of Article 2 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) that the disposal of certain substances and objects may be regulated by relevant legislation? Or did it mean that the disposal of ordinary waste can occur in ways not specified in Federal Law No. 89-FZ, and in this case the substances or objects will not be considered waste?

In general, much in the new formulation seems incomprehensible. But specialists familiar with Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal(hereinafter referred to as the Basel Convention), when looking at this wording it immediately becomes obvious that it is a hybrid of the wording from the early edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ and the wording of the Basel Convention: ““waste” are substances or objects that are disposed of, intended for deletion or are subject to deletion in accordance with the provisions of national law." But, firstly, the scope of the Basel Convention is quite specific - waste that is the object of transboundary transport, the transport of waste itself and its disposal. Secondly, the Basel Convention makes reference to How the term should be understood "waste removal"(a specific list of waste handling operations is provided). And if the reference to national legislation in the Basel Convention is clear (since legislation may differ in different countries), then a copy of it “...in accordance with this Federal Law” in the new wording of Federal Law No. 89-FZ looks somewhat strange.

It seems to us that the mechanical transfer of the provisions of the Basel Convention to Federal Law No. 89-FZ was not very successful. Let us assume that the resulting “hybrid” formulation and the absence of the concept "delete" in federal legislation will cause a lot of problems for enterprises in the future, especially given the new provisions of the legislation in the field of licensing (which will be discussed below). If removal is considered as the movement of substances or objects from the territory of the enterprise, this is one situation. If we consider removal and recycling within the same enterprise as disposal, the situation is different. And if disposal is considered to be operations with waste in accordance with GOST R 53692-2009 (destruction, decomposition or burial) - the third situation.

OTHER CHANGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY

1. Instead of the concept "waste use" the term has now been introduced "recycling" , and the definition of this concept is given precisely through the noun "usage"(highlighted and underlined by the author):

Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)	New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)
waste use — use of waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services or for energy production;	recycling — usage waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services, including waste reuse, including reuse of waste for its intended purpose ( recycling), their return to the production cycle after appropriate preparation ( regeneration), as well as the extraction of useful components for their reuse ( recovery);

In one of the articles published in previous issues of the journal, we have already addressed the topic of the relationship between concepts "waste use" And "recycling" , keeping in mind the bill that preceded the appearance of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Taking into account amendments to changes in legislation, this material largely remains relevant.

Let us recall that in the mentioned article we wrote that in the current practice, waste disposal could mean anything, including waste disposal; and even serious companies involved in waste management, when concluding contracts, often indicated waste disposal in their subject matter, although in fact it was about neutralization. Now the law has a definition of the term "recycling" . Therefore, we advise environmentalists of enterprises to be especially careful when concluding contracts and insist on the use of terms in accordance with the law.

It is important to note that waste management now also means recycling, And regeneration, And recovery. Let's return to this when discussing the issue of licensing.

2. An additional type has been added to the types of waste management - waste treatment .

According to the new provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (underlined by the author) waste treatment - preliminary waste preparation for further disposal, including their sorting, disassembly, cleaning.

Note that waste treatment (if it is carried out) is the stage preceding waste disposal in its new meaning. But can it be considered waste treatment, for example, sorting a batch of waste intended for disposal, from which 10-15% of waste suitable for further disposal (glass, metals, paper, cardboard, rubber, polyethylene) is selected? Indeed, in this case, sorting is essentially the preparation of waste for further disposal. Most likely, supervisory authorities will interpret sorting as waste treatment, especially since the extraction of useful components for their reuse is classified as waste disposal. On the other hand, now regulatory authorities will not be tempted to call sorting neutralization (which, of course, it is not). We also wrote about such curiosities at one time.

3. Concept « waste disposal" a new definition is given (highlighted and underlined by the author):

Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)	New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1)
waste disposal — waste treatment, including waste incineration and disinfection in specialized installations, in order to prevention harmful	waste disposal — reducing the mass of waste, changing its composition, physical and chemical properties (including combustion and (or) disinfection in specialized installations) in order to reduction negative the impact of waste on human health and the environment;

As in the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, neutralization waste is characterized by its purpose . This is the main criterion when determining what should be considered waste disposal (we also pointed out this). Earlier in the formulation it was about preventionharmful impact, now - about decreasenegative impact.

Adjective replacement "harmful" on "negative", probably related to the provisions of Art. 4.1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, according to which “waste is divided depending on the degree of negative impact on the environment[…]into five hazard classes". That is, based on the criteria for reducing negative impacts (hazard classes) specified in Art. 4.1, it is possible to determine whether the reduction in waste mass or change in waste composition constitutes neutralization.

Noun replacement "prevention" on "decrease", apparently, is due to the fact that not always, after carrying out the appropriate procedure (process), the resulting waste can be classified as practically non-hazardous waste (i.e., class V). After all, if before the implementation of the process the waste belonged to hazard class I, and the output was another waste of hazard class III or IV, then the negative impact of the waste decreased (although it was not completely prevented). Of course, such a process is also neutralization. Therefore, we believe that the new formulation of the concept "waste disposal" more logical.

4. Definition of the term "waste storage" has also been corrected (highlighted and underlined by the author):

As before the term "accumulation of waste" , concept "waste storage" now revealed through a noun "warehousing". A new deadline has been established for waste storage - more than 11 months. Accumulation of waste until January 1, 2016, temporary storage of waste for a period of no more than 6 months will be considered, and from January 1, 2016- for a period of no more than 11 months. What type of waste management will include the storage of waste for a period of time? from 6 to 11 months in 2015? This question remains open at the moment.

5. According to the new edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (highlighted and underlined by the author) waste management - activities related to collection, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, neutralization, disposal of waste.

6. The previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ provided a definition of the concept "waste disposal facility" . Now the law has some clarification (emphasis added):

Definitions are given separately new concepts:

• waste disposal facilities — subsoil plots provided for use in the established manner, underground structures for the disposal of waste of hazard classes I-V in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil resources;
• waste storage facilities — specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for long-term storage of waste for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization, and burial.

7. Federal Law No. 89-FZ introduced the concept "waste disposal facilities" — “specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for waste disposal”.

CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF LICENSING WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

According to the amendments made to Art. 9 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ s July 1, 2015 will have the title “Licensing of activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes.” From July 1, 2015 The contents of this article will also be changed (emphasis added by the author): "1. Licensing of activitiescollection, transportation, processing, recycling , neutralization and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" taking into account the provisions of this Federal Law[…]» .

Federal Law No. 458-FZ also made corresponding changes to clause 30, part 1, art. 12 of the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ “On licensing of certain types of activities”, classifying them as licensed types of activities collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes. These changes come into force on July 1, 2015.

Thus, from July 1, 2015, all types of waste management activities, except for accumulation, must be licensed (accordingly, waste generation is also not subject to licensing).

What to do with previously issued licenses for waste disposal and disposal (including unlimited ones)? Federal Law No. 458-FZ gives an answer to this question that is stunning in its simplicity: “Licenses for activities for the neutralization and disposal of waste of hazard classes I-IV, issued before the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, are valid until June 30, 2015.”

Well, as they used to say in the old days: “Here’s St. George’s Day for you, grandma!” Today's grandmothers - to paraphrase a modern song - can only nervously smoke a pipe... Judge for yourself: not only did perpetual licenses suddenly become urgent (and enterprises that recently received licenses will be forced to start the licensing process anew in a few months), but You also need to obtain a license for all waste management operations (except for the generation and accumulation of waste - and thank you for that!).

For example, if at the enterprise during the production of the main products any substances and materials are formed (including defective products) that can be used (we deliberately do not say "disposed of") at the same enterprise (for example, re-included in the production process in the same workshop or sent to a neighboring workshop to produce another type of product), then our predicted position of the supervisory authorities will be that they will require the enterprise to have a license (and if In its absence, the company will face penalties). The same problem may arise when agreeing on draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal (hereinafter referred to as NRWR): Rosprirodnadzor authorities will require that the specified substances and materials be included in the waste nomenclature, and a license be attached to the draft NRWR...

Or another example: let’s say, in a large office building, where baskets are installed to accumulate office waste (if it is waste, it will be waste of hazard class IV), to minimize the cost of removing and burying waste in one of the premises (before moving the contents of the baskets into a common bunker transported to a solid waste landfill) glass, cardboard, metals, etc. are selected. You don’t have to be Cassandra to assume that if an inspection is carried out, Rosprirodnadzor will classify the process of selecting useful components as waste sorting (i.e., waste treatment), which will require an appropriate license.

Thus, many enterprises in the near future will be faced with a dilemma - either to obtain licenses to carry out waste disposal and/or treatment activities, or to prove (during inspections and in court proceedings) that certain substances and materials are not waste. As for the above examples, in the first case it will be necessary to prove that the substances and materials are a by-product (and/or raw material), and in the second - that the substances and materials, called office waste, become waste after glass, cardboard are collected from them , metals. Here it is not only the ambiguity of the term that can come to the rescue "delete" in relation to substances and materials, but also existing arbitration practice, in which the courts noted that individual entrepreneurs and legal entities have the right to independently determine which substances and materials generated as a result of their production activities fall under the definition of “production and consumption waste”.

BY THE WAY

In addition to Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, when making decisions and rulings, the judges referred to the corresponding position of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, set out in letter No. 12-47/94 dated January 10, 2013.

We believe that the introduced licensing of new (and “new old”) types of waste management activities - in relation to enterprises specializing in such types of activities - could theoretically contribute to streamlining and effective control in this area. But we fear that the desire to force a significant part of organizations that are de facto not involved in waste processing or disposal to go through the licensing procedure will create unnecessary administrative barriers, which, in a difficult economic situation, will clearly not contribute to economic growth in our country.

CHANGES TO WASTE OWNERSHIP PROVISIONS

Article 4 “Waste as an object of property rights” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ in the new edition has become extremely laconic: “The ownership of waste is determined in accordance with civil law”.

That's all! No more mentions that the ownership of waste belongs to the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products), as a result of the use of which this waste was generated. And most importantly, there is no longer a provision that the owner of waste of hazard class I-IV has the right to alienate this waste into the ownership of another person, transfer to him, while remaining the owner, the right to own, use or dispose of this waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities on the use, neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of no less hazard class. Let us recall that these conditions were provided for in the previous edition of this article.

It turns out that ownership of waste (including donation) can be transferred to any person, regardless of whether the latter has a license. Another thing is that when developing NLR projects, drawing up technical reports or reporting of small and medium-sized businesses (hereinafter referred to as SMEs), it will still be necessary to indicate the names of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who will carry out further waste management operations (indicating the types of treatment with waste and license details).

Now waste- How one of the types of movable things- are the object of property rights. The grounds for the emergence and procedure for exercising the right of ownership are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which we recommend that all ecologists study (at least the provisions of the articles on the right of ownership of movable property). It would also be useful to study the chapters and articles on the types of contracts relating to movable property.

Here are excerpts from the Civil Code that may be useful to environmentalists:

Extraction
from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Article 136. Fruits, products and income

3. A similar situation will arise from January 1, 2016 in the area of ​​submitting notification reports to SMEs. The procedure for submitting and monitoring reporting on the generation, recycling, neutralization, and disposal of waste (with the exception of statistical reporting) of small and medium-sized enterprises, in the course of economic and (or) other activities of which waste is generated at facilities subject to federal state environmental supervision, will be established by the authorized federal executive body; and on objects subject to regional state environmental supervision, - authorized executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

4. The wording on the possibility of suspending the activities of enterprises in cases of violation of the IOLR will be changed. If the previous edition dealt with the suspension of activities in the field of waste management (this provision has remained since the time when waste management included the generation of waste), then from January 1, 2016, this provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be look like this (highlighted and underlined by the author): « In case of violation of waste generation standards and limits on their disposal economic and (or) other activities of individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, during which waste is generated, may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation."

CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF WASTE Certification

Changes will be made to Art. 14 “Requirements for the management of waste of I-V hazard classes” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ:

1. From January 1, 2016 enterprises whose activities generate waste of I-V hazard classes and will be required to carry out assignment of waste to a specific hazard class for confirmation such classification in the manner established by the authorized federal executive body (the same body will carry out the confirmation of the classification of waste of hazard classes I-V to a specific hazard class). This, as they say, is “bad news” (let us remind you that currently the procedure for classifying waste into hazard classes I-IV is still in effect, and for waste of class V, the need to classify waste into hazard classes, as a rule, arises only when developing a NRW project) .

2. The "good news" is that from January 1, 2016, confirmation of assignment to a specific hazard class of waste included in the federal waste classification catalogue, will not be required . We note with sadness that legislators did not take pity on ordinary environmentalists and did not provide for a faster entry into force of this norm.

CHANGES IN THE AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FEES AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

Federal Law No. 458-FZ also amended Art. 23 “Payment for negative impact on the environment when disposing of waste” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ. January 1, 2016 The following important provisions come into force:

1. Payment for negative impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as NVOS) when placing waste (excluding MSW) carried out by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, in the process of carrying out economic and (or) other activities waste is generated.

2. Fee payers for NVOS when placing MSW are operators for handling MSW, regional operators carrying out activities for their placement.

Thus, many years of disputes (including disputes in high courts) about whether enterprises should pay a fee for NWOS when disposing of waste, as well as who exactly should pay this fee, will now sink into oblivion. The ambiguity of legal norms will be eliminated: ownership of waste, whether it is transmitted or not transmitted, will have nothing to do with the payment for the NVOS.

Speaking about the payment for NVOS when placing MSW, we note another new norm of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (comes into force on January 1, 2016): “The cost of payment for the negative impact on the environment when disposing of municipal solid waste is taken into account when setting tariffs for the operator for handling solid waste.communalwaste, the regional operator in the manner established by the principles of pricing in the field of solid waste managementcommunalwaste". This norm applies not only to environmentalists, but to all citizens. Since these expenses will likely be included in utility bills, the total amount of utility bills will have to increase. Ideally, this should become an incentive to reduce waste generation on the part of users of residential premises - both directly (every resident should strive to reduce waste generation, and return secondary resources to recycling collection points), and by influencing management companies (voluntary or forced organization of separate waste collection).

Federal Law No. 458-FZ amended the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 2014 No. 219-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” on the application of reducing coefficients to payment rates for NVOS(changes will take effect January 1, 2016). Thus, in order to encourage legal entities and individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and (or) other activities to take measures to reduce the waste pollution when calculating the charge for waste disposal, the following coefficients will be applied to the rates of such payment:

• coefficient 0 - when placing hazard class V waste from the mining industry by filling artificially created cavities in rocks during land and soil reclamation;
• coefficient 0.5 - when disposing of waste of hazard classes IV, V, generated during the disposal of previously disposed waste from the processing and mining industries;
• coefficient 0.67 - when disposing of hazard class III waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste;
• coefficient 0.49 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class III waste;
• coefficient 0.33 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste.

January 1, 2016 The provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ comes into force stating that in the production of packaging, finished goods (products), after the loss of consumer properties which form waste which are presented biodegradable materials(the list will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation), may be applied various economic stimulus measures.

CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The need to amend Art. 15 “Requirements for professional training of persons authorized to handle waste of I-IV hazard classes” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, many provisions of which (especially after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”) Federations”) have turned into a certain kind of atavism (suffice it to say that the concept of “professional training” is not in the latest Federal Law), and is long overdue. Nevertheless, legislators, keen on developing new large-scale concepts, the first two paragraphs of Art. 15 was not touched at all, but paragraph 3 was supplemented with the following content: "3. The procedure for professional training of persons authorized to collect, transport, process, dispose of, neutralize, and dispose of waste of hazard classes I-IV, and the requirements for its implementation are established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education , in agreement with the federal executive body that carries out state regulation in the field of environmental protection". This provision comes into effect on July 1, 2015, and we are very interested to see how it is implemented.

ABOUT SOME PROHIBITIONS

Earlier we talked about the “carrots” provided for in the new legislation. Now let’s say a few words about the new prohibitions (“whips”) in Federal Law No. 89-FZ:

• from January 1, 2016 in Art. 11 a ban will be introduced on the commissioning of buildings, structures and other facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of waste;
• from January 1, 2016 in Art. 12 is entered ban on the use of MSW for land and quarry reclamation;
• from January 1, 2017 in accordance with the new edition of Art. 12 disposal of waste containing useful components that must be disposed of will be prohibited. The list of types of waste that contain useful components prohibited for disposal will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation. It is not yet known whether previously issued documents approving the NPLR will be cancelled, if these limits allowed for the disposal of useful components.

CONCLUSION

In the article we tried to dwell on the most important, in our opinion, innovations in legislation in the field of waste management. Some of them were touched upon to a greater extent, others were only outlined. The scope of a journal article, especially one written literally “hot on the heels” of the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ, does not allow us to talk in too much detail about large-scale changes in the field of waste management. It seems to us that today there are more questions about this legal act than there are answers in it. We are confident that on the pages of the “Ecologist's Handbook” the authors of articles will more than once turn to the analysis of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Much will become clearer in the process of practical implementation of the provisions of this document, incl. as appropriate by-laws are adopted.

In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the portal http://regulation.gov.ru, where drafts of all regulations are published and where everyone can take part in official public discussion. Immediately after the adoption of Federal Law No. 458, drafts of several by-laws appeared on this portal. We believe that the active participation of the environmental community in formal discussions can help develop optimal versions of regulations.

For example, according to the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S.A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg: Norint, 2009) “remove” - 1) move to a further distance, move away; 2) remove, take out, take out, etc. smb. superfluous, unnecessary, interfering; 3) eliminate somehow. method (remove, cut, tear out, etc.); 4) make the impact or influence of something less noticeable; completely get rid of something influence, impact, etc.

We are talking about emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, discharges of harmful substances into water bodies, substances that destroy the ozone layer, radioactive waste, biological waste, and medical waste.

We mean the new Guidelines for the development of draft waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated August 5, 2014 No. 349. For more details, see: Prokhorov I.O. New guidelines for the development of PNOLR: comments and reflections // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 12. P. 9-25.

It seems to us that if this news was first heard at a meeting of ecologists, there should have been a pause after it, followed by loud and prolonged applause... After all, what Rosprirodnadzor “arranged” after August 1, 2014 with the confirmation of classes The dangers of waste - with the release of numerous explanatory letters and especially with the introduction of the so-called “Waste Certification Portal” - will be remembered by environmentalists for a long time.

Disposal of industrial and consumer waste is the most widely practiced method of waste disposal. Unfortunately, waste disposal gives rise to a lot of environmental, sanitary and hygienic problems. However, burial will remain the most common method in the near future.

Therefore, reducing the volume of waste subject to disposal is one of the most important tasks, which can be solved by reducing their formation, reuse, recycling and energy recovery. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out work to create methods for safe and environmental waste disposal.

Under sanitary landfill (SP) commonly understood as an engineered method of disposing solid waste on land in ways that reduce environmental harm, distributing the waste in thin and as compact layers as possible, and covering it with layers of soil at the end of each working day.

There are two ways to organize a sanitary landfill trench and surface .

Trench method most suitable for areas with a flat land surface and deep groundwater. In this case, the overlying soil is formed as a result of excavation of the trench. The soil is stored and used for reclamation when closing trench areas.

Surface method used on hilly terrain and uses natural slopes with a slope not exceeding 30%. The soil for covering must be delivered from other places.

A complete list of problems associated with the operation of the joint venture is shown in Fig. 6.2

Rice. 6.2. The main problems arising during the operation of the joint venture

A very important factor determining the possibility of creating and operating a joint venture is economic, based on capital investments and operating expenses.

An integral part of any landfill is a network of roads: access roads to the maps, as well as a reinforced concrete road that encircles the landfill.

Due to the large number of problems described above, recently there has been a persistent tendency to reduce the volume of solid waste transported to landfills.

First of all, reducing the amount of exported waste can be achieved by sorting (at the point of generation or immediately before processing).

Selective collection among the population of consumer waste (waste paper, textiles, plastics, glass containers, etc.) is practiced in many countries. This approach makes it possible to prevent a number of valuable components that are recycled or reused, as well as hazardous components, from entering solid waste. In this case, there are two possible options for organizing selective collection of solid waste in the places of their generation: purely selective (component-wise) collection of waste in various containers and the so-called collective-selective collection a number of components into one container. For example, the practice is to collect glass, metals and paper together into one container, followed by their mechanized sorting in a special installation. In Russia at present there is practically no selective harvesting.

Currently, two types of solid waste sorting technology are most widespread:

 mechanized sorting of solid waste at industrial waste processing facilities;

 a combination of mechanized and manual sorting at waste transfer stations.

Industrial processing of solid waste is mainly focused on burning waste to produce thermal and electrical energy, since thermal technologies ensure effective neutralization of waste, including toxic and infected components entering solid waste.

Reducing the amount of waste sent for combustion as a result of pre-sorting reduces the need for expensive thermal and gas cleaning equipment and, compared to the combustion of original solid waste, reduces capital costs by up to 25%. In addition, the extraction of environmentally hazardous components through sorting reduces the content of harmful substances in gas emissions, simplifies gas purification, reduces the cost of gas purification equipment and reduces the negative environmental impact of a waste incineration plant.

The introduction of pre-sorting allows you to get a profit from the sale of marketable products equal to 20–25%. This profit is generated by separating non-ferrous scrap metals and better quality ferrous scrap metals.

The introduction of manual waste sorting operations into the technological scheme makes it possible to isolate individual components of solid waste in a purer form compared to mechanized sorting. For example, in this case it is possible to separate waste paper and polymers for the purpose of their subsequent sale to consumers and making a profit. Therefore, at waste transfer stations it is proposed to use a technological scheme using manual sorting operations to isolate the valuable components contained in waste (metals, waste paper, polymers, etc.).

Increasing the efficiency of manual sorting can be achieved using three sequential mechanized operations:

 magnetic separation;

 separation of textile components and screening in a drum screen,

 inclusion in the technological scheme of electrodynamic separation of non-ferrous scrap. However, the effectiveness of this operation is low.

Rice. 6.1. Structural diagram of industrial and consumer waste management

The structure of the waste management system in Western Europe, the USA, Japan, etc. is similar to the structure adopted in the Russian Federation. However, the implementation of technological processes and cycles included in the overall waste management process is different. For example, in the EEC countries approximately 60% of industrial and about 95% of agricultural waste is recycled. In Japan, about 45% of industrial waste is recycled.

An analysis of solid waste management in these countries shows that in the UK 90% of solid waste is disposed of in landfills, in Switzerland - 20%, in Japan and Denmark - 30%, in France and Belgium - 35%. The remaining solid waste is mainly burned. Only a small portion of MSW is composted.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5

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What is consumer and production waste? This term is disclosed in the law of the Russian Federation (June 24, 1998) - “On production and consumption waste.” All remains of materials, raw materials, products, semi-finished products or products that are the result of the production/consumption process are production and consumption waste. That is, it is garbage from all spheres of human life.

The rules for handling production and consumption waste are established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Waste Materials of Production/Consumption”. The concept of waste management and its management scheme are described in the Basel Convention.

General provisions of the program

The scheme and rules for handling production and consumption waste are developed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Waste management methods are described in detail in regulations that regulate the protection of land from this type of waste. Collection, short-term storage, and disposal of waste, subsequent transfer and reuse of waste, that is, all processes should not negatively affect the environment and people.

Environmental programs and SanPin regulations oblige the management of organizations to comply with certain conditions:

• Warehousing or disposal of waste must be carried out in a room with all necessary equipment.
• Maintaining mandatory records that reflect the presence of waste and the possibility of its recycling.
• Timely submit reliable data to SanPin authorities about the availability of waste for recycling and its quantity.
• Proper maintenance of a log of the movement of workings.
• Conduct training for department employees once a year.

SanPin prohibits:

• Uncontrollably dumping waste outside the organization without first neutralizing it.
• Burn waste outside of special equipment (furnaces with a gas cleaning system). It is prohibited to dispose of waste using methods not provided for by SanPin.
• Place a warehouse on the territory of your own enterprise, other organizations and populated areas. Exception: use of a combustion device that complies with air safety regulations.
• Use chemical elements with unknown properties.
• Organize burial grounds for toxic waste.

All rules established by SanPin must be followed. Otherwise, violators are subject to serious sanctions ranging from fines to closure of the organization.

Control programs

The scheme for using hazardous waste in production must comply with sanitary standards.

Basic standards:

• The enterprise appoints a person responsible for waste management (collection, storage, disinfection, recycling)
• All actions with waste must be recorded in a logbook. The designated person is also responsible for them.
• Every month on a set date, all facilities and processes should be inspected.

Classification of industrial waste

The Law (Federal Law No. 89) and SanPin distinguishes five classes of waste. The classification of industrial and consumer waste has been developed based on the potential danger of industrial waste. The following types of waste exist:

1. Extremely dangerous. These are toxic substances. Disposal of such substances in landfills is prohibited. They must be isolated and disposed of in another way.
2. Highly hazardous waste containing lead.
3. Moderate danger. Used automobile oils. According to SanPin, you can send them to burial grounds.
4. Low risk. There is a possibility of negative impact. This category includes bitumen, hard asphalt, etc.
5. Non-hazardous waste. For example, foam or regular plastic.

The hazard class of a substance dictates the methods and rules for handling it. Before deciding on handling methods, it is necessary to assess and record the hazard class.

Waste management safety programs

The waste management system has established a number of restrictions when handling substances of this origin. The law establishes the means for regulating these rules. Failure to comply with the requirements will result in imprisonment or a large fine.

The following provisions must be observed:

• Persons whose age is equal to or more than 18 years can be allowed to work with waste of classes 1–3. They must undergo preliminary instruction and the necessary training. After which they must be able to quickly respond to any circumstances, including providing first aid.
• It is prohibited to store more production materials than is established by the legislation of the country.
• Storage and disposal of waste is carried out in a room free from heating devices and sparking sources.
• If several types of hazardous substances are stored in the same room, their compatibility must be taken into account.
• It is prohibited to leave personal belongings on the premises.
• After contact with hazardous materials, it is necessary, observing safety precautions, to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water. If anything bothers you, consult a doctor.
• The premises must be equipped with a fire alarm.

Industrial waste management

Actions related to production and consumption waste must be carried out by specialized services with the necessary transport, personnel and license. Management of production and consumption waste is controlled by environmental agencies.

Disposal of production and consumption waste is carried out in accordance with established rules in special areas:

• Vaults
• Polygons
• Complexes
• Structures

All actions are carried out in accordance with SanPin requirements and with a license to perform any activity involving hazardous mining. The placement of waste materials is also influenced by the conclusion on establishing the degree of danger of waste substances.

The list of waste materials located at solid waste landfills is determined by Rospotrebnadzor authorities. When disposing of used material at a landfill, the entrepreneur must calculate the limit for the placement of waste. In this case it is necessary to indicate:

• Quantity of scrap materials
• Its composition
• Hazard Class

There is a list of substances the placement of which is prohibited in solid waste landfills:

• Recycling materials of hazard classes 1-3
• Radioactive testing of various states of aggregation
• Toxic wastes of 1-3 degrees of harmfulness
• Explosives
• Confiscated raw materials from slaughterhouses of meat processing plants
• Corpses of dead animals
• Recycling materials from medical institutions

To neutralize and bury such raw materials, special buildings are used that meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental authorities. The Russian Federation has established a fee for the disposal of production waste. Limits on fees are set for damage to the environment. The approval of the fee was carried out in accordance with Resolution No. 632 (08/28/1992).

Disposal of waste substances

It is customary to distinguish three types of recycling:

• Primary - the use of waste materials is carried out without preliminary processing
• Secondary – materials obtained as a result of special processing of waste materials are used
• Mixed - a combination of the first two types

It is impossible to dispose of production residues that contain harmful substances: mercury, valuable metals, cadmium and others. For these materials, secondary recycling is used by dividing the waste substance into fractions. Modern methods of recycling industrial waste are represented in the following areas:

• Pyrolysis. The scheme involves burning materials in a special chamber at very high/low temperatures.
• Waste incineration. Such a system helps to quickly reduce the volume of waste and preserve land areas.
• Composting. Suitable for organic residues only. As a result, you can obtain organic fertilizer that can be used in agriculture. It is important to know that industrial waste may contain toxic substances, in which case this disposal method is not suitable.
• System of complex processing by a highly specialized enterprise. The most promising direction of waste disposal. It is carried out at enterprises equipped with modern technological equipment.
• Disposal in landfills/landfills. The cheapest option, but it takes up significant space.

Possible ways to use waste from production

Despite the fact that such waste in most cases is of little use for recycling, there are a number of areas that include programs for the possible use of waste:

1. Filling roads, reclamation of areas, etc. In general, all areas in which pebbles, sand and other solid industrial waste are actively used. The economic benefits of such use are obvious, but only 15% of all waste is used for these needs.
2. Construction Materials. There are ways to recycle waste for use in the production of building materials.
3. Like fertilizer. There are programs developed by agricultural experts that allow you to use waste as fertilizer for the land. For example, ammonium sulfate (NNH4) 2SO4 can be easily obtained from phosphogypsum. The conversion procedure is relatively inexpensive, but there are also problems: there is a possibility of heavy metals in the waste, such as arsenic and selenium, which can harm the soil.
4. As fuel. Waste from the forestry and wood processing industries can be used as fuel in industrial activities.

Responsibility for violations of rules in the field of handling hazardous waste

Hazardous waste management programs are regulated by Article 28 of the Federal Law on Waste. According to this act, complete or partial violation of the relevant law will result in administrative, criminal or legal penalties.

• Disciplinary responsibility. If the procedure for handling production and consumption waste is violated. In this case, the head of the organization has the right to apply disciplinary sanctions to workers.
• Property liability. This is a system of liability that applies to legal entities. That is, to those business entities that violated the basic requirements and programs for the management of hazardous waste.
• Civil law

The management of production and consumption waste is currently a pressing problem. According to statistics, in 1997, more than 300 tons of industrial waste were thrown into unauthorized landfills, damage was caused to a huge number of areas, which will only be restored after hundreds of years. This happened almost 20 years ago, but positive trends are still not visible. Environmental programs and laws that have been adopted in the Russian Federation over recent years have contributed to reducing the volume of illegal waste, but the importance still remains high.

2017 in Russia has been named the year of ecology. The state affects an important sphere of human life, its interaction with nature. Let's be careful and caring towards the environment. The planet is our second home.