France after
World War II
wars
After the end of World War II
France has lost its position as a great
which power. Against the backdrop of economic
decline, the country became dependent on
US financial policy. After the war
We have collapsed and the French colony
al system.
In the summer of 1944 in France there was a
Vano Provisional Government, which
The swarm was led by Charles de Gaulle. He she-
began preparations for the elections Founder-
of the meeting. The country was restored
county democratic system. To the court would-
whether people who collaborated were involved
with the Nazis. In the country's economy
a number of industries were nationalized
industry.
Charles de Gaulle
The situation of the country after the Second World War
In post-war France, the
the new political forces will be determined
Lali French Communist
cheskaya party (FKP), Socialist
Party (SFIO), Catholic
kaya party and the People's Republic
Kansky movement (MRP). In October
in 1945 elections were held in
Constituent Assembly, victory
which the leftists won
lys who actively participated
whether in the Resistance Movement.
At the head of the formed
government became Charles de
Goll. In 1946, a new
y Constitution, which signifies
represented the establishment in France
tions of the Fourth Republic.
The French welcome
Charles de Gaulle
Collapse of the colonial system
French soldiers
in Indochina
According to the constitution, the French colonial
naya empire transformed into French
A union that included states
already on the path to independence. Among them
there were Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. But communist
The Vietnamese government refused
accept this decision, which led to the French war
tions against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
us (1946-1954).
War in Indochina
Collapse of the colonial system
Treaty of Algerian Independence
Proclamation of Algerian independence
In the fall of 1954, the second colonial war began, already in Algeria. IN
1956 France was forced to recognize the independence of Morocco and Tu-
nisa. Supporters of maintaining the French colonial empire do not
they also wanted to lose Algeria. To prevent this, they raised
1958 revolt against the government. The country found itself in a state of deep
the meeting granted emergency powers to Charles de Gaulle and
commissioned the development of a new constitution. So welcome back to power
de Gaulle, the Fourth Republic fell in the country.
General de Gaulle
The main forces of the country saw Charles de Gaulle as a strong personality.
In 1958, de Gaulle became prime minister and passed the Constitution through a referendum.
tion that turned France into a presidential republic. I will follow-
This period entered into the history of France under the name of the Fifth Republic.
In 1960 Charles de Gaulle granted independence to all colonies,
except Algeria, which became independent in 1962. The right-wing twice-
They tried to organize assassination attempts on him, but failed. In 1966
France left the NATO military organization. Against the backdrop of decreasing
France's dependence on the United States improved its relations with the USSR.
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
France has made noticeable progress in the
economics. With the growth of the private sector
ra in the economy increased and capital
investments in production. Government
supported the development of new industries
lei farms and reconstruction of old ones.
All this led to shifts in the structure of
settlements of the country: the specific share has decreased
weight of the population employed in agriculture
tion, and the part of the population employed
that in the non-production sphere. On
The number of workers in production has grown
highly qualified.
But gradually the country began to grow
leadership, characteristic of S. De Gaulle.
Sorbonne University.
Paris.
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
"Red May"
in Paris
D. Cohn-Bendit
Powerful student performances took place throughout France. Unemployment among young people and authoritarian orders on college campuses led to a social explosion. At the beginning of May 1968, a student demonstration was dispersed. In response, students occupied the Latin Quarter of Paris. Their leader, Cohn-Bendit, called for a decisive struggle against the capitalist system.
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
Demonstration in Paris.
May 1968
Police brutality swelled the movement's ranks. A general strike began in France, taking place under socialist slogans.
Students occupied the Sorbonne and the Odeon theater and introduced a system of self-government, seeing in it the basis of a future just society.
General de Gaulle lost control of the country. Human victims appeared.
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
Anti-government
demonstration in Paris
Then the trade unions and the government signed an agreement that improved the economic situation of workers. It said nothing about social reforms and the workers continued the strike. De Gaulle flew to Germany and agreed with the French generals for support. He announced the communist threat and dissolved parliament. The opposition, fearing civil war, decided to stop speaking.
In 1969, on the initiative of de Gaulle, a referendum was held, which raised the issue of reforming the system of self-government in the country.
More than half of the referendum participants did not support de Gaulle and he resigned.
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
After de Gaulle resigned, the less powerful Georges Pompidou was elected president. After his death in 1974, the leader of the independent Republicans, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, became president.
Since the mid-70s. France entered a period of economic and political difficulties that were associated with the global economic crisis. The government began to pursue a policy of “austerity.” This met with resistance from the population and led to a decline in the popularity of independent Republicans and their loss in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 1981.
V.Zh. d'Estaing
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
In 1981, leftist forces won the presidential and parliamentary elections. Socialist leader Francois Mitterrand became president. The policy pursued by the new government, aimed at expanding the public sector in the economy and increasing social spending, led to a deterioration in the situation in the economy.
Political situation at the turn of the 80-90s. was characterized by instability, but the growing influence of right-wing parties gradually became apparent. The influence of leftist parties was declining.
Francois Mitterrand
France in the 90s XX century
Jacques Chirac
Lionel Jospin
In the 1993 parliamentary elections, and then in 1995 in the presidential elections, right-wing parties won. Jacques Chirac became president. He pursued a policy aimed at liberating the French economy and society as a whole from the domination of the state. In 1995, nuclear weapons tests were carried out. In 1996, France returned to the NATO military organization. Chirac's policy was received ambiguously by the French. And in the 1997 elections, the socialists, communists and “greens” won. The cabinet was headed by the socialist L. Jospin. The coexistence of a leftist government and a neoconservative president began.
Country culture
The most prominent representatives of French mass culture are fashion designers, who are considered the trendsetters of modern fashion. One of them was Christian Dior.
Poster for the film Jean Luc
Godard "Contempt" (1963),
in which Brigitte Bardot
played the main role
K.Dior
A. Delon and J.-P. Belmondo
K. Deneuve
J. Depardieu
French cinema successfully competed with American Hollywood. The movie star of the 50s and 60s became one of the most famous actresses in the country. Brigitte Bardot, who created the image of the “free woman of the future.”
Country culture
J.-P. Sartre
F. Sagan
A. Camus
French literature was influenced by philosophy. J.-P. Sartre, philosopher and writer, in his early works called the individual nature of man the source of evil in society. Simone de Beauvoir and Francois Sagan opposed the actual inequality of women. Albert Camus, a Nobel Prize laureate, was concerned with the problem of a person’s freedom to choose his place in life and the search for its meaning.
Country culture
A symbol of the scientific and technological development of Europe was the launch by France in 1979 of the Ariane launch vehicle, which is intended to launch into orbit satellites of many European countries launched for commercial purposes.
Ariane launch vehicle
Slide 1
FRANCE
Form of government: REPUBLIC Multi-party system: Republican Party, Communist Party, Socialist Party, ... Anthem: “Marseillaise” since 1789 President elected every 7 years
Slide 2
1944 – 1946 – Provisional Government General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Resistance Movement
I. DOMESTIC POLITICS Coalition government (Communist Party, Socialist Party, People's Republican Movement (PRM), radicals, republicans,...) 2. Parliamentary republic or presidential republic? 3. 1946 – Constitution: parliamentary republic! De Gaulle's resignation
Slide 3
1946 – 1958 – FOURTH REPUBLIC
INTERNAL POLITICS are unstable (26 cabinets have changed): The split of French society into colonialists and Europeanists II. FOREIGN POLICY 1. 1946 – 1954 – Vietnam War 2. 1954 – 1962 – Algerian War
Slide 4
1958 – 1969 - FIFTH REPUBLIC “Regime of personal power” de Gaulle - Gaullism
Presidential Republic I. DOMESTIC POLITICS 1. 1958 – Constitution: presidential republic (the President has more rights, parliament has fewer rights) 2. Since 1962, the President has been elected by universal suffrage - REFERENDUM 3. Attention to science and education! ECONOMY: economic modernization program, deep structural restructuring 1. Creation of modern space, nuclear technology, computers (Concorde, Ariane, Airbus) RESULTS: technological modernization = Japan, USA (Increase in labor productivity, increase in production efficiency, science , agricultural production0 France is a modern industrial power, a creditor II. FOREIGN POLICY 1. Withdrawal from NATO 2. Strengthening relations with the USSR 3. Nuclear weapons since 1960 4. 1960 - independence of 14 African colonies 5. 1962 - independence of Algeria 6 Condemnation of the Vietnam War BUT!!!1968 – student strike, 1969 – failure of self-government reform, resignation of de Gaulle
Slide 5
1969 -1974 – Georges Pompidou 1974 – 1981 – Valerie Giscard d, Estaing (Republican People's Party) 1981 -1995. – François Mitterrand (Socialist Party)
Goal: an advanced liberal society without revolutions, the path of reform! I. DOMESTIC POLITICS: regrouping of political forces (OPR, SFD, FSP) “Continuity and dialogue” 1. > minimum wages 2. Electoral qualification from 18 years of age 3. Ensuring full employment 4. Increase in family benefits 5. Vacation 5 weeks 6. 39 -hour work week 7. Tax on big business ECONOMY: dirigisme, neo-Keynesianism 1. Nationalization of 10 large enterprises Since 1983, austerity regime and suspension of reforms Since 1986, after the victory of the right - neoconservatism, with the victory of the left - “harmony” of the president and government
Slide 2
The situation of the country after the Second World War
After the end of World War II, France lost its position as a great power. Against the backdrop of economic decline, the country became dependent on US financial policy. After the war, the French colonial system also collapsed. In the summer of 1944, a Provisional Government was formed in France, headed by Charles de Gaulle. It began preparations for the elections of the Constituent Assembly. The democratic system was restored in the country. People who collaborated with the Nazis were brought to trial. A number of industries in the country's economy were nationalized.
photo - Charles de Gaulle
Slide 3
In post-war France, the balance of political forces was determined by the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist Party (SFIO), the Catholic Party and the People's Republican Movement (MPR). In October 1945, elections to the constituent assembly were held, which were won by leftist forces that actively participated in the resistance movement. Charles de Choll became the head of the newly formed government. In 1946, a new constitution was adopted, which marked the establishment of the fourth republic in France.
photo - FThe French greet Charles de Gaulle
Slide 4
Collapse of the colonial system
According to the constitution, the French colonial empire was transformed into the French Union, which included states that had already embarked on the path of independence. Among them were Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. But the communist government of Vietnam refused to accept this decision, which led to the French War against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1946-1954).
War in Indochina.
photo - French soldiersin Indochina.
Slide 5
In the fall of 1954, the second colonial war began, already in Algeria. In 1956, France was forced to recognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia. Supporters of preserving the French colonial empire did not want to lose Algeria as well. To prevent this, they rebelled against the government in 1958. The country found itself in a state of deep political and moral crisis. On June 1, 1958, the National Assembly granted emergency powers to Charles de Gaulle and ordered the drafting of a new constitution. Thus, with the return to power of de Gaulle, the Fourth Republic fell in the country.
Treaty of Algerian Independence
Proclamation of Algerian independence
Slide 6
Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
The main forces of the country saw Charles de Gaulle as a strong personality. In 1958, de Gaulle became prime minister and passed through a referendum the Constitution that turned France into a presidential republic. The subsequent period entered into the history of France under the name of the Fifth Republic. In 1960 Charles de Gaulle granted independence to all colonies except Algeria, which became independent in 1962. The right tried to assassinate him twice, but failed. In 1966, France left the NATO military organization. As France's dependence on the United States decreased, its relations with the USSR improved.
photo - General de Gaulle
Slide 7
France has also made significant progress in the economic field. As the private sector grew in the economy, capital investment in production also increased. The government supported the development of new sectors of the economy and the reconstruction of old ones. All this led to shifts in the structure of the country's population: the proportion of the population employed in agriculture decreased, and the proportion of the population employed in the non-productive sector increased. A layer of highly qualified workers has grown in production. But gradually dissatisfaction with the authoritarian leadership style characteristic of Charles De Gaulle began to grow in the country.
photo - Sorbonne University. Paris.
Slide 8
Powerful student performances took place throughout France. Unemployment among young people and authoritarian orders on college campuses led to a social explosion. At the beginning of May 1968, a student demonstration was dispersed. In response, students occupied the Latin Quarter of Paris. Their leader, Cohn-Bendit called for a decisive struggle against the capitalist system.
photo - “Red May” in Paris
photo -D. Cohn-Bendit
Slide 9
Police brutality swelled the movement's ranks. A general strike began in France, taking place under socialist slogans.
Students occupied the Sorbonne, the Odeon theater and introduced a system of self-government, seeing in it the basis of a future just society.
General de Gaulle lost control of the country. Human casualties appeared.
photo - Demonstration in Paris.May 1968
Slide 10
Then the trade unions and the government signed an agreement that improved the economic situation of workers. It said nothing about social reforms and the workers continued the strike. De Gaulle flew to Germany and negotiated support with the French generals. He announced the communist threat and dissolved parliament. The opposition, fearing civil war, decided to stop the protests.
In 1969, on the initiative of de Gaulle, a referendum was held, which raised the issue of reforming the system of self-government in the country.
More than half of the referendum participants did not support de Gaulle and he resigned.
photo - Anti-governmentdemonstration in Paris
Slide 11
After de Gaulle resigned, the less powerful Georges Pompidou was elected president. After his death in 1974, the leader of the independent Republicans, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, became president.
Since the mid-70s. France entered a period of economic and political difficulties that were associated with the global economic crisis. The government began to pursue a policy of “austerity.” This met with resistance from the population and led to a decline in the popularity of independent Republicans and their loss in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 1981.
photo - V.Zh. d "Estaing
Slide 12
In 1981, leftist forces won the presidential and parliamentary elections. Socialist leader François Mitterrand became president. The policy pursued by the new government, aimed at expanding the public sector in the economy and increasing social spending, has led to a worsening of the situation in the economy.
Political situation at the turn of the 80-90s. was characterized by instability, but the growing influence of right-wing parties gradually became apparent. The influence of leftist parties was declining.
photo - Francois Mitterrand
Slide 13
France in the 90s XX century
In the 1993 parliamentary elections, and then in 1995 in the presidential elections, right-wing parties won. Jacques Chirac became president. He pursued a policy aimed at liberating the French economy and society as a whole from the domination of the state. In 1995, nuclear weapons tests were carried out. In 1996, France returned to the NATO military organization. Chirac's policy was perceived ambiguously by the French. And in the 1997 elections, the socialists, communists and “greens” won. The cabinet was headed by the socialist L. Jospin. The coexistence of a leftist government and a neoconservative president began.
photo:Lionel Jospin,Jacques Chirac
Slide 14
Country culture
The most prominent representatives of French mass culture are fashion designers who are considered the trendsetters of modern fashion. One of them was Christian Dior.
French cinema successfully competed with American Hollywood. The movie star of the 50s and 60s became one of the most famous actresses in the country. Brigitte Bardot, who created the image of the “free woman of the future.”
Slide 15
French literature was influenced by philosophy. J.-P. Sartre, a philosopher and writer, in his early works called the individual nature of man the source of evil in society. Simone de Beauvoir and Francoise Sagan opposed the actual inequality of women. Albert Camus, a Nobel Prize laureate, was concerned with the problem of a person’s freedom to choose his place in life and the search for its meaning.
Slide 16
A symbol of the scientific and technological development of Europe was the launch by France in 1979 of the Ariane launch vehicle, which is designed to launch into orbit satellites of many European countries launched for commercial purposes.
photo - Ariane launch vehicle
View all slides
Page 1Subject. Countries of Western Europe in the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries.
Lesson #3.
Subject. France.
Target: characterize the process of development of France in the post-war years, reveal the main trends in economic, political and social development, show the main problems facing the country and ways to overcome them; continue to develop the ability to analyze, generalize and critically evaluate historical processes; educate students in the spirit of patriotism and national consciousness.
cultivate interest in history, respect for the history of other countries, and a sense of tolerance.
Expected results:
Students should know and be able to: - characterize socio-economic and
lytic development of France in the second half
XX century – at the beginning of the 21st century;
Determine the features of foreign policy, name
reasons for the establishment of the Fifth Republic,
characterize the activities of leading politicians
C. de Gaulle, J. Chirac, N. Sarkozy;
Work with historical sources;
Express your own point of view;
Explain and apply basic concepts and terms;
Work in groups.
Equipment: textbook, reader, wall map “Political map of Europe”, atlas, map diagram in the textbook.
Basic concepts and terms: Provisional regime, Fourth Republic, Fifth Republic, Gaullism, “Red May”.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes.
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.
CHECKING YOUR HOMEWORK.
What were the results and consequences of World War II for Great Britain?
Which party won the first post-war elections in Great Britain? Why?
Describe the policy of K. Attlee in the first post-war years.
Name the reasons for the collapse of the British colonial empire.
What helped Great Britain maintain its status as a major state?
What caused Britain's problems in the 1950s-1970s?
How did the UK government seek to overcome the “English disease”?
What is the essence of the Ulster problem? How was it resolved?
Describe M. Thatcher's domestic policy.
Describe M. Thatcher's foreign policy.
What were the results of M. Thatcher’s activities?
What was the reason for the Labor Party's victory in the 1997 elections?
Name the main activities carried out by T. Blair's government in domestic and foreign policy.
A summary of the main points of the best abstracts.
Individual tasks using cards.
Card No. 1
Describe the role of M. Thatcher in the history of Great Britain.
Name the reforms carried out by the Labor government of K. Attlee.
Describe the reforms of T. Blair's government.
What is Thatcherism?
UPDATED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE.
What factors determined the country's foreign policy during the interwar period?
Why did France's attempt to organize collective security with the participation of Eastern European countries and the USSR fail?
What political forces formed the basis of the Resistance movement in France?
MOTIVATION.
During World War II, the country suffered huge economic losses. Using the question of what methods to restore France, the left parties (believed that nationalization of industry was needed) and the right parties (against nationalization) entered the struggle. Which path was chosen?
B. Setwords in advance. The method helps to activate the cognitive activity of students and is used before working with historical information.
The teacher tells students expressions or a short set of words from a scientific or popular science text. They make assumptions about where and how these words can be used in the content of the educational topic.
France: Charles de Gaulle, Provisional Regime, PCF, Renault, Resistance movement, Fourth and Fifth Republics, colonial empire, French Union, public sector.
PERCEPTION AND AWARENESS OF LEARNING MATERIAL.
1. Consequences of the Second World War. Temporary mode.
2. The Fourth Republic.
3. Formation of the Fifth Republic. C. de Gaulle.
4. France after Charles de Gaulle.
5. Relations between France and Ukraine.
1. Consequences of the Second World War. Temporary mode.
Teacher's story.
The Second World War and the occupation of the country caused great damage to the French economy. Although human losses and the scale of destruction were less than during the First World War, most enterprises did not work (more than 60%), the rationing system was in effect, and there was a shortage of raw materials and food resources. Unemployment was widespread (about 600 thousand unemployed). The black market and speculation flourished, and prices increased sixfold. Industrial production in the country decreased threefold, and agricultural production by half. A powerful national liberation movement unfolded in the colonies: the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed; guerrilla warfare broke out in Laos and Cambodia; in Syria and Lebanon there were clashes between the local population and French troops.
The political atmosphere was characterized by the enormous influence of the forces of the Resistance movement, the rapid growth of democratic and anti-fascist forces. Pre-war political parties left the political arena. The French Communist Party (PCF) and the French Socialist Party (SFIO), and the Republican People's Movement (MPM) began to play a leading role in the country. In the first post-war elections in October 1945 to the Constituent Assembly, the PCF received the largest number of votes and five of its representatives entered the government, which was headed by Charles de Gaulle. All three political parties supported the creation of a parliamentary republic in France. Charles de Gaulle, not being a supporter of any party, advocated the creation of a presidential republic. These and other contradictions forced Charles de Gaulle to resign (for the next 12 years he did not take part in political life, but closely followed it). Under pressure from communists and socialists, the social labor legislation of the Popular Front era was restored in the country (40-hour work week, two-week paid leave, etc.). Partial nationalization of industry was carried out (Renault factories, five banks, power plants, etc.) and a public sector of the economy was created, which produced 15-20% of industrial output and controlled 35-40% of capital investments. Owners of nationalized enterprises who collaborated with the Nazis did not receive compensation. At enterprises where more than 50 people worked, workers' control was established. Wages were increased by 80%, pensions and assistance by 80-130%, a unified state insurance system was created, etc.
Questions and assignments for consolidation.
What were the consequences of World War II for France?
What political forces became dominant in the first post-war years in France?
Describe the reforms of the Interim Regime period.
Teacher's story.
In 1946, the constitution of the Fourth Republic was adopted.
Working with a historical source “From the Constitution of France 5.10.1958.” on page 123 of the textbook.
Questions:
What form of government is established in France under the Constitution of the Fourth Republic?
Why is the Constitution of the Fourth Republic considered the most democratic in the entire history of France?
Make a table “Main events in France during the Fourth Republic.”
Formation of the Fifth Republic. C. de Gaulle.
1. Explain the expression: “Algeria killed the Fourth Republic.”
2. Name the main achievements of France during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle.
3. Describe Charles de Gaulle’s foreign policy.
F. Mitterrand, then a member of parliament, said the following about the events of May 1968: “Young people are not always right, but the society that punishes them is not always right.” Comment on this statement based on your knowledge.
Analyze the slogans of the Red May period and express your thoughts:
4. France after Charles de Gaulle.
Make a detailed plan on the topic “France after Charles de Gaulle.”
Page 124 – 126 textbook.
5. Relations between France and Ukraine.
Teacher's story.
5. GENERALIZATION AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE.
A. Five-minute essay. The method is used as a summary of the lesson, so that students organize their thoughts, and the teacher plans the next lesson.
The teacher sets two tasks for the students:
Write a short essay about a fact, event, phenomenon, concept, term that was studied in the context of the topic.
Ask one question in writing about the topic you have worked on.
6. LESSON RESULTS
After World War II, France went through a difficult path of development. The Fourth Republic turned out to be not the model of the French state that would help overcome problems and ensure the development of the country. The collapse of the French colonial empire caused the crisis of the Fourth Republic. The decisive role in the formation of a new model of the French state belongs to Charles de Gaulle. The foundation he laid for the Fifth Republic has stood the test of time. Today France is one of the leading countries in the world, one of the main driving forces of European integration.
IV. HOMEWORK
Read the text of the textbook: § 14.
Prepare essays on the topics “French Colonial War in Indochina”, “Fourth Republic”, “Algeria and the Fourth Republic”, “Charles de Gaulle - Father of the Fifth Republic”, “The Era of F. Mitterrand”, “French Economic Model”, “France - engine of European integration."
1 of 13
Presentation on the topic:
Slide no. 1
Slide description:
Slide no. 2
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Slide no. 3
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Slide no. 4
Slide description:
At the second referendum, a compromise constitution was adopted, according to which a weak president and a deliberative advisory upper house were supplemented by an influential National Assembly, which exercised control over the activities of the government. In this the similarities between the Fourth and Third Republics are very obvious.
Slide no. 5
Slide description:
The country's devastated economy forced the country's government to actively participate in the US-led economic assistance program (Marshall Plan, 1947). France also participated in the general activities under the treaty establishing NATO, despite the fact that this created an additional burden on the country's budget and reduced its military resources, which created an intractable conflict between the implementation of treaty obligations under the NATO treaty and the country's financial capabilities.
Slide no. 6
Slide description:
During this period, in France itself, attempts by the communists to discredit American aid and refuse it intensified, and de Gaulle’s party, the Rally of the French People (RPF), trying to prevent the communists from coming to power, sought to change the political system. In the general elections of 1951, the Communists and Gaullists gained a significant number of votes. However, thanks to changes in the electoral law, the republican parties, united before the elections into a bloc called the “Third Force”, were able to win almost two-thirds of the seats in the National Assembly. This allowed them to form a coalition government.
Slide no. 7
Slide description:
Shortly after the landmark defeat of the French army in Indochina, at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (divisional battles), Pierre Mendès-France was appointed as the new Prime Minister. As a politician consistently adhering to anti-colonialist views, he held peace negotiations and in July 1954 signed the Geneva Agreements to end the war in Indochina. The prime minister's failures in the struggle to approve the treaty on the organization of the European Defense Community (EDC) and the inclusion of Germany in its composition with the revival of the German army led to the resignation of the government.
Slide no. 8
Slide description:
The army and French colonists in Algeria showed open disobedience to the government. The rallies and demonstrations that swept Algeria spread to Corsica, and the metropolis was under the threat of civil war or a military coup. The regime of the Fourth Republic proved ineffective in the crisis situation and on June 2, 1958, emergency powers were transferred to the national hero of World War II, Charles de Gaulle.
Slide no. 9
Slide description:
At the same time, positive results became noticeable in France associated with the economic program for industrial development and the country's entry into the European Common Market. Instability came from outside and Algeria became the main problem. In January 1960, a revolt of ultra-colonialists broke out in the Algerian capital, directed against the de Gaulle government, which had taken a course towards self-determination for Algeria. This time the bulk of the troops remained loyal to the government, and the rebellion was suppressed. In March 1962, France granted Algeria independence. Soon, Paris was overwhelmed by a wave of terrorist attacks, attempts on the life of General de Gaulle, prepared by the right-wing armed secret organization OAS, which tried to prevent the separation of Algeria from France.
Slide description:
On April 28, 1969, after his proposals for constitutional reform were rejected, de Gaulle resigned. On June 15, the Gaullist candidate Georges Pompidou, prime minister under de Gaulle in 1962-1968, won the second round of elections. Having become president, he maintained de Gaulle's independent foreign policy, but did not always follow the principles of Gaullist domestic policy. In August 1969, he devalued the franc (which de Gaulle had once resisted) and thereby reduced the purchasing power of the population. Rampant inflation exacerbated this trend in 1972-1973. Dissatisfaction with the economic situation resulted in a number of strikes, and the political position of the left strengthened.
Slide no. 12
Slide description:
In April 1974, Pompidou died suddenly. There was a split among the Gaullists. In the elections on May 19, the second round was won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a candidate from the conservative Independent Republicans party. He began his rule by introducing several reforms, including lowering the voting requirement to 18 years of age and liberalizing laws on education, divorce and abortion. The population was dissatisfied with the economic decline and deep inflation, but the left bloc collapsed on the eve of the parliamentary elections of 1978. As a result of the vote, the majority of seats in the National Assembly were won by the Gaullists, the Republicans (formerly the “independent republicans”) and their conservative allies.
Slide no. 13
Slide description:
Giscard d'Estaing decided to stimulate economic recovery by reducing the role of the state in the economy. Price controls on many goods were eliminated, and the number of government employees was reduced. The unpopularity of these measures led to the removal of the right from power in 1981. The winner of the elections in May 1981 François Mitterrand became the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic. After the Socialist Party won a majority of seats in snap parliamentary elections held in June, the new government began implementing its reform program. This included the nationalization of several large banks and corporations, the liquidation of prefectures in for the development of local self-government and the abolition of the death penalty.
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