Usually, when laying out texts for the web, not enough attention is paid to the formatting of quotations. Trying to correct this annoying misunderstanding, we will touch upon two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where layout errors are most often made) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We will also not touch upon the issues of checking the semantic accuracy of citations, the correct use of cuts, abbreviations and additions - the “Handbook of Publisher and Author” by A.E. Milchin and L.K. Cheltsova awaits all those interested.
We hope that this post will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered issues of citation formatting.
Typographic design of quotationsQuotes Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is highlighted in color, font size, a different font, italics, or the quotation is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, then quotation marks are not placed. Also, quotation marks are not used to highlight epigraphic quotes unless they are accompanied by unquoted text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quotation, regardless of the size of the quotation or the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used as main ones in the main text - in the vast majority of cases these are herringbone quotation marks “ ”.
If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “ ”, then the internal ones are paws “ “, and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”
If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, that is, inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic." But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the formatting of the quotation so that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation marks after a quotation at the end of a sentence If a sentence ends with a quotation, then a period is always put after closing quote. The period is not put in the following cases.Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
If there are no punctuation marks at the break in the quotation, or the break occurs at the site of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoting words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be a non-breaking space before the dash! ).
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I have become incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “... My heart is turning into stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
| Too one-sided and strong an interest excessively increases the stress of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of every human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | “Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.” |
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I sometimes despise myself... is that not why I despise others?.. I have become incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself. | “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “...Forgive me love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone...” |
| This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice... | “This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... - Pechorin is looking for an explanation. “After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice...” |
So, to highlight quotes, two elements are used: block blockquote and inline q . Additionally, the cite inline element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source; the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose contents will be floated as a tooltip when hovering over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers don't yet handle these HTML elements very well. Thus, the cite="..." attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davis that displays a tooltip in a separate layer with the link specified in the cite attribute.
The second global flaw related to the display of inline quotes is associated (surprise, surprise!) with the Internet Explorer family of browsers. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotes when using the q element. Quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes, they must also be rendered with a different image. Okay, let's say Opera doesn't comply with the last requirement, and nested quotes have the same quotation marks. But IE up to version seven inclusive does not render them at all!
In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after and content , which, the bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with the help of semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem can be solved in several ways:
- using the proprietary behavior CSS property (Paul Davies's solution), which triggers JavaScript to place quotes in IE, with the nested quotes pattern alternating;
- using conditional comments, simply executing JavaScript when the page loads (Jez Lemon's solution from Juicy Studio), while the nested quotes pattern is constant;
- or by nulling quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni's solution at A List Apart).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon’s script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with JavaScript disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our solution for formatting quotes So, in order to adequately layout text with quotes, you need to download the “quotes.js” script, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify the quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotation marks have one image, regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotation marks at the stage of writing text.
// Add to CSS file
// External quotes-herringbones
q ( quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )
// Nested quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of an alternating pattern of quotes with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even, and specifying the class manually directly when laying out the quote.
Now we can easily and semantically type out the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “a leap beyond the door that leads inward.”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called jumping outside the door leading inward.
The best part is that the title="..." attributes for nested tags are processed correctly by browsers.
Writing an example to correctly use nested blockquote , q , and cite elements together is left as homework for the reader. :)
Update: Correction from - of course, to set the quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes property is enough: q (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)
Tags:
- quotes
- quote
- blockquote
- cite
Correctly formatted someone else's phrase is a quotation; incorrectly it is actually plagiarism. The matter, as usual, is punishable. And the copyright sign © placed after the period shows as clearly as possible: the author does not know how to format quotes correctly. Sometimes “... from frequent use, some quotes shine like railings” (V. Pelevin), so the ability to bring them not only to the point, but also competently is very, very useful.
The only unconditionally correct option for formatting someone else's saying in writing in a literal transmission is to enclose the phrase in quotation marks. If a quotation is used as an autonomous, independent lexical construction, then the authorship or source must be indicated after the closing quotation marks in parentheses. If the quotation is in the form of direct speech, then there is no additional need to indicate authorship.
“We have been accustomed to single-cell words, scant thoughts, play Ostrovsky after this!” (Faina Ranevskaya)
Faina Ranevskaya about work: “Do you know what it’s like to act in films? Imagine that you are washing in a bathhouse, and they take you on a tour there.”
A quotation does not tolerate distortions, transpositions and assumptions, otherwise it ceases to be a quotation. If you cannot guarantee accuracy, then you can construct a complex sentence.
Faina Ranevskaya said that she hates people who turn to her: “Mulya, don’t irritate me!”
If the text requires additional highlighting of the quotation, then it is permissible to use italics or a font with a point size 1-2 steps smaller than the main one. These two methods are not used at the same time, unless we are talking about the author’s italics inside the quote.
Another method of graphic highlighting is indentation in relation to the main text on both sides, when the quote is placed in the first third of the page. Quotes are not required in this case. This option is acceptable in printing, periodicals, and web layout, but is not welcome in scientific and business works of authorship (with the exception of poetic quotations).
Talent is self-doubt
and painful dissatisfaction with oneself,
with my shortcomings, which, by the way, I
I never noticed mediocrity.
F. Ranevskaya
Highlighting quotes with color, large font, bold, or other types of text formatting is not permitted. An exception is made for author's emphasis: the saying must be given in the form in which it is presented in the original source. If you need to highlight or emphasize something especially, it is acceptable to use your own italics or underlining, but it must be indicated in parentheses that these changes were made by the quoting person, and not by the quoted person.
“I am amused by people’s excitement over trifles; I was just as stupid myself. Now, before the finish line, I understand clearly that everything is empty. Only need kindness, compassion"(Faina Ranevskaya).
Often the writer does not know how to correctly formulate a quotation in the text if it consists of poetic lines. Usually the matter is not limited to one quatrain, especially when we are talking about texts of a literary nature. The rule applies here: if the line graphics are saved (“column” or “ladder”, for example), then quotation marks are not required, indents from the main text are used, and the quote is placed in the first third of the page. If someone else’s words are limited to a couple of lines or the topic implies placement “in a line,” then they are closed in quotation marks.
When the text deals with the work of one person, the authorship of the quotes belonging to him is not indicated. In parentheses after the quotation, the year of creation and the title of the work are noted, if there are several of them.
Another question that plagues those who quote in writing: where to put the period? Or any other punctuation mark if the quote is at the end of a phrase. Everything here is almost unambiguous: the period will always be after the closing quotes. Other signs are in front of them if:
Faina Ranevskaya: “Why are all women such fools?”
Faina Ranevskaya exclaimed with irony that “... one must grow into old age from morning to evening!”
There is no point in these cases.
As you can see, quoting turned out to be not so difficult. But it’s worth remembering: it’s impossible to format quotes correctly without knowing the rules of punctuation for direct speech. The construction inside the quotation marks obeys them.
When composing and formatting text in Word, the question sometimes arises: how to highlight a quote in the text? The answer to this is based on two levels at once.
In punctuation rules and in the tools of Word itself.
After all, highlighting a quote is far from the simplest action and it must be done not only correctly, but also competently. The office suite itself can only tell you that everything needs to be done correctly. But it won’t do this for the user.
If the quote option appears on the forums (i.e., quoting), then trying to register this CD in Word is not the best idea. The result is simply a separate set of characters. So what should you do?
Using RulesWell, you can do everything manually. Yes, it is a little difficult and you need to remember correctly what to do and how to do it. The rules remain unchanged and these same rules must be followed. And there were quite a lot of them upon closer examination. The first option when creating a quote is to use the following construction:
Bryusov wrote: “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi.”
The quote itself is highlighted with quotation marks. The required text, which belongs to the author, is enclosed in quotation marks. This is the emphasis when quoting. In principle, this is how everyone is used to highlighting quotes. But let's look at the example in more detail.
If we use the phrase itself, “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi,” then the quote is simply closed in quotation marks. Why is there a colon here? In this case, a reference to the author himself is used. But this reference comes before the quote itself, so there is a colon. 
What if the author is mentioned after the quotation? “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi,” says Bryusov in his poem. The quoted text takes on this form. That is, after it, when the quotes are closed, a dash is placed. A bit similar to the direct speech rule, but differs in the absence of a dash at the beginning. An incorrect quotation would be:
- Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi. - said Bryusov.
This structure of the text is suitable for direct speech, but not for quotation. Quotes are highlighted with quotation marks.
What if the quote precedes the text? Are any punctuation marks needed? The unequivocal answer is that they are needed. But only if they were added by the author. And what does the quotation become in this case? Epigraph.
They put forward their own demands on him. We will not dwell on them. Because we are more interested in how to highlight a quote in Word text.
Using Word to highlight quotesThe following text is intended for correctly highlighting quotes in a text editor. And from the theoretical part of writing literacy we move on to the practical. How to do this or that action.
The text is usually placed on the right side of the document. Subject to all citation rules. By the way, not all of them are listed above. This is a fairly simple action that requires minimal effort from the user.
Note: A similar effect can be achieved using the key combination “Ctrl+R”. After all, almost every action in the editor can be done using hotkeys.
This method has one drawback. If the quote is too long, it will reach the left edge of the page. Although according to generally accepted rules it should go no further than the middle (or even a third) of the sheet. Therefore, the following method will also come in handy.
Move a quote using a rulerA good option for highlighting quotes in the text is a ruler. This tool is designed to change the position of text on a page. It works with already typed text and text that will be typed.
The trick is to highlight the selected fragments, and not change the settings for the entire sheet at once. You can read more about the line in a separate article.
Sequencing:
Using a ruler, you can limit the space occupied by text on a page. This will make the quote stand out. Works not only in front of text. But also when adding a quote to the text itself.
It should be remembered that if a quotation is indented, then there is no need to highlight it with quotation marks. You just need to indicate the author or leave only the text of the quote.
Highlighting quotes with quotation marks and other useful toolsThe method of highlighting quoted text with quotation marks is very simple. After all, the quote character can be obtained in several ways:
- go to the “Insert” section at the top of the document;
- select “Symbol”;
- select “Other symbols” and find the required quotes in the list;
- Click "Insert".
After this, the selected quotation marks will appear in the text. 
The last method requires knowledge of the theoretical part of Word rather than any useful skills. Each character has its own encoding. It is entered while holding down the “Alt” button.
- " - "0171";
- "-"0187";
- „ – “0132”;
- “ – “0147”;
- ” – “0148”.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The symbol will not appear until Alt is released. And what is much more important is that you need to type numbers on the numeric keypad. When the “Num Lock” key is turned on (the corresponding indicator will light up).
This method is the most difficult, which is why it is described at the end. But now, taking into account all the ways to insert and highlight a quote in a document, it will not be so difficult.
The text is no less important than its semantic load. This applies in particular to quotes. Errors with such text elements are among the most common; most students make them in one form or another. Next, we will look in detail at how to format citations in coursework and provide several practical examples.
There are two types of citation:
- direct
- indirect
In turn, direct quotes can be introduced into the text of the work in several ways:
- indicating the author and source directly in the text
- with reference to the author and source
In terms of design, this method is the simplest. Another advantage is that the text of the quotation can be changed; it is not necessary to use it verbatim. The student can state the essence of the quote in his own words and select key ideas from it.
Examples of indirect citation:
A few punctuation rules for direct quotation:
How to provide an incomplete quotation? Sometimes it is necessary to quote without a certain part of it. In such a case, the words that are omitted are replaced with ellipses. Such a construction can be located anywhere in the passage - at the end, middle or very beginning. If three dots are located in front of the text, that is, the beginning of the phrase is omitted, its continuation is written with a small letter. In one quotation, several passages can be replaced with periods at once, at the discretion of the author of the work.
How to quote, citing a source?This method of introducing quotes is used most often. The use of footnotes or square brackets is acceptable here.
If you decide to use footnotes, you must do so as follows:
That is, the quoted phrase should be cited, followed by the footnote number. The number is indicated with the “Superscript” parameter enabled. At the bottom of the page there is a shortened horizontal line, under which the footnote number is duplicated (that is, “1”), a dot is placed and the source is indicated, most often with the page designation.
Note! The formatting of footnotes should be page-by-page. In other words, it is unacceptable for a quoted phrase to remain on one page, but a footnote indicating its source appears on the next or further. The fact is that the numbering of footnotes may not be continuous throughout the entire text of the course work, but page-by-page. That is, each subsequent footnote is considered the first for a new page.
When using square brackets, the quotation is introduced into the text as a separate sentence, without changes to the text and without the punctuation marks mentioned above. After it, square brackets open, which indicate the source number and its specific page.
It looks like this:
Note! When using square brackets, take into account the requirements of your university regarding the compilation of a bibliography. Numbering of quotations can be either in the order of their appearance in the text or in alphabetical order (by source names).
8.1.1. Quote sourceIt should be the cited publication (work), and not the publication (work) of another author, where the quoted text is given as an excerpt (for an exception, see 8.1.2).
In case of several (many) editions of the cited work, it is recommended to choose a textually authoritative publication as a source (for example, academic collected works), if the purpose of the text does not require quoting another publication (being analyzed, criticized, etc.).
Papr., when quoting “Kholstomer” by L.P. Tolstoy, it is better to choose a non-anniversary Complete book as a source. collection op. writer, and a later miniature edition of the story (M.: Book, 1979), in which E. G. Babaev, who prepared it, introduced 21 reasonable clarifications in comparison with the text in the Complete volume. collection op., correcting the errors that crept into his text, sometimes rude (“young fellow” instead of “boy”, “bad horses” instead of “quiet horses”, “long” instead of “at home”, “shut up” instead of “laughed”).
8.1.2. Quote by quoteAs a rule, it is prohibited. Permissible as an exception in cases where:
1) the original source is unavailable or difficult to find;
2) a published archival document is quoted, and reproduction of the text from an archival source may unlawfully give the citation the character of an archival search;
3) the quoted text became known from the recording of the author’s words in the memoirs of another person.
8.1.3. Basic conditions for semantic accuracy of citation1. Quoting a logically complete fragment of text, i.e. with completeness that would guarantee the invariance of the transmission of meaning in the source and quotation (without arbitrary breaking of the quoted text, without taking out words and phrases from the context of the source, when both lead to a change in meaning or shade of the meaning of the source).
2. For the sake of saving space, discarding words of the quotation that are not necessary for the purposes of quoting only in the case when this does not affect its meaning.
8.1.4. Techniques for checking the semantic accuracy of citationsIn order to prevent distortions of the thoughts of the quoted author, it is advisable:
1. When checking a quotation with a source, also read the text preceding and/or following it, and compare the meaning of a wide fragment of the text in which the quotation is included with the quotation itself. Eg:
Text with quote:
The outstanding Soviet director G. A. Tovstonogov makes a very categorical statement: “As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends.”
Fragment of the source from which the quote is extracted:
Words in modern theater should not be listened to, but entered into our consciousness through action. As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends. We do not have the right to listen to words separately in the theater and watch actions separately. We must hear and see at the same time.
It is clear that Tovstonogov’s thought is presented distortedly, that the quote is only an incomplete part of the thought formulated by the director, and its essence becomes clear only in context. Having taken a phrase out of it, the quoter attributed to Tovstonogov something that was not in his text, although the literal accuracy of the quotation was observed.
For example, the author of the editing manual, to illustrate the words of V. A. Karpinsky that Lenin the editor “limited himself to the minimum of necessary amendments,” cited as an example part of the text from V. A. Karpinsky’s article “Peasant Congress” before and after Lenin's amendments, where only the particle “not” was actually inserted twice.
Meanwhile, the quoted text was followed by Karpinsky’s text, which Lenin crossed out and replaced with his own, and which was three times larger in volume than the quoted text with two supposedly small amendments, but in fact changing the meaning to the exact opposite. So Lenin’s correction in Karpinsky’s article illustrates not the minimality of corrections, but quite the opposite, their large volume. The example was chosen poorly by the quoter, and to make it unnoticeable, he cut off the quote. The editor could notice this only by comparing the quote with a wide fragment of the source, reading there not only the quoted text, but also the text that follows it.
2. Compare the subject of thought in the source with the subject of thought to which the quotation is attributed by the author quoting it, in order to avoid discrepancies between them, which at least devalue the quotation. Eg:
Text with quote:
Scientists believe that correctly orienting eye movements during such long and intense reading as proofreading is far from an easy task. Fortunately, reading skills can be significantly improved even in adults who are perfectly literate. Goethe was not far from the truth when he jokingly complained to Eckermann: “These good people have no idea how much time and labor it takes to learn to read. I have spent eighty years on this and still cannot say that I have achieved my goal.”
Here, the author of the above text used Goethe’s statement about the ability to read as the ability to comprehend the author’s intention as evidence that improving technology. reading skills is never too late. The subject of thought in the source and the quotator differs, and, therefore, the quotation is inappropriate.
3. Check what time the quotation refers to and whether it is legal to attribute what is said in it to another time, as the quoting person does.
4. Compare the meaning of the quote with the conclusions that the quoting author draws from it in order to check whether these conclusions really follow from the quote. Papr.:
Text with quote:
The information explosion that we are witnessing was presciently foreseen back in 1844 by young Engels. “Science,” he wrote, “moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited from previous generations.” In accordance with this formula, every 10-15 years the volume of printed scientific and technical information doubles.
The quoted phrase of Engels in no way follows the conclusion drawn after it by the quoting author. First, just because the volume of information doubles, it does not at all follow that the mass of knowledge increases in the same proportion. Secondly, about the period for which the volume of scientific and technical. information doubles, Engels has no speech at all. From Engels' phrase it follows only that science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge it inherits, and nothing more. The mass of knowledge increases - science moves forward in proportion to this. The author's conclusions do not follow from the quotation, and, therefore, either the quotation is inappropriate or the conclusions need clarification.
8.1.5. Conditions for literal citation accuracyThe quotation must follow the source word for word, letter for letter, punctuation mark for punctuation, with some exceptions - see below, 8.1.6-8.1.9.
8.1.6. Spelling and punctuation in quotesThe text of the quotation, as a rule, is given in accordance with the rules and regulations of spelling and punctuation in force at the time of publication. Eg:
| Western European | Western European |
It is also permissible to correct obvious typos, provided that the correction is specified in the note, but this is advisable to do only in cases where the quoting person needs to comment on an error in the quotation.
8.1.7. Abbreviations in quotationsWords arbitrarily abbreviated in the source are permitted, as well as words that are abbreviated in the quotation but not abbreviated in the main text. text, write in detail, enclosing the completed parts of words in straight or angular brackets and omitting the period as a sign of abbreviation. Eg:
because]; because]; N.G. Chernyshevsky writes that he “...has established an opinion borrowed from Domestic Notes...”.
When quoting documents, angle brackets usually indicate crossed out text, and straight brackets indicate abbreviated words expanded by the quoter.
When abbreviated words are easily understood by the reader, do not cause misunderstandings when reading and do not violate the uniformity of abbreviations in the publication, it is not advisable to expand the abbreviated words. It is undesirable to expand abbreviated words if the abbreviated spelling conveys the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the name, first name and patronymic, etc.
8.1.8. Banknotes in quotesYou can omit one or more words or even sentences if the thought of the author of the quote is not distorted and if the reader is notified of the bill by an ellipsis in the place of the omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets in the place of the omitted sentences. See 8.5.
8.1.9. Quoting individual words and phrasesWhen quoting in this way, it is permissible not to put an ellipsis, because it is already clear to the reader that words are omitted before and after the quoted words. Eg:
Pechorin said that “in a vain struggle” he had already “exhausted both the heat of his soul and the constancy of his will”... (Eikhenbaum B.M. About prose. M., 1969. P. 285).
However, the omission of a word within a quoted phrase is indicated by an ellipsis.
8.1.10. Changing the case of words in a quotation against the original sourceSuch a deviation from the original source is possible in cases where individual words and phrases are quoted. Eg:
8.1.11. Addition of signsIn a poetic quotation, typed as prose inside the main. text in the selection with it, a single or double slash or a single or double vertical ruler is introduced to indicate poetic lines at the places where one poetic line ends and another begins.
The punctuation mark before such a sign and the capital letter at the beginning of the line after the sign are retained. Eg:
...Thanks to my involvement in art, the act of poetic creativity... (“With silent triumph on my face // I open the facets of verse...”).
8.1.12. Emphasis in quotationWhen highlighting in a quote:
1. It is advisable to preserve the source selection form. If according to technical for reasons this is impossible, then it is allowed to replace such a form with another, similar in strength, with a reservation once in a note. Eg:
“...In the matter of artistic criticism, Kramskoy is the true Belinsky,” wrote V.V. Stasov (in the source - bold).
2. The selection of words by those quoting must be marked or specified in a footnote. For example, the note at the first quote from one source:
* In unspecified cases, italics in quotations are ours. - A.M.
3. It is not necessary to specify the emphasis of words belonging to the author of the quotation, except in cases where there are only several authors in quotations from one source. emphases and a lot of emphases from the quoter. Then it is better, more economical, to mark the author. highlighting, and specify the citing one’s highlighting in the note or apply different forms of highlighting, specifying only the form of highlighting of the words by the citing one. It is preferable, if possible, to have a different form of emphasis by the author and the citing person, indicating this in a note. Eg: Quote (italics - the author of the quote, bold - ours).
If the publication can be read inconsistently, it is more appropriate to place all reservations about emphases not in the notes, but at the end of the preface, or on the back of the title. l., after the list of abbreviations, i.e. in a place that the reader probably will not miss.
8.1.13. Highlighting quotesIt is advisable to highlight multi-line and especially multi-paragraph quotations, since the reader often loses orientation and wastes time trying to figure out whether the quotation has already ended or not.
Quotation form: a) retraction, if the quotation does not exceed a page; b) a retractor with a vertical ruler in it, if the quotation occupies the entire page; c) set in a smaller font size (for example, petit or borges in case) in the cases as in paragraph “b”; d) typing in a font of a different typeface in the same cases as in paragraph “b”.
8.2. Use of quotation marks8.2.1. Quotes enclosed in quotation marksTyped in the same way as basic. The text and quotes inside it are enclosed in quotation marks to show the boundaries of each - the beginning and the end.
8.2.2. Quotes not in quotation marksThese are quotes graphically separated from the main ones. text:
1. Highlighted with a font or non-font method (with a font of a different size, design, style; drawn-in; printed with a paint other than the main text) or if the context makes it clear to the reader that there is a quotation in front of him. For example: Pushkin wrote to his wife: Something my children and
my books?
2. Taken from poetic works, preserving the division into poetic lines and typed on a narrower line than the main one. text, format or font lower than the main font. font text. Eg:
Let's remember Pushkin's lines:
The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it!
A lesson to good fellows.
3. Quotes-epigraphs, if they are not accompanied by any non-quoted text.
8.2.3. Placement of quotation marksQuotation marks delimiting a quotation are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quotation and the number of paragraphs in it.
8.2.4. Quote drawing1. Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used in the main text. text as main ones.
2. If inside the quotation there are words (phrases, phrases), in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (external quotation marks are usually Christmas trees “ ”, internal quotation marks are paws “ “”).
If according to technical For some reason, it is impossible to set quotes from another picture; quotes from one picture are not repeated next to each other. For example, it is incorrect: ““My gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. It is better, however, to highlight quotes in some way by removing the outer quotes, for example, type quotes with a retract and indented paragraphs.
3. If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, i.e. inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, i.e. paws, are recommended as the latter.
M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic."
8.3. Paragraphs when quoting8.3.1. In-quote paragraphsPreserved as in the source, except when quotations include only a minor part of the text of both paragraphs (for example, the last phrase of one and the beginning phrase of the other).
8.3.2. Quotes starting with paragraph indentation1. Quotes of two or more paragraphs.
2. Quotes whose meaning they want to especially emphasize.
3. Quotes that begin the main paragraph. text.
8.4. Uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of a quotation8.4.1. Quotes starting with a capital letterThese are the quotes:
1. Standing after a colon in the middle of a phrase, if in the source they began with a capital letter (the text is quoted from the beginning of the sentence). Eg:
2. Beginning a phrase and coming after the point that completes the previous sentence. text, even if the first words of the quoted sentence are omitted. Eg:
3. Beginning with a proper name, even if the quotation omits the initial words of the quoted sentence and comes after a colon. Eg:
8.4.2. Quotes starting with a lowercase letterThese are the quotes:
1. With the first words of the initial sentence omitted, standing in the middle of the main phrase. text (both after a colon and without it), starting with a common noun. Eg:
2. Without the omitted first words of the initial sentence, but included in the syntactic structure of the main phrase. text, standing in its middle or end, not after a colon, with the first word not a proper name. Eg:
8.5. Ellipsis as a sign of missing text in a quotation8.5.1. Replacing other punctuation marks with ellipsesAn ellipsis replaces punctuation marks before omitted text in a quotation, such as a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash. It is unacceptable to replace one of the ellipses with any of these characters or combine the ellipses with any of them. Eg:
8.5.2. Combining ellipses with other punctuation marksAn ellipsis can be combined with punctuation marks such as a period, a semicolon, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis in the following cases:
1. A semicolon is placed after an ellipsis, when the text contains a list of quotations, highlighted not in quotation marks, but in some font or non-font way, with words omitted at the end of each or with the initial words omitted (the ellipsis of quotations and the semicolon are combined). text in which quotations are included). Eg:
Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated if the definition is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset...; I come in the evening tired and hungry.
Count Ilya Andreevich...at the end of January he came to Moscow with Natasha and Sonya, ...Razmetnov came with Demka Ushakov.
2. A period, exclamation or question mark, ellipsis is placed before the ellipsis with a break from it, when one sentence of the quotation is given in full (it ends with one of the signs listed at the beginning of the paragraph), and the initial words of the next sentence of the quotation are omitted. This allows the reader to get an accurate idea of the structure of the quoted text. Eg:
8.5.3. Ellipsis at the beginning and end of paragraphs in a multi-paragraph quotationIf words are omitted at the end of a paragraph of a multi-paragraph quotation, such a paragraph ends with an ellipsis, and if words are omitted at the beginning of the next paragraph (the first word), then it begins with an ellipsis. The structure of the quotation text does not change: it is divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source. Eg:
The first paragraph of the quotation with the words omitted at the end...
...The second paragraph of a quotation with the initial word or words omitted.
8.5.4. Ellipsis in angle bracketsThis ellipsis replaces text from one or more sentences omitted when quoting:
1. Combined with a period if the preceding sentence of the quotation is given in its entirety, and with an ellipsis if words are omitted at the end of the preceding sentence of the quotation or the beginning of the subsequent sentence. Eg:
Full sentence quote. Full sentence quote.
A quotation sentence with the ending words omitted (the last word)... ... A quotation sentence with the initial words (the first word) omitted.
2. Stands out as a separate paragraph if it replaces the paragraph between paragraphs of the quoted text. Eg:
3. Placed at the beginning and (or) end of the paragraph of the quoted text if the sentences at the beginning and (or) end of this paragraph are omitted. Eg:
The first paragraph of the quoted text.
The second paragraph of the quoted text with the initial and final sentences omitted.
Third paragraph of the quoted text.
8.5.5. Combined and separate writing of ellipses with textIt is subject to the following rules:
1. The ellipsis at the beginning of a phrase is written together with the following word. Eg:
We left the saklya. ...The weather has cleared...
2. The ellipsis in the middle and end of the phrase is written together with the preceding word. Eg:
We went out... Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared...
In both cases (items 1 and 2), if in the typewritten original an ellipsis is printed with a space before or after the text, it should be marked with the proofreading sign “destroy the space”.
Quote. Quote... Quote.
8.6. Notes on quotations8.6.1. Semantic explanations and comments from the quoterFor their design, see 29.3.6.
8.6.2. Indications about the attribution of emphasis in the quotationType indications Italics are mine; The release is mine; Emphasis mine; Emphasized by me formatted in the same way as the semantic explanations and comments of the quoting person (see 29.3.6). Eg:
“...I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself...” (our italics - M. Sh.).
8.6.3. Decoding pronouns and abbreviationsSuch notes are usually enclosed in straight brackets and placed after the word (phrase) to which they refer, without indicating the initials of the first and last name of the quoting person, since the affiliation of the notes is clear to the reader by the meaning and straight brackets. Eg:
“...There is no doubt that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language...”
8.6.4. Question or exclamation mark as a noteIt is placed after the word or phrase in the quotation to which it refers, in parentheses without verbal markings in cases where the quoting person needs to express doubt, ironically point out an error, or express delight at some place in the quotation. A question mark usually has a negative connotation, while an exclamation mark has a positive connotation. Eg:
“The sketch in the corner of the hall belongs to Repin (?),” we read there.
8.7. Punctuation marks in a phrase ending with a quote8.7.1. Colon after the quoter's words before the quotationPlaced if the words of the quotator introduce a quotation into the text and warn the reader about it. Eg:
Not installed:
1. If inside the quotation or after it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text. In this case, the text before the quote is separated from it by a dot. Eg:
2. If the quotation appears as an addition to the text before it or as part of a subordinate clause that begins before it. Eg:
S.I. Vavilov demanded “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”
S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”
8.7.2. Period after closing quotation marksPlaced:
1. If the closing quotation marks are not preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark; in this case, the point can be moved behind the link if the latter immediately follows the quotation. Eg:
A. N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.”
“...unification” (p. 140).
2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, but the quote is not an independent sentence (it acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included; usually such quotes are part of a subordinate clause). Eg:
Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”.
8.7.3. Lack of punctuation after closing quotation marksThere is no punctuation:
1. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person). Eg:
Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
The same applies if a quotation ends with an independent sentence, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:
Pechorin reflects: “...why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calm..."
2. If there is a question or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence and after the entire phrase with the quote there should be a question or exclamation mark. Eg:
Lermontov exclaims in the preface that this is “an old and pathetic joke!”
8.8. Punctuation marks in a phrase with a quotation in the middle8.8.1. Colon before quotationPut or not put according to the same rules as in a phrase ending with a quotation (see 8.7.1).
8.8.2. Comma after closing quotation marksPlaced if, according to the context, the subsequent text must be separated by a comma, in particular:
1) the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that ends with a quotation; eg:
So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves... (the quotation ends the adverbial phrase);
2) the quotation is followed by the second part of a complex sentence, and the quotation with the preceding text is its first part; eg:
Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially concerned about books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed a gross logical error (the text behind the quote is the second sentence of a complex sentence);
3) the quotation is part of the main sentence, followed by a subordinate clause, etc.; eg:
8.8.3. Dash after closing quotation marksPlaced:
1. If, according to the conditions of the context, it is not necessary to separate the subsequent text with a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate, or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it another joined by a conjunction). Eg:
2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of the quotation. Eg:
When a literary employee signed the answer to a reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...
3. If a dash is necessary due to the conditions of the context (in particular, the text before the quote is the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the text after the quote is the predicate, attached by the word means or also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. For example:
To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism...
8.8.4. Place punctuation marks after a poetic quotationIf the quotation is reproduced in accordance with the poetic lines of the source, the punctuation mark that applies to the entire text with the quotation is placed at the end of the last poetic line, and not before the words of the quotator. Eg:
There are two motivic fields here; the first is the motive of separation:
We parted; for a moment of charm,
For a brief moment I had my life... -
expresses romantic maximalism.
8.9. Punctuation marks in a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quote8.9.1. Where the quote is broken - comma, semicolon, colon, dashIn this case, as well as in the absence of punctuation marks at the break point, the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash (, -). Eg:
| I have become incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. M. Lermontov. Hero of our time | “...My heart is turning to stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
Too one-sided and strong an interest excessively increases the stress of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. D. Kharms | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.” |
The goal of every human life is one: immortality. D. Kharms | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. D. Kharms | “Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.” |
In this case, a comma and a dash (, -) are placed before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) after these words, starting the second part with a capital letter.
8.9.3. Where the quote breaks is a question mark or exclamation markIn this case, a question or exclamation mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are left before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) are placed after the quoting words, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter, or a comma and a dash (, -) , starting the second part of the quote with a lowercase letter, if in the source the text after the question (exclamation) mark begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:
8.9.4. Where the quote breaks is an ellipsisIn this case, an ellipsis and a dash (... -) are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash (, -) after the quoting words, if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a lowercase letter, and a dot and a dash (. -), if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a capital letter. Eg:
8.9.5. There are two verbs in the words of the quoter, one refers to the first part of the quotation, the other to the secondIn this case, after the first part of the quotation a comma and a dash (, -), a period and a dash (. -), an ellipsis and a dash (...-), an exclamation (question) mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are placed, depending from the context, and after the quoting words - a colon and a dash (: -). Eg:
“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses” (text in the source, see above).
8.10. Punctuation marks in a phrase beginning with a quote8.10.1. Comma and dash after quotationPlaced if the source text of the quotation ends with a period. Eg:
8.10.2. Dash after quotePlaced if the source text of the quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point or question mark. For example...
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